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The current status of controversy regarding the use of certain preservatives in cosmetic products makes it necessary to seek new ecological alternatives that are free of adverse effects on users. In our study, two different natural terpenes Carvacrol and Eugenol were encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles in different ratios of Chitosan:terpene. The nanoparticles were characterized by DLS and TEM showing a maximum particle size of 100 nm. The chemical structure, thermal properties, and release profile of terpenes were evaluated showing a successful protection of terpene in Chitosan matrix. Two different release profile were observed showing a faster release profile in the case of Eugenol. Antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles were evaluated against typical microbial contaminants found in cosmetic products, showing higher antimicrobial properties with chitosan encapsulation of terpenes. Furthermore, natural moisturizing cream inoculated with beforementioned microorganisms was formulated with Carvacrol-chitosan nanoparticles and Eugenol-chitosan nanoparticles to evaluate the preservative efficiency, indicating a highest preservative efficiency with the use of Eugenol-chitosan nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing antimicrobial chemicals from wastewater source to recipient water systems is crucial in planning effective, policy-related interventions for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) risk mitigation. However, the capability of related analytical methods for AMR assessment has not been explored previously. There is also a lack of knowledge on the effectiveness of alternative extraction sorbents with ion-exchange functions, and little information on chemical stability from sampling to analysis as well as preservative options. Hence, our study aims to address the clear need for advanced, broad-range and microbiologically-sensitive methodologies, paired with thorough stability assessments. Oasis® WCX ion-exchange was for the first time employed in solid-phase extraction (SPE) for antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals and human metabolites in various water matrices. Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on a biphenyl analytical column. The optimized and validated method provided satisfactory accuracy, precision, and recovery for 53 compounds via LC-MS/MS direct injection and for up to 35 compounds via SPE-LC-MS/MS. Method quantification limits (MQLs) were determined in groundwater (0.33–54 ng L−1), surface water (0.53–75 ng L−1), effluent wastewater (2.5–470 ng L−1), and influent wastewater (11–650 ng L−1). As a novel approach, MQLs were compared with minimum inhibitory concentrations, to confirm our method's microbiological sensitivity for studying AMR. Stability assessment revealed that most compounds remained stable in standard solution at −80 °C for six months, in various waters at −20 °C for eight weeks, and during 24-h sampling at 4 °C. Sodium azide was a better preservative than sodium metabisulfite. Our study is an added value to the analytical methodology for water measurements of antimicrobial chemicals, in which it provides a novel, alternative method that is robust and overall more sensitive than others using generic Oasis® HLB sorbents and C18 analytical columns in SPE-LC-MS/MS. Also, the comprehensive data on antimicrobial stability helps reduce methodological uncertainty for future studies. Our method shows sufficient microbiologically-sensitivity and thus is suitable for future (inter)national regulatory water monitoring of AMR. [Display omitted] • Novel use of Oasis® WCX sorbent for extraction of multiple antimicrobial classes. • Unique example of evaluating the microbiological sensitivity of analytical methods. • Extensive stability tests on 53 antimicrobials in sampling and storage conditions. • Sodium azide is a better preservative than sodium metabisulfite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food manufacturing industry has increasingly focused in the development of wholesome and safer products, including certified labeled "super foods," "healthy foods" and "functional foods," which are currently under great demand worldwide. Plant pigments and vitamins are amidst the most common additives incorporated to foodstuff, not only for improving their nutritional status but also for coloration, preservation, and even therapeutic purposes. The recovery of pigments from agro industrial wastes using green emerging approaches is a current trend and clearly the best alternative to ensure their sustainable obtainment and make these ingredients more popular, although still full of challenging aspects. Stability and bioavailability limitations of these active molecules in food matrices have been increasingly studied, and a number of methods have been proposed to minimize these issues, among which the incorporation of a co-pigment, exclusion of O2 during processing and storage, and above all, microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation techniques. The most recent advances and challenges in the application of natural pigments and vitamins in functional foods, considering only reports of the last 5 years, were the focus of this chapter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant bio-protection and biosecurity programs worldwide use trap-based surveillance for the early detection of agricultural pests and pathogens to contain their incursions and spread. This task is reliant on effective preservation in insect traps, which is required to maintain specimen quality for extended periods under variable environmental conditions. Furthermore, with traditional morphological examinations now increasingly paired with modern molecular diagnostic techniques, insect traps are required to preserve both the specimens’ morphology and the DNA of insects and vectored bacterial pathogens. Here, we used psyllids (Hemiptera) and their hosted bacteria as a model to test the preservative ability of propylene glycol (PG): a non-flammable, easily transportable preservative agent that could be used in pitfall, suction or malaise traps. We tested preservation using various PG concentrations, at different temperatures and for multiple time periods, paired with non-destructive DNA extraction methods, which allow isolation of both insect and arbobacterial DNA while retaining a morphological voucher of the insect host specimens. PG concentrations between 40% and 100% performed best for both insect and bacterial DNA preservation up to 28 days. Ultimately, given the viscous nature of PG at high concentrations, we recommend using it at a concentration between 40% and 60% to enable insects to sink into the solution, thus enhancing DNA preservation.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria have peculiar characteristics that make them difficult to cultivate. The conservation of these microorganisms in culture collections or laboratories requires successful preservation and reactivation techniques. Furthermore, studies have shown that successful reactivation may be preservative dependent. Considering this, the present study aimed to evaluate the preservation and reactivation of anammox consortia enriched from swine manure treatment lagoons, by using different preservative agents at different temperatures: KNO 3 (at 4 °C), glycerol (−20 °C, −80 °C), and skimmed cow milk (−20 °C, −80 °C, −200 °C). After 4 months, the biomass was thawed (except for KNO 3 ), and the reestablishment of anammox activity was evaluated by stoichiometric coefficients. Microbial community transformation during the reactivation process was also studied by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The results showed that the anammox biomass preserved with glycerol or skimmed cow milk at −80 °C recovered activity, while the biomass preserved with other methodologies did not reestablish activity during the studied time (90 days). The bacterial community from the biomass with anammox activity was characterized and showed the presence of Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans, Candidatus Jettenia asiatica, and Candidatus Anammoxoglobus propionicus. Preservation with skimmed cow milk at −80 °C favored the selection of Candidatus Anammoxoglobus propionicus, while preservation with glycerol at −80 °C was successful for Candidatus Jettenia asiatica. The present study was effective on anammox sludge preservation and reactivation using low-cost processes for anammox cultures preservation, which is important for biomass transport and deammonification reactor start up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is a stability study of ephedrine nasal drops. We started by assessing the influence of preservative agents in the stability of the formulation. Ephedrine hydrochloride was proven to be incompatible with chlorobutanol. This led the researchers to choose a combination of benzalkonium chloride and edetate disodium, which yielded excellent results in terms of effectiveness. Three pilot batches of the formulation were prepared, and stability studies were carried out under the accelerated and shelf-life methods. For the six-month period of the accelerated stability study and the 24-month period of the shelf-life study, organoleptic characteristics were within established acceptable limits. The pH of the medium also remained stable, within acceptable limits. The degradation of the active ingredient was not greater than 5%, which indicates good stability. The concentration of preservative agents and microbial count in the finished product were also within established parameters. The formulation was packaged in amber glass bottles of hydrolytic quality III and 15 mL nominal capacity, with an 18 mm polypropylene cap and an HDPE internal dropper, and it showed adequate physical, chemical and microbiological stability during the 24 months of the shelf life stability study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A mix base for ice cream (MBIC) is used to produce artisanal or industrial ice creams and desserts and consists of a mixture of different ingredients, including sugar, egg yolk, natural flavors, starch and milk proteins. MBICs, which have chemical-physical characteristics that include a pH of 5.61 and an activity water (A w) less than or equal to 0.822, are packaged in tin boxes and stored at ambient temperature. Despite the low A w , MBIC can support osmotolerant and osmophilic yeast growth. The aim of our work was to study the behavior of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii , the main microorganisms responsible of MBIC spoilage, either in the vivo or in a model system in order to inhibit its growth by the selection of antimicrobial agents. Different osmotolerant yeasts belonging to the genus Zygosaccharomyces were isolated and identified from spoiled and unspoiled lots of MBICs. In particular, Z. rouxii was the predominant species responsible for the spoilage, which depended on the high temperature of storage (>20 °C) and was highlighted by the presence of alcohol, esters, acids and gas (CO 2), which blew open the tin boxes. To stop spoilage, different antimicrobial compounds were tested: sulfur dioxide, sorbic and benzoic acids and ethanol. However, only 2% v/v ethanol was required to achieve the total inhibition of the Z. rouxii cocktails tested in this work. The use of other antimicrobials cannot be recommended because they were not able to stop yeast spoilage and changed the color and flavor of the products. Conversely, the use of ethanol is suggested because of its extreme effectiveness against osmotolerant yeasts, and the added amount was less than or equal to the taste threshold limit. The MBICs, treated with ethanol, were stable till the end of their shelf-life (6 months). • Determination of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in mix base for ice cream. • Growth of Z. rouxii at different A w and temperatures. • Characterization of Z. rouxii spoilage. • Evaluation of different preservative to stop the spoilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The in vitro antimycotic activity of a purified killer protein (KT4561) secreted by a strain of Williopsis saturnus was tested against 310 yeast strains belonging to 21 food spoilage species of 14 genera (Candida, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, Hanseniaspora, Issatchenkia, Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Torulaspora, Yarrowia and Zygosaccharomyces). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations showed that over 65% of the target strains were susceptible to concentrations ≤32 µg/ml of KT4561. Three conventional food-grade antimicrobial agents were used as controls: 41, 33 and 40% of the target strains were sensitive to ≤512 mg/ml of ethyl 3-hydroxybenzoate (E214), potassium sorbate (E202) or potassium metabisulphite (E224), respectively. The susceptibility of food spoilage yeasts towards KT4561, E214, E202 and E224 was species- and strain-dependent. In most cases KT4561 exhibited MIC values several orders of magnitude lower (100 to 100,000 times) than those observed for E214, E202 and E224. With only a few exceptions, the activity of KT4561 was pH-, ethanol-, glucose- and NaCl-independent. The present study demonstrates the potential of this yeast killer protein as a novel and natural control agent against food spoilage yeasts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The current status of controversy regarding the use of certain preservatives in cosmetic products makes it necessary to seek new ecological alternatives that are free of adverse effects on users. In our study, the natural terpene thymoquinone was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by DLS and TEM, showing a particle size of 20 nm. The chemical structure, thermal properties, and release profile of thymoquinone were evaluated and showed a successful stabilization and sustained release of terpenes. The antimicrobial properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated against typical microbial contaminants found in cosmetic products, showing high antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, natural moisturizing cream inoculated with the aforementioned microorganisms was formulated with thymoquinone-chitosan nanoparticles to evaluate the preservative efficiency, indicating its promising use as a preservative in cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shelf life of minimally processed potatoes (MPP) is limited by enzyme-catalyzed browning reactions, with the increase in respiration being another factor that affects quality retention of this product. Sulfites are commonly used as effective preservative agents in minimally processing potatoes, but ascorbic acid and citric acid are considered natural sulfite substitutes and more accepted by consumers. The aim of this study was to study the effect of combinations of the preservative agents cited above (sodium metabisulfite 0.1% and 0.5%; citric acid 0.1% and 0.5%; ascorbic acid 0.5%) on the respiration rate of MPP (cv. Monalisa) processed at both ambient and refrigerated temperatures. The results have revealed that there is a significant effect of dipping treatment and temperature on respiration rate of MPP. Sodium metabisulfite (SM) reduces respiratory activity up to 0.8 mL/kg/h. The addition of either citric or ascorbic acid enhanced the effect of SM on the reduction of the respiration rate of MPP. The strongest effect (up to 3.3 mL/kg/h) was observed when a combination of all 3 agents at the higher concentrations was employed at a temperature of 18 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thin‐layer chromatography (TLC)‐densitometric method has been developed for the identification and quantification of fusidic acid (FA) (R F =0.53), methyl hydroxybenzoate (MHB) (R F =0.64), propyl hydroxybenzoate (PHB) (R F =0.72), and butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) (R F =0.77), which are the components of a dermatological ointment. To separate these constituents, n ‐hexane‐ethyl acetate‐glacial acetic acid (6∶3∶1, v/v/v) has been used as the mobile phase and silica gel 60 F 254 TLC plates as the stationary phase. To detect the spots on chromatograms, densitometric measurements at three different wavelengths were carried out, i.e., 240 nm (FA), 260 nm (MHB, PHB), and 290 nm (BHA), leading to increased selectivity and decreased interferences of the peaks. The results of the model drug examination were characterized by good precision, accuracy, and high sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant bio-protection and biosecurity programs worldwide use trap-based surveillance for the early detection of agricultural pests and pathogens to contain their incursions and spread. This task is reliant on effective preservation in insect traps, which is required to maintain specimen quality for extended periods under variable environmental conditions. Furthermore, with traditional morphological examinations now increasingly paired with modern molecular diagnostic techniques, insect traps are required to preserve both the specimens' morphology and the DNA of insects and vectored bacterial pathogens. Here, we used psyllids (Hemiptera) and their hosted bacteria as a model to test the preservative ability of propylene glycol (PG): a non-flammable, easily transportable preservative agent that could be used in pitfall, suction or malaise traps. We tested preservation using various PG concentrations, at different temperatures and for multiple time periods, paired with non-destructive DNA extraction methods, which allow isolation of both insect and arbobacterial DNA while retaining a morphological voucher of the insect host specimens. PG concentrations between 40% and 100% performed best for both insect and bacterial DNA preservation up to 28 days. Ultimately, given the viscous nature of PG at high concentrations, we recommend using it at a concentration between 40% and 60% to enable insects to sink into the solution, thus enhancing DNA preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]