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[Objective] The impacts of precipitation on the groundwater preservation capacity for agricultural regions in North China were studied in order to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable use of groundwater resources in this region. [Methods] We established a theoretical system for evaluating groundwater preservation capacity (F) and determined the influence of precipitation changes on F value in agricultural regions of North China using methods such as geoscience statistics and correlation analysis. [Results] ① The spatial distribution of F value changed dramatically as precipitation changed. The multi-year average and wet years were dominated by the “basic guarantee” distribution, while the dry years were dominated by the “difficult to guarantee” distribution; ② As precipitation changed, the frequency of F value also varied in different locations. In the Yanshan Plain and the Taihang-Hebei Plain, when the precipitation frequency was greater than 75% and 50%, respectively, the F value was less than 0.5; in the Taihang-Henan Plain, when the precipitation frequency was less than 75%, the F value was greater than 1.0; in the Central Henan Plain, when the precipitation frequency was less than 50%, the F value increased to 1.0; in the Central Shandong Plain and Littoral Plain, when the precipitation frequency was less than 25%, the F value was greater than 0.5; in the Central Hebei Plain, there were only a few years where the F value was greater than 0.5. [Conclusions] Precipitation is an important factor that affects groundwater preservation capacity. For areas that can be “highly preserved” even during normal and dry years, the scale of agricultural planting can be appropriately expanded to ensure ample food production. However, for areas that are “difficult to preserve” and have “lower preservation” capacity during wet years, the scale of agricultural planting should be appropriately reduced to alleviate the pressure of groundwater overexploitation.

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Knowledge about organic carbon loadings (ratio of sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) content to specific surface area (SSA)) and the fate of organic carbon (OC) is critical to understand the marine carbon cycle. We investigated the variations in the patterns of OC loadings and the preservation capacities of sedimentary OC in the Yap Trench and other marine environments. The average OC loading in sediment cores from various marine environments decreases with increasing water depth at a rate of ~0.06 mg OC/(m2·km) (R2 =0.23, P<0.01). Distinct low OC loadings (0.09±0.04 mg OC/m2) were observed in the Yap Trench, with the lowest values as ~0.02 mg OC/m2. A further comparative analysis indicated that OC/SSA=0.2 mg OC/m2 is a good indicator to distinguish between oxic deep-sea regions and suboxic energetic deltaic areas. Regression analysis between OC loading and bulk carbon isotope compositions indicates that marine OC (δ13C ~−20.4‰ to −18.6‰) dominates the lost OC within the Yap Trench and does not differ from that of the abyssal zone. In contrast, terrestrial OC with δ13C values of approximately −27.4‰ to −20.5‰ was the major source of remineralized OC in the sublittoral zone. The ratios of OC loadings in the bottom layer relative to those in the top layers of sediment cores indicate that the preservation capacities of hadal trenches are much lower than those of other environments, and only approximately 30% of the SOC deposited in hadal trenches is finally buried. The value is equivalent to 0.066% of the primary production-derived OC and much lower than the global ocean average (~0.3%). Overall, the hadal zone exhibits the lowest OC loading and preservation capacity of SOC of the different marine environments investigated, despite the occurrence of a notable funneling effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This communication emanates from the lack of a European-scale study for investigating the potential threats that subsurface archaeological remains face today due to soil loss by water. This research analyses the impact of soil loss on potential subsurface archaeological evidence by integrating open geospatial datasets deriving from two pertinent European studies. The first study’s dataset is related to soil erosion (soil loss provoked by water activity), which was reclassified into three groups alluding the level of threat on potential subsurface archaeological contexts, as follows: (1) areas presenting soil loss from 0 until 5 t/h per year, which are characterised as low threat areas; (2) areas presenting soil loss from 5 until 10 t/h per year, which are characterised as moderated threat; and (3) areas presenting soil loss beyond 10 t/h per year, which are considered as high-risk areas. The second study’s dataset refers to the capacity of soils to preserve specific archaeological materials, classified in four categories based on the properties of the archaeological material (bones, teeth, and shells (bones); organic materials (organics); metals (Cu, bronze, and Fe) (metals); and stratigraphic evidence (strati). Both datasets were imported into a Geographical Information System (GIS) for further synthesis and analysis, while the average threat of soil loss per year was evaluated in a country level (nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) level 0). The overall results show that approximately 10% of European soils that potentially preserve archaeological remains are in high threat due to soil loss, while similar patterns—on a European level—are found for areas characterised with moderate to high risk from the soil loss. This study is the first attempt to present a proxy map for subsurface cultural material under threat due to soil loss, covering the entire European continent.

Abstract: Recent attention to solutions that replace most or all plasma in platelet concentrates, while maintaining satisfactory platelet function, is motivated by the potential of plasma reduction or depletion to mitigate various transfusion-related adverse events. This report considers the electrolytic composition of previously described platelet additive solutions, in order to draw general conclusions about what is required for platelet function and longevity. The optimal concentrations of Na+ and Cl− are 69–115mM. The presence of both K+ and Mg2+ in platelet suspension at nearly physiological concentrations (3–5mM and 1.5–3mM, respectively) is indispensable for good preservation capacity because both electrolytes are required to prevent platelet activation. In contrast to K+ and Mg2+, Ca2+ may not be important because no free Ca2+ is available in M-sol, which showed excellent platelet preservation capacity at less than 5% plasma concentration. The importance of bicarbonate (approximately 40mM) can be recognized when the platelets are suspended in additive solution under less than 5% residual plasma concentration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This communication emanates from the lack of a European-scale study for investigating the potential threats that subsurface archaeological remains face today due to soil loss by water. This research analyses the impact of soil loss on potential subsurface archaeological evidence by integrating open geospatial datasets deriving from two pertinent European studies. The first study's dataset is related to soil erosion (soil loss provoked by water activity), which was reclassified into three groups alluding the level of threat on potential subsurface archaeological contexts, as follows: (1) areas presenting soil loss from 0 until 5 t/h per year, which are characterised as low threat areas; (2) areas presenting soil loss from 5 until 10 t/h per year, which are characterised as moderated threat; and (3) areas presenting soil loss beyond 10 t/h per year, which are considered as high-risk areas. The second study's dataset refers to the capacity of soils to preserve specific archaeological materials, classified in four categories based on the properties of the archaeological material (bones, teeth, and shells (bones); organic materials (organics); metals (Cu, bronze, and Fe) (metals); and stratigraphic evidence (strati). Both datasets were imported into a Geographical Information System (GIS) for further synthesis and analysis, while the average threat of soil loss per year was evaluated in a country level (nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) level 0). The overall results show that approximately 10% of European soils that potentially preserve archaeological remains are in high threat due to soil loss, while similar patterns—on a European level—are found for areas characterised with moderate to high risk from the soil loss. This study is the first attempt to present a proxy map for subsurface cultural material under threat due to soil loss, covering the entire European continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]