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Termoelektrarna Plomin (TEP), Hrvaška, se nahaja na sredini vzhodne obale Istre in predstavlja glavnega onesnaževalca zraka v Istri. V letih med 1970 in 2000 je uporabljala predvsem lokalni premog (Raša), ki vsebuje med 10 in 14 ut. % žvepla in ga tako uvrščamo med premoge z visoko vsebnostjo organskega žvepla. V magistrski nalogi smo ugotavljali stopnjo onesnaženja tal z žveplom v okolici TEP. Analizirali smo 11 vzorcev tal, 3 vzorce pepela in 6 vzorcev premoga. Vzorci tal so bili odvzeti na različnih oddaljenostih od TEP v smeri vetra JZ, odvzet je bil tudi kontrolni vzorec na oddaljenosti 10 km od TEP. V premogu smo določili celokupno žveplo, v pepelu sulfat in v tleh sulfat in organsko vezano žveplo (fulvinske in huminske kisline). Vsebnost žvepla v vzorcih in izotopsko sestavo smo določili z masno spektrometrijo stabilnih izotopov. Vsebnost žvepla v smeri JZ od TEP je 100 krat večja (4 ut. %) kot v kontrolnem vzorcu (0,04 ut. %) ter pada z oddaljenostjo od TEP. V tleh prevladuje organsko vezano žveplo (>95 %), ki je večinoma vezano v huminske kisline. Vrednosti δ34SVCDT v premogu so med −5,0 in −10,0 ‰. V večini vzorcev tal je vrednost δ34S pozitivna (+7,0 do +20 ‰). Vrednosti δ34S sulfata v tleh so med +1,0 in +5,5 ‰, vrednosti δ34S za organsko žveplo pa so med -3,5 in +6,0 ‰. Takšna izotopska sestava žvepla nakazuje, da je glavni vir žvepla atmosfersko usedanje žvepla po sežigu premoga v TEP, del žvepla je naravnega (morskega) izvora. Razmerje C:N:S je 180:9:1. Glede na vrednosti faktorja obogatitve in rezultate geoakumulacijskega indeksa so tla v okolici TEP močno onesnažena z žveplom. The Thermoelectirc power plant Plomin (TPPP), Croatia is located in the middle of the eastern coast of Istrian peninsula (Northern Adriatic), and is considered to be the prime polluter of air in Istria. Between 1970 and 2000, mainly the coal from the local coal mine (Raša) was used. Coal contains between 10 and 14 wt. % of sulphur, and is considered as high organic sulphur coal. In the master thesis we established the level of soil contamination with sulphur in the vicinity of TPPP. 11 soil samples were taken and were analysed together with 3 samples of ash and 6 samples of high-S coal. Soil samples were taken at different distances from the power plant in the prevailing wind direction (SW), the control sample was also taken at a distance more than 10 km away. The coal samples were analysed for total S, ash samples for sulphate and soil samples for sulphate and the organic (humic and fulvic) sulphur. Sulphur concentration in bulk samples, as well as isotopic composition of sulphur was determined by EA-IRMS (IsoPrime 100 with PyroCube). The concentration of sulphur in samples taken in wind direction was more than 100-times higher (4 wt. %) than at the control side (0.04 wt. %) and decreased rapidly with distance from the TPPP. The speciation analysis showed that majority of S (>95 %) is present in organic form, mostly bound to humic acids. The δ34SVCDT values of bulk coal are between −5.0 to −10.0 ‰. In most soil samples, bulk δ34S were positive (+7,0 do +20 ‰). The values of sulphate in soil range between 1.0 and 5.5 ‰, while in organic S are between -3,5 in +6,0 ‰. That indicates that the atmospheric deposition of 34S-depleted fly ash and sulphate deriving from coal are the main S sources. Some part of sulphur in soil is marine origin too. The ratio C:N:S was calculated and it is 180:9:1. Enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index results indicate that the soil nearby TPPP are strongly contaminated with sulphur.

Čistilne naprave odpadnih voda proizvajajo v glavnem dva končna produkta, očiščeno vodo in komunalni mulj v tekoči in trdni obliki. V osnovi se v čistilnih napravah iz odpadne vode najprej odstranjuje večje mehanske delce, nato pa suspendirane snovi. Po mehanskem čiščenju teče voda v biološko stopnjo, in nato sledi še terciarno čiščenje. Ne glede na to, kakšen tehnološki postopek čiščenja uporabljamo, je stranski produkt čistilnih naprav komunalni mulj, ki ga je potrebno nadalje obdelati tako, da se organska snov mineralizira. Z energetskega vidika ima suha snov v komunalnem mulju posebno vlogo zaradi visoke kurilne vrednosti, primerljive z rjavim premogom. Sosežig mulja komunalnih čistilnih naprav v industrijskih postrojih se uporablja predvsem za proizvodnjo energije, kar pa posledično zmanjšuje tudi potrebo po fosilnih gorivih. Po sežigu lahko nastali pepel, ki mora ustrezati mineraloškim, fizikalnim in kemijskim pogojem, uporabimo kot surovino v drugih panogah, Iz navedenega sledi, da nastali pepel ne predstavlja novi odpadek, temveč stranski produkt z nizkimi stroški, kateremu lahko z uporabo v drugih industrijskih dejavnostih povečamo vrednost. V doktorski disertaciji je predstavljeno nastajanje komunalnega mulja ter podana kemijska analiza in analiza kurilne vrednosti. V nadaljevanju je preučeno sušenje komunalnega mulja iz čistilnih naprav, ki ima okoli 60% vlage ter preračunane toplotne izgube na osnovi podatkov s termoelektrarne Trbovlje. Doktorska disertacija nato predstavlja možnost sosežiga komunalnega mulja v Termoelektrarni Trbovlje. Opisane in predstavljene so vse potrebne dodatne procesne enote ter narejena preliminarna ekonomska ocena. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je sosežig komunalnega mulja ekonomsko upravičen in dobičkonosen ter ima ugoden vpliv na okolje. V programskem paketu Aspen Plus je nato bila izvedena natančna simulacija procesa, ki je temeljila na obratovalnih podatkih termoelektrarne. Glede na evropsko in slovensko zakonodajo je dovoljeno 5% dodajanje komunalnega mulja v sisteme za proizvodnjo električne energije iz fosilnih goriv. Glede na naveden kriterij je bilo preračunano, da je dovoljeno doziranje v termoelektrarni Trbovlje do 1730 kg/h komunalnega mulja s 40% suhe snovi. Simulacija je bila izvedena za različne deleže od 1% do 5% dodajanja komunalnega mulja. V nadaljevanju je bila preračunana proizvodnja električne energije v primerjavi med običajno termoelektrarno in sosežigom, prav tako je bila analizirana sestava dimnih plinov in izločanje težkih kovin. V disertaciji je ugotovljeno, da se z dodajanjem komunalnega mulja neto proizvedena električna energija nekoliko zmanjša, kar je posledica večje vlažnosti mulja v primerjavi s premogom. Prav tako se spremeni sestava dimnih plinov, saj koncentracija NOx in predvsem HCl naraste, medtem ko se koncentracija SOx zmanjša. Predstavljena je tudi metodo kako okolju škodljive snovi izločit iz dimnih plinov. Poseben poudarek je na koncentraciji težkih kovin, za katere je zaradi omejitev v simulaciji predvideno, da celotna količina težkih kovin izhaja v obliki dimnih plinov in pri 5% dodajanju komunalnega mulja nobena od kovin ne presega, mejne, zakonsko določene vrednosti. Disertacijo zaključuje ekonomska analiza z primerjavo rezultatov med metodo neto sedanjih vrednosti in interno stopnjo donosa, s pomočjo katerih je potrjena smiselnost investicije. An addition of up to 5 % of municipal biomass to the system for electricity production from fossil fuels is allowed according to the European Directives and Slovenian legislation. Following these criteria the addition of around 1,730 kg/h of municipal biomass with 60 % of moisture is allowed in accordance with the reference thermal power plant operational data. This paper presents analyses regarding the usages of different amounts of municipal biomass in the reference thermal power plant for which process simulation is done using the Aspen Plus programme package. Furthermore, the analysis of hazardous metals such as Pb, Hg and Cd concentrations in flue gases are determined and the economic evaluation of municipal biomass exploitation within the thermal power plant is also presented.

Predmet raziskovanja je stanje premoga v Sloveniji in svetu. Raziskali smo, kolikšne so zaloge premoga ter koliko let bo premog še vir energije. Pridobivanje premoga se glede na geološke pogoje lahko izvaja jamsko ali podzemno in površinsko ali nadzemno. Poznamo tri vrste premoga, in sicer lignit, rjavi premog ter črni premog. Nadalje te vrste premoga delimo tudi glede na kurilnost, saj se razlikujejo glede na kvaliteto. The topic of the research is the Slovenian and world coal reserves. I have researched coal reserves and predicted for how long coal will still be used as an energy source. Coal mining is - considering geological conditions - performed in a mine (underground) or on surface. There are three known types of coal, namely lignite, brown coal, and black coal. The division into these three types is based on the calorific value they are of different quality. These facts, predictions and coal characteristics are thoroughly described in this diploma thesis, together with the history and future of coal mining and coal reserves in Slovenia and around the world.

Diplomsko delo obravnava fosilna goriva: premog, nafto in zemeljski plin. Vsebuje podatke o njihovih zalogah in nahajališčih. Opisani so tudi postopki pridobivanja vsakega izmed teh energentov, ter proizvodnja električne energije iz njih. Zajeti so podatki o količini proizvedene električne energije v letih 1980, 2002, 2012 in predstavljene države, ki so največje porabnice teh virov in proizvajalke električne energije iz njih. Med vsemi tremi viri je največ zalog premoga, ki je v primerjavi z nafto in zemeljskim plinom hkrati tudi največji vir za proizvodnjo električne energije in se uporablja predvsem v ta namen. Zaloge nafte in zemeljskega plina so približno enake. Zemeljski plin se za proizvodnjo električne energije uporablja pogosteje kot nafta, ki se uporablja predvsem kot gorivo za transport. This dissertation deals with fossil fuels: coal, petroleum and natural gas. It covers the information on their reserves, explains the process of their extraction and the process of generating electric energy from them. The dissertation includes the data on the quantity of electrical energy generated in the years 1980, 2002 and 2012. It presents countries with largest consumption and largest production of electrical energy from fossil fuels. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel and also the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity. The reserves of petroleum and natural gas are approximately the same. Natural gas is more commonly used for the generation of electricity than petroleum, which is mainly used as motor fuel.

V diplomski nalogi so predstavljene zaloge, proizvodnja in poraba premoga v Sloveniji. Omejili smo se na časovno obdobje med letoma 1991 in 2012. Namen diplomske naloge je predstaviti, kje in koliko premoga se proizvede, kje in kakšne so zaloge premoga, kje in kako se porabi premog v Sloveniji ter vse to analizirati. The thesis presents reserves, production and consumption of coal in Slovenia. The period between 1991 and 2012 is taken in to consideration. The purpose of the thesis is to introduce where and how much coal is produced, where and how big are coal reserves, where and how coal is used in Slovenia. All the set topics are analyzed as well.

V doktorski disertaciji smo razvili, optimizirali in s pomočjo validacije potrdili analizne metode za točno in natančno določevanje izbranih težkih kovin v različnih matricah okoljskih vzorcev z optično emisijsko spektrometrijo z induktivno sklopljeno plazmo (ICP–OES). S pomočjo izmerjenih vsebnosti onesnaževal ter kemijskih in fizikalno–kemijskih parametrov smo izvedli kemometrijsko karakterizacijo različnih okoljskih vzorcev. Iskali smo korelacije med različnimi okoljskimi vzorci, ki so bili odvzeti na različnih vzorčnih mestih v različnih časovnih obdobjih. The present doctoral thesis was used to develop, optimise and, by means of validation, to confirm the analytical methods for accurate and precise determination of selected heavy metals in various matrices of environmental samples using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES). Based on the measured content of pollutants, of both chemical and physical-chemical parameters, chemometric characterisation of different environment samples has been performed. We were interested in correlation between different environmental samples taken at different sampling points at different times.

V diplomski nalogi sem predstavil trgovanje s premogom po svetu in njegove cene. Predstavljene so naslednje dejavnosti: proizvodnja, poraba, zaloga, uvoz in izvoz premoga. Opisal sem države, pomembne za svetovni trg premoga in načine uporabe premoga. Cilj diplome je predstaviti, zakaj je premog še vedno tako pomemben energetski vir. Global coal trading and its price on international markets are presented in the diploma thesis. Production, consumption, stock, export, and import of coal are featured. The countries which are important for the global coal market are listed. Furthermore, there is also the description of different ways coal is used. The aim of the diploma paper is to present why coal is still an important fossil source

V diplomski nalogi smo predstavili tehnološke dosežke v slovenskih rudnikih od njihovih začetkov do danes, podrobneje pa smo tehnološke dosežke predstavili v Premogovniku Velenje, d. d. V drugem poglavju tako najprej opredeljujemo pojme rudnik, premogovnik in tehnologija, predstavimo rudnike in premogovnike v Sloveniji ter opredelimo premog kot primarni vir energije v Sloveniji in v svetu. Izbrane rudnike v Sloveniji, njihovo zgodovino in predstavitev, tehnološke dosežke, Premogovnik Velenje ter njegove tehnološke dosežke pa predstavljamo v nadaljevanju diplomskega dela. In this thesis we present technological achievements in Slovenian mines from their beginnings until today, in more detail, we present the technological advances in the Coal Mine Velenje, d. d. In the second chapter, first we define the concept of a mine, coal mine and technology, presented the mines and coal mines in Slovenia, and define coal as a primary energy source in Slovenia and in the world. Selected mines in Slovenia, its history and the presentation of technological achievements, Coal Mine Velenje and its technological achievements are presented in the continuation thesis.

Premogovnik Velenje, d. d. ima za osnovno dejavnost pridobivanje premoga. Pomembno vlogo pri pridobivanju premoga ima materialni tok, saj pridobivanje rude brez hitrega, zanesljivega in varnega pretoka ni mogoče zagotoviti. V nalogi je prikazan tok voznih enot, materiala in opreme. V proizvodnem procesu pridobivanja premoga je za uspešnost in obvladovanje materialnega toka potrebna smotrna organizacija. V informacijskem sistemu, ki ga uporabljajo v Premogovniku Velenje, d. d., se da iz podatkov razbrati informacije o voznih enotah, materialu in opremi. Zaradi slabe organizacije vpogleda udeležencev v informacijski sistem prihaja do neracionalnega, ne optimalnega materialnega toka. Rešitev je vidna v na novo napisanem poslovniku transporta materiala in opreme zunaj in v jami Premogovnika Velenje, d. d., kot predlog dokumenta, ki s svojo vsebino opiše potek in naloge udeležencev v transportu. Udeležencem v procesu predpisuje potek procesa, naloge, cilje in obveznosti, ki so v njem zahtevani, saj se s tem zagotavlja hiter, varen in ekonomičen način transporta. The fundamental activity of the Velenje coalmine is extraction of coal. Material flow plays a significant part in the extraction since it would be impossible to guarantee a quick, reliable and safe flow without it. In this diploma paper, flow of transport units, material and equipment is shown. A suitable organisation is needed for the efficiency and management of the material flow in the manufacturing process of coal extraction. From the data in the information system that they use in the Velenje coalmine, we can find information about transport units, material and equipment. There is irrational and not optimal material flow due to poor organisation of the insight into the information system for the participants. The solution would be to rewrite the regulations for the transport of material and equipment outside and in the cave of the Velenje coalmine. The suggested document would describe the procedure and tasks for all the participants in the transport. They would be directed about the course of the process, tasks, goals and commitments required thereby, and thus ensure a quick, safe and economical mode of transport.

Današnji industrijski razvoj in gospodarska rast temeljita na intenzivni rabi energije, ki jo dobimo pretežno iz neobnovljivih virov, zlasti fosilnih goriv. Študije kažejo, da bodo tudi v prihodnjih desetletjih fosilna goriva (kljub absolutnemu povečevanju izkoriščanja obnovljivih virov energije) igrala nosilno vlogo pri energijski oskrbi. V podjetju Nafta-Petrochem d.o.o so doslej proizvajali sintezni plin iz zemeljskega plina, katerega nabavna cena je dokaj visoka. Iz tega razloga in, ker je njegova dobava dolgoročno vprašljiva, želijo to surovino nadomestiti z drugimi, kot so: bioplin, premog in lesna biomasa. V okviru diplomskega dela smo za podjetje Nafta-Petrochem d.o.o izvedli študijo proizvodnje sinteznega plina iz zgoraj omenjenih alternativnih surovin, čeprav je med vsemi še vedno najbolj razširjena proizvodnja sinteznega plina iz zemeljskega plina. Kontinuirano proizvodnjo plina smo simulirali s komercialno dosegljivim računalniškim paketom Aspen Plus. Tako smo primerjali sestavo sinteznega plina, proizvedenega iz različnih surovin ter ustrezne energetske tokove. Za primerjavo smo uporabili tudi sestavo sinteznega plina, proizvedenega iz zemeljskega plina. V nadaljevanju smo s termodinamsko metodo uščipa znižali porabo pogonskih sredstev v osnovnem procesu in ostalih preučevanih variantah. Uporaba metode v realnih industrijskih primerih zahteva različne modifikacije. S tem smo se želeli čim bolj približati dejanskemu stanju v proizvodnji in dobiti uporabne rezultate, ki bi podjetju omogočili prilagoditev obstoječe proizvodnje načelom trajnostnega razvoja. Za izvedbo metode energetske integracije smo uporabili program Supet Target. Today's industrial development and economic growth are based on the intensive use of energy, which is produced mainly from non-renewable resources, especially fossil fuels. Studies show that in the coming decades, fossil fuels (although the absolute increase in the exploitation of renewable energy sources) will play the most important role in energy supply. The company Nafta-Petrochem Ltd. has been manufacturing synthesis gas from natural gas, which purchase price is quite high. For this reason, and also because its long-term supply is questionable, they want to replace it with other raw materials, such as bio-gas, coal and biomass. In the thesis we have carried out for the company Nafta-Petrochem Ltd. a study for the production of synthesis gas from alternative raw materials mentioned above, although it is still among the most widespread production of synthesis gas from natural gas. Continuous gas production was simulated with commercially available computer package Aspen Plus. Thus, we compared the composition of synthesis gas produced from different raw materials and the corresponding energy flows. For comparison we used the composition of synthesis gas produced from natural gas. In the continuation the energy consumption in the base case and other studied alternatives has been reduced using thermodynamic pinch method. Using the method in real industrial cases requires different modifications. We wanted to approach as close as possible to the realities of production and obtain useful results, enabling the company to adapt existing production principle of sustainable development. To implement the method, the Supet Target computer program was used.