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The existence of the insurance company industry in Indonesia is considered very important by the government in overcoming the risks faced by society at any time. Because of this, the government imposes provisions for insurance companies regarding the financial health level requirements for insurance companies, namely by using Risk Based Capital. For insurance companies, premium income, claims and profits are important in the survival of insurance companies. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of premiums, claims and profits on Risk Based Capital. Research was conducted on insurance companies registered on the IDX in 2022-2023. The research sample consisted of 17 insurance companies for 2 years taken by purposive sampling with data completeness criteria during the research period. Data analysis was carried out using Panel Data Regression Analysis. The research results obtained are that there is a positive influence of Premiums on Risk Based Capital, there is a negative influence of Claims on Risk Based Capital and there is a negative influence of Profits on Risk Based Capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Finance (2437-0630) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural disasters are increasing due to climate change, which is causing economic losses for countries affected by them. Disaster management funds need to be provided, including through purchasing insurance. Determining natural disaster insurance premiums needs to involve consideration of the geographical conditions of the country. The aim of this research was to develop a model for determining natural disaster insurance premiums using the jumping processes method and a cross-subsidy system. The model takes into account the level of economic growth and the natural disaster potential index. The data analyzed relate to cases of natural disasters and losses that occurred in each province in Indonesia. From the results of the analysis, it was found that through a cross-subsidy system, the principle of mutual cooperation can be applied in managing natural disasters. Regions with a high level of economic growth and a low natural disaster potential index need to provide subsidies to regions with a low economic growth rate and a high natural disaster potential index. It was also found that the cost of insurance premiums was influenced by the size of losses and the frequency of natural disasters in the province. The greater the potential for disasters and economic losses experienced by a province due to disasters, the greater the premium burden that must be borne, and vice versa. Based on these conditions, insurance premiums vary in each province in Indonesia. It is hoped that the results of this research can provide a reference for the government in determining policies for providing funds for natural disaster management using a cross-subsidy system. In addition, this research can provide a reference for insurance companies in determining natural disaster insurance premiums in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With advances in genetic research, the understanding of the genetic structure of disease and the ability to predict disease risk have been enhanced. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) have been developed to assess a person's risk of developing any heritable disease. PRS has two primary utilities that make it particularly relevant for insurers: the ability to identify high-risk groups when using PRS independently or in combination with standard risk factors; and the ability to inform early interventions that may alter future morbidity and mortality. Using heart disease as a case study, a simulation-based model is designed that introduces polygenic risk scoring into the actuarial analysis framework and then quantifies the adverse selection due to information asymmetry introduced by PRS. Individual and parental disease liability as well as PRS were simulated under a liability threshold model. A series of validations were conducted to confirm the utility of our simulated data sets. We explored three scenarios describing how insurance applicants use their PRS results to guide their insurance purchasing decisions and calculated the increased premiums that insurers would need to change to counteract this. The accuracy of PRS has the most significant impact on premiums and the proportion of individuals who know their PRS also has a substantial impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) provide health insurance coverage to more than 90 million Americans as of early 2023. There is substantial variation in eligibility criteria, application procedures, premiums, and other programmatic characteristics across states and over time. Analyzing changes in Medicaid policies is important for state and federal agencies and other stakeholders, but such analysis requires data on historical programmatic characteristics that are often not available in a form ready for quantitative analysis. Our objective is to fill this gap by synthesizing existing qualitative policy data to create a new data resource that facilitates Medicaid policy research. Data description Our source data were the 50-state surveys of Medicaid and CHIP eligibility, enrollment, and cost-sharing policies, and budgets conducted near annually by KFF since 2000, which we coded through 2020. These reports are a rich source of point-in-time information but not operationalized for quantitative analysis. Through a review of the measures captured in the KFF surveys, we developed five Medicaid policy domains with 122 measures in total, each coded by state-quarter—1) eligibility (28 measures), 2) enrollment and renewal processes (39 measures), 3) premiums (16 measures), 4) cost-sharing (26 measures), and 5) managed care (13 measures).

The insurance market is an integral part of the country's financial system and is therefore extremely important for economic development. Any shocks in the insurance market may cause a slowdown in economic growth and development and have a negative impact on the country's financial system. The stability of the insurance market is ensured by the companies operating in it. That is why our analysis focuses on assessing the risk of insurance companies' bankruptcy and analyzing the main factors that affect the situation in the insurance market. This article analyzes the main approaches to assessing the risk of insurance companies depending on the size of the risk premium. A simple dynamic risk assessment model was applied. Our analysis of the literature has shown that general approaches to assessing the risk of insurance company failure depend on the overall situation in the country and the market itself. In countries with more frequent force majeure events, more complex and sophisticated models have been introduced to assess the required amount of risk premium to avoid bankruptcy. The market situation in Ukraine had been stable for a long time, but with the onset of the pandemic, certain problems began to arise. An analysis of one of the leading insurance companies in the market showed that before the war started, it had a bankruptcy risk close to zero. Unfortunately, it should be noted that military actions, which are force majeure circumstances, complicate the quantitative analysis, as Ukrainian companies do not have effective mechanisms to cover this type of risk. It is established that a company cannot arbitrarily determine the amount of risk premium based on its own needs. This value will also be influenced by external macroeconomic factors that will affect not only the overall economic situation but also all participants in the insurance market, including consumers of insurance services.

Objectives: Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) provide health insurance coverage to more than 90 million Americans as of early 2023. There is substantial variation in eligibility criteria, application procedures, premiums, and other programmatic characteristics across states and over time. Analyzing changes in Medicaid policies is important for state and federal agencies and other stakeholders, but such analysis requires data on historical programmatic characteristics that are often not available in a form ready for quantitative analysis. Our objective is to fill this gap by synthesizing existing qualitative policy data to create a new data resource that facilitates Medicaid policy research. Data description: Our source data were the 50-state surveys of Medicaid and CHIP eligibility, enrollment, and cost-sharing policies, and budgets conducted near annually by KFF since 2000, which we coded through 2020. These reports are a rich source of point-in-time information but not operationalized for quantitative analysis. Through a review of the measures captured in the KFF surveys, we developed five Medicaid policy domains with 122 measures in total, each coded by state-quarter—1) eligibility (28 measures), 2) enrollment and renewal processes (39 measures), 3) premiums (16 measures), 4) cost-sharing (26 measures), and 5) managed care (13 measures). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cybersecurity insurance (CSI) is becoming an important offering by insurance companies as a part of their property-liability market. In this paper we examined the state of the cybersecurity insurance industry for 2015 to 2020. The study considered both standalone and packaged insurance offerings across various types of insurance companies – stock, mutuals, large, and small. Loss ratios were also calculated and compared across each of the categories and offerings. Findings indicate that CSI premiums rose by over 170% during the period, with the number of insurers rising by around 70%, with much of the increase driven by large, stock company sales of standalone CSI. No evidence is found for longer-duration participants having lower risk levels, and a puzzle is found in terms of rising loss ratios in conjunction with level premiums per policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Themis: Revista de Derecho is the property of Themis Asociacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Employer health plan premiums are often subsidized at different levels according to enrollee income. When enrollees cross an income threshold, they lose some of the income-based subsidy resulting in higher premium prices for their plan choices. We use these discontinuous subsidy reductions, which induce relative price changes across plans, to assess the relationship between premium price and plan choice for workers in a large, national firm. We segmented individuals by income into $100 bins surrounding a $40,000 subsidy threshold and $200 bins surrounding a $110,000 subsidy threshold. We plotted these bins to visualize potential discontinuities and then estimated regression models that fit linear trends to the binned data at each subsidy threshold. Higher income workers were more likely to enrol in high deductible health plans (HDHPs) when those plans became relatively cheaper compared to traditional plans (estimate = −0.057, standard error = 0.027; p-value = 0.02). In contrast, lower income workers were less likely to enrol in a HDHP when the relative price fell (estimate = 0.065, standard error = 0.029, p-value = 0.03). Our findings indicate that responses to relative price distortions between insurance plan options differ by income and that benefit design should account for such heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account the circumstances that Kosovo has faced since the 1990s until now, we can say that significant steps have been taken to advance the country's economic development, but it is still regarded as a country that is not economically developed enough, with a deep negative trade balance and an unfavorable macroeconomic policy to ensure a faster development trend, despite recent economic growth that has been insufficient to affect this. For analysis, we took the life and non-life insurance sector, which turns out to be undeveloped and participates in the financial sector with only 2.7%, so it is a symbolic indicator that speaks for itself about the development of the insurance sector. This industry is characterized by a low level of development, and the main motive is to analyze the development trend of this sector while comparing it with the countries of the region.The purpose of this paper is to identify and examine gross written premiums in the insurance sector in the Western Balkans. In this paper, we will analyze the trend of the gross written premium in the insurance sector in Kosova compared to the countries of the Western Balkans. The sample contains data such as the number of inhabitants, the total gross income at country level, the income per capita, the gross written premium, the rate of insurance density, and the penetration rate for the countries of Kosova, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia for the period 2010–2021.The empirical research is done by collecting data from the official reports published on an annual basis by the financial institutions of the countries in the region as well as the World Bank. A research paper is classified as an exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory study. Comparative analysis and descriptive statistics will be the methodologies applied in this paper.The analysis of these data shows that the development of the insurance market in Kosova and the countries of the Western Balkans from 2010 onwards, despite the new market entries of branches of large groups, has not been characterized by real strategies for the exploration of new segments of the market and an increase in demand. The insurance sector needs to be influenced by strategic approaches that move from transaction value to product lifetime value and from product life cycle to customer life cycle. The commitment to create an attractive environment for business initiatives and foreign investments, in addition to being a constant challenge for underdeveloped economies, should also be a strategic goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the fees paid by local entities when bonds are offered. Fees come from a variety of services provided by private firms throughout the course of offering bonds.

This article explores the phenomenon of the gift enterprise bookstore in the mid-nineteenth-century United States. An early form of premium marketing, the gift-book enterprise promised to reward each book purchase with a surprise ‘gift’, ranging from pencils to dress patterns to cutlery to jewellery. A novel form of marketing books, the gift enterprise bookstore teetered on a thin line between sensation and sham. Although decried as form of illegal lottery gambling and beset by accusations of dishonesty, gift-book enterprises grew immensely popular. Drawing on extensive archival research on one of the most successful gift-book enterprises, the bookstores of G.G. and D.W. Evans—operating in urban centres from 1856–1861—this article examines gift enterprise bookselling in the context of mid-nineteenth-century American print cultures. As savvy entrepreneurs, the Evans’ leveraged the national reach and perceived authority of the newspaper by engaging in debates over the morality and legality of the business in the columns of widely-circulating papers and capitalised on editorial and reprinting practices to endorse their business model and market their bookstores. In addition, in lengthy bookseller catalogues distributed across the nation, the Evans’ created a bookstore in print and shaped inclusive imagined and real communities of reader-book buyers. Examining the print culture of Evans’ gift-book enterprise offers new insights into nineteenth-century book marketing and the ways in which gift enterprise bookselling was intimately connected to and inseparable from contemporary print forms, networks, and practices. Taking the gift-book enterprise seriously expands the histories of American bookselling and decentres the dominant focus on large publishers. In addition, the gift-bookstore phenomenon highlights how bookselling is always entwined with larger cultural dynamics.

This paper proposes an integrated trading cost measure for exchange‐traded funds (ETFs) that includes premiums and spreads. The measure is computed separately for buyers and sellers as the distance between the ETF's bid/ask prices and a new measure of intraday intrinsic value constructed with the ETF's daily holdings. The two‐sided measure shows that order imbalances increase trading costs in the direction of the imbalance, bias midpoint quotes, and result in observed premiums and discounts. It also provides a link between these higher trading costs and the need for authorized participants to pass through the costs associated with primary market activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most countries in Europe require out-of-pocket payments (OPPs) for nursing homes based on users' income and often assets. This was also the case in Austria until 2018 when asset-based contributions to residential care —denoted the 'Pflegeregress' – were abolished, leaving a shortfall in revenue. We aim to determine how the Pflegeregress was distributed across different groups in Austria prior to 2018, what the distributional consequences of its abolishment were, and what the distributional impact of different financing alternatives would be. Methods: Circumventing data availability issues, we construct a micro-simulation model using a matched administrative dataset on residential care users receiving the Austrian care allowance (Pflegegeldinformation, PFIF, HVB, and Pflegedienstleistungsstatistik, Statistik Austria) and survey data (SHARE, wave 6). Using this model, we estimate the expected duration of residential care and OPPs under the Pflegeregress of a representative sample of older people aged 65 + in Austria, as well as OPPs under budgetary neutral financing alternatives to the abolished asset-based contribution, namely an inheritance tax and a social insurance scheme. The distributional impact of abolishing the Pflegeregress and these alternative scenarios is assessed through a number of measures, such as ability to pay, Concentration Indices (CI) and a needs-standardized measure. Results: We find that lower income individuals and homeowners disproportionately contributed to asset-based OPPs for residential care prior to 2018, due in large part to their higher use of residential care and the low asset-exemption thresholds. These groups were therefore the largest beneficiaries of its abolishment. The alternative financing scenarios tested would result in a more progressive distribution of payments (i.e. concentrated on more affluent individuals). Conclusion: Our findings indicate the limited ability of asset-based OPPs to target those with higher assets, thus questioning the fairness of these instruments for financing residential care facilities for older people in Austria. Findings also suggest that the parameterization of such OPPs (such as asset exemption thresholds) and patterns of residential care use are key variables for assessing the distribution of asset-based OPPs for residential care use. Policy alternatives that decouple payments from use would entail greater transfers from healthy to less healthier individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the phenomenon of the gift enterprise bookstore in the mid-nineteenth-century United States. An early form of premium marketing, the gift-book enterprise promised to reward each book purchase with a surprise 'gift', ranging from pencils to dress patterns to cutlery to jewellery. A novel form of marketing books, the gift enterprise bookstore teetered on a thin line between sensation and sham. Although decried as form of illegal lottery gambling and beset by accusations of dishonesty, gift-book enterprises grew immensely popular. Drawing on extensive archival research on one of the most successful gift-book enterprises, the bookstores of G.G. and D.W. Evans--operating in urban centres from 1856-1861--this article examines gift enterprise bookselling in the context of mid-nineteenth-century American print cultures. As savvy entrepreneurs, the Evans' leveraged the national reach and perceived authority of the newspaper by engaging in debates over the morality and legality of the business in the columns of widely-circulating papers and capitalised on editorial and reprinting practices to endorse their business model and market their bookstores. In addition, in lengthy bookseller catalogues distributed across the nation, the Evans' created a bookstore in print and shaped inclusive imagined and real communities of readerbook buyers. Examining the print culture of Evans' gift-book enterprise offers new insights into nineteenth-century book marketing and the ways in which gift enterprise bookselling was intimately connected to and inseparable from contemporary print forms, networks, and practices. Taking the gift-book enterprise seriously expands the histories of American bookselling and decentres the dominant focus on large publishers. In addition, the gift-bookstore phenomenon highlights how bookselling is always entwined with larger cultural dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) introduced large changes to the individual market for health insurance. Using 2015–2019 HIX Compare and geographic-specific data, this study examines the volatility and vulnerability of local insurance markets using insurer participation and premium information. The study also examines how markets with higher volatility and vulnerability differ from others with respect to demographics, labor market conditions, health status, provider supply, and state policies. Entry and exit patterns suggest decreasing volatility, but forty-eight million Americans reside in markets that are vulnerable, given limited competition and high premiums.

Many studies find a strong association between press freedom and corruption perceptions (Adsera, Boix, & Payne, 2003; Brunetti & Weder, 2003; Freille, Haque, & Kneller, 2007). However, it is possible that this relationship is driven by experts’ belief that limits on press freedom are associated with corruption. This article tests the association between press freedom and corruption perceptions using objective measures of corruption from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys, a series of representative surveys of the owners and top managers of private firms in the manufacturing and service sectors. Our findings suggest that there is a reputational premium associated with press freedom: Holding corruption experiences constant, corruption perceptions are improved by greater press freedom. Moreover, we find that the developed world is best placed to avail of this premium, as it is most evident in countries with low to moderate levels of corruption by global standards.

Peculiarities of the LME contract structure give the impression that exchange spot prices measure transaction prices paid by consumers and received by producers. This impression can be misleading. Transaction prices also include a regional premium that can account for a substantial component of the full price. In well‐supplied markets, premiums measure the cost of intermediating exchange warehouses and consumers. In periods of tight demand they reflect the urgency of consumer requirements. I use a Markov‐switching model to analyze the regional and temporal variation in aluminum and zinc premiums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. and European research suggests that firms tend to overpay when acquiring cross‐border targets. Our research focuses on an Asian setting. We find that Japanese acquirers pay significantly higher premiums for cross‐border targets than for domestic ones. We also find that, in the case of acquisitions of domestic firms, acquirers that are laden with debt or that have higher market‐to‐book ratios (which signals their attractiveness) pay lower premiums. By contrast, we find that in the case of cross‐border acquisitions, neither variable has a significant impact on premiums, which suggests that premiums are not set efficiently for cross‐border acquisitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the national critical infrastructures, the water distribution system supports our daily life and economic growth, the failure of which may lead to catastrophic results. Besides the uncertainty from the system component failures, cyberattacks are vital to the secure system operation and have great impacts on the reliability of the water supply service. Malicious attackers may intrude into the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system of pump stations in the water distribution networks and interrupt the water supply to the customers. Cyber insurance is emerging as a promising financial tool in system risk management. In this paper, cyber insurance is proposed for the cyber risk management of the water distribution system. A semi-Markov process (SMP) model is devised to model the cyberattacks against pump stations in the water distribution system. Both the impacts of the independent cyber risks in the individual distribution network and the correlated cyber risks shared across different water distribution networks are evaluated and modeled. A sequential Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) based algorithm is developed to evaluate the system loss. Cyber insurance premiums for the water distribution networks are designed based on the actuarial principles and potential system losses. Case studies are also performed on multiple representative water distribution networks, and the results demonstrate the validity of the proposed cyber insurance model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at researching the structure of managing of the economic methods, its essence, characteristics, and efficiency. The scientific works of both foreign and domestic scholars who have thoroughly covered the essence of economic methods of management are analyzed and studied. The main types of economic methods of management, e.g.: planning, commercial calculation, remuneration, bonuses, pricing, financing are considered and their characterizations are given. The basic theoretical and practical positions as to introduction of economic methods of management at enterprise are analyzed. The foreign experience of use of economic methods of management at enterprises is studied. The authors suggest transition to the economic methods of management, which are used by foreign countries at their enterprises. Further introduction of the economic methods of management, which are being used at enterprises in foreign countries, will help domestic enterprises to achieve functional and economic recovery.

Objective: The Affordable Care Act allows insurers to charge up to 50% higher premiums to tobacco users, making tobacco use the only behavioral factor that can be used to rate premiums in the nongroup insurance market. Some states have set more restrictive limits on rating for tobacco use, and several states have outlawed tobacco premium surcharges altogether. We examined the impact of state level tobacco surcharge policy on health insurance enrollment decisions among smokers.Study Design: We compared insurance enrollment in states that did and did not allow tobacco surcharges, using a difference-in-difference approach to compare the policy effects among smokers and nonsmokers. We also used geographic variation in tobacco surcharges to examine how the size of the surcharge affects insurance coverage, again comparing smokers to nonsmokers.Data Collection: We linked data from two components of the Current Population Survey-the 2015 and 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement and the Tobacco Use Supplement, which we combined with data on marketplace plan premiums. We also collected qualitative data from a survey of smokers who did not have insurance through an employer or public program.Principal Findings: Allowing a tobacco surcharge reduced insurance enrollment among smokers by 4.0 percentage points (P = .01). Further, smokers without insurance through an employer or public program were 9.0 percentage points less likely (P < .01) to enroll in a nongroup plan if they were subject to a tobacco surcharge. In states with surcharges, enrollment among smokers was 3.4 percentage points lower (P < .01) for every 10 percentage point increase in the tobacco surcharge.Conclusions: Tobacco use is the largest cause of preventable illness in the United States. State tobacco surcharge policy may have a substantial impact on whether tobacco users choose to remain insured and consequently their ability to receive care critical for preventing and treating tobacco-related disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Judgments by the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes / Uyusmazlik Mahkemesi Dergisi is the property of Court of Jurisdictional Disputes of the Republic of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Relatively little research exists estimating the marginal impacts of photovoltaic (PV) energy systems on home sale prices. Using a large dataset of California homes that sold from 2000 through mid-2009, we find strong evidence, despite a variety of robustness checks, that existing homes with PV systems sold for a premium over comparable homes without PV systems, implying a near full return on investment. Premiums for new homes are found to be considerably lower than those for existing homes, implying, potentially, a tradeoff between price and sales velocity. The results have significant implications for homeowners, builders, appraisers, lenders, and policymakers.

Marketing in insurance companies aims to make profits through the creation of satisfied and loyal insureds. Insurance companies should create an offer in order to satisfy the needs of existing and potential insureds, to find the best way to present this offer to potential insurers, as well as the most appropriate way of distributing the offer of insurance coverage. The starting point in this paper is the fact that the marketing approach in insurance is isolated and mostly identified with sales and advertising, rather than a more comprehensive view of the expanded marketing mix known as 7P. Marketing allows insurance companies to adjust the insurance premium, apply adequate distribution and promotion, manage the marketing orientation in the management of claims, and effectively and efficiently manage the relationships with the customers (insureds). Bearing in mind that the application of the modern concept of marketing can enable insurance companies to adapt more effectively to market conditions, the aim of this paper is to point out the importance of marketing orientation in every business activity of insurance companies as preconditions for improving the satisfaction of the insureds.

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Amelioration of economic inequality is a central tenet of the social justice movement. This paper demonstrates the potential role of park and recreation pricing policies in exacerbating or ameliorating social injustice. Tension in public sector pricing invariably revolves around reconciling pricing's two guiding concepts of fairness: The Benefit Principle, which states that each taxpayer's or service user's contribution should reflect the benefits he or she receives from a service; and The Ability to Pay Principle which requires that no residents should be excluded from participation because they lack the funds to do so. Operationalizing the Ability to Pay Principle requires offering discounts to the economically disadvantaged, unemployed residents, children, and large households. Principles, rationales, administrative mechanisms, and challenges associated with implementation for each of these concepts are discussed. Social injustice is exacerbated when regressive property and sales taxes are used to subsidize recreation participants who are not economically disadvantaged. This occurs in contexts where the economically disadvantaged are relatively infrequent users of recreation programs. In those situations, both the Ability to Pay and the Benefit Principles are abrogated. Similarly, when discounts are provided to groups that are not economically disadvantaged, the subsidies usually are paid for by regressive property and sales taxes. Seniors are the most prominent cohort to whom inappropriate discounts are provided. All financial indicators show that, on average, they have greater assets and more income than non-seniors. Nevertheless, in many communities, discounts are available; indeed, the trend has been to incrementally lower the age at which "seniors" become eligible for discounts. Situations in which multi-use passes exacerbate income inequality are also discussed. Strategies for removing these sources of social injustice are suggested. Both the Ability to Pay and the Benefit Principle direct that social justice is served when agencies capture consumers' surplus through the use of premiums. This may be done when individual users pay for extra benefits in the form of reservations, peak time use, receiving a higher quality offering than the regular service provides, or by bids/auctions designed to offer an improved service. It is also justified when nonresidents use public facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insurance sector in Algeria defined both direct and indirect (reinsurance) several stations and a number of reforms along the lines of the rest of the economic sectors, which were caused primarily by the change in the economic pattern adopted by the state on the one hand and the controls imposed by the different economic policies.The objective of this study was to focus on the position of the Central Reinsurance Company because of its main function of reinsurance operations in the period 2000-2017, during which the SELA in Algeria in general and insurance in particular identified a large package of reforms as a result of However, through our evaluation of the reinsurance policy adopted by the company, we found that it recorded a small contribution in the amount of compensation and commissions provided by the reinsurers compared to the size of the premiums waived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies find a strong association between press freedom and corruption perceptions (Adsera, Boix, & Payne, 2003; Brunetti & Weder, 2003; Freille, Haque, & Kneller, 2007). However, it is possible that this relationship is driven by experts' belief that limits on press freedom are associated with corruption. This article tests the association between press freedom and corruption perceptions using objective measures of corruption from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys, a series of representative surveys of the owners and top managers of private firms in the manufacturing and service sectors. Our findings suggest that there is a reputational premium associated with press freedom: Holding corruption experiences constant, corruption perceptions are improved by greater press freedom. Moreover, we find that the developed world is best placed to avail of this premium, as it is most evident in countries with low to moderate levels of corruption by global standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of sales promotion methods in terms of encouraging consumers to accelerate their purchase, i.e. to conduct impulsive purchases. The analysis of the collected data was performed using two statistical methods: ANOVA and t-test. The survey was conducted with a pool of 376 respondents and the results showed that discounts are the most effective way to improve sales while creating most responses in consumer behaviour, while coupons are the least effective. Due to the obtained results, the paper will have a contribution both for marketers and brand managers, as well as for the future research on this or similar topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the extent to which Affordable Care Act state Medicaid expansions alleviated the burden of out-of-pocket costs associated with obtaining health insurance and medical care using data from the 2011 to 2016 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Using a difference-in-differences framework, the analysis examines effects of the Medicaid expansions on out-of-pocket expenditures for health insurance premiums and medical care, comparing expenditures across expansion and nonexpansion states before and after the expansions were implemented, performing separate analyses for individuals with family income at various eligibility cutoff levels in the first and second years of expansion implementation. The findings suggest that the expansions were associated with a relatively larger likelihood of having zero premium expenditures and of having zero nonpremium medical out-of-pocket expenditures for low-income individuals. These findings suggest that the expansions were effective in reducing medical out-of-pocket expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Political partisanship can influence whether individuals enroll in government programs. In particular. Republicans, ceteris paribus, are less likely to enroll in Affordable Care Act (ACA) individual marketplace insurance than Democrats. The logic of adverse selection suggests low uptake among Republicans would generally put upward pressure on marketplace premiums, especially in geographic areas with more Republican partisans. Methods: Using data from Healthcare.gov at the rating area level, this article examines the association between Republican vote share and growth in ACA marketplace premiums, being careful to account for potential confounding variables. Findings: Insurers have increased marketplace premiums at higher rates in areas with more Republican voters. In the preferred model specification, a 10-percentage-point difference in Republican vote share is associated with a 3.2-percentage-point increase in average premium growth for a standard plan. A variety of robustness and placebo checks suggest the relationship is driven by partisanship. Conclusions: Partisan polarization can threaten the successful implementation of policies that rely on high levels of citizen participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kosovo continues to be one of the countries with the most undeveloped economy in the region and with negative measuring indicators of the economic development, high unemployment, a deep negative commercial balance, and non-favorable macro economical politics to guarantee a faster development trend, although it has marked a positive economical increase in recent years but too insufficient to weaken poverty and decrease the unemployment rate. The insurance sector participates with only 3% in the Kosovo financial sector, except for its very symbolic participation, this industry is characterized by a very low degree of development and the main motive is to analyze the very slow trend of industry development, to identify the causes and factors that have influenced this segment to be so underdeveloped and of a very symbolic weight in the Kosovo economy. The purpose of this paper is to explain the trend of insurance premiums on insurance industry in Kosovo, effect of foreign investments in this sector, also the positive implications in the competition in this market. The purpose of a study can be classified into two major categories; descriptive and explanatory. For our case study, I have collected primary data by conducting closed interviews. I have interviewed 10 senior risk underwriter managers from all companies present in the insurance industry in Kosovo. Methodology and data collection for our research paper it is based on case study method, analyzing trend of premiums through case study, we have collected also secondary data or archival records from Central Bank Kosovo from specific documents: official yearly annual reports, annual financial stability reports. This is based on the reasoning that this data archive consists of official information collected, processed and published by the central bank of Kosovo as the oversight body of the financial system in Kosovo. Other source of secondary data used it is annual reports published on websites of the Insurance Companies. In this paper I focused specifically on inquiring about the level of development of the insurance industry in Kosovo. I have also specifically explored and presented strategic orientation and detailed activities through which the premium structure in Kosovo could be changed in favor of voluntary insurance. Also another very important goal is the susceptibility of the relevant decision maker factors and the whole readers that the results of this analysis relevant findings to influence in order to sensitize the decision maker and readers for the situation and for the need of focus that this segment should be developed because it is one of the most important segments in the economies of developed countries or for an undeveloped country and economy that aims a strategic objective for a faster development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private insurance market risk pools are likely to be directly affected by expansions of public insurance, in turn affecting premiums. We investigate the effects of Medicaid expansion on private health insurance markets using data on the plans offered through the health insurance "Marketplaces" (also known as Exchanges) established by the Affordable Care Act. We employ geographic matching to compare premiums for private plans in neighboring counties that straddle expansion and nonexpansion states and find that premiums of Marketplace plans are 11% lower in Medicaid expansion states, controlling for demographic and health characteristics as well as measures of health care access. These results are consistent with evidence on the composition of the private insurance risk pool in expansion versus nonexpansion states and associated differences in expected health spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining insurance through the Affordable Care Act exchanges was associated with better financial protection among low-income surgical patients eligible for both cost-sharing and premium subsidies, but not for middle-income patients eligible for only premium subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex promotions used by retailers introduce to the consumers several rules that must be satisfied in order to get some benefits and usually refer to multiple products (e.g. “buy two, get one free”). Rules of complex promotions can be quite sophisticated and complicated themselves. Since diversity of complex promotions limited only by marketers’ imagination we can observe broad variety of promotions’ rules and representa¬tions of those rules in retailers’ commercials. Such diversification makes no good for fellow scientist who’s trying to sort all type of promotions into the neatly organized classification. Although we can simple add every single set of rules offered by retailers as a separate form of sales promotion it seems not to be the best way of dealing with such a problem. The better way is to realize that mechanisms underlying that variety of promotions are basically the same, namely changes in demand or quantity demanded. Those two concepts alone provide powerful insight into classification of complex promotions and allow us to comprehend the variety of promotions offered by marketers nowadays.

The demonetization initiative of the Government has been hailed both as a bold move as well as an ill-timed move; this article looks at how demonetization has affected the financial services sector - in particular the insurance sector. There were benefits to the insurance sector due to demonetization as well as demerits. This article looks at how the insurance sector can support the Indian government in their mission to develop a cashless, digital economy. Demonetization resulted in a short time spurt in premium incomes. Life insurance, motor and health insurance segments received a boost during demonetization. Crop insurance premiums took a dip. However, the significant lesson that was learnt was that it is possible for the insurance sector to adopt digital strategy and support the government's mission of moving towards a cashless economy. As technological advances abound and consumer adaptability to newer technologies swells, it is the right time for insurance sector to go digital. This will enable the insurance sector to reduce operating costs, improve their margins, enhance their operational efficiencies and pass on benefits to customers. Customers can derive benefits like reduced premiums, wider and new forms of insurance covers, a large number of products to choose from the portfolio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a specific aspect of a practice-as-research project—the Kingston University Big Read. It explores how to achieve optimum attractiveness and perceived value among students and staff for a free book circulated for the purposes of a pre-arrival shared reading scheme. After consideration of the academic literature relating to the distribution of free books and the theft of books, there follows a detailed examination of marketing practice in the publishing industry relating to the dissemination of free and promotional items through collaborative endeavours. The solutions adopted are described, along with the outcomes perceived in the market, and recommendations are made for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]