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This study analyzed the rainwater collected in Central Taiwan during the near typhoon period. Mercury (Hg) was analyzed and the Hg volume weighted mean concentrations (VWM) and wet depositions were calculated during the near typhoon period. In addition, the Hg wet depositions, VWM and precipitation values obtained were compared with Plum rain and regular precipitation periods. The relationship between wet Hg depositions, VWM and precipitations were also discussed. Wet Hg depositions, VWM and precipitations were also compared with the precipitation collected from other parts of the world during 2009 to 2021. The results indicated that the precipitations, VWM and wet Hg depositions in the near typhoon period were 152.5 mm, 0.82 ng/L, and 0.29 μg/m2, respectively. The Hg precipitation ratio values of this study to the plum rain and regular precipitation periods were 3.70 and 6.63, respectively. The Hg VWM ratios values of this study to the plum rain and regular precipitation periods were 12,852.56 and 1.56, respectively. Moreover, the wet Hg deposition ratios values of this study to the plum rain and regular precipitation periods (near typhoon period) were 105.97 and 9.90, respectively. The results further indicated that the Hg VWM and wet depositions obtained in the near typhoon period showed the lowest values when compared with plum rain and regular precipitations periods. Compared with Hg(p) VWM and Fw values obtained from plum season, regular precipitation, this study (typhoon period) demonstrated it has the average lowest VWM and Fw values among these three sampling periods. The correlation coefficient of precipitation and the mercury wet deposition was 0.72051 which was significant in this study. The correlation coefficient for the VWM of mercury was 0.0826 which displayed insignificant relationship in this study. Finally, when comparing the Hg VWM, wet deposition and precipitation values from various studies, the results further indicated that the near typhoon period has the lowest average Hg VWM, wet deposition and precipitation values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of permafrost foundations now takes into account the impact of climate change on soil bearing capacity, as exemplified in the 2019 Canadian Standards Association (CSA) guideline CSA PLUS 4011:19. To date, however, no guidance exists to help developers discern which climate scenarios would be most prudent for adoption in this design area. We have compared climate change scenarios that were outlined in 2003 for the design of the proposed Mackenzie Gas Project with climate data for 1991 - 2020 in order to determine the projections that are most representative of what did, in fact, occur. In Canada, the greatest change in climate during the last 50 years has been measured in the western Arctic where fluctuations in annual air temperatures are regionally consistent. The rate of change in annual mean air temperature for 1971 - 2020 has ranged from 0.77°C decade-1 at Inuvik, NT, to 0.30°C decade-1 at Komakuk Beach, YT, with warming concentrated in winter. No statistically significant trends in total annual precipitation have been observed, and these records are poorly correlated within the region. In 2003, in the context of MGP design, a specially assembled group of scientists and other experts examined 29 climate projections from seven global climate models; these scenarios were revisited separately in 2005 to support research into forest fires in Yukon. Based on our analysis, the observed climate warming in Yukon and adjacent Northwest Territories during 1991 - 2020 was close to the upper projections for mean annual and winter air temperature. For example, at Inuvik, the 2.3°C increase observed in mean annual air temperature between 1961 - 90 and 1991 - 2020 exceeds the median projection for change by 2010 - 39 of +1.6°C and approaches the upper value of +2.4°C. Our analysis did not determine any consistency between observed and projected precipitation. These results indicate that, when required, developers concerned with future projections of temperature in northwest Canada may prudently adopt more extreme scenarios because these have been the most realistic to date. The results also imply that near-surface permafrost may soon become unsustainable in southern parts of the region, so site investigations to locate thaw-stable soils will likely be cost effective for new projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maraging steel is a prominent category of ultrahigh-strength steel (UHSS) characterized by excellent comprehensive properties, and it finds wide applications in manufacturing load-bearing structural components. In this study, a novel tungsten-containing maraging steel, C-250W, was designed. The effects of aging treatments on the mechanical properties, microstructure, precipitations, and reverted austenite of C-250W steel were investigated. The results revealed that the optimal combination of strength and toughness could be achieved through an aging treatment of C-250W steel carried out for 5 h at 480 °C after solution treatment at 1000 °C for 1 h. As the aging temperature increased, the proportion of dimples in the impact fracture gradually decreased while that of quasi-cleavage increased, leading to a reduction in Charpy impact energy. The boundary of martensitic lath decomposed gradually as the aging temperature increased, and it disappeared entirely at temperatures higher than 550 °C. Moreover, the aging process resulted in the formation of phases, including spherical Fe2M (M represents Mo, W) and thin strip-shaped Ni3N (N represents Mo, Ti) precipitates. These precipitates coarsened from 5 nm to 50–200 nm with increasing aging temperature. Additionally, the content of reverted austenite increased with the aging temperature. Within the temperature range of 400 °C to 500 °C for aging treatment, the content of film-shaped reverted austenite was approximately 3%, primarily distributed at the boundary of martensite lath. When the aging temperature exceeded 550 °C, the content of reverted austenite reached 20.2%, and its morphology changed from film-shaped to block-shaped, resulting in a decline in strength and toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representation of spatial dependence on temporal variations in climate scenarios is quite important when performing impact assessments in various sectors, including water resource management, agriculture, and energy. Although the complex terrain of Japan is closely related to the formation of regional climates, the spatial aspects of climate scenarios have not been investigated. To examine how well spatial dependency on temporal variations in precipitation is represented, we analysed the dependence of the correlation of daily precipitation time series for station pairs on the geographical distance between stations in several downscaled products for Japan. Although the bias correction (BC) method using quantile mapping was sufficient for removing the inherent biases at each station, we found minimal improvement in the spatial dependency. The performance was strongly dependent on the grid spacing of the parent model when the downscaling process was simple; it could not be improved by applying BC to the model output statistics. When analogue‐type statistical downscaling was applied, the observed spatial pattern of interstation correlations was much better reproduced; this was comparable to the results obtained using a dynamical downscaling technique with grid spacing of a few kilometres. Our results emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate data to represent the spatial variability of meteorological variables because mean bias‐based or accessibility‐based data selection may produce misleading results. The combination of an analogue method with BC of model output statistics has the potential to effectively represent the marginal and spatial aspects of climate scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has been one of the largest producers of oilseeds in the world. Correspondingly, the oilseed sector occupies an important position in the agricultural economy of the country. Oilseeds, especially edible oilseeds, have been an integral part of the cropping system in India till the beginning of monoculture triggered by the implementation of a new agriculture strategy since 1960s. This paper evaluates the cropping pattern of oilseed diversity in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan at district level. This paper also highlights the development programmes launched by state and central governments to promote oilseeds production in dry region of the state. Many statistical techniques are used, for instance, Herfindahl Index, Entropy Index, and Composite Entropy Index, to examine the diversification and specialization in oilseeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of reheating temperatures on hot ductility is investigated in two Ni‐, Mo‐, and Cu‐containing low‐carbon steels. The effects of solution treatment conditions at 1623, 1673 K, and remelting at 1803 K on the reduction in area (RA) are analyzed. The results show an RA trough in the range of 973–1173 K in all experimental conditions. At 973 K, which is close to the Ae3 temperature of both steel grades, ductility drop is caused by the formation of the thin ferrite film at the prior austenite grain boundary. Higher RA values are achieved after reheating to 1623 K, mainly due to smaller austenite grain size by the action of preformed precipitation throughout the matrix. In contrast, increased reheating temperatures result in relatively poor RA values because of the large austenite grain size due to the dissolution of preformed precipitate and reprecipitation at the grain boundaries during cooling. A comparison between two steel grades shows that better ductility at 973 K is achieved in low Ni‐containing steel due to the relatively thick ferrite film. The effects of alloy composition and preformed precipitate's existence on hot ductility are further discussed based on the matrix strengthening and reprecipitation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mărculești Agricultural Research-Development Station is located in the south-east of the country, in the center of the Bărăgan plain. Throughout the years, it has developed and perfected the cultivation technologies for cereals, technical plants and fodder, in the pedoclimatic conditions of the area. According to Köppen climatic classification, Bărăgan region is part of the BSax province, the mean value for annual temperature is 10.9 0C and the mean annual value for precipitation is 480 mm. Fertile soils of chernozem type with a relatively good supply of nutrients are characteristic of this region. The present paper presents the climatic evolution in the South-eastern part of Bărăgan, based on comparison of the values of temperature and precipitation measured at the location during 2017-2022 with the multiannual mean values of these parameters. The results of the data analysis showed an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation, which are most likely to have negative effects on yields. Precipitations are of great importance for the autumn cultures because they provide the quick and uniform growing of the plants, and they ensure the accumulation of moisture in the soil during the winter season. Considering the obtained results, the following recommendations can be made: changes of the agricultural technology used for the main cultures in Bărăgan - autumn cereals, rape, maize and sunflower, early spring sowing, and the choice of hybrids cultivars with a medium vegetation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water erosion is the main land degradation process worldwide and in Cuba it is the most widespread, with more than 43.3% of the agricultural area between strongly and moderately eroded. The objective of this work was to determine the erosivity of the rains in the Tierra Brava Farm located in the sub-basin 1 of the Los Palacios River, from the pluviometric records for the period (1999-2018) of the representative station of the"Paso Real de San Diego", taking into account climate variability, land cover, and soil and water conservation measures. 90% of the recorded monthly rainfall events were erosive and the erosivity evaluation through the monthly erosivity indices (Rm) and the modified Fournier index (IMF), maintain a significant correlation with monthly rainfall (y = 7.224x -239.7 R² = 0.977) (Y = 5.043x + 43.19 R² = 0.95), respectively, with values IFM higher than 160, which indicates a high aggressiveness of the precipitations. As a result of the analysis of each of the elements of the RUSLE model, it was concluded that in the area there is a moderate risk of soil degradation by erosion with values of 10.6 t ha-1 year-1 that increase to 17.7 t ha-1 year-1 when conservation measures are not taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency of extreme climatic and weather events has increased since 1950 due to global changes induced by human influence. These events can have significant impacts at the individual, population, and community levels across various taxonomic groups. They can be particularly detrimental to bird populations during their breeding season, affecting specific breeding parameters. This study originated from an exceptionally rare breeding season of a resident Great Tit population recorded in spring 2002 when an unusual mortality of nestlings was observed. We quantified weather conditions (temperature, rainfall) from the end of April, a few days before we started detecting failed nests, and compared them with previous and subsequent years. In early May, when many pairs were incubating or caring for newly hatched chicks, we detected unusually low ambient temperatures and unusually high rainfall. This event likely caused that many first clutches failed completely, and that, compared with previous and subsequent years, fledging and breeding success was relatively low in those which were successful. There was also an increased proportion of replacement clutches that year. Anyway, the overall production of fledglings per breeding pair over the breeding season was 2.39, lower than other years. Although recruitment rate in 2003 was similar to other years, the lower production of fledglings in 2002 probably resulted in a decrease in the number of breeding pairs in the following years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By investigating the relation between microstructure evolution and tensile responses of a BTi6431S alloy at room temperature and 700 °C, this study finds an annealing-induced ductile-to-brittle transition phenomenon in the near-α titanium alloy. The high strength of the as-received BTi6431S alloy is rooted in the high dislocation density and collective dislocation behavior in the α phase. However, after annealing at 650 °C, the alloy exhibits brittle fracture at room temperature. Using multiscale characterization methods, we attribute this phenomenon to the presence of brittle precipitates and the change of dislocation structures near the surface of BTi6431S titanium alloy. Silicides are generated in the vicinity of the surface region due to the relatively high dislocation density on the surface after the rolling process. The room temperature ductility can be restored by removing the near-surface area. When the alloy is tested at 700 °C, most of the near-surface brittle silicides and dislocations can be eliminated, because the deformation is mainly affected by dislocation behavior and dynamic recrystallization at high temperature. The findings in this study can advance the understanding of alloying effects on the mechanical behavior of high-temperature titanium alloy. The results suggest that inhibiting silicide formation and controlling the environmental temperature during service are potential approaches for maintaining the mechanical performance of this near-α titanium alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The littoral zones of freshwaters are highly susceptible to extreme hydrological fluctuations caused by climate-induced changes in the water cycle. Disturbances in the hydrology could affect fish assemblages and their trophic interactions with invertebrates, which constitute a large part of fish diets. In 2014 and 2015, the littoral zone of the Sava River (Croatia) was studied to determine the influence of hydrological extremes on (1) fluctuations in environmental drivers and biocoenoses, and (2) the trophic relationships between fish, macroinvertebrates and zooseston, in an attempt to reveal their trophic interactions. Biocoenotic components showed different tolerance to extreme discharge, resulting in remarkable reductions in fish abundance, diversity, biomass, size and, presumably due to dilution, the abundance of zooseston, which is an important food for fish larvae. By contrast, benthic macroinvertebrates did not show significant fluctuations in abundance, but the share of benthic groups of organisms was shifted during high discharge. Gastropods and amphipods were found to be important food sources for fish. The present study helps to highlight the consequences of hydrological disturbances caused by climate change: the enhancement of stressors in riverine littoral habitats and inhabited communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitations are one of the most important factors affecting water resources in the transboundary Polish–Saxon region. The main goal of the research was to examine the multiannual changes in precipitations in the April–September period in 1971–2018, depending on circulation conditions, based on Ojrzyńska's classification. The analysis was carried out based on meteorological data from Polish and German meteorological stations. The results showed that most of precipitation totals and intensive precipitations were observed under SW-A and SW-C circulation, whereas the anticyclonic types of NE-A, NW-A and SW-A were mainly responsible for dry days occurrence. In terms of multiannual changes, most of the stations were characterized by insignificant trends for the considered indices. Some positive trends were observed for intensive precipitations in the lower hypsometric zones. In the mountains, a decreasing tendency dominated for both precipitation totals and intensive precipitations, especially for the northern types of circulation. Furthermore, a significant increase was reported throughout the region for most of the indices for the SW-A type, including precipitation totals, strong precipitations and dry days. Considering the observed trends, floods related to heavy rains can intensify in the lowlands, while a potential increase in the anticyclonic circulation can significantly limit water resources in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses several aspects of degradation of Super 304H steel subjected to long-term aging up to 50,000 h at 650 and 750°C. The study includes microstructure examination by scanning and transmission electron microscopy along with X-ray microanalysis of a wide range of precipitates. The Super 304H steel has a structure characteristic for austenitic steels with annealing twins and single primary NBX precipitates of various sizes. Long-term aging leads to precipitation of several phases such as M23C6, MX carbides, σ phases, Z phase and ε-Cu phase. The precipitation processes lead to changes in the creep strength of the tested steel, the value of which strongly depends on the aging temperature used, which is measurably shown by the creep tests carried out with the elongation measured during the test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that wild berries are valuable sources of nutrients, and their consumption has positive effects on human health status. They are considered as sources of phytonutrients that are thought to have, mainly to their antioxidant activity, both curative and preventive effects against a wide range of diseases. This study was conducted for quantifying the macronutrients content of four species of wild berries: Rubus idaeus L., Ribes nigrum L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L., and for identifying the influence of specific climatic conditions of the harvesting area on their dry matter content. Fruits were colected from Sovata area, Cluj County, Romania, and analysis were performed in the Laboratory of the Department of Environmental Engineering and Protection, of UASVM Cluj-Napoca. Our study shows that in concerned area black currant and bilberry have the highest nutritional content in crude protein (1.18% and 1.22%, respectively), non-nitrogen compounds (15.06%, and 8.06%, respectively), and dry matter content (17.24%, and 14.9%, respectively). The multivariate analysis show that only environmental temperature and precipitation has an influence upon fruits dry matter. The above-mentioned climatic factors influence in different extent the dry matter. Thus, in black currant (R = 0.395), raspberry (R = 0.635), and bilberry (R = 0.671) their influence is lower compared with lingonberry (R = 0.940). Our study also suggests that black currant and bilberry species emphasize strong nutritional potential, and they are less influenced by the climatic conditions compared with other wild berry species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The prepared Mg-Li matrix composite achieves a combination of high Young's modulus (60 GPa) and ductility. • Precipitations on the TiB 2 surface are observed and identified for the first time in Mg-Li matrix composites. • The precipitations on the TiB 2 ′s surface improves ductility by absorbing stress and reducing dislocations. The development and application of lightweight materials boasting an elevated elastic modulus have emerged as a focal point in the realm of materials research. A novel Mg-8Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Y (wt.%, LAZ832) matrix composite reinforced with ex situ micron-sized TiB 2 particles was introduced in this work. The uniformly distributed TiB 2 particles were achieved through ball milling pretreatment and subsequent hot extrusion. A comprehensive analysis of the composite's microstructure and mechanical properties was conducted. Mg-Li-Al-Zn precipitation regions formed at the TiB 2 interface was identified firstly. This softening region significantly enhanced the ductility of the composite by reducing the dislocation density and stress concentration around the TiB 2 particles. The ductility and the elastic modulus of the as-extruded composite increased significantly with ideal ultimate tensile strength (UTS = 270 MPa). This work highlights an ultra-light Mg-Li matrix composite attaining high modulus (60 GPa) and notable elongation to fracture (19.1 %), demonstrating significant potential for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather variability and its effects on agricultural and food systems are burgeoning global concerns. This study examined the effects of weather variability in the derived savannah and rainforest agroecologies, on crop yields in Southwest Nigeria, and what it portends for food and nutrition security in the region. The trends in the distribution of rainfall and temperature were analysed using the Sens method. The effects of weather variability on crop yield and inferences on what it portends for food security were determined using a stepwise regression model. The results revealed that rainfall fluctuations decreased the yields of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and yam (Dioscorea spp.) in the derived savannah; while a decrease in temperature may support improved yields for maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The increase in yields of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) would be hampered by increasing maximum temperatures in the rainforest agroecology. Increasing rainfall and temperature would impact warmer conditions that support rapid crop putrefaction, flooding, droughts, challenging postharvest crop management, pest and disease proliferation, and ultimately, reduced crop yields. On the other hand, perpetually low rainfall and temperature conditions will cause poor seedling emergence and growth, seed and total crop loss. It is, therefore, imperative that effective climate adaptation and mitigation mechanisms be put in place across the agroecologies in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to establish the effect of irrigation rate on the yield of Sudan grass variety Engje-1, grown as a second crop for silage on meadow-cinnamon soil for the region of Southern Bulgaria. For this purpose, an experiment with Sudan grass variety Endje-1 on the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute - Stara Zagora, after its predecessor barley, was conducted. The Sudan grass was harvested in the brooming stage. Five variants were explored: Variant 1 - without irrigation (control); Variant 2 - with optimal irrigation, 75-80% of field capacity (FC); Variant 3 - irrigation as Var.2 but with removal of the first watering; Variant 4 - irrigation as Var.2 but with removal of the second watering; Variant 5 - irrigation as Var.2, but with removal of the third watering. It was found that the efficiency of 1m3 of irrigation water was the highest at the optimum variant (Var.2), where 5.36 kg of dry mass (DM) were produced by 1 m³ of water. With the removal of the second irrigation (Var.4), the yield on the dry mass decreased by 6.4% compared to the optimal variant (Var.2), and with the removal of the first irrigation (Var.3) the losses on the dry mass reached, 12.3%, respectively. The highest values of this indicator were obtained by varying the second irigation (Var.4) - 7.53 kgDM/m³ water. The coefficient of efficiency of the irrigation rate, representing the ratio between the increase of the yield (in comparison with the version without irrigation - Var.1), and the size of the realized irrigation norm had the highest value in the version without second irrigation (Var.4) and the lowest values for the version without first irrigation (Var.3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isothermal compression deformation studies for 23.7Cr–2.2Ni–1.3Mo–14Mn–0.26 N low‐nickel duplex stainless steel (DSS) are investigated under deformation conditions of 800–1150 °C/0.01–10 s−1. The flow curve and deformation microstructure analysis show that deformation softening changes from ferrite dynamic recrystallization (DRX) to austenite DRX, with increasing temperature from 800 and 900 °C to 1050 °C deformed at 0.01–1 s−1. The sigma (σ) precipitate formation is mainly affected by the interaction of deformation temperature and strain rate. In addition to deformation time controlled by strain rate, the refining microstructure of ferrite DRX accelerates σ precipitate formation due to the increase in diffusion channels deformed at 900 °C/0.01 s−1 and 900 °C/1 s−1. The hot deformation activation energy is calculated as 367.03 kJ mol−1, and the relationship between the critical conditions for DRX initiating and Zener–Hollomon parameters is established. The decreasing Z value contributes to deformation softening at low strain, and the DRX softening effect is enhanced deformed at 800–900 °C/0.01–0.1 s−1. Meanwhile, the modified dynamic crystallization kinetics model of tested DSS at a strain rate of 1 s−1 is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather ultimately affects avian migration. The significance of meteorological variables is relatively well known for flights of migrants and for departure/landing decisions at stopover sites. Success of migration greatly depends on storage of fat and body mass gain at stopovers; however, the influence of weather on refueling at stopovers is surprisingly poorly studied. We tested the hypothesis that body mass change of European Robins during their migratory stopovers is affected by meteorological factors (air temperature, precipitations, surface wind speed), along with other ecological variables. We used data on body mass change in 9743 individuals (5147in spring and 4587 in the fall) captured and recaptured within the same day on the Courish Spit of the Baltic Sea in 1994–2003. Fuel deposition rate in Robins was positively associated with air temperature and with higher amount of precipitation. Wind speed did not influence the refueling efficiency of our study species. Also, fuel deposition rate of Robins was affected by age (higher in adults than in first-year birds), negatively influenced by the number of conspecifics at stopover, influenced by the progress of the season (negatively in spring and positively in fall), and negatively influenced by initial energy reserves of migrants, when birds in poor energy condition were more likely to gain weight than birds with large fuel stores. This study shows that refueling of Robins on migration stopovers is substantially affected by meteorological factors that should be taken in to account for comprehensive understanding of stopover ecology and migration strategy of songbird migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that fossil leaves are good proxies for paleoclimate estimates, and leaf physiognomy analysis is a traditional technique used to make climate estimates. There are only a few paleoclimate reconstructions for the southern part of South America based on this technique. Here we report climate parameters using fossil leaves from the Río Turbio (Eocene-Oligocene) and Río Guillermo (Oligocene-early Miocene?) formations in southern South America, Cuenca Austral, Argentina. We used univariate (leaf margin and leaf foliar area analysis) and multivariate methods (CLAMP, DiLP) on two datasets from South America, in the Southern Hemisphere. Lower and upper members of the Río Turbio Formation show a mixed paleoflora represented by paratropical as well as cool-temperate taxa such as Nothofagus, with a similar percentage of untoothed fossil leaves. Climate estimates indicate warm and humid conditions for both Río Turbio Formation members. The Río Guillermo Formation is represented by mostly cool-temperate elements, mainly Nothofagus, and most with toothed margins. The paleoclimate analysis indicates a decrease in temperature and precipitation when comparing the two studied formations. Today, temperate forests in southern Argentina have a plant composition and climate more similar to the estimates made for the Río Guillermo Formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to establish the evapotranspiration of Sudan grass variety Engje-1, grown as a second crop for silage on meadow-cinnamon soil for the region of Southern Bulgaria under irrigation conditions and without irrigation. For this purpose, an experiment with Sudan variety Endje-1 was conducted in the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute - Stara Zagora on soil type meadow-cinnamon soil, after its predecessor barley. The Sudan grass is harvested in the brooming stage. Two variants were explored: Variant 1 - without irrigation (control) and Variant 2 - with optimal irrigation, 70-75% of field capacity (FC). Evapotranspiration of Sudan grass grown as a second crop under non-irrigated conditions, depending on the nature of the year, ranges from 168.7 mm to 183.7 mm. Under conditions of irrigation, the largest share in the formation of the water consumption is occupied by the irrigation norm - 87.1% on average (from 86.3 to 90.8%). Under irrigated conditions, the relative participation of the initial water reserve in the formation of evapotranspiration significantly decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algeria, an arid to semi-arid country, is highly vulnerable to climate change. Rainfall is limited in the coastal zone, uncertain or even non-existent towards the South, and is particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of global warming. There is a downward trend in rainfall since 1975 and the rising phase is not yet ready to begin. The purpose of this work is to analyze the interannual variability of the rainfall time series of 17 stations in the Upper and Middle Cheliff watershed over the period 1972/73-2012/13 (42 years). The seven-year moving average method and non parametric statistical tests (Pettitt and Mann-Kendall) have been used to analyze these time series. This analysis shows the existence of a succession of wet (1972/73 to 1979/80) and dry (1979/80 to 2005/06) sequences common to 14 stations. The rupture date detected for the majority of the stations is between the end of the 1970s and the middle of the 1980s. Indeed, 6 stations out of 17 have a regular rainfall pattern, while the remaining 11 stations have a rainfall deficit that fluctuates between 16% and 29%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing agricultural systems effects on the environment is essential to minimize any negative impact. This study evaluates water, sediments and herbicides losses by runoff on different crop sequences due to a precipitation event following spraying of herbicides. Measurements were conducted in natural-rainfall runoff plots at INTA Paraná. Crop sequences were: soybean monoculture (S), soybean monoculture with wheat as cover crop (CC-S), and both wheat / soybean as cash crops (T / S). All sequences were sprayed with glyphosate and clethodim before soybean's sowing. Compared to the amount applied, the proportion of glyphosate and clethodim in runoff ranged between 5.3-13.5% and 2.6-5.9%, respectively. Losses of soil and AMPA (concentration) were greatest for S. The results highlight the importance of checking meteorological forecast conditions before spraying of herbicides to reduce nonpoint pollution of water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of different duration precipitations in Guangdong province were analyzed based on the hourly rain-gauge data from Guangdong’s 86 National Weather Stations for period of 2001-2018.Results show that the accumulated precipitation would probably rise with the increase of averaged annual precipitation hours in most area of Guangdong,except in northern mountainous area.Annual hourly precipitation intensities show a decreasing trend from the southern coastal area to the northern inland area.Short duration precipitation is the main precipitation type in flood seasons,accounting for 65.3% of the annual precipitation events.While long duration precipitation contributes more(56.7%) to the annual accumulated precipitation.In the pre-flood seasons,short/moderate/long duration precipitations mostly occur in west/both sides of the Pearl River Delta and northwest/east and north of Guangdong,respectively.While in the post-flood season,short duration precipitation mostly occurs in Guangdong’s inland area,with frequencies decreasing from northwest to southeast;moderate duration precipitation is unevenly distributed,and long duration precipitation mostly occurs in coastal area.In flood seasons,a two-peak pattern presents in diurnal variation of precipitation hours,and a single peak pattern inhabits in the diurnal variation of hourly precipitation intensity.The peak values of hourly precipitation intensities tend to occur in afternoon in inland area,or in time after midnight till next morning in areas along coast,some mountainous areas and the Pearl River Delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Precipitates are formed to reduce oversaturation in the cold leg of PICOLO loop. • Precipitates were collected by the magnetic trap but not completely. • The electro-magnetic pump was plugged by precipitates and highlights the risk. • Precipitates are migrating with breeder flow and can growth up to some 100 μm. • The Fe/Cr precipitates exhibit a Cr amount of 9% similar to the Eurofer composition. Several blanket concepts (e.g., HCLL, WCLL, DCLL) are based on the application of the liquid breeder Pb-15.7Li, which is in direct contact with the structural components. Compatibility testing has shown that the structural materials (e.g., Eurofer) always suffer from corrosion attack. The governing mechanism can be attributed to dissolution of the steel by the liquid breeder. A fusion device with blanket modules or also corrosion testing loops, e.g., the PICOLO loop of KIT, are non-isothermal systems. The components dissolved at higher temperature are transported with the breeder flow. At sections with cooler temperature oversaturation of the breeder will occur. Effects such as deposition, precipitate formation and transport of corrosion products will take place. Corrosion testing in PICOLO showed that such particles are formed and that they can seriously affect safe and reliable operation of Pb-15.7Li systems up to blocking of components. Thus, during maintenance work tubing sections and components were removed for analyzing the issue of corrosion product deposition. The operation conditions of the components and the loop are given in detail to assess the deposition scenarios together with the size and shape of the formed particles to support future loop design and purification measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, in the semi-arid central region of Argentina, the increase of C3 non-palatable native grass species known generally as "pajas" was observed. One possible cause of the success of these species is the increase in rainfall observed in the region in recent years. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of a greater water availability and its seasonal distribution on the biomass and the production of reproductive structures of a non-palatable and highly invasive C3 species (Jarava ichu) and a non-palatable C4 species (Setaria lachnea). For this, a greenhouse experiment was carried out, consisting in manual irrigation of individuals of both species in pots. Treatments were: dry year, wet year with autumnal peak and wet year with spring peak. The increase in water availability favored the biomass of leaves and stems of J. ichu, independently of the seasonal distribution, with respect to the dry year. On the contrary, the biomass of S. lachnea did not respond to the different treatments (P>0.05). Likewise, the number of panicles was greater for J. ichu under the wet year treatment with spring peak, but there were no differences for S. lachnea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Heavy rainfall in Aïn Draham province in the North-Western of Tunisia lead to the formation of some landslides which could poses danger to lives and properties. The geological outcrops of the region mainly consist of Numidian flysch rocks. In this study, field based 15 undisturbed samples were taken, from 11 boreholes drilled in 4 landslide points, to understand the real behaviour of soils when landslides occur. For this purpose, the geotechnical characterization of all samples was carried out. The grain size distribution shows that the clay and silt fractions prevail. The clay fraction ranges between 4% and 64% with an average of 40.4%, the silt fraction ranging from 19% to 71% averaging 39.8% and the sand fraction was between 6% and 44% with an average of 19.8%. The Casagrande plasticity chart indicates that 33.3% of samples were in the high plasticity group (CH group) and 66.6% having a medium to low plasticity. The water content varies between 12% and 31%. The direct shear strength test shows that the cohesions values range from 41 KPa to 77 KPa and the internal friction angle values range widely from 12° to 27°. A statistical approach was taken to determine the most important factors responsible for the decrease of the cohesion and friction angle which are in charge of slope failure. For this, a correlation matrix of all soil properties was done. The coefficients of correlation show that the clay fraction is the most correlated parameter to the cohesion with an index of −0.872. Unfortunately, the internal friction angle is very low correlated to all geotechnical parameters. The clay fraction, as the most correlated to the cohesion, and the water content, which depends on rainfall (landslide triggering factor), were considered as two independent parameters for the establishment of a multiple linear and non-linear regression models of the cohesion. The multiple linear model showed that the cohesion decrease with the increase of water content and especially the increase of clay fraction with coefficients of −0.083 and −0.441, respectively. The non linear model showed that the cohesion decrease exponentially and linearly with the increase of the clay fraction and water content, respectively. The statistical study of the effect of geotechnical parameters on the landslide triggering, shows that the clay formations and also the increases of soils clay fraction by alteration phenomena is the crucial factor in landslides genesis. During rainfall the increase of the water content of clayey soils decreases the shear strength of soils more and more. Highlights • The effect of heavy rainfall infiltration on triggering landslides was highlighted. • Flysch rocks are more prone to landslides due to their particular lithology. • The correlation matrix between the geotechnical properties of clay soils and landslides was carried out. • The mutual effect of the clay fraction and the water content on the decrease of cohesion were carried out. • The clay fraction is crucial in landslides and slope failure occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric precipitation comprises all the condensation and crystallization products of water vapor in the atmosphere, also called hydrometeors, which usually fall from the clouds and reach the surface of the earth in liquid, solid or both forms. The role of the climatic conditions is a decisive one in both the formation and the distribution of water resources in the Căliman Mountains. The climatic factors that influence the studied area impose the type of superficial supplying of the rivers, through the annual thermal regime, the duration and the thickness of the snow layer on the surface of the land, as well as by the amounts of average multiannual precipitation dropped at the level of the hydrographic basins. The amount of precipitation, both in liquid and solid form, has a direct influence on the flow regime of the rivers. The effect of rainfall in liquid form on the flow of rivers is immediately felt especially in the case of small river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Changes in climatic conditions are hypothesized to play a role in the increasing number of West Nile Virus (WNV) outbreaks observed in Europe in recent years. Objectives We aimed to investigate the association between WNV infection and climatic parameters recorded in the 8 weeks before the diagnosis in Northern Italy. Methods We collected epidemiological data about new infected cases for the period 2010–2015 from the European Center for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC) and meteorological data from 25 stations throughout the study area. Analyses were performed using a conditional Poisson regression with a time-stratified case-crossover design, specifically modified to account for seasonal variations. Exposures included weekly average of maximum temperatures, weekly average of mean temperatures, weekly average of minimum temperatures and weekly total precipitation. Results We found an association between incidence of WNV infection and temperatures recorded 5–6 weeks before diagnosis (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) for 1 °C increase in maximum temperatures at lag 6: 1.11; 95% CI 1.01–1.20). Increased weekly total precipitation, recorded 1–4 weeks before diagnosis, were associated with higher incidence of WNV infection, particularly for precipitation recorded 2 weeks before diagnosis (IRR for 5 mm increase of cumulative precipitation at lag 2: 1.16; 95% CI 1.08–1.25). Conclusions Increased precipitation and temperatures might have a lagged direct effect on the incidence of WNV infection. Climatic parameters may be useful for detecting areas and periods of the year potentially characterized by a higher incidence of WNV infection. Highlights • Temperature and precipitation interact with the complex ecology of West Nile Virus. • Climatic parameters have a delayed effect on the human West Nile Virus infection. • Climatic parameters might be used to predict seasonal outbreaks of WNV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is well known, solar pavements are gaining more and more relevance in civil engineering due to their potential in terms of energy harvesting. This notwithstanding, several issues still hinder these typologies from getting an outstanding role, among which their uncertain durability, their surface performance (friction, drainability, texture). In the light of the above, the study described in this paper focuses on permeable and solar roadways. An innovative pavement type was designed by means of the synergistic consideration of hydraulicand transport-related issues and performance. Once formulated and designed, the pavement underwent the preliminary feasibility study in terms of hydraulic and friction-based characteristics in order to assess its ability to perform satisfactory in dry and wet conditions. Results of the study demonstrate that the idea of coupling energy harvesting and premium properties (such as permeability) can be further developed and future research will be devoted to produce a prototype. The contributions of this study is to improve from a draining point of view the typical solar pavement structures. Results can benefit both practitioners and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of aging temperature on precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of an AA2519 alloy was examined. Long-term natural aging provides the best combination of strength and ductility by the precipitation of dense Guinier–Preston and Guinier–Preston–Bagaryatsky zones. This phenomenon, called “delayed hardening”, has the same origin as the “rapid hardening” in AA2X24 alloys subjected to artificial aging. At 190 °C, high density of θ″-phase provides high strength. Peak aging is characterized by insignificant increase in strength associated with additional precipitation of θ′-phase. The overaging leads to the formation of precipitate structure dominated by θ′-phase. The formation of θ″- and θ′-phases can consume ∼0.7 and ∼3.3%Cu, respectively. Despite this, the number density of θ″-phase precipitates is higher than that of θ′-phase ones by a factor of ∼40. The θ″-phase is effective strengthening agent in the AA2519 alloy. The Ω-phase plates with a very high aspect ratio (AR) > 100 precipitate during artificial aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat treatment of soaking, oil quenching and tempering was employed on 65Si2MnWE spring steel. Various soaking and tempering temperatures were attempted to investigate their effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 65Si2MnWE steel. The microstructure such as martensite and precipitations were carefully examined, and the tensile, impact and hardness tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties. The results show that the coarsening of martensitic occurs at high soaking temperature due to the facts of precipitation dissolution, dislocation reduction, and also the reduction of reserved austenite. Large amount of alloyed carbide precipitations distribute along grain boundaries after tempering, and these precipitations tried to dissolve into matrix at high tempering temperature. Moreover, with the increase of tempering temperature, the transformation and growth of carbide, and the recovery of martensite simultaneously take place. According to the analysis on mechanical properties, the optimal temperature range for soaking is determined as 850–900 °C, and the optimal tempering temperature should be in the range of 350–400 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process was applied to AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel (FSS). As a comparison, the quenching and tempering (Q&T) process was also applied to the experimental steel. This study evaluated the selection of the optimal interrupted quenching temperature. Through the combination of experiments and theoretical calculations, the functional relationship between the microstructure and the quenching temperature was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. When the quenching temperature was close to the intermediate temperature between the martensite start (Ms) point and the Martensite finish (Mf) point, there were more retained austenite could be preserved at room temperature. The model of the microstructure evolution was obtained and carbon diffusion behavior was discussed. The diffusion of carbon to austenite and to precipitation is a competing reaction. The diffusion of carbon into the precipitation can be suppressed by changing the quenching temperature. The effect of quenching temperature on mechanical properties was analyzed by tensile test. The result indicates that the sample quenched at 160 °C exhibits superior tensile properties, with the product of strength and elongation (PSE) of 16.87 GPa%. With the increase of quenching temperature, the yield strength decreased gradually, and the plasticity and PSE first increased and then decreased. Initial fraction and mechanical stability of retained austenite jointly affect ductility. In addition, the quenching temperature affected the formation of the yield platform of the tensile curve, which was mainly related to whether there were enough interstitial carbon atoms in the matrix for pinning dislocations. • Microstructure evolution and precipitation behavior depend on quenching temperature. • Initial fraction and mechanical stability of retained austenite jointly affect ductility. • The quenching temperature affects the formation of the yield platform of the tensile curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on de-alloying corrosion in a heat-affected zone (HAZ) of marine propeller Mn-Al bronze. The HAZ consisted of α, β ∗ phases and a 2–5 μm thick α/β ∗ interface layer. The β ∗ phase having high aluminium content was expected to corrode first, it found that the de-alloying initiated from the α/β ∗ interface layer. TEM diffraction patterns and images showed Cu 3 Mn 2 Al and orthorhombic L-J precipitates in Cu 2 MnAl matrix plus numerous dislocations and strain fields, which caused the layer to be corroded first. This study suggests that microstructure is a critical factor for corrosion more than the highly reactive aluminium content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the earthworks assets on rail transport networks were constructed in the 1800s and have thus operated for periods far in excess of their expected service life. Incidences of failure - particularly shallow planar landslides - are increasing, in part due to the effect of more intense and longer duration rainfall events. Network owners have difficulty in targeting scarce resources to reduce risk across networks. This paper proposes a methodology for developing fragility curves for rainfall-induced landslides on transport networks. Fragility curves provide the probability of exceedance of different limit states for a given hazard considering a range of magnitudes. In this paper, the vulnerability of slopes as expressed by a loss of performance is quantified for rainfall events of various intensities and duration. The approach expands upon probabilistic slope stability analysis and provides a rational logical framework for considering how vulnerable a slope is to rainfall-induced failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of daily extreme precipitation from 1966 to 2013 in Vojvodina Region (Serbia) was investigated. We calculated trends of ten precipitation indices and tested their corresponding significances using the Student's t-test for seven locations. The obtained results suggest that the climate of the northern and central parts of Vojvodina region becomes wetter in terms of precipitation magnitude and frequency, reflecting the characteristic of the central European regime, while the southernmost part of the region is drier, reflecting the characteristic of the Mediterranean regime. In addition, the results indicate an increase in the amount of precipitation in short time intervals. Positive annual trends are strongly influenced by the significant increase of autumn frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation. According to the correlation between extreme precipitation indices and atmospheric teleconnection patterns, it was found that the NAO has the strongest influence on precipitation intensity indices in spring and winter, while during winter it also affects the frequency of dry conditions. The EAWR pattern has a strong influence on the statistically significant positive autumn trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the influence atmospheric factors present in the formation, evolution and use of soil resources. Of the atmospheric factors majorly involved in soil resource formation in the Arad county, and more, the greatest importance carry light, average annual temperature, atmospheric as well as at the soil level and average atmospheric annual precipitations. These factors direct or limited conditioning of soils and, implicitly, of the production obtained due to these atmospheric factors leads to a heightened importance and a special role in plant growth and development, thus directly influencing the harvests. The studies were carried out over a period of three years (2015-2017). The studied area was the Arad County. Within that region, the studied areas were chosen taking into account soil type, altitude, land slope, exposition and underground water level. Annual averages were calculated for temperatures, precipitations and light intensity, as annual averages, as well as monthly averages from the vegetation period, respectively the months April-October. The calculation results highlighted the fact a major importance in the manifestation of each climatic characteristic have geographic position, land slope and also soil texture. Studies carried out by other researchers showed that time and space variations require in depth research regarding the microclimate, characteristics specific for billowy territories. On the other hand, it is necessary to establish specific measurements of each climatic characteristic so that it can be further elaborated into mathematic expressions and regression curves. In order to render the hygric resource as precise as possible, during the years, a series of mathematic models were tried out, only partially corresponding with the requirements. For starters, we tried a generalizing synthetic indices, more relevant for the photosynthesis offered to plants, resulting from multiplying average annual temperatures (or other indicators regarding the thermal resource) with average annual precipitations (hygrothermal indices) (D. TEACI - 1976). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large quantities of carbon are stored in alpine grassland of the Tibetan Plateau, which is extremely sensitive to climate change. However, it remains unclear whether soil organic matter (SOM) in different layers responds to climate change analogously, and whether microbial communities play vital roles in SOM turnover of topsoil. In this study we measured and collected SOM turnover by the 14C method in alpine grassland to test climatic effects on SOM turnover in soil profiles. Edaphic properties and microbial communities in the northwestern Qinghai Lake were investigated to explore microbial influence on SOM turnover. SOM turnover in surface soil (0-10 cm) was more sensitive to precipitation than that in subsurface layers (10-40 cm). Precipitation also imposed stronger effects on the composition of microbial communities in the surface layer than that in deeper soil. At the 5-10 cm depth, the SOM turnover rate was positively associated with the bacteria/fungi biomass ratio and the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, both of which are related to precipitation. Partial correlation analysis suggested that increased precipitation could accelerate the SOM turnover rate in topsoil by structuring soil microbial communities. Conversely, carbon stored in deep soil would be barely affected by climate change. Our results provide valuable insights into the dynamics and storage of SOM in alpine grasslands under future climate scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconel 718 is a precipitation hardenable nickel-iron based superalloy. It has exceptionally high strength and ductility compared to other metallic materials. This is due to intense precipitation of the γ′ and γ′ strengthening phases in the temperature range 650-850°C. The main purpose of the authors was to analyze the aging process in Inconel 718 obtained in accordance with AMS 5596, and its effect on the mechanical properties. Tensile and hardness tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties, in the initial aging process and after reheating, as a function of temperature and time respectively in the ranges 650°-900°C and 5-480 min. In addition, to link the mechanical properties with the microstructure transmission microscopy observations were carried out in selected specimens. As a result, factors influencing the microstructure changes at various stages of strengthening were observed. The authors found that the γ″ phase nucleates mostly homogenously in the temperature range 650-750°C, causing the greatest increase in strength. On the other hand, the γ′ and δ phases are formed heterogeneously at 850°C or after longer annealing in 800°C, which may weaken the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the generation and variation of second harmonic of Rayleigh surface wave due to the change in precipitation morphology during tempering of P92 steel. The specimens from P92 steel were normalized at 1075 °C and then tempered in the temperature range of 745–835 °C at a step of 30 °C for 3hrs followed by air cooling. Non linear ultrasonic (NLU) parameter which is defined as the ratio of the amplitude of second harmonic to the square of the amplitude of the transmitted signal frequency was measured at each temperature and was correlated with the changes in precipitates number density, volume fraction and dislocation density. It was observed that the measured non linearity parameter is sensitive to the precipitate coherency strain. Similar trend in the variation of mechanical properties and NLU parameter with the tempering temperature suggests that this technique can be useful in monitoring material strengthening due to the precipitation hardening and precipitation-dislocations interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with a study about maximum extreme precipitation events that have taken place in the city of Quito, as well as their assessment and space-time behavior by means of indicators such as pluviometric coefficient and intensity-frequency-duration curves which demonstrate that the extreme precipitation events around the city of Quito are mainly associated to the rainy period January-May, with a higher probability on April. Besides, it is shown that the equation obtained in order to determine the daily precipitations by means of the Bell method satisfies the calculation of the daily precipitations, except for a slight increase of 16% in the return periods of 50 and 100 years, with respect to the calculated values by the binomial distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of cut slopes is greatly influenced by seasonal pore-water pressure variations under the combined effect of rainfall and vegetation. However, predicting soil-atmosphere interaction is not straightforward, due to the complexity of both the boundary conditions involved and the hydromechanical behaviour of soils, which is coupled and highly nonlinear, rendering the use of numerical tools, such as finite element analysis, necessary. This paper discusses the numerical modelling of soil-atmosphere interaction and presents the analysis of a slope cut in London clay in a highly vegetated area. The whole life cycle of the slope is considered with phases of low and high water demand vegetation and vegetation clearance. The analysis results indicate that dense vegetation is associated with high factors of safety, but may induce large differential displacements, which are likely to affect the serviceability of the slope. Vegetation clearance, however, may initiate instability, highlighting the need for effective vegetation management to achieve a balance between serviceability and ultimate limit states. Although the case considered is representative of southeast England, it introduces the necessary tools for realistic numerical analysis of soil-atmosphere interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A procedure has been developed for the prediction of heavy metal concentrations in storm rainfall in St. Petersburg on the assumption of equal rates of metal influx with precipitations to the Baltic Sea and St. Petersburg territory. The concentrations of mercury, copper, and zinc in stormwater runoff from different administrative districts of the city have been calculated, and the predicted values have been compared with those determined experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of homogenisation regimes on precipitations of fine Mn-bearing dispersoids, recrystallisation kinetics, grain structure, mechanical properties and superplasticity of cold worked sheets of Al-3Mg alloys with Mn, Cr and Zr is studied. Precipitates of coherent compact and plate-like particles of Mn-bearing phase are found after homogenisation annealing. Activation parameters of the low-temperature internal friction, internal friction solute grain boundaries peak and dislocation nature thermally activated relaxation peak in the samples treated by different regimes are compared. High-temperature homogenisation at 460 °C provides a higher volume fraction and finer particles of Mn-containing phases after thermomechanical processing compared to low temperature treatment at 380 °C. Consequently, finer grains and higher superplasticity indicators are achieved in a recrystallised state. Polygonisation is observed during heating of the cold worked samples pre-homogenised at 380 °C: recrystallisation temperature is increased and mechanical strength at room temperature is improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]