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The control of pests and diseases is one of the main challenges of sustainable agriculture. Plantains, with an annual production of nearly 12 million tons, are a significant staple food crop in West and Central Africa, as well as in Central America. Cosmopolites sordidus is the major pests for plantains and is present in all production areas. This study assessed how the traits and associated agricultural practices of 12 crops, usually associated with plantains in Cameroun, affected the arthropods trophic network and C. sordidus abundance. The abundance and the diversity of arthropods in experimental plots associating plantains with each of the 12 tested crops were measured. Each associated crop was described by a unique profile of traits and agricultural practices. This 'trait' approach allowed linking the plant characteristics to the abundance of arthropods from different trophic groups. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the interactions between associated crops traits, their associated agricultural practices and the abundance of main trophic groups. The highest abundance of C. sordidus was observed in plots with Ananas comosus and Xanthosoma sagittifolium as associated crops. These plots also had the lowest abundance of omnivores and predators. In contrast, plots with the lowest abundance of C. sordidus were those with weeds and Vigna unguiculata, where more omnivores and predators were observed. Grouping associated crops by their traits and agricultural practices allowed for drawing conclusions on a wider range than the set of plants tested. For instance, this study showed that plants from the higher strata tend to decrease ground-dwelling predators. The ideal crop traits and agricultural practices to maximize the regulation of C. sordidus should not be obtained by a single species of crop but rather by a community of associated crops.

Dans le gouvernorat de Kébili au sud de la Tunisie, les zones irriguées se sont fortement développées ces 30 dernières années. Le système oasien traditionnel, fondé sur des cultures organisées sur trois étages et sur les complémentarités entre agriculture et élevage, a été fragilisé. De nombreux agriculteurs se sont limités à la production de dattes, à la fois dans les oasis traditionnelles et dans les nouvelles zones irriguées. Le présent article mesure l'influence de la disponibilité en eau et de différents facteurs relatifs aux orientations des agriculteurs, sur leur décision de mettre en oeuvre des pratiques agricoles écologiquement intensives. Les principales pratiques étudiées sont la culture d'arbres fruitiers sous les palmiers et l'utilisation du fumier comme fertilisant. Cinquante agriculteurs, qui ont obtenu au début des années 2000 la gestion de terres agricoles dans la municipalité de Jemna, ont été interrogés. La disponibilité en eau est un facteur majeur facilitant les pratiques écologiquement intensives. Ces pratiques sont aussi favorisées par le fait que le revenu familial soit avant tout tiré de la parcelle dans la zone d'étude. Un autre facteur important est l'intérêt pour une gestion durable de l'exploitation agricole – au contraire d'une gestion visant une rentabilité à court terme. Des agriculteurs de Kébili, qui veulent faire de l'agriculture un projet économique et un projet de vie, sont ainsi prêts à mettre en oeuvre des pratiques écologiquement intensives. La baisse de l'agrobiodiversité observée dans les oasis traditionnelles du Sud tunisien n'est pas inéluctable, si l'accès à l'eau est amélioré et si de tels projets de vie fondés sur l'agriculture sont plus aisément réalisables.

This study aimed to examine the correlations between the agroecological status of farms and their viability in agro-sylvo-pastoral systems located in the savannah areas of West Africa. The methodology is based on farm surveys (to assess agroecological farm status) and on farmers' focus group discussions (to assess viability at the farm level). Agroecological farm status was established by considering 15 agricultural practices: 4 on by-products recycling; 4 on soil protection; 4 on industrial inputs limitation; 2 on smart use of natural resources; 1 on cropping diversification; An agroecological (Ae) scoring system was used to establish an Ae ranking by farm type. Farm level viability was established by men and women farmers' focus group discussions: Inventory of viability enhancing and viability-weakening factors; Rating intensity of each viability factor. A scoring system was used to establish Viability ranking by farm type. Four iconic farm types were considered: Small crop-oriented (T1); Medium-size crop-oriented (T2); Large crop-livestock oriented (T3); Livestock-oriented (T4). The findings demonstrate that the viability of agro-sylvo-pastoral systems is not solely dependent on their agroecological status. The ranking of the four farm types, from the first to the last position, is T4, T2, T3, and T1 for agroecology; and T2, T3, T4 and T1 for viability. Our study reveals that T1 farms in Koumbia are not highly agroecological or highly viable. Similarly, farms with the largest cultivated areas (T3) and herds (T4) are not the most agroecological or viable. The best balance between agroecology and viability is struck by T2 farms. We recommend promoting the development of T2 farms that demonstrate the best congruence between agroecology and viability as a model for T1, T3, and T4 farmers. Depending on the agroecological status, one farm could be more or less viable.

Agroecological techniques (AET) have been recognized by many farmers, NGOs, and farmers' organizations (FOs) as a promising solution for slowing down the persistent soil fertility degradation in West African drylands. In the context of Burkina, the promotion of AET is the result of the interactions between NGOs and farmers' knowledge through the intermediation of FOs. Although numerous studies have highlighted the instrumental role of FOs in the dissemination of AET in Burkina, there are limited studies focusing on the historical dynamic of FOs' involvement in the promotion of agroecology. To address this gap, this study aims to answer the following questions: why and how do FOs get involved in the promotion of agroecological techniques, and how do they define the term agroecology or agroecological techniques? A multiple case study approach was used to provide the answer to these questions. The results from the case studies reveal that the FOs' promotion of AET is largely connected to their aim of fulfilling one of the following three goals: enhancing the productivity of commercial crops; improving the resilience of subsistence farmers; enhancing both the productivity of commercial crops and the resilience of subsistence farmers. The quest to achieve these goals explained their constant interaction with external partners to get the necessary assistance for the provision of agroecological support services to their farmers. Furthermore, the results of the study also reveal that the Farmers' Organizations' definitions of agroecology or agroecological terms are mostly associated with the interpretation of agroecology as a collective practice encompassing both economic and ecological aspects of Burkinabè agriculture. A broader insight is that while FOs can fulfill important roles in agroecology transitions this comes with diverse interpretations of agroecology, in which FOs facilitate the hybridization of existing farmers 'practices with those proposed by external actors

In Western Africa, agro-sylvo-pastoral systems are dominant and food demand is booming. To meet this demand, many farmers intensify the production with industrial inputs (mineral fertilizers, feeds, pesticides, herbicides). However, the price of these inputs is rocketing. To face this issue, some farmers reconsider crops, livestock, and tree synergies and by-product recycling to increase their production sustainably at a lower cost. The study aimed to characterize the diversity of Koumbia's farming systems and to assess farming systems' technical performance in an agroecological perspective. We surveyed 391 farms in the county of Koumbia (Burkina Faso). Considering 15 agricultural practices (4 on by-products recycling, 4 on soil protection, 4 on industrial inputs limitation, 2 on smart use of natural resources, and 1 on cropping diversification), a multivariate analysis (PCA+HAC) combined to an agroecology (Ae) scoring system (−15 to +15) based on 15 specific indicators (one/practice), we highlighted 3 agroecological farming systems clusters. These clusters are distributed along a gradient of agroecology intensity (Ae+: high degree of Ae, Ae+/−: medium degree, and Ae−: poor degree). Ae+ farms (Ae score: +3.0) group 17% of the farms, Ae+/− (Ae score: −4.5) group 58% of the farms, and Ae− (Ae score: −10.5) group 25% of the farms. Ae+ raise more livestock and recycle a higher rate of crop-livestock by-products in fodder, organic manure, and mulch. These recycling practices are facilitated by better levels of equipment for transportation and storage and soil water and crop residue conservation measures, including maintenance of the wooded park on the cultivated fields. This set of practices, which close better the agricultural system, produces a systemic effect which has a positive impact on yields and on the whole ecosystem. Our findings outline for the first time that crop-livestock synergies and by-product recycling are major factors of agroecological transition in a

To study the impact of pesticide uses in agriculture on human health, data on the types and quantities of pesticide active substances introduced into the environment over a long period of time are needed. However, when there is no systematic or available written records of pesticide applications, the characterization of environmental contamination remains challenging. In this technical note, we propose a method to organize heterogeneous information to represent the spatial dynamics of pesticide uses, with the case of Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Based on various data sources (paper maps, digital geographic data, articles and technical reports, pesticide products information, interviews), different databases were built: i) a land use database (1969-2019), with maps of the main three groups of crops in Guadeloupe: banana, sugar cane and market gardening; ii) a database of agricultural practices regarding the use of pesticides and their evolution over time for these groups of crops; iii) a database of available active substances according to time. Homogenized datasets of banana, sugar cane and market gardening plots allow to visualize the crop distribution at different periods of time and the evolution trend of cultivated areas. The database on agricultural practices regarding the use of pesticide includes the description of different 'pesticide itineraries' - characterized by information on the cropping system and on the schedule of pesticide applications, and their evolution through time. The database on active substances includes two types of information: for each year since 1960, the characteristics of authorized active substances based on regulation, and of available active substances, based on farmers' practices in Guadeloupe. All databases are made available on an open data repository; they will be used to derive indicators of pesticide pressure and study the link between cancer cases and the presence of pesticides in the environment.

La macrofaune du sol joue un rôle majeur dans la provision de services écosystémiques tels que le recyclage des nutriments, le stockage du carbone et la modification de la structure physique du sol. En particulier, les invertébrés saprophages, en consommant une grande quantité de litière, modifient sa dynamique de décomposition et ainsi la remise en circulation des éléments nutritifs essentiels à la croissance des plantes. Il existe une grande diversité d'invertébrés saprophages, chacun ayant un effet spécifique sur le processus de décomposition, conduisant à des complémentarités d'usage des ressources (synergies). Il existerait ainsi une relation positive entre la diversité fonctionnelle des invertébrés du sol et le processus de décomposition. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier dans quelle mesure des pratiques agroécologiques novatrices peuvent restaurer la biodiversité du sol et les processus écologiques associés. Plus particulièrement, elle s'intéressera, i) d'une part au lien entre les pratiques agricoles et la composition des communautés d'invertébrés saprophages, ii) d'autre part, à la manière dont la composition de ces communautés influence le processus de décomposition et in fine la fourniture en éléments minéraux disponibles pour la culture ?

Habitat loss and degradation due to global agriculture land use is a major threat to biodiversity. Identifying agricultural management practices that mitigate these impacts is urgently needed. Thousands of experiments have been conducted worldwide in the last decades to compare the impacts of various agricultural management practices on biodiversity. The magnitudes of difference in biodiversity responses between pairs of agricultural practices, i.e. effect sizes, have now been synthesised in a growing number of meta-analyses. Yet, each meta-analysis generally focuses on a specific type of farming practice and on specific taxonomic groups, or a single region. Meta-analyses could furthermore yield different or sometimes opposite results for the similar research questions. Gathering all the effect sizes in one single dataset helps to critically assess and weigh the available evidence across all studied practices, taxonomic groups and geographical areas, and provide stakeholders a solid base to better inform their decisions. Here, we present a comprehensive dataset of 200 published meta-analyses gathering 1885 effect sizes based on more than 14 000 primary studies. We detail the effect of 8 main individual field practices (e.g. pest and disease management, amendment and fertilisation), 3 agricultural systems (e.g. organic farming, conservation agriculture) and 2 landscape level interventions (i.e. landscape complexity, land-use change). Our dataset covers numerous taxonomic groups over 14 phyla, including animals (e.g. birds, insects), microorganisms (e.g. fungi, bacteria), plants (e.g. trees, weeds). The dataset presented provides a resource to support decision-makers, farmers, and conservation ecologists alike for managing agricultural land for biodiversity.

Evaluating the impact of agricultural practices helps policymakers and farmers in their decision-making. In Zambia, most households depend on agricultural activities, in particular maize production. This paper examines the impact of the adoption of residue retention on households' maize yield in northern Zambia. We used the propensity score matching (PSM) method. By using the probit model, we also determined the factors that influence the adoption of residue retention. The results show that adopting residue retention has a positive and significant net effect on household maize yield. Residue retention traps moisture in the soil and improves soil structure. This suggests that a greater focus on this aspect is required to encourage more farmers to adopt residue retention to improve maize yield. Government policies can be structured to promote residue retention among smallholder farmers.

Identifying the drivers of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes is of the utmost importance to contribute to global challenges like climate change, land degradation, biodiversity loss, or food security. Evaluating the impacts of land use and management practices in agriculture and forestry on SOC is still challenging. Merging datasets or making databases interoperable is a promising way, but still has several semantic challenges. So far, a comprehensive thesaurus and classification of management practices in agriculture and forestry has been lacking, especially while focusing on SOC storage. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present a first comprehensive thesaurus for management practices driving SOC storage (DATA4C+). The DATA4C+ thesaurus contains 224 classified and defined terms related to land management practices in agriculture and forestry. It is organized as a hierarchical tree reflecting the drivers of SOC storage. It is oriented to be used by scientists in agronomy, forestry, and soil sciences with the aim of uniformizing the description of practices influencing SOC in their original research. It is accessible in Agroportal (http://agroportal.lirmm.fr/ontologies/DATA4CPLUS, last access: 24 March 2022) to enhance its findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reuse by scientists and others such as laboratories or land managers. Future uses of the DATA4C+ thesaurus will be crucial to improve and enrich it, but also to raise the quality of meta-analyses on SOC, and ultimately help policymakers to identify efficient agricultural and forest management practices to enhance SOC storage.

In this paper, we use conceptual insights from the actor–network theory (ANT) to explore the role of agroecological innovation systems (AeISs) in the reconfiguration of agricultural practices toward sustainability. AeISs are actor networks involving a diversity of individuals (e.g., farmers, traders, experts) and organizations (e.g., cooperatives, rural development agencies, teaching and research institutions) that mainstream agroecology principles and practices to enhance agroecosystems' resilience. Their composition and structure affect the way different agents of change interact, as well as how they access, exchange, and use knowledge as they drive the adoption of specific technologies. We document seven AeISs that were active between 2005 and 2020 in the northern uplands of Laos. Within the framework of these initiatives, action research was conducted for understanding the processes underpinning diverse technical, organizational, and institutional innovations to foster an agroecological transition. Building on a comparative analysis of AeIS, we consider how agency was distributed among collectives as they reorganized in time. Our discussion highlights the importance of configuring, enlarging, and nurturing spaces in which actors are empowered to adjust and adapt, as well as to think and act collectively in complexity. Lastly, what counts in the innovation is the underlying networking process itself, i.e., the process through which all actors of the AeIS interact and exchange. Changes in the networking processes come with a changing conception of knowledge. Moving from knowledge to knowing (i.e., knowledge in the making), AeISs no longer only promote products or technologies, but also collective intelligence based on an ethic of care.

Les services écosystémiques rendus par la biodiversité du sol sont la clé d'une production alimentaire durable. En Martinique, la banane est la principale culture s'étendant sur 26 % de la surface agricole. Elle est cultivée en tant que monoculture d'exportation et subit une forte pression parasitaire nécessitant l'utilisation de produits phytosanitaires et la mise en oeuvre de pratiques souvent nuisibles pour la biodiversité du sol. Il est donc urgent d'identifier et de promouvoir les pratiques innovantes aidant à préserver cette biodiversité. Cette étude vise donc à déterminer l'effet des pratiques agricoles sur les macro-arthropodes du sol. Pour ce faire, nous avons sélectionné 25 parcelles de bananiers de manière à former un gradient de pratiques agricoles dans les agrosystèmes bananiers allant de pratiques agroécologiques aux pratiques intensives en intrants chimiques. Le gradient de pratiques comporte trois catégories représentant des pratiques agricoles contrastées : conventionnel, raisonnée, agroforesterie qui sont complétées par des forêts comme milieu non perturbé et des jachères comme état initial des bananeraies avant la plantation. De plus, nous avons étudié l'effet de la répartition des résidus de culture dans la parcelle, le petit inter-rang étant la zone où les feuilles de bananier sont déposées et le grand inter-rang étant la zone de passage des engins. L'abondance et la diversité des macroarthropodes du sol ont été mesurées par la méthode des quadrats, suivie d'une extraction de la litière et de sol par la méthode de Tullgren. Un total de seize ordres taxonomiques a été répertorié dans l'ensemble des parcelles de cette étude. Cependant, la diversité n'a pas significativement changé selon les pratiques agricoles. Nos résultats ont montré que l'abondance est plus élevée en parcelles raisonnées (1 187±146 ind/m²) que dans les parcelles conventionnelles (971±131 ind/m²). Les détritivores sont le groupe trophique le plus impacté par les pratiques agrico

Ground cover management (GCM) is an important agricultural practice used to reduce weed growth, erosion and runoff, and improve soil fertility. In the present study, an approach to account for GCM is proposed in the modeling of pesticide emissions to evaluate the environmental sustainability of agricultural practices. As a starting point, we include a cover crop compartment in the mass balance of calculating initial (within minutes after application) and secondary (including additional processes) pesticide emission fractions. The following parameters were considered: (i) cover crop occupation between the rows of main field crops, (ii) cover crop canopy density, and (iii) cover crop family. Two modalities of cover crop occupation and cover crop canopy density were tested for two crop growth stages, using scenarios without cover crops as control. From that, emission fractions and related ecotoxicity impacts were estimated for pesticides applied to tomato production in Martinique (French West Indies) and to grapevine cultivation in the Loire Valley (France). Our results demonstrate that, on average, the presence of a cover crop reduced the pesticide emission fraction reaching field soil by a factor of 3 compared with bare soil, independently of field crop and its growth stage, and cover crop occupation and density. When considering cover exported from the field, ecotoxicity impacts were reduced by approximately 65% and 90%, compared with bare soil for grapevine and tomato, respectively, regardless of the emission distribution used. Because additional processes may influence emission distributions under GCM, such as runoff, leaching, or preferential flow, further research is required to incorporate these processes consistently in our proposed GCM approach. Considering GCM in pesticide emission modeling highlights the potential of soil cover to reduce pesticide emissions to field soil and related freshwater ecotoxicity. Furthermore, the consideration of GCM as common far

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) plays a key role in family farming systems in Senegal. It makes an essential contribution to economic, nutritional and food security. Although it is crucial, little is known about how farmers classify the diversity of local varieties or about the social practices associated with them. The aim of this study is to characterize the farming practices associated with growing cowpea in Senegal. Surveys were conducted involving 335 rural farmers living in 37 villages, spread across seven regions that produce cowpea. An average of ten farmers were randomly selected in each village. The results reveal that cowpea is a key feature of cropping systems in the studied area. Our findings highlight the high diversity of local cowpea varieties with 59 local names inventoried. In 75% of cases, the name refers to the seed's morphology or color. Cowpea production is more diverse in Diourbel and Louga and less diverse in the south. More than half the farmers (57%) acquired their cowpea seeds (early, semi-early and late maturity varieties) outside their village, either from markets, seed suppliers or NGOs. This new understanding of farmers' expertize in the management of cowpea and its local variability will help to valorize local diversity in breeding programs.

La notion de service écosystémique est devenue incontournable dans les discours institutionnels et académiques en dépit des controverses et des critiques. Initialement portée par les acteurs de la conservation de la biodiversité, elle connaît depuis plusieurs années un déploiement dans les milieux agricoles. Si l'idée selon laquelle les fonctionnalités des écosystèmes sont déterminantes dans la production agricole n'est pas nouvelle, cette notion permet de mettre en évidence les nouveaux enjeux liés aux changements climatiques et aux besoins alimentaires croissants. Ces enjeux étant particulièrement importants dans les pays du Sud, la plupart des pays dits à faible revenus ou à revenus intermédiaires, il est alors pertinent de s'interroger sur l'intérêt de cette notion sur le plan des pratiques et des politiques agricoles menées dans ces pays. Cet article, introductif au numéro thématique des Cahiers Agricultures " Agriculture et services écosystémiques dans les pays du Sud ", retrace l'émergence de cette notion, discute de son importance dans une logique d'intensification écologique des agricultures, avant de présenter les articles qui composent ce numéro thématique. Tout en adoptant une posture critique vis-à-vis de la notion, notamment lorsqu'elle est adossée à des mécanismes de paiement, il insiste sur l'importance de la co-construction avec les paysans des référentiels d'action à adopter.

Dans la zone soudano sahélienne d'Afrique de l'Ouest, la productivité agricole est fortement affectée par la variabilité et les changements climatiques. La production agricole est dominée par la production pluviale de céréales telles que le maïs, le mil et le sorgho, pour la consommation alimentaire. Les agriculteurs ont des rendements faibles et variables, ce qui entraîne une incertitude croissante quant à leur capacité à produire davantage pour nourrir une population en forte croissance. L'objectif général de cette thèse était de concevoir des systèmes de culture plus productifs et stables, adaptés au changement climatique, en explorant les bénéfices de l'association sorgho-niébé, combiné a des choix contrastés de variété de sorgho, de fertilisation minérale et de date de semis. L'approche était basée sur un travail d'enquête, d'expérimentation au champ et de simulation à l'aide d'un modèle de culture, pour un cas d'étude au centre du Mali en Afrique de l'Ouest. Une première étape a porté sur l'identification de la perception du changement climatique par les agriculteurs et les stratégies d'adaptation agricole qu'ils considèrent pertinentes pour faire face à la variabilité et au changement climatique. En second lieu, le modèle de culture STICS a été calibré sur la base de deux années d'expérimentation (2017, 2018) de la culture associée sorgho-niébé à la station agronomique de N'Tarla. Dans ce dispositif expérimental, deux variétés de sorgho (locale et améliorée) avec une sensibilité contrastée à la photopériode ont été étudiées en culture pure et en culture associée avec le niébé. Deux dates de semis et deux niveaux de fertilisation minérale ont également été étudiés.

To leverage agriculture's potential to better benefit both people and nature, policymakers need clear messages about which farming practices positively impact biodiversity and yields, and when trade-offs arise. Existing reviews analyse effects of different agricultural practices on either biodiversity or yield, without considering interactions. Here, we applied multinomial and quantile regression models to synthesize global evidence of synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and yield, using 764 paired observations (from 43 studies across 18 countries) comparing diversified and simplified farming systems. Results show that farmland diversification led to win-win outcomes for biodiversity and yield in 23% of cases, while a win for biodiversity coupled with a loss in yield was the most likely outcome (28% of cases). Yield and biodiversity responses were negatively correlated, meaning that diversifying farming systems solely in pursuit of production goals is unlikely to lead to markedly better outcomes for biodiversity, or vice-versa. Yet certain situations made win-win significantly more likely, including when crop and animal production, or multiple diversification practices (e.g., intercropping and cover crops), were combined, when no agrochemicals were applied, when diversification occurred in temperate climates, and when diversification enhanced below-ground taxa. Win-win was also more likely than lose-lose when biodiversity was measured as richness or richness-evenness, but not abundance, suggesting that in certain contexts diversified farming can effectively enhance species diversity while increasing agricultural yields. Overall, crop commodity group and bioclimatic location were amongst the most important contextual factors influencing the likelihood of a synergy or trade-off between biodiversity and yield, and diversification that accounts for these is less likely to lead to unexpected outcomes. Our novel method and up-to-date review show that farmland di

Cet article présente une partie des résultats d'une évaluation des pratiques du lombricompostage dans les exploitations agricoles de la région Vakinankaratra. L'utilisation combinée de plusieurs échantillons permet d'apprécier la diffusion de la technique depuis son introduction par le GSDM en 2015, d'identifier les adaptations faites par les exploitants et de produire des références technico-économiques, notamment les coûts de production.

Les politiques agricoles visant à développer des cultures en tenant compte de la biodiversité locale demeurent marginales. Pour définir ce qu'il convient de considérer dans le retour à des "céréales locales" en réponse aux changements climatiques, nous avons mis en perspective des résultats de deux projets interdisciplinaires conduits dans des zones sèches du du Sénégal et de l'Inde. Le premier, situé dans le Sahel sénégalais, "Relier la diversité agricole à la qualité de l'alimentation par l'analyse sociale des pratiques féminines et de l'alimentation" (DIVA), visait à analyser les impacts de l'intensification rizicole sur la biodiversité agricole et alimentaire et le second, situé dans la zone sèche du Deccan (Sud de l'Inde), "Accompagner l'adaptation de l'agriculture irriguée au changement climatique" (ATCHA), a étudié les adaptations de l'agriculture irriguée face aux changements climatiques, 30 ans après la révolution verte (RV). L'analyse transversale a été réalisée au prisme du couple de céréales riz irrigué et sorgho pluvial en mettant l'accent sur les activités féminines liées à ces cultures. Cette analyse a fait émergé les liens forts entre les conséquences agro-environnementales des changements agricoles analysés, leurs traductions alimentaires et les pertes culturelles qui en découlent : l'intensification du riz dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal et celles de la RV en Inde font non seulement décliner la biodiversité agricole des céréales locales, mais endommagent les capacités d'adaptation et la qualité nutritionnelle des repas et la qualité de vie. L'éclairage sur les activités féminines permet aussi de mettre en évidence leurs propres difficultés pour maintenir une certaine diversité agricole et alimentaire. Or ces systèmes basés sur les céréales "résistent" en termes de variétés locales et de savoirs associés comme le montre le retour du "système des millets", les mils et sorghos indiens marginalisés par la RV, promus dans certains États de l'Inde sous

Agricultural practices of smallholder farming systems of Latin America can play an important role in reducing their exposure to the risks associated with climate extremes. To date, however, there is no systematic analysis of scientific evidence for the extent to which these practices can provide the multiple benefits needed for smallholders to adapt to climate extremes. In this paper, we searched scientific databases to review scientific evidence of the benefit provided by twenty-six practices in crops commonly farmed by smallholders in the region and highly relevant for their food and nutrition security; namely, coffee, maize and beans. We reviewed scientific documents (n = 304) published in the period 1953–2021 to register evidence of the practices' effects on fifty-five benefits. Our analysis of these documents found measurement records (n = 924) largely based on field experiments (85%). Our results show strong evidence of the multiple benefits that some ecosystem-based practices (e.g., tree-based practices for coffee and no tillage for maize) can provide to support the adaptation to climate extremes of smallholder farming systems and enhance a farm's natural assets (e.g., biodiversity, water, soil). We also found that the majority of research on practices in the region focused more on the socioeconomic dimension (54%) rather than on the capacity of practices to improve the natural assets of a smallholder farmers or reduce the impact of climate extremes. Given these knowledge gaps, we discuss the importance of a renovated investment in research to address existing knowledge gaps. Our concluding suggestions for future research include the need for systematizing existing knowledge from different sources (e.g., peer-reviewed, gray literature, farmers, extension agencies, etc.), and to assess the extent to which these practices can provide multiple benefits for smallholder farming systems by improving their wellbeing, reducing their vulnerability to different hydrocl