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Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study conducted a pragmatic analysis of local newspaper banner headlines in Davao del Norte, focusing on linguistic form and intended meaning. Through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 14 avid local newspaper readers, the study explored participants' experiences and insights. Key findings revealed participants' challenges with unfamiliar expressions, sight reading, and news content dissatisfaction. Their preference for shorter headlines and the positive impact of local newspapers on knowledge acquisition and critical thinking underscore the need for more accessible and engaging headlines. To enhance practical application, local newspapers should simplify language, prioritize headline length and clarity, and tailor content to readers' interests. By addressing these issues, local newspapers can significantly improve headline quality and foster a more engaged readership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research provides a pragmatic analysis of the political discourse of Abdul Karim Qasim, one of the most prominent political leaders in modern Iraqi history. The study aims to explore the linguistic and rhetorical strategies employed by Qasim in his political speeches and how he utilized these tools to achieve his political and social objectives. By examining his speeches and messages, the research highlights the pragmatic mechanisms Qasim followed to build a relationship with the public and achieve his political influence. The study also discusses the social and political contexts that shaped his discourse, offering a deeper understanding of the role of political discourse in shaping public opinion during that era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research has focused on analysing teacher-student discourse within whole-class dialogic interactions, and several descriptive tools have been proposed so far to cover possible variations. However, what still remains unanswered is what types of teacher questions are 'better' than others. To answer this question, I propose a pragmatic analysis of teacher-student interaction based on the criteria of authenticity and dialogicity. The analysis focuses on two types of dialogue moves, 'information-seeking' and 'inquiry' moves and their subtypes, as assessed on the basis of their degree of dialogicity, emerging from the dialogue sequence in which the moves are situated. The discussion focuses on how such a normative analysis of interaction can help teachers guide more productive dialogues with their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Language assumes a significant role in communication and expression, especially in cinematic and television productions. Despite the widespread popularity of the American animated series, Rick and Morty has not been extensively explored within the field of language and linguistics. This paper addresses this gap by examining the linguistic dimension of Rick and Morty, featuring the deceptive discourse of the character Rick C-137 in Season 1. With McCornack’s Information Manipulation Theory (IMT) as the theoretical foundation, this study aims to achieve 2 objectives: (i) investigate the dimensions in which information are manipulated by Rick C-137 in his deceptive messages and (ii) analyse the methods employed by Rick C-137 in his deceptive discourse. To achieve these objectives, qualitative content analysis is utilised on the transcripts of all 11 episodes of Rick and Morty Season 1. The findings of the study discover that Rick C-137 manipulates information along all four dimensions throughout the season: quantity, quality, relation and manner. Furthermore, the analysis unveils two distinct methods of information manipulation employed by Rick C-137: (i) manipulation along a single dimension and (ii) manipulation along two dimensions. While contributing to the knowledge pertaining to linguistic manipulation in Rick and Morty Season 1, these observations also offer valuable insights to the intricate world of deceptive communication within the context of animated series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a critical global issue that requires effective communication and public engagement to drive necessary actions and policy changes. Despite the critical importance of climate change communication, this topic has been limited in its coverage within discourse analysis research, making this study's investigation particularly significant. This study aims to examine the communication strategies used by a prominent public figure, namely Sir David Attenborough, in addressing climate change issues. To achieve that, this study conducts a qualitative analysis of Sir David Attenborough's discourse on climate change, with a specific focus on the role of presuppositions in framing his communication strategies. Through analyzing a corpus of his public speeches, this investigation identifies and categorizes the presuppositional triggers employed by Attenborough, particularly those that elicit existential presuppositions triggered by definite descriptions (78% of observed triggers) and structural presuppositions such as restrictive relative clauses (14% of observed triggers). This analysis provides insights into how Attenborough effectively conveys notions of ownership, shared responsibility, and inspires action through strategic use of presuppositions. Examining the persuasive strategies of a prominent public figure, this study makes a valuable contribution to the field and future investigations on climate change communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims at investigating into the appropriateness of the translations of Badawi and Ramiz of the speech act of compliments of the Shakespearean play 'King Lear'. The researcher applied a content analysis of the original version of the play being compared to the Arabic versions as target texts. 20 texts of compliments are sampled for analysis. The study adopted a pragmatic analysis of the speech act under study with reference to the taxonomy of Al-Mansoob, Patil, and Alrefaee (2019). The analysis taxonomy consists of 20 compliment strategies. There occurred a reasonable number of similarities between the original version of the play and the TTs. 75% of Ramzi's translations and 65% of Badawi's translations seemed to be identical to the original contexts in preserving the function of the speech act of compliment in the selected 20 texts. The encountered differences between the ST and each of the target translations are not serious to the extent which could break the function of the original context in the target setting as they appropriately preserved the naturalness and smoothness of approximately more than 80% of the target texts. The translators further assimilated each other in handling the ST compliment strategies to the TL context in 12 of the total 20 complimenting contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This research examines the possibility of developing relations between Turkmenistan and India in the field of gas export. With the increasing desire of countries to use natural gas to meet their energy needs, India has also focused its gas energy policies to increase the use of natural gas. Major limitations appeared with the expansion of coal and oil consumption; as a result, natural gas is at the top of the global energy portfolio. At least, in the medium term, India is heavily dependent on gas to meet its needs. In the most optimistic scenario, in 2025, India will be able to meet about 42% of its gas needs from domestic sources, and as a result, most of the natural gas will be extracted through imports. Research question: The main question is what effects has natural gas had on India-Turkmenistan relations? Research hypothesis: The hypothesis of this research is based on the fact that regardless of the limitations of the pipeline construction, the TAPI can provide the context of mutual dependence and the development of economic relations between the two countries. Methodology and theoretical framework: In this research, the qualitative research method to examine the hypothesis is based on Gavan Duffy's pragmatic analysis method. Data collection tools are libraries and internet resources. The theoretical framework of the proposed research is Cohen and Nye's theory of interdependence in the complex era of globalization, which is used in this research. Results and discussion: The analyzses carried out in this research show that Turkmenistan is located in the Central Asian region, which has the largest oil and gas reserves. According to British Petroleum Statistics, Turkmenistan's gas reserves were 13.6 trillion cubic meters in 2020, followed by Russia with 37.4 trillion cubic meters of reserves. Turkmenistan ranks second among Central Asian countries in terms of gas resources. In addition to huge resources and reserves of gas and significant production, the discovery of the Yultan field in the vicinity of Iran's Dolat Abad field made Turkmenistan the focus of attention of consumer countries, especially India. Since the economy of Turkmenistan's is dependent on gas and energy revenues, the country's strategy is to export and reach the market of emerging countries such as India. India has had a historical and cultural connection with Central Asia for more than several centuries. After independence, India's foreign policy has pursued various objectives. In the 1990s, the Nehruists developed their welfare, security and foreign policy goals. Based on this, the economic and security objectives of India's foreign policy apparatus in Central Asia have received more attention. In recent decades, with the emergence of emerging powers such as India and China, Central Asia has gained a special position as the key point of this continent. India has tried to reach Central Asia and Turkmenistan through the southern ports of Iran and Iran's communication routes through Afghanistan. India's cooperation in Chabahar port projects and Iran-Afghanistan communication routes is due to the significant competition between China and Pakistan in Central Asia and China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. By building a vast and intertwoven network of roads and energy pipelines, China has gained access to Central Asia and provided itself with extensive political, cultural and economic ties that have provoked India's sense of competition. India's growing demand as an emerging power has fueled competition in the gas market in Central Asia. Although in 2011, India generated less than 12% of its electricity through natural gas, it has been trying to increase this amount in recent years. Although the TAPI pipeline can work effectively for India and supply the required gas, there are also some problems: One of them is the passage of TAPI pipeline through the rugged mountains of Afghanistan, the lack of infrastructure and the lack of adequate protection of the pipeline against terrorist threats in Afghanistan. Notably, Russia's stance on the TAPI pipeline is a stumbling block for India, as Russia still wants to influence the newly independent countries, in particular Russia wants to dominate the energy policy of Central Asian countries in a massive competition with the United States and the TAPI pipeline is part of this. It is competition. Russia considers the activities of Turkmenistan and TAPI with the purpose of its security. It is possible that in the long run, Turkmenistan's gas will be more prosperous and benefit India, but for now there is India's presence because China is more present in Central Asia and Turkmenistan. Conclusion: Three factors have been involved for Turkmenistan to act as a gas exporting country in the international arena and to form mutual dependence with India. First, Turkmenistan has rich gas resources in the Central Asia region. These resources have increased from 1.8 trillion cubic meters in 2000 to 13.6 trillion cubic meters in 2020. Second, Turkmenistan's natural gas production has increased to 60 billion cubic meters since 2012. Yultan, Bagtiarlek and Barun Energy gas fields have put Turkmenistan the focus of attention of consumer countries, especially India. Third, the increase of pipelines, especially TAPI, is an effective step towards diversifying Turkmenistan's gas exports to other countries and it continues from Turkmenistan to Fazilka in India and has caused mutual dependence of the parties. Also, the findings of the research show that, India, as an emerging power with increasing economic growth, has a great need for gas imports and Central Asia, especially Turkmenistan, has found a special place for India. Currently, India imports 35.8 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year and Turkmenistan is the priority for India's gas imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the 'A More Perfect Union' speech by Barack Obama using a pragmatic approach. The paper is qualitative and descriptive and uses textual analysis for interpretation. This study utilizes the principles of relevance theory developed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson to unlock the intricate ways through which Obama powerfully crafted his message to connect, persuade, and resonate with his audience. Through a careful and purposeful examination of the context, implication, and cognitive effects, the paper intends to make known the cognitive mechanisms that Obama employs to establish relevance and get his message across effectively. The presented research work contributes to a deeper knowledge of the pragmatic aspects of political rhetoric and offers insights into the impact of linguistic strategies on the formation of public opinion and debates nowadays.

This paper is based on how the youth, especially the Ghanaian hiplife musicians manipulate language through the usage of pun to convey messages to their listeners without necessarily sounding vulgar. It focused on the communication of such words which are considered inappropriate and yet must be spoken of, and how young musicians of Ghana try to use these words in songs so they are not seen as sounding profane or disrespectful. In order to find out how this phenomenon takes place, a number of such linguistic items which give their songs an air of style were analysed in some selected Ghanaian songs. The researchers studied the usage of pun by Ghanaian songsters as a mean of euphemising their speech. Related literature on the phenomenon was reviewed and the topic examined through the lenses of Relevance Theory. The data for this research was drawn from songs of young Ghanaian songsters and the research design was a case study. The research employs the descriptive qualitative approach in the analysis of data. The study was basically into the description of data in some selected Ghanaian songs, and the primary data was the internet where selected songs were downloaded for transcription. In this research, there emerged the term punophemisms to explain and define how pun can be used as euphemism.

Wars, conflicts, and peace efforts have become inherent characteristics of regions, and understanding the prevailing sentiments related to these issues is crucial for finding long-lasting solutions. Twitter/'X', with its vast user base and real-time nature, provides a valuable source to assess the raw emotions and opinions of people regarding war, conflict, and peace. This paper focuses on collecting and curating hinglish tweets specifically related to wars, conflicts, and associated taxonomy. The creation of said dataset addresses the existing gap in contemporary literature, which lacks comprehensive datasets capturing the emotions and sentiments expressed by individuals regarding wars, conflicts, and peace efforts. This dataset holds significant value and application in deep pragmatic analysis as it enables future researchers to identify the flow of sentiments, analyze the information architecture surrounding war, conflict, and peace effects, and delve into the associated psychology in this context. To ensure the dataset's quality and relevance, a meticulous selection process was employed, resulting in the inclusion of explanable 500 carefully chosen search filters. The dataset currently has 10,040 tweets that have been validated with the help of human expert to make sure they are correct and accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jerash Journal for Research & Studies is the property of Jerash University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main views on the nature of narrative in Wittgenstein’s later philosophy are analyzed. It is shown how, realizing the research narrative, he paid attention to the linguistic means of expression of our thoughts, reference to the actual reality, the logical component of argumentation. It is shown that in order to place worldview ac-cents more clearly and strengthen the expressive effect of thought, Wittgenstein pragmatized the narrative, in particular, used metaphors, images of learning, took into account the historico-cultural context. It is important for him to show that the form of the narrative influences what meanings the interlocutor will comprehend. Through a system of micro- and macro-narratives, Wittgenstein intended to express his opinion as clearly as possible, although he made the reader an active participant in the narrative. The thinker did not deviate from the analytico-scientific standards of philosophizing, although he showed that the relevant analysis of the narrative is significantly complicated by the ambiguities of its interpretation, the uniqueness of human experience and the identity of each narrator’s value system. It is argued that a pragmatic approach to narrative analysis significantly expands the research methodology of the analytic thinker and, accordingly, makes it possible to deepen our understanding of reality and human existence, as well as more clearly define the specifics of their knowledge.

This paper examines Iliad I 225-244 and XXIV 486-506, two passages at the beginning and at the end respectively of Achilles’ narrative arc. This work aims at showing the way in which traditional epic techniques (enjambement, similitude, interrelation with respect to the caesurae) contribute to outline in one case Achilles’ wrath, in the other one his empathy.

This article investigates the use and pragmatic functions of the swear word fuck in the “BoJack Horseman” produced by Netflix and bridges the gap in the linguistic research on this particular TV show. Incorporating corpus linguistics tools, the BoJack Horseman Corpus was compiled and the lemma fuck has been investigated and analysed from the multimodal perspective. It occurs six times, just once per every season of the show, every time when the interlocutor expresses strong emotions, usually towards the eponymous character. The use of a swear word provides a vent for anger, disappointment, or surprise and creates an extralinguistic narrative frame, due to its economic use by the writers of the show.

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological grounds for establishing the “intentional” nature of ambiguity when conducting a linguistic analysis on cases related to countering extremism. The author addresses the concept of “intentional” ambiguity from the point of view of pragmatic functions implemented by ambiguity in different types of discourse. In particular, the paper shows that ambiguity in the “extremist” discourse performs not only the rhetorical function of influencing the addressee, but also contributes to the implementation of the author’s communicative strategies such as leveling the negative (“extremist”) meaning, absolving the author of responsibility. This justifies the need for a pragmatic analysis of ambiguity. Establishing of “intentional” ambiguity in the texts as part of forensic linguistic analysis involves a comprehensive study of the text’s genre specifics, as well as the author’s intentions and the recipient’s expectations implied. Accounting for these characteristics ensures the validity of the expert’s conclusions about the “intentional” nature of ambiguity, as well as the probability of “extremist” meaning in the analyzed context.

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Words are undoubtedly one of the most considerable elements of languages. In addition to this, each type of word has its own unique function in expressions. In general, if the necessary amount of vocabulary learning is achieved numerically in the learning of a language, it is considered a natural process to reach correct expressions by using the learned words in positions or forms similar to other languages that are classified in the same way as that language in terms of typological syntax. However, the situation is very different in the Chinese language. Words in Chinese are unlike any other language in the world due to their unusual usage characteristics. This is especially true for separable verbs that express action. Chinese separable words are verbs used to express certain behaviors. This type of verb also has the characteristics of "li (separation)", which means to be used separately, and "he (combination)", which means to be used together. From a pragmatic point of view, they are often influenced by other elements in the process of using them. These influences can cause separable words to be pragmatically different from general inseparable verbs. Therefore, separable words are not only the key content of Chinese teaching, but also a major difficulty for Chinese learners. This paper aim to analyze the example sentences and sorts out the differences between the correct and misused words, and then draws the corresponding pragmatic condi [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguists and forensic linguists have tried to shed light on the sensitivity and offensiveness of words and/or language expressions from various linguistic theories such as speech act theory, semantics, discourse analysis, and pragmatics. With the wide spread intercultural communication and the global use of English as a lingua franca, it is important to know that some language expressions might be understood as compliments in a specific culture, whereas others might view them as offensive. An instance of this is the English expression: "You have a beautiful mum". Although this could be a positive compliment, it could also be misunderstood and interpreted as an insult in some Arabic cultures, since in some cultural contexts it could imply that the utterer is hinting at some sexual act. The data for this research are collected from participants of various Arabic nationalities, genders and age groups by presenting them with four situations and requesting them to indicate their reactions to the compliments uttered by others through selecting from four options offered in the questionnaire. Findings indicate that all participants accept such compliments from either relatives, close friends, or strangers based on the gender of the utterer. In other words, the compliment is appreciated if said by a female. Nevertheless, the compliment is less appreciated if it is on a feature inherent in the personality of the receiver than when it is on something that the receiver is wearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vagueness is a natural property of human language. Hedges, as a special form of vague language, are widely used in human language. On the basis of Adaptation Theory, this paper makes a pragmatic analysis of hedges in Silent spring. The study finds that the writer realizes three pragmatic functions by adapting to the physical, social and mental world. These three pragmatic functions are: increasing the accuracy of the information, reducing personal responsibility and expressing motions. This paper may be helpful to further studies on the genre of science books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of College of Languages is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The drama serial ‘Ehd-e-Wafa’ fascinated greatly to the audience for its great characterization, ideas, dialogues, script and plot. This study applied pragmatic theories in the selected text from the last three episodes of Pakistani Drama ‘Ehd-e-Wafa’ aired on ‘HUM TV’ and analyzed the dialogues contextually. It applied Speech Act Theory, Cooperative Principle Theory, Conversation Analysis, and Politeness and Face. It intended to know the communicative purposes of the characters when they speak. This research analysis helped the researchers to know what the characters intend when they utter and how they play with the words and perform. The violation and adoptation of the Gricean Maxims by the characters and the felicity conditions followed by them was the major focus of the researchers. This study also focused on the politeness strategies used by the characters and the adjacency pairs in the given conversation among them. The purpose of this study was to identify the communicative functions performed by the characters when they speak and act. This study is beneficial for the viewers who watch the drama serials but are unable to comprehend the conversation among the characters because of their lack of pragmatic knowledge, deficiency of visual representation and their inefficiency to analyze the complex discourse categories embedded in the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary students must master not only grammar and text organization, but also pragmatic competence in the target language in order to achieve communication competence. The ability to express meaning beyond language rules is referred to as pragmatic competence. Teachers should provide materials that are appropriate for both the learning goals and needs of the students. This study aimed to determine the types of textbooks that teachers and students require. It was a mixed-methods study with a sample of 41 teachers from Semarang secondary schools. The data were gathered using a Google Form and were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. It was discovered that 56.1% disagreed that the textbooks they used contained situational context and communicative language for everyday use. 61% strongly agreed that to be effective textbooks should use communicative language in everyday situations and introduce various expressions based on the context. There was a significant gap between the types of textbooks required and the textbooks in use at the time. The majority of respondents believed that secondary textbooks or pragmatics-based textbooks should include information on the importance of pragmatics. These needs have not been met by existing textbooks. To summarize, teachers require a game-changing textbook. The researchers therefore encourage other researchers and educators to create textbooks that can support the students' expected outcome of being able to communicate comprehensively in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contains the results of research of explicit and implicit discursive means of exerting pragmatic impact on recipient in graphic novel as a speciic genre of the discourse of iction based on a sequentially organized creolized text. The research was conducted on the basis of Art Spiegelman's series of graphic novels "Maus" which are a form of autobiographical narrative about the author's father who is a survivor of the holocaust and the Aushwitz concentration camp during World War II. The authors focus on the results of analyzing the complex pragmatic context of the graphic novel that is based on the informational-descriptive, functional-dynamic, structural-compositional and dispositional-evaluative subcontexts. As a result of the analysis the authors determined the peculiar features of the graphical novel as a communicatively oriented form of literature aimed at conveying the author's opinion and feelings through language signs; determined the role of the visual component of the graphical novel in forming the pragmatic potential of the novel through the images presented on the sequentially organized panels; proved that the images in the graphical novel are an instrument of portraying the author's world and a mechanism of provoking the reader's emotional response necessary to believe the author's narrative.

The present study deals with the main features of visuality in European para-theatrical and theatrical events (1978-1993) authored by the theater director of Slovak origin Petr Scherhaufer (1942-1999), the co-founder of the legendary Goose on a String Theater in Brno in the then Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. These events were almost always hosted and prepared by theater groups and artists from Eastern and Western Europe. They were unrepeatable because of their atmosphere, humanist message, but also form. They often connected old theater and other forms with known visual (and not only) codes of today and with the socio-political signs of the time, creating interactive and highly authentic-looking and experiential forms. The study is also based on P. Scherhaufer's and P. Oslzlý's opinions on the function and meaning of the work of gost, which is connected to the analyzed forms. It also relies on a wide range of available archival materials and the author's own experience with the creations of gost. The core of the study is focused on a pragmatic analysis of the European events, their main features, the essence of visuality and the symbolic elements of the language used. Mainly in the conclusion, the findings are embedded in broader philosophical, aesthetic, anthropological and theatrical contexts (M. Eliade, E. Fischer-Lichte, J.TH. Lehman, R. Scherchner). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the various ways and structures by which legislators and politicians (during political discussions) disregard the Cooperative Principle (CP) in their communication. The interview of Ishaq Dar with the BBC, held in December 2020, was selected to analyse by applying Grice's (1975) four maxims to how politicians show uncooperativeness, as well as being untruthful in their discussion through non-observing the conversational maxims. The quantitative research methodology was used to explore the Grice maxims in Ishaq Dar's interview. The findings of the present study show the politicians flouted or violated the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner in the interview. The politicians, like Ishaq Dar usually flouted or violated the maxim of quantity to convey their political views to the public since the objective of the party is to convince individuals to decide in favour of them, regardless of whether what they were stating was not related to the posed inquiry in the interview. It would suggest that they had just arranged what to convince the audience regardless of the questions presented to them. Conclusively, political talks are mostly uncooperative, notwithstanding being untruthful to gain the favour of the masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to linguistic theory, conversational Implicature (CI) is the original intent of the speech expressed by a speaker. The assumption is that both the speaker and the receiver understand and respect the communication rules. In conversation theory, this is the significant component that has been the subject of discussion. This study investigates the importance of CI in various contexts of daily conversations. The focus of this study is to identify the violation of Grice's theory in the conversation. There is a shortcoming in literature to investigate CI in everyday conversations. Moreover, some studies focussed on specific discussions, which led to a literature gap. The study's outcome will assist researchers in exploring new ideas in conversational implicatures. In addition, it reveals the shortcomings of the usage of implicatures. In this study, the researchers analyzed a set of 77 daily conversations. The study showed that context is critical in determining the meaning of a person's thoughts. In addition, the finding suggests that particularized CI are primarily employed in daily conversations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a rule, legal genres are subdivided into three large thematic groups: “Legislation” (laws, regulations, instructions, acts, orders), “Case law” (judicial decisions, appeals, protocols, court orders and court inquiries), “Official documentation” (official correspondence, reports, contracts). This research focuses on the pragmalinguistic and linguo-stylistic analysis of German legislative texts. The authors describe the characteristics of legislative genres and single out their general and special language functions. The relevance of the article is based on the fact that in Russia and abroad there are few linguistic papers on the analysis of legislative genre and law texts. In the meantime, the given research direction is highly prospective for interdisciplinary studies. The authors argue that the function of nomination, the function of message, the function of influence and the function of communication are vividly manifested in legislative genre via multilevel language means. A pragmatic analysis of the legal norms of the German legislative texts shows that the latter are characterized by imperative and dispositive legal norms, while recommendatory legal norms for the texts of German laws are less typical. The methodological base of research includes contextual and functional analysis, linguo-stylistic techniques as well as descriptive and linguo-pragmatic methods of analysis.

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Offering a bribe is generally thought of as giving something of value with corrupt intent to influence an action of a civil servant in his official capacity. This act can be accomplished physically or verbally hiding behind elaborate code words built in socio-pragmatic norms specific to a given community so that they can easily mislead those outside the transaction. The present paper approaches this offence from two perspectives: legal and pragmatic. It shows how it has been perceived in criminal laws and how it is realized through socio-linguistic expressions which can potentially be understood by the interactants as signs of offering bribes. The study is guided by two research questions: Are there linguistic expressions from which the speakers of Iraqi Arabic can typically infer that the speaker is offering bribes? And what insights can the pragmatic analysis offer the judge or trier of facts in evaluating the evidence on this offence? The major argument in the present paper is that the linguistic evidence can have no less evidentiary value in detecting the corrupt intent of bribery than the circumstantial evidence.

This article analyzes LISTO, as a colloquial conversational particle used by speakers in Medellín, Colombia. Firstly, it studies how the grammaticalization of this adjective has been changing it. Then, it focuses on this unit position in order to describe how it shows in different contexts and the different discursive pragmatic functions of it in dialogues and monologues as a way to contribute to the communication exchange. This study is based on fourteen spontaneous conversations recordings, PRESEEA´s oral interviews recorded in Medellín and as a complement, other examples taken from oral and written texts. The conclusions stand out from corpora three discursive functions of LISTO: deontic which reflects the agreement between speakers, supplement validation or checking and metadiscursive conversational or discourse arrange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have reviewed and analyzed literature textbooks at the pre-university level, respectively in the high school. In this research, we have examined the way these texts are analyzed (the pedagogical apparatus as it is otherwise called). Such work is done considering the requirements of the latter to fulfill certain competencies provided by the program on which the text is drafted. The method we used is based on two parallel directions. One is about the aforementioned comparison of the required competencies and those realized in the pedagogical apparatus of the textbooks of different publishing houses, which have gained the right to be part of the textbooks that can be selected by different schools for the treatment of the subject of literature. This is seen according to the rubrics provided by the program, those currently implemented, and the competencies suggested by us, which we do not see implemented by the first two. In parallel, we have identified the problems in terms of simple text analysis, in a stylistic, pragmatic-reflective plane, giving our suggestions for each case. About 80% of the textbooks show problems with the way the rubrics are constructed and almost 90% of the rubrics are constructed with questions that may go beyond the rubric topic. The paper is accompanied by a concrete example of text analysis suggested to the professional network of literature teachers. This model is based on the experience of Italian and French textbooks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the pragmatic analysis of proverbs in the domains of knowledge construction (KC). Knowledge construction is the process of creating of new ideas and understandings that are new to the discourse rather than the semantic implications. It is imperative that proverbs be surveyed to deduce these implications. The study used as its methodology, six respondents in the Faculty of Arts, University of Nigeria, Nsukka who were given the proverbs for analysis and they were requested to apply their own discretion in the interpretation of those data. In all, the work seeks to answer the question of 'how can knowledge construction (KC) be used in analysing of Igbo proverbs using pragmatic framework' and the objective of the study is to find out how KC could assist in bringing out the pragmatic nuances of the Igbo proverbs. The analysis will be carried out using some/all of the following four processes: interpretation, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Finally, the study discovers that KC is deep rooted in contextual analysis as it is obvious that a particular proverb could have as many implications as possible based on the intuitions of the evaluators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass media are blamed for constructing a negative image of Islam through the use of Islam-related terms in reporting terrorism. It is presumed that when Islam-related terms are used without regard to their original connotations, they are likely to lose their original meanings and begin to take on altered meanings created by the media. Therefore, this study aims to explore the use of Islam-related terminologies in selected eastern and western mass media outlets in relation to their semantic and linguistic interpretations. The study employed a qualitative approach in which content analysis was used. Using purposive sampling, The Jordan Times and Al-Jazeera were chosen from the eastern Arab world while The BBC and The Guardian were chosen from the western media. A total of 368 news articles focusing on Islam and Muslims were collected from the selected news media outlets using internet-based search from March 2018 until October 2019. The findings showed significant differences (P = 0.000/P < 0.05) exist between the selected eastern and western mass media outlets in using Islam-related terminologies. The terms are used more frequently in the western media outlets than in the eastern media outlets. Further analysis of the findings revealed that the selected media outlets use Islam-related terminologies, such as "Islamist" and "Jihadist", in negative contexts. The use of Islam-related terminologies in the selected media outlets could be influential in making the audience to perceive Islam as a religion of terrorism. The negative use of Islam-related terms could be minimized through training of journalists on news coverage of religion, provision of proper guidelines on religious reporting and ensuring that these guidelines are strictly followed. It was envisaged that this study would be useful to the media outlets, particularly in the process of news gathering, production, and dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[full article and abstract in English] Politicians invest a lot of time and effort to win elections and present themselves in the best possible manner. They use language strategies to present and legitimise themselves as the right choice. And if they are the right choice, then their opponent is obviously not, so while they are trying to acclaim themselves and their political party, they use strategies to delegitimise and attack their opponents and the policy they represent. This paper aims to conduct a critical discourse analysis of the speeches of the two main political opponents in the last elections in the USA, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. The research gives an insight into the manipulative function of language and covers two aspects: the lexical-semantic and pragmatic aspect and is based on the supposition that the strategies politicians use while talking about themselves and describing their opponents differ. As expected, they use more positive terminology to talk about themselves and their policies, and negative terminology to criticise the opponent’s policy. They also employ different pragmatic strategies, such as intensifiers and inclusive pronouns, to involve the audience into the discourse and convince them in their arguments. Finally, although carried out on a relatively small corpus, the analysis gives an insight into the language techniques employed by politicians to legitimise themselves and delegitimise their opponent and thus win the elections.

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In an effort to explain why we found certain exchanges among colleagues troubling, the current study draws on Sue's (2010a) microaggressions framework to reveal hidden hierarchies within an academic speech community. We complement Sue's theoretical framework with empirical, pragmatic approaches to analyzing every-day, unrecorded interactions to both strengthen and refine the microaggressions construct and research agenda. Based on our analyses, which highlight the hierarchical relationships between participants, we propose revising the microaggressions construct to attribute their existence to revelations of (overt and covert) hierarchies, and not marginalization. Where Sue attributes microaggressions to an individual's or group's marginalization, our analyses suggest, in fact, that marginalization is the result (rather than the cause) of microaggressions. The analysis and discussion focus on hierarchical relationships common to many university English departments, but parallels can be drawn with other fields, such as language and linguistics programs within larger departments, and thus are relevant beyond a single discipline. We also propose restricting the microaggressions construct to unintentional slights and snubs (rather than both intentional and unintentional as in Sue's framework), since part of what makes microaggressions so troubling is their unexpected appearance in conversations and friendly discussions among colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oath is a speech act with typically intensive expressive mode. It is intentionally issued to emphasize and scrutinize certain statements. Constitutionally, oaths are subsumed under two unrelated pragmatic genres jointly: constative and performative. In fact, the major problem lies in the fact in determining a judgment accurately on whether the oath expression is a performative or consatitive. As a performative act, oath is ultimately typified under the umbrella of commissive speech acts. The performative act virtually indicates an execution of other illocutionary acts simultaneously such as assertive, expressive, and declarative. This reciprocally offers overlapping that permanently entails maintainable consistent pragmatic parameters and highly regarded interpretive supplements. Besides, oaths may be overtly realized via other acts such as apologizing, promising, or even threatening leading to covertly implicated oaths. Additionally, the pragmatic propositional and socio- cultural constraints of English - Arabic oath may be realized differently due to cultural divergences. Thence, this study aimed at proposing valid pragmatic parameters for genuinely indicating the nature and type of act performed via uttering oath expression, as well as clarifying how the expressions of oath are realized in both languages. In conclusion, performative oaths are intently marked via the obtained illocutionary act that they felicitously hold. In addition, there is no formal correlation between the proposition of oaths and their performative achievement. Finally, there is no one- to one correspondence between English oath speech acts and their Arabic counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]