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Copyright of Revista Signos is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University Humanity Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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This article aims at perceiving to which extent the Italic adverb has innovated with respect to the Proto-IndoEuropean legacy. This leads us to the issue of the adverb considered from a typological perspective and of the status of the adverb in some languages where the adverbial system is quite different from that of the Indo-European languages. I will examine among others the question of the coverb that is functionally equivalent to an adverb from a semantic point of view although it belongs without doubt to another part of speech, that of the verb. I will also deal with the sometimes-difficult distinction to be made between adverbs and prepositions (or postpositions). Lastly, the modal particle could corroborate the impression that the adverb often transcends the boundaries between the parts of speech.

Copyright of German International Journal of Modern Science / Deutsche Internationale Zeitschrift für Zeitgenössische Wissenschaft is the property of Artmedia24 and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dans cet article, nous avons proposé d’une part d’étudier principalement la préposition simple n « de » en kabyle, il s’agit d’apporter une description morphologique plus au moins détaillée et, d’autre part, de présenter les différents emplois de ce morphème grammatical. Notre attention en premier lieu est concentré sur la notion de la préposition où elle est présentée en tant qu’unité linguistique ayant pour rôle de mettre en relation les différents éléments dans une phrase, puis nous avons consacré le reste de la contribution à l’analyse de la préposition simple n « de » du point de vue morphologique et syntaxique. Nous avons abordé dans le volet morphologique les particularités formelle de la préposition, sa forme, son apparence, nous avons aussi attaché notre regard sur l’unité linguistique qui suit la préposition ; sa nature et son état. Dans le volet fonctionnel, nous avons mit l’accent sur les différentes fonctions de cet élément. Abstract In this article, we have proposed, on the one hand, to primarily study the simple preposition n « of » in Kabyle. This entails providing a more or less detailed morphological description and, on the other hand, presenting the various uses of this grammatical morpheme. Our initial focus is on the concept of the preposition as a linguistic unit that serves to relate different elements in a sentence. We then dedicated the rest of the contribution to the analysis of the simple preposition "n" from a morphological and syntactic perspective. In the morphological aspect, we addressed the formal characteristics of the preposition, its form, and its appearance. We also paid attention to the linguistic unit that follows the preposition, considering its nature and state. In the functional aspect, we emphasized the various functions of this element.

The practice of conducting linguistic examinations on documentary disputes reveals the urgency of the issue connected with interpretation of time frames nominations by the parties. Time frame nominations starting from ... to ..., through ..., from ... to ..., and similar word combinations have a conflict potential, which is explained by their polyinterpretability. The article is devoted to the description of particular temporal meanings and identification of semantic regularity in the functioning of these word combinations. The research was carried out employing the information from lexicographic sources, the National Corpus of the Russian Language, and the author’s practice of linguistic expertise. The lexicographic description of prepositions involved in the formation of temporal structures was analyzed. Turning to the data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language made it possible to identify two opposite types of functionally actual precise meanings of the studied temporal structures: time frame nomination with the right boundary included in it; and the one not included. The regularity and conditions for the formation of these meanings have been established. Significant factors that influence the realization of one of the meanings within the distinguished antinomy include the semantic signs of the structure components: “pointiness” or “extension” of the object that denotes the right boundary of the time frame, as well as the duration or extension of the process within the time frames. The dominant meaning of the model under study was determined: the structure from ... to ... and the corresponding semantic model with the right boundary included in the time frame nomination. To demonstrate specific expert situations, cases are presented, in which the subject of dispute was the interpretation of constructions indicating the time frames of legally significant processes. Recommendations are given for eliminating ambiguity in time period nominations in documentary texts.

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakültesi Dergisi DTCF Dergisi is the property of Ankara Universitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakultesi (DTCF Dergisi) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study we will start from a suggestion taken from Kayne’s proposal (2016) about silent heads, in order to analyse the structure of some specific adverbial PPs in different languages. It will be argued that behind certain manner constructions consisting of a preposition plus an adjective may lie a full nominal phrase, whose head is generally – but not exclusively – silent. This study will show that there is a cross-linguistic tendency to create manner expressions using a nominal head meaning ‘way’ or ‘manner’, and also that this head may change diachronically, either becoming silent to form idiomatic expressions, or being reanalysed and grammaticalised into a productive adverbial suffix.

Background. In modern conditions, one of the requirements for successful communication, including professional one, is its conciseness and capacity, thus, the advantages of linguistic economy come first. One of the most productive means of linguistic economy in French has recently become the ellipsis of prepositions, as a result of which a lot of uncomplicated non-prepositional constructions appear. Given that French is considered a nominative language, it becomes obvious that non-prepositional nominative constructions are of greatest interest for research. Purpose. The article examines the use of non-prepositional nominative phrases in special texts of the customs press, in order to increase linguistic competence in professional customs discourse. Materials and methods. The material for the study was 19 issues of Francophone industry customs publications: the magazine Douane. Magazine, the publication of the General Directorate of Customs and Indirect Duties of France, and OMD Actualités (No. 102) (News of the World Customs Organization). A functional-semantic research method was used in the analysis of the material. Results. The results of the study showed that the prepositional nominative constructions that appeared as a result of the ellipsis of prepositions are quite frequently used in customs discourse. The structures discovered during the study were divided into three main groups. In addition, cases of the use of non-prepositional phraseological units in the texts were identified, as well as cases of the use of a noun with conjugation, with a missing conjunction of components. It is noted that the most well-established and productive structures are those with the defining component clé, phare, pilote, moteur. At the same time, there are cases of misinterpretation and labile use of the construction both with and without a preposition, which indicates that such type of word formation is not fully established and remains innovative. The scope of the results. The results of the study can be used to teach students French in the "Customs" academic discipline.

Introduction. One of the important problems that arise in the process of translation from Russian into German is the adequate transmission of prepositions as connecting links of individual members of a sentence or entire independent constructions. There are a fairly large number of prepositions in modern German that differ from each other in their structure, using of cases, number of meanings and style of use. The object of this study is the preposition ради and methods of its translation to the German. Purpose of the study: to reveal the lexical-semantic and stylistic features of the preposition ради and determine its equivalents in German. The following methods were used during the study, i.e., the analytical one, classification, comparison, observations, descriptions. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that the preposition of the Russian language ради can also act as a postposition. It finds many equivalents in German: für, wegen, aus Gründen, meinetwegen, deinetwegen, zuliebe, seinetwillen, zugunsten, zwecks. The choice of the German equivalent depends on the lexical-semantic meaning of the preposition, text style, communication goals. Research materials can be used in the process of mastering the German language, in practical classes in oral speech, as well as in lexicology and translation studies.

This article traces the development of agency prepositions in Old and Middle English passives, documenting the most important stages of the process and presenting them against a larger background of linguistic changes after the Norman Conquest. The study is based on large, syntactically annotated corpora of Early English, and takes into account all the main agency prepositions, that is, þurh 'through,' fram 'from,' mid 'with,' bi 'by,' and of, analyzing their token and type frequency, textual distribution, diachronic trends, collocational preferences, and use in lexically fixed formulas. The results are interpreted within the Construction Grammar framework, with the agency prepositional phrase treated as an emerging construction undergoing a slow and particularly difficult constructionalization process hindered by the restriction of the long passive to the written mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Turkish is classified according to its structure, it is in the group of agglutinative languages. In Turkish, suffixes are generally divided into two as inflectional suffixes and constructive suffixes. All suffixes in all agglutinative languages and in the Turkish language have a function, a duty. Researching the semantics, function, etymology and phonology of these suffixes is very important because it means examining and understanding the entire Turkish language. The main purpose of our research is to present the form, usage, sound events, and examples of the preposition tapa "-e doğru" in historical and contemporary texts, which turned into an affix for various reasons over time, while it was an independent word before. It has been tried to answer the question in which dialects the preposition "tapa" is added and continues to be used as a preposition in which dialects. In the study, firstly, the etymology of the preposition "tapa" was given. Then, the forms and usage examples of the prepositions in historical dialects are mentioned. After the historical dialects, it has been tried to show with examples in which contemporary dialects and in which form the preposition tapa lives. In the study, it was concluded that the preposition tapa is used in contemporary dialects other than Western Turkish and it is added as +diva/+dive/, +tiva/+tive/, +duva/+duve/, +tuva, +tuve in Tuvan Turkish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Young Intellectuals / Genç Mütefekkirler Dergisi is the property of Journal of Young Intellectuals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to demonstrate the concept of the Arabic preposition "khilāl" from a cognitive semantic perspective. Prototype theory, image schema, and metaphor theory are used to analyze the data Some of the Arabic expressions are chosen to be analyzed. It has been found that the spatial meaning of the preposition "khilāl" is its prototype meaning. The source-path-goal schema and the spatial metaphor are used to extend the meaning of the word from the spatial to non-spatial domains. These results lead to the conclusion that a given preposition's prototype meaning, "khilāl" is the source of all of its non-prototypical meanings.

Adpositions localize an entity (Figure) with respect to another entity (Ground), designated by the complement of the adposition. Most Finnic adpositions are postpositions with a genitive Ground, while prepositions typically have a partitive Ground. This work is a cognitive-linguistic study of the synchronic and diachronic semantics of partitive-Ground adpositions. It is argued that adpositions with a partitive Ground select a proximal perspective to the locational relationship, while those with a genitive Ground select a distal perspective. Three alternative hypotheses are introduced and compared concerning the origin of two Finnish partitive-Ground adpositions, kohti ‘towards’ and päin ‘towards’: 1) These adpositions originated as instructive-case bodypart expressions of position (cf. selin ‘with one’s back at’), and their partitive Ground indicated a viewpoint person; 2) They were instructive forms with a meronymic-locative meaning, expressing a more precise target area within the Ground, together with a directionality toward that area; 3) The Ground of kohti and päin was originally a partitive object of ‘aiming’ or ‘shooting’ verbs, and the soon-to-be adpositions themselves were lexicalized adverbs of direction. Kokkuvõte. Tuomas Huumo: Milleks partitiiv? Kaassõnade laiendit markeeriva partitiivkäände motiividest läänemeresoome keeltes. Kaassõnad suhestavad trajektori orientiiriga, mida väljendab kaassõna laiend. Enamik läänemeresoome keelte kaassõnadest on tagasõnad, mille laiend on genitiivis, eessõnade laiend aga on tavaliselt partitiivis. Käesoleva töö eesmärgiks on selgitada partitiivis laiendiga kaassõnade sünkroonilist ja diakroonilist semantikat kognitiivse lingvistika vaatenurgast. Autor väidab, et partitiivlaiendiga kaassõnad valivad asukohasuhtele proksimaalse perspektiivi, erinevalt genitiivlaiendiga kaassõnadest, mis valivad distaalse ja holistilise perspektiivi. Autor pakub välja kolm alternatiivset hüpoteesi, mis puudutavad kahe soome keele partitiivlaiendiga kaassõna, kohti ja päin (mõlemad tähendusega ’suunas, poole’), päritolu: 1) kaassõnad grammatiseerusid instruktiivis kehaosaväljenditest (vrd. selin ’seljaga millegi poole’) ja nende partitiivlaiend väljendas esialgselt vaatleja asukohta; 2) vormid olid lokatiivsed instruktiivid, mis väljendasid meronüümiliselt täpsemat sihtala orientiiri sees; 3) partitiivlaiend oli esialgselt objekt ning väljendas suunatud tegevuse (nt. ’sihtima’, ’laskma’) sihtkohta, tulevased kaassõnad aga olid suunda täpsustavad adverbid.

The functioning of the French-origin preposition à la in the modern journalistic corpus of the German language is analyzed. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of linguistic description of this preposition in domestic and foreign German studies, despite its productivity in the German language. Combinations including the preposition à la were identified through a comprehensive sampling method in the DWDS corpus. The authors consider the preposition as synonymous with German derived prepositions that denote “similarity, likeness”: nach Art von, im Stile von, in der Art von, nach dem Prinzip von. It is noted that proper names (à la Agatha Christie) and predicative units (à la “Klinsmann liebt Leipzig”) serve as the main carriers of the preposition, with fewer examples involving concrete, abstract, and animate nouns. A paradigm of variable government for this preposition is proposed. The authors conclude that the choice of case government for the preposition is influenced by the structural characteristics of prepositional constructions, namely the presence / absence of an article or accompanying word after the preposition, as well as the gender and number of the governed noun.

Although prepositions are relational linguistic units of modest sizes, they can contribute a variety of different meanings to the constructions they are found in. The paper looks into the notion of e-site, which allows for conceptual elaboration of more schematic entities along the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the human conceptual representation. It argues that e-sites are useful for prepositional meaning description. First, e-sites come into play when schematic TRs and LMs of the preposition are elaborated by more specific conceptual structures, thereby, forming a vertical schematic-specific hierarchy of conceptual structures. Along the horizontal dimension, e-sites are responsible for the integration of the conceptual content of expressions which come together to form constructions. This type of elaboration finds its expression in the typology of languages (satellite- or verb-framed) proposed by Talmy (2000) and elaborated by Slobin (2005).

The paper studies the language of sadness in English on a corpus of conventional expressions and aims at investigating the choice of prepositions combined with a number of sadness terms (e.g. sad about his failure, unhappy at his misfortunate, depressed by the news, sorry for being late). The paper finds that the prepositional phrases name the causes triggering sadness and there are correlations between the prepositions about, at, by, for and over and the types of causes combined together, which can be explained the metaphorical meanings of the prepositions.

From a cognitivist and multisystemic perspective on the conception of language, this article revisits the class of prepositions in Portuguese, re-discussing their concept and their traditional categorization in terms of form and function. The core of the discussion consists of a proposal to categorize the eleven most productive essential prepositions in Portuguese according to the prototype of the items, defined based on a matrix of features that combines categorical criteria (degree of grammaticalization), syntactic (transitivity potential) and cognitive (representation concrete and metaphorical space). In this analysis methodology, the most prototypical examples of the class are those that combine the greatest number of features in the matrix, while the most peripheral are those that present fewer features that define the category. The results obtained indicate a specialization in the use of the most peripheral exemplars in the affix function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the multi-word verbs, which are very common in English, but are acknowledged as difficult to acquire by nonnative learners of English. Phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs serve an idiomatic purpose. Therefore, they should not be taken literally; rather, they have a figurative or metaphorical meaning. The existence of a simple notional verb in a synonymic relationship with a verb with an adverbial particle determines the non-native English speakers to avoid the latter. From the perspective of the Romanian language, where such constructions do not exist, it is obvious that the attempt to avoid verbs with an adverbial particle and the preference for simple verbs will be more significant as the semantic transparency of the English verbal construction is reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional explanations of alternations often invoke semantic contrast between alternates. In some cases, however, new alternations may arise not to code contrast but simply because the grammar supports multiple roughly equivalent solutions to the same coding problem. Our study illustrates this by exploring the history of English prepositional phrase complements (PPCs) to mental predicates, with a special focus on about and at (as in everyone was enthusiastic about the project). It is shown that about saw a dramatic extension in its use as a PPC marker, resulting in various new alternation contexts. These developments are concomitant to changes in the general semantic structure of about that resulted in stronger grammatical sanction to its use as a PPC marker. Compared to about, at has a far more stable semantic profile overall, contributing to greater stability in its use as a PPC marker as well. In other words, distributional changes in the system of PPCs, and the new alternations that arise as a result, are a side effect of changes in the overall semantic profiles of the prepositions used to mark PPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I analyze, from a compositional perspective, the relevant features to construct the interpretation of immediate succession between a subordinate event and the event that takes place in the main sentence. Among all the components involved in the construction of the meaning of immediate succession, I focus particularly on the subordinators, which present a mosaic of variation in current Spanish. The key ideas that can be derived from the data analysis are the following. First: subordinators of immediate succession are the loci of variation of temporal subordinates. Second: a subordinator of immediate succession is a "linguistic variable" that can be syntactically materialized in different forms by applying general rules that do not change the meaning, although sometimes they do change the grammatical category. Third: in the diachronic evolution of Spanish, several patterns of internal structure have emerged for immediate succession subordinators. However, most of them have ceased to be productive, although some subordinators that were coined with these patterns have survived as fossils in the current language. Fourth: the only productive pattern in the present language can be reduced to the Adv (immediacy) + que scheme, which goes back to Late Latin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of prepositions is one of the most challenging aspects of grammar in any language. Translating them poses much greater difficulty than translating other parts of speech such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, etc., so often the sentence structure needs to be entirely changed to accurately translate a specific preposition. Given the reality that studies on Albanian prepositions, especially from a contrastive perspective, are not plentiful, we have decided to dedicate this work to the study of Albanian prepositions to highlight their semantic characteristics, examining their uses and meanings, and comparing Albanian structures containing these prepositions with their equivalents in French. Therefore, the primary focus of this research is to identify equivalence and understand the syntactic differences that may exist between these two languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Estonian & Finno-Ugric Linguistics / Eesti ja Soome-ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri is the property of University of Tartu Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract In the Persian language, since Old Persian, /bær/ (on) has been one of the adpositions that grammatically and semantically acts as a preposition. Studying the polysemy of /bær/ (on) as a preposition is the subject of this paper, which is in the cognitive semantics framework and based on “principled polysemy” introduced by Tyler and Evans (2001 & 2003). This study seeks to determine the core meaning and explain the semantic network of /bær/ (on) as a preposition, in addition, to investigating the role of spatial and non-spatial elements in its semantic network. This research is descriptive-analytical, and the data are extracted from the two most comprehensive dictionaries in Persian: Dehkhoda and Sokhan. The results show that /bær/ is used to represent abstract concepts systematically derived from the core meaning of /bær/, "above, on". These abstract concepts are causality, duty and responsibility, confrontation and opposition, accumulation, concomitance and companionship, and conformity and compatibility. The process of abstraction, changing the relationship between Trajectory and Landmark, and focusing on each of the configuration elements of the proto-scene are the factors that create peripheral concepts in which abstraction and non-spatialization of the core meaning have been more effective than others.

Verbs in Arabic Language are preceded with specific prepositions: each preposition is called sila for the verb it precedes to. A difference of opinion exists among exegetists and Quran scholars about these prepositions followed by a non-dedicated verb which are used at variance in rhetoric and syntax. Rhetorically, it refers to metaphorical as of majāz, allegory, symbolism and simile whereas syntactically it clears the position of verb and assists in giving the required meaning accordingly. This research aims at a stylistic, rhetoric and syntactic analysis of these preceding prepositions through an empirical study.

The term colligation evidently highlights syntagmatic patterns of language. Basically, it investigates grammatical attractions between different lexical items based on their grammatical category (Firth, 1968). However, the concept collocation only discusses the lexical attraction between different lexicons. The aim of this study is to find out different colligations’patterns of preposition: to, in and into in native corpus of English language; LOCNESS. A quantitative approach has been underpinned in present study to find out grammatical patterns and their distribution. Benson et al. (1986) identified eight different grammatical collocations (colligations) in which the patterns G1, G5, and G8 particularly discussed distinctive colligation patterns of preposition. So, researcher follows this framework and tries to identify different colligation patterns of selected words to, in and into as preposition. For this purpose, corpus has been tagged by MAT tagger. The task of identification of different kind colligation patterns of selected words has been accomplished by corpus analysis toolkit AntConc 3.4 4. The findings notify us about the distribution of different kinds of colligation/grammatical patterns and their delicate offshoots. These colligations can be helpful for pedagogical purpose to teach ESL pupils about grammatical patterns of words rather than only rely on cramming based learning activities in the due to arbitrary nature of lexical collocations.

The semantic-syntagmatic analysis of Bulgarian double-preposition constructions reveals that they are formed through two main mechanisms - semantic (linguistic) and notional (non-linguistic). Semantic constructions are characterised by combinations of prepositions in synonymous relations, while notional constructions arise when a broad-meaning preposition is combined with a prepositional phrase. The synonymous semantic relation of the two prepositions turns them into a single unit with a single meaning. In notional constructions, prepositions do not form a single semantic whole, but rather function as markers of relevance and are involved in the organization of the utterance / sentence as meaning-forming elements. The word order in double-preposition constructions depends on the semantic content of the meanings of the prepositions: in case of relatively similar content, word order is free, while in the presence of a preposition with a broad semantic content, it is fixed, i.e. the preposition with the broader content appears in initial position. The identification of semantic and notional varieties not only helps to systematize double-preposition constructions, but can also serve to distinguish them from prepositions co-occurring for some other reason. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While prepositions create a phrasal structure in the sentence, they choose complements consisting of words originated from nouns, pronouns or verbs as dependent elements. Prepositional phrases determine specific syntactic roles for themselves and assign various semantic roles to the compulsory element attached to them, in other words, to their complements. In this study, the syntactic roles that prepositions assign to their complements are analysed within the frame of dependency grammar and volition theory while semantic roles are analysed within the frame of role theory, which is discussed within government and binding theory that is one of the subtitles of state grammar and transformational generative grammar. Tuvan language has a large number of inflected prepositions. Inflected prepositions form a prepositional phrase with the words coming before and after them and fulfil a specific function in the sentence. The syntactic and semantic role of each preposition varies according to the dependent morphemes. Therefore, a preposition may have multiple syntactic and semantic roles. This situation can only be resolved in context. In this study, syntactic and semantic roles that inflected prepositions, ışkaş, deg, deeş, -bile and hire, attach to their complements are analysed on the basis of the mentioned theories and within the sample sentences selected from grammar books, dictionaries and literary texts. In the end of each section of preposition analysed, a table consisting of preposition’s meaning, function, complement type, syntactic role, and semantic role is presented. In this way, it is aimed to reveal each feature of the analysed prepositions clearly and collectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses spread of the atypical syntactic construction 'preposition ar + feminine pronoun or noun' in Kurzeme Livonic subdialects. In Standard Latvian, all nouns and pronouns in construction with prepositions have a strict prepositional government that in singular usually requires genitive or accusative case. Latvian grammars of the 17th-21st century show that there has been uncertainty. Probably the reason is that the oldest Latvian grammars represent also features of dialects. Only the 20th and 21st century grammars shows clear and constant paradigm of prepositional government. Only few prepositions in Standard Latvian have different government regarding semantics. Some changes in prepositional government in Livonic dialect of Latvian have been observed regarding semantics, gender, number and other aspects. The cartographed material shows that this peculiarity is common in Kurzeme Livonic subdialects, also Vidzeme Livonic subdialects, but not so common in subdialects of Middle Latvian dialect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In language, which is the means of communication and self-expression, the main element of the sentence is the predicate that expresses judgment. Even if the place of the predicate in the sentence changes, its feature of being the main element does not change. In the sentence, elements such as subject, object, place complement, and adverb complement complete the meaning of the predicate from various aspects. Among these elements that complete the basic predicate, there may be phrases that are considered subordinate clauses. The way these groups of words, that is, subordinate clauses, are connected to the main sentence differs among the languages of the world. In Turkish, subordinate clauses are usually connected to the main sentence with noun verbs, participles, and gerunds. As a result of the communication and interaction with different languages in the deep history of Turkish, it is seen that the sentence-linking forms available in Indo-European languages are also copied. In these sentences, in which various prepositions are used as a connector, the place of the Turkish basic sentence predicate, which is usually at the end, can also change. Such sentences, in which the predicate of the main sentence is at the beginning, in the middle or at the end, appear in various historical written languages of the Turkish language and in contemporary written and spoken languages, as well as in Kipchak Turkish with Armenian Letter texts. The Kipchak Turkish with Armenian Letter texts contain significant original language material in terms of phonetic, morphological, lexical, semantic as well as syntactic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 6. Sınıf düzeyinde edat ve bağlaç konusuyla ilgili dil bilgisi başarı testi geliştirmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda ilk olarak Bloom’un yenilenen taksonomisi dikkate alınarak konuya ait kazanımlar belirlenmiş ve bu kazanımları karşılayan 167 adet, edat ve bağlaç konusuyla ilgili soru hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan sorular için uzman görüşü alınarak görüşler doğrultusunda 54 adet soru seçilmiştir. Testin kapsam geçerliliğini belirleyebilmek için belirtke tablosu oluşturulmuştur. Maddeler analiz edilmeden önce 6.sınıf düzeyinde 25 öğrenciye test uygulanarak onların maddeler üzerindeki yorumları alınmıştır. Ön pilottan sonra son şekli verilen taslak test, 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılında 200 öğrenciye uygulanarak testin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları yapılmıştır. 54 maddelik taslak testin güvenirlik analizi 0,661 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Total Varyans Tablosu incelediğinde veri setini daha iyi şekilde temsil edebilecek 22 sorunun mevcut olduğu saptanmış ve bu sorular nihai teste alınmıştır. Nihai testin Cronbach’s Alpha Katsayısı 0,710 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Cronbach Alfa katsayısının (α) 0.60-0,90 arasında olması testten alınan puanların oldukça güvenilir olduğunu gösterir.

The article is dedicated to the local preposition na ‘on’ in Polish and its German equivalents auf. The main focus of the study are case alternations associated with the use of the preposition. The locative case in Polish is regarded as a structural case. Based on the observations on verb-independent case alternations, the preposition na ‘on’ in Polish is considered as a functional category with regard to the Principles and Parameters Theory the Minimalist Program.

In this study, we propose a comparative analysis of the ditransitive constructions in Dialectal Brazilian Portuguese (DBP) and Colloquial Standard Brazilian Portuguese (BP), taking into consideration the phenomenon named Double Pronominalization, in which both the theme and the goal arguments are realized as clitics or full pronouns, with consequences for the occurrence of a type of Person Case Constraint as well as a specific case of clitic doubling. In the comparative scenario, we show that the DBP instantiates a particular type of Double Object Construction (DOC), in which the grammatical licensing of the goal argument has similarities with the English DOC. Further we consider that both the dialectal and the standard varieties display the prepositional ditransitive construction (PDC), in which the goal argument is introduced by the preposition para (‘to’). In this paper we propose that these innovative properties can be accounted for if we consider the theory of low and high applicative, as expressed in Pylkännen’s (2008) typology. Following Pancheva & Zubizarreta (2018), we also assume that the applicative head bears an interpretable person feature entering an agreement relation with the argument introduced in the specifier position of the applicative domain (cf. also Torres Morais & Salles 2010, 2016, 2019). Finally, we claim that the loss of third person dative clitics in BP undermine the feature make-up of the low applicative head, excluding clitic cluster and clitic doubling formation (of the EP type). Consequently, two strategies arise in the licensing of the goal argument in ditransitive structures: (i) under structural Case, in a low applicative head, as found in DBP; (ii) as an oblique phrase, introduced by the preposition para (‘to’). However, first and second clitics me and te remain, implying that the BP pronominal system expresses a monovalent value for the feature [participant]. We propose that they are licensed in a high applicative structure bearing an interpretable person feature, under an agreement relation with the inherent interpretable person feature, which corresponds to first (speaker) and second person (addressee) (cf. Torres Morais & Salles, 2022).

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches en Langue et Littérature Françaises is the property of University of Tabriz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Turkish Studies - Language & Literature is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)