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The aim of this study was to compare the functional properties of linseed oil powders made of three types of wall material (OSA starch + maltodextrin, OSA starch + nutriose, and OSA starch + inulin) and two types of emulsion phases (micro- and nanoemulsion). For these independent variables, the properties of the prepared emulsions (flow curves and viscosity) and the resulting powders (encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution, water activity, bulk and tapped density, Carr's index, color parameters, and thermal stability) were determined. The results showed that emulsion viscosity and most powder properties were affected by the emulsion type. All emulsions demonstrated Newtonian-like behavior, with viscosity values ranging from 29.07 to 48.26 mPa·s. The addition of nutriose induced the most significant variation in this parameter, with nanoemulsification leading to a 1.6-fold increase in viscosity compared to microemulsification. The application of nanoemulsification to prepare the emulsions prior to spray-drying resulted in powders with lower surface oil content (by 78.8–88.5%), tapped density (by 1.7–14.2%), and Carr's index (by 7.6–14.0%), as well as higher encapsulation efficiency (by 5.9–17.0%). The decreased oxidative stability (by 30.9–51.1%) of powders obtained from nanoemulsified emulsions was related to 4.7–15.9-fold lower surface oil content. Powders produced using inulin as the wall material had the smallest and most uniform particle sizes, showing minimal variation between powders derived from nano- and microemulsified emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to select suitable wheat flour raw materials for industrial processing of dough, 12 wheat varieties with a wet gluten content of 24.4%~32.7% were selected. The physicochemical properties, flour properties, viscosity properties, and fermentation rheological properties of wheat flour were measured, and the correlation between wheat flour properties and dough quality was analyzed. The results showed that as the wet gluten content increased, the fermentation height, total volume, retention coefficient (R), and specific volume of the dough all increased (P

To investigate the functional effects of superfine grinding treatment on Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua powder, in this study, the sample was ground and sieved by pharmacopoeia test sieves (50, 100, 200 and 325 mesh) to prepare P. cyrtonema Hua powder with different particle sizes. Its physical properties were studied using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process was simulated. The results showed that the particle size of P. cyrtonema Hua powder exhibited a significant difference (P

Spray drying of emulsions is a widespread encapsulation technique to produce a large variety of powdered formulations. The oil droplet size (ODS) in the powder is critical for product quality, influencing key product parameters such as the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the oil. To expand the understanding of changes in ODS and structure formation during the drying step. For this purpose, model oil-in-water emulsions were spray-dried at varying air inlet and outlet temperatures. The powders were characterized regarding ODS and EE. Smaller ODS were observed for parameter combinations where higher drying rates are expected due to decreased coalescence. The results for the EE revealed no clear trend. An increase of air outlet temperature first led to a small decrease in EE followed by a distinct increase of EE. The first decrease may indicate a collapse of the particle morphology but more detailed investigations are necessary to explore these phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods is the property of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the functional effects of superfine grinding treatment on Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua powder, in this study, the sample was ground and sieved by pharmacopoeia test sieves (50, 100, 200 and 325 mesh) to prepare P. cyrtonema Hua powder with different particle sizes. Its physical properties were studied using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion process was simulated. The results showed that the particle size of P. cyrtonema Hua powder exhibited a significant difference (P<0.05) following grinding and sieving treatment. The grinding process only destroyed the surface structure of the powder, but did not destroy the molecular structure of the powder. The angle of repose and solubility of P. cyrtonema Hua powder exhibited a continuous increase with decreasing particle size, while bulk density, wettability and water holding capacity showed a decreasing trend. Additionally, the polysaccharide content of the sample with 200 mesh (15.37%) was significantly higher than that of other samples (P<0.05). Moreover, the polysaccharide release content of the powder with 200 mesh (75 μm, ultrafine powder I) during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was higher than that of other powders. Ultrafine powderI also had a certain antioxidant ability. In summary, when the powder of P. cyrtonema Hua is sieved by 200 mesh sieve, the content of polysaccharide released is the highest. This experiment provides a theoretical basis for the practical application of P. cyrtonema Hua powders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As consumer demands evolve for health supplements, traditional ginseng products are facing challenges in enhancing their powder characteristics and bioavailability. The objective of this study was to prepare a novel ginseng superfine powder using a high-pressure homogenization (HPH) process. Response surface methodology was employed to determine the effects of HPH parameters (pressure, number of passes, and concentration) on particle size and the dissolution of the saponin components of the superfine powders. The Box–Behnken design of experiments was applied to ascertain the optimal HPH parameters for the smallest particle size and the highest dissolution of the saponin components. For the powders obtained at different parameters, the characterization of tap density, bulk density, flowability, water-holding capacity, appearance, and taste were observed. The optimized experimental conditions for the HPH process were as follows: 15,000 psi (pressure), 3 (number of passes), and 1 kg/L (concentration). The optimized values were 55 μm (particle size) and 83 mg/g (dissolution of the saponin components), respectively. The method offered technical support for the application of the HPH process in the preparation of ginseng powders. The objects of this research could be broadened to include a diverse array of botanical materials, addressing contemporary demands for cost-effectiveness and sustainability within the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foundry Technology (1000-8365) is the property of Foundry Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To optimize the resource utilization of walnut green husk and investigate the impact of grinding treatment on walnut green husk powder, this experiment was carried out to investigate the physical characteristics (particle size distribution, filling, flowability, water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, swelling capacity, and microstructure) and functional characteristics (active substance content, and antioxidant activity) in walnut green husk powders with varying particle sizes. The results demonstrated that the particle size of walnut green husk powder exhibited a significant difference (P

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To optimize the resource utilization of walnut green husk and investigate the impact of grinding treatment on walnut green husk powder, this experiment was carried out to investigate the physical characteristics (particle size distribution, filling, flowability, water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, swelling capacity, and microstructure) and functional characteristics (active substance content, and antioxidant activity) in walnut green husk powders with varying particle sizes. The results demonstrated that the particle size of walnut green husk powder exhibited a significant difference (P<0.05) following grinding and sieving treatment. The bulk density, water-holding capacity and oil-holding capacity of walnut green husk powder exhibited a continuous decrease with decreasing particle size. Conversely, the angle of repose and sliding angle showed an increasing trend. Additionally, the tap density tended to initially decrease and then increase, while the swelling capacity displayed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing. Fourier infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed no discernible damage to the molecular structure of the powder during the grinding process. In addition, the extract of the sample with 200 mesh showed significantly higher active substance content and antioxidant capacity than the other samples (P<0.05). Compared with the sample with 100 mesh, the contents of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, terpenoids and quinones were increased by 7.1%, 19.5%, 16.8% and 16.4%, respectively. This experiment provides a theoretical basis for the practical application of micro grinding in walnut green husk processing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, cress seed gum in three concentrations (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) as a stabilizer and egg white powder in four levels (1, 2, 3 and 4%) was used to produce orange juice foam and then the optimal foam sample (minimum density, maximum stability and overrun) was selected. Next, the optimal sample for drying by foam mat drying method was dried at three different temperatures (40, 55 and 70 C) by hot air dryer. The results showed that by decreasing the concentration of cress seed gum and increasing the concentration of egg white protein, the overrun increased significantly and the density decreased (p<0.05). Also, by increasing the concentration of cress seed gum and egg white protein, the stability of the foam improved. Among all the treatments, the sample containing 4% egg white powder and 0.1% cress seed gum, in addition to low drainage (drainage volume 0.5 ml), has low density (0.321 gr/cm) and high overrun (308 percent) which was selected as the best treatment for the production of orange powder. The drying time of orange pulp at temperatures of 40, 55 and 70 degrees Celsius was 100, 150 and 280 minutes, respectively. The effective diffusion coefficient in the temperature range of 40 to 70 degrees Celsius was in the range of 1.38 x 10 -7 to 2.938 x 10 -7 m2/s. The results showed that by increasing the temperature from 40 to 70 degrees Celsius, the solubility of the powder increased, while the water activity of the powder, density and reabsorption of water decreased significantly (p˂0.05). Also, the results of color analysis showed that with increasing drying temperature, color indices (L*) and (a*) increased significantly and color index (b*) decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ash gourd (AG) is a popular vegetable used widely for anti-diabetic and anti-obese properties. In the current investigation, the juice of AG pulp was screened for α-glucosidase inhibition. The result showed that the AG juice exhibited α-glucosidase inhibition in the range of 0.46 ± 0.00 to 1.61 ± 0.00 mg/mL as against standard drug acarbose showing inhibition at 0.17 ± 0.56 mg/mL. The study demonstrated that the AG juice may act as an effective, moderately potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase. These results indicate the presence of phytochemicals in AG juice that contribute as α-glucosidase inhibitors. This paper also discusses AG juice powder developed by spray drying with maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (GA) as anticaking agents. We observed that the spray-dried juice retained the α-glucosidase inhibition property. It was observed that the powder properties were better with AG juice in combination with MD, whereas AG juice with GA showed better α-glucosidase inhibition. Total polyphenol [19.15 ± 2.03 mg gallic acid equivalent/g (GAE/g)] and flavonoid [16.71 ± 1.5 mg quercetin equivalent/g (QE/g)] content were more in spray-dried powder containing GA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTIn this investigation, the drying of Stevia rebaudiana leaves was carried out in a lab scale convective hot-air dryer at a varying temperature of 30–80°C to analyze the drying behavior, fit mathematical, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy System (ANFIS) models to predict the drying kinetics of leaves. Further, dried leaf powders were analyzed for color properties, ascorbic acid and total phenol contents, antioxidant activity, water activity (aw), water solubility index (WSI), hygroscopicity (HG), density (bulk, tapped, and particle), bulk porosity, and flowability indices (Hausner ratio (HR), Carr index (CI), and angle of repose (α)). The results showed that ANFIS model with R2 of 0.9998, offers a more accurate forecast of the drying kinetics of leaves dried in a convective hot-air dryer in comparison to mathematical and ANN modeling. The convective drying significantly (p

As consumer demands evolve for health supplements, traditional ginseng products are facing challenges in enhancing their powder characteristics and bioavailability. The objective of this study was to prepare a novel ginseng superfine powder using a high-pressure homogenization (HPH) process. Response surface methodology was employed to determine the effects of HPH parameters (pressure, number of passes, and concentration) on particle size and the dissolution of the saponin components of the superfine powders. The Box–Behnken design of experiments was applied to ascertain the optimal HPH parameters for the smallest particle size and the highest dissolution of the saponin components. For the powders obtained at different parameters, the characterization of tap density, bulk density, flowability, water-holding capacity, appearance, and taste were observed. The optimized experimental conditions for the HPH process were as follows: 15,000 psi (pressure), 3 (number of passes), and 1 kg/L (concentration). The optimized values were 55 μm (particle size) and 83 mg/g (dissolution of the saponin components), respectively. The method offered technical support for the application of the HPH process in the preparation of ginseng powders. The objects of this research could be broadened to include a diverse array of botanical materials, addressing contemporary demands for cost-effectiveness and sustainability within the industry.

This study investigated the influence of gas-injected nanobubbles on the morphology of particles during spray drying under various experimental conditions. The nanoparticle tracking system was used to measure the generation, size, and concentration of nanobubbles. Experiments were conducted at different temperatures (160°C–260°C) and feed rates (0.2–0.26 g/s) to examine the effect of nanobubbles on spray drying and present diverse results. The deionized (DI) water with generated nanobubbles had a particle concentration of 1.8 × 108 particles/mL and a mean particle size of 242.6 nm, which was ∼3.31 × 107 particles/mL higher untreated DI water. The maltodextrin solution containing nanobubbles also showed a significant increase in particle generation, with a concentration of 1.62 × 109 particles/mL. The viscosity of the maltodextrin solution containing nanobubbles decreased by ∼18%, from 9.3 mPa·s to 7.5 mPa·s. Overall, the size of the generated particles was similar regardless of nanobubble treatment, but there was a tendency for particle size to increase under specific temperature (260°C) and feed flow rate (0.32 g/s) conditions. Furthermore, it was observed that the Hausner ratio significantly varied with increasing temperature and feed flow rate, and these results were explained through scanning electron microscopy images. These findings confirm that the gas nanobubbles mixed in the feed can exert diverse effects on the spray drying system and powder characteristics depending on the operating conditions. This study suggests that nanobubbles can contribute to a more efficient process in spray drying and can influence the morphological characteristics of particles depending on the spray drying conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telmisartan is an anti-hypertensive drug that exhibits poor aqueous solubility. In this work, salt formation was utilized to address this issue. Three hydrochloride salts of telmisartan (TELHCl), a trihemihydrate hydrochloride salt (TELHCl-Hyd), and two anhydrate forms (TELHCl-A and TELHCl-B) were obtained. The crystal structures of TELHCl-Hyd and TELHCl-A were determined using single-crystal structure analysis. TELHCl-Hyd is a channel hydrate that has structural similarities with TELHCl-A. The structures of both crystals are mainly composed of chain structures formed by centrosymmetric dimers connected via carboxylic–benzimidazole hydrogen bonding. Despite their structural similarities, the dehydration of TELHCl-Hyd led to the formation of TELHCl-B. The solubility, intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR), powder flowability, and tabletability of TELHCl-Hyd and TELHCl-B were characterized and compared with those of the telmisartan free base form (TEL). The hydrochloride salts enhanced the solubility of telmisartan approximately 10 to 20 times and maintained the spring parachute effect up to 24 h. The IDR was also improved due to the existence of a hydrophilic channel that facilitates the dissolution of telmisartan cations. The resulting salts had a larger particle size and a more favorable crystal morphology that led to a better powder flowability. However, the tabletability was not improved by salt formation. The TEL exhibited a defined slip plane and a higher specific surface area that may assist the tableting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing interest in protein- and peptide-based oral pharmaceuticals has culminated in the first protein-based products for oral delivery becoming commercially available. This study investigates the compaction properties of proteins in binary mixtures with common excipients up to 30% (w/w) of particulate protein. Two model proteins, lysozyme and bovine serum albumin, were compacted with either microcrystalline cellulose, spray-dried lactose monohydrate, or calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate at two different compaction pressures. Compared to the compacted pure materials, a significant increase in the tensile strength of the compacts was observed for the binary blends containing lysozyme together with the brittle excipients. This could be attributed to the increased bonding forces between the particles in the blend compared to the pure materials. The use of bovine serum albumin with a larger particle size resulted in a decrease in tensile strength for all the compacts. The change in the tensile strength with an increasing protein content was non-linear for both proteins. This work highlights the importance of considering the particulate properties of protein powders and that protein-based compacts can be designed with similar principles as small-molecules in terms of their mechanical tablet properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response surface methodology was used to optimize spray-drying process for tomato paste with 10DE maltodextrin. Independent variables were: inlet air temperature (140-160 °C) and feed low rate (350-600 mL/h). Responses variables were powder yield, moisture, and total color difference. Inlet air temperature a positive effect on powder yield and total color differences and a negative effect on moisture content. Feed flow rate led to lower powder yield, but increased moisture content and total color differences. The best spray drying conditions to produce higher powder yield and lower moisture content and total color differences were inlet air temperature of 159 °C and feed flow rate of 350 mL/h. The average particle size D43 was 23.0 ± 0.5 µm. According to the sensory evaluation carried out on the reconstituted tomato paste, the product had the characteristic color of the tomato paste and tomato paste-like flavor, confirmed that spray drying is a promising mild drying technology to produce powder with tomato paste character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing wet reconversion processes for the recovery of scraps generated in manufacturing of nuclear fuel are complex and require several unit operation steps. In this study, it is attempted to simplify the recovery process of high-quality fuel-grade UO2 powder. A novel wet reconversion process for uranyl nitrate hexahydrate solution is suggested by using a newly developed pulsed fluidized bed reactor, and the resultant chemical characteristics are evaluated for the intermediate ammonium uranate hydrate product and subsequently converted UO2 powder, as well as the compliance with nuclear fuel specifications and advantages over existing wet processes. The UO2 powder obtained by the suggested process improved fuel pellet properties compared to those derived from the existing wet conversion processes. Powder performance tests revealed that the produced UO2 powder satisfies all specifications required for fuel pellets, including the sintered density, increase in re-sintered density, and grain size. Therefore, the processes described herein can aid realizing a simplified manufacturing process for nuclear-grade UO2 powders that can be used for nuclear power generation.

NiCrAlY alloy powders used for the thermal spraying were fabricated by the closed-coupled gas atomization technology. The physical properties, particle size distribution, powder morphology, internal microstructure, and phase composition of the NiCrAlY alloy powders were investigated. The results show that, most of powders are spherical or nearly spherical particles, the particle size of 85% powders is less than 150 μm. The powder microstructures are mainly composed of dendrites and cellular crystals, and the solidification cooling rate of the powders with the particle size of 25～250 μm is about 4000～67000 K·s−1. The inner structure of the powders with the particle size less than 50 μm is dense, and a small number of particles with the particle size larger than 50 μm show the solidification shrinkage pore and hollow defects. There are Y and Si segregation in the crystal boundary and intracrystalline, and the powder phases are mainly composed of γ'-Ni3Al and γ-Ni solid solution phases.

Laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) is advantageous for manufacturing bulk metallic glasses with size and geometrical freedom. However, the oxygen uptake along the production chain can negatively impact the generation of high-quality, amorphous parts. In this context, Cu–Ti-based alloys were gas-atomised and additively manufactured using commercial- (CP) and high-purity (HP) feedstocks. The oxygen absorption in each processing step was tracked and related to the amorphous phase formation and glass-forming ability (GFA) of alloys. Results show an increasing oxygen absorption, considerably influenced by the starting feedstock, especially for CP. In HP material, the most contribution is inherent from the powder oxygen content. Results reveal the lack of influence of the oxygen content in the GFA. TEM analysis of commercial powder and PBF-LB/M sample show uniform and featureless micrographs, displaying the absence of oxygen-induced nucleation. The present contribution enhances the qualification and economic processability of amorphous metals by PBF-LB/M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spherical Ti‒1Al‒8V‒5Fe alloy (Ti185) powders used for the additive manufacturing were prepared by plasma rotating electrode atomization (PREP), using the high temperature forged Ti185 rods with the diameter of 100 mm as the electrode bar, using the Ti185 alloy ingots without “βspots” prepared by vacuum consumable arc melting as the raw materials. The properties of the Ti185 powders were characterized by vibration sieving, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the results, the particle size distribution of the Ti185 powders is wide, mainly in the range of 44~150 μm. The powder yield with the particle size less than 44 μm is 11.6%. The oxygen content of the powders (mass fraction) is less than 0.14%. The powder fluidity with the particle size less than 150 μm is 24.79 [s∙(50 g)‒1], the bulk density is 2.79g∙cm‒3, and the tap density is 2.99 g∙cm‒3. The Ti185 powders are composed of β phase due to the rapidly cooling during the PREP process. The powders exhibit the high sphericity without the satellite powders. The powders with the particle size larger than 124 μm show the cellular dendrite structure with the small amount of rough and uneven micro pores on the surface of powders. The internal organization of the powders shows the characteristics of multi-point nucleation with the cellular structure and coarse grains after the rapid solidification. With the decrease of particle size and the increase of cooling rate, the cellular dendrite structure on the surface of powders decreases gradually, showing the smooth surface for the powder particle size less than 44 μm. Meanwhile the internal organization of the powders shows a radial growth trend and significant refinement.

Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, the demand for functional food items that impart health benefits has been rising. Blackberry (Syzygium cumini L.) fruit has high anthocyanin content and other functional attributes. However, this seasonal fruit is highly perishable, and a large proportion of it goes unharvested and wasted worldwide. Spray drying of the fruit pulp can impart improved shelf life, ensuring long-term availability for consumers to exploit its health benefits. The storage quality varies according to the type of packaging material and the storage environment. Therefore, in this study, the shelf life span of the spray-dried Syzygium cumini L. pulp powder (SSCPP) was investigated during 6 months of storage under three types of packaging materials (i.e., polystyrene, metalized polyester, and 4-ply laminates) in a low-temperature environmental (LTE) and at ambient environmental conditions. The physicochemical stability of bioactive principles (TPC and TAC), microbial counts, and color components were analyzed at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months of storage. There was a significant gradual loss of dispersibility and solubility with an increase in flowability, bulk density, and wettability during the entire storage period for all three packaging materials. The TSS, pH, TPC, TAC, and microbial counts decreased in the SSCPP both at ambient and LTE conditions during the study. Among all the packaging materials, the 4-ply laminate was found to be the most appropriate and safe for storage of spray-dried SCPP at LTE conditions.

Additive manufacturing (AM) has advanced the manufacturing industry and has been employed in a wide range of industrial applications, including aerospace, automotive, medical, and die-casting equipment. To ensure the cost-effectiveness of the AM process, unfused powder must be recycled even if its characteristics may change after each cycle, making essential the validation of powder quality and component mechanical performances. Despite the research published to date, predicting the mechanical performance of printed parts issued from reused powder remains challenging since it is dependent on many AM process variables. Until now, no research has looked at the impact of powder recycling on the fatigue behavior of maraging steel components. This study investigates the impact of maraging steel powder reuse on powder characteristics, as well as on the tensile and fatigue properties of printed components. Our results indicate that the powder particle size distribution increased after eight powder reuses, particle morphology showed the presence of aggregates, broken particles, and shattered and deformed particles, while powder apparent density remained constant. Powder reusing had no significant impact on the surface roughness of as-built specimens. Although there was a slight decrease in mechanical properties over reuse cycles, tensile and fatigue performance remained globally stable, while the standard deviation of fatigue stress became narrower after eight cycles. Finally, fractography revealed that the fatigue fracture surfaces of components manufactured from an eight-time recycled powder have more fusion defects and carbon inclusions than the parts made from virgin powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of particle size dispersion of corn silk on physical, techno‐functional and antioxidant properties. Corn silk (variety: G5417) was processed into size fractions of 750, 425, 300, 212, 150 and 75 μm and were characterised. The average particle size of the soluble fraction was found to be 364.4 d.nm. The particle size distribution of corn silk powder was found to have a substantial impact on different physical parameters. The results showed a significant decrease in (0.595 ± 0.02 g cm−3) to 300 m (0.420 ± 0.02 g cm−3) and for tapped density, values decreased from 0.725 ± 0.04 (750 μm) to 0.580 ± 0.02 g cm−3 (75 μm). The corn silk powder showed intermediate flow with the values of Carr's index from 1.21± 0.03% to 1.48 ± 0.17% and Hausner ratio 17.83 ± 2.68% to 33.63 ± 0.42%, respectively, from coarser to finer particles. The water absorption capacity increased significantly and oil absorption capacity decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from coarser to finer particles. The antioxidant activity increased significantly when the particle size was reduced. The results obtained showed that corn silk powder has the potential to be used for the development of instant mixes, infant food formulas, bakery food items and value‐added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal spray-drying conditions for manufacturing Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) juice powder (JAJP) using response surface methodology (RSM) were investigated. The optimization was performed using two independent factors, which are inlet air temperature (130–180 °C) and different concentrations of nondigestible maltodextrin (NMD) as a carrier agent (10–30%). Responses such as drying yield, moisture content, water solubility index (WSI), bulk density, color, pH, and antioxidant activities of JAJP were investigated. Moisture content, vitamin C content, color, antioxidant activity, pH and bulk density were greatly influenced by inlet air temperature, but dry yield and WSI were only significantly affected by NMD concentration. The optimum spray drying conditions were determined as 14.7% NMD concentration and 154.5 °C inlet air temperature, respectively. At these optimum conditions, a drying yield of 55.73%, 4.84% moisture content, 90.98% WSI, 0.59 g/mL of bulk density, and 169.87 mg/g vitamin C content in JAJP were measured. Therefore, JAJP with the desirable physicochemical properties could be produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of powder materials and superplasticizer type on the optimal proportion of pastes and self-compacting concrete (SCC). Nine groups of power materials containing cement, fly ash (FA), limestone powder (LP), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), and modified phosphogypsum (MPG) were designed. The powder materials differed in their characteristics including specific surface area, zeta potential and density. Self-compacting paste zone (SCP zone) and the optimal proportion were obtained based on the paste rheological threshold theory. Quantitative relationships between the optimal proportion and powder characteristics were obtained by the linear regression method, which can help in the optimizing process of SCC. A new powder combination was designed to validate the relationships. The optimal water‒powder ratio by volume (VW/VP) and the optimal superplasticizer dosage by mass (SP%) could be calculated considering the physical and chemical properties of the powder combination. According to the optimal mix, the search area was narrowed and the SCP zone was obtained where a good SCC was obtained, which validated the effectiveness of the powder effect model. Finally, an improved powder effect model applicable to different superplasticizer types was proposed based on a good linear relationship between the optimal VW/VP and the basic VW/VP.

Ginseng is widely used in agricultural products, dietary health supplements, and pharmaceutical preparations, which has significant market potential. It is of great significance to develop a more efficient and environmentally friendly production process of ginseng powder. However, ginseng is difficult to be milled to an ideal state by dry grinding method because of its higher fiber content. In the meantime, ginseng has high viscosity when suspended in a liquid, which can pose challenges during wet grinding processes. In order to develop a production process for ginseng powder with excellent physicochemical properties, three kinds of powders were obtained by both dry grinding method (ball mill) and wet grinding method (colloid mill&high-pressure homogenizer) in this study. The powder properties, structural properties, saponin contents,and antioxidant activity of different ginseng powders were also investigated. The results showed that wet grinding technology using a high-pressure homogenization process could significantly improve the powder properties，including the particle size, specific surface area, span value, water holding capacity, and appearance. Moreover, both the saponin contents and the antioxidant activity of the powder had been significantly enhanced. The findings indicated that high-pressure homogenization process was a promising technique for producing plant powders rich in bioactive compounds, which could enhance their bioactivity. The method was argued to be a significant alternative technology for production of ginseng ultrafine powders. Furthermore, it offered theoretical and technical support for the application of the high-pressure homogenization process in the preparation of ultrafine powders with reduced particle sizes from high-fiber plants. [Display omitted] • A production process for ginseng ultrafine powder with excellent properties. • The technology could significantly reduce particle sizes from high-fiber plants. • Significantly improve the ginseng powders physicochemical properties. • Significantly improve the ginseng powders biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review features different powdered fruits with optimal storage stability and physiochemical parameters. Spray-drying parameters, such as temperatures and flow rate, can affect the physical properties of powders. Carrier agents provide powders with various favorable qualities, e.g. good flow rate. Commercial spray-drying of fruit juice knows different carrier agents. The review involved scientific and methodological publications, conference papers, patents, regulatory papers, and Internet resources. They were subjected to grouping, categorization, comparative analysis, and consolidation. Inlet temperature, maltodextrin concentration, and air flow rate of spray-drying increased the powder yield but decreased the moisture content. Inlet temperature, maltodextrin concentration, and feed flow rate affected the solubility. Effects of atomization rate, air flow rate and free flow rate were assessed in terms of yield, moisture content, hygroscopicity, and solubility. The article introduces the fundamentals of spray-drying and describes the effect of each spray-drying parameter on the powder quality. The list of parameters included inlet air temperature, atomization rate, air flow, and feed flow rate. We also evaluated the impacts of various carrier agents on the powder quality. The article contributed to a better understanding of how variable parameters affect the quality of food powders. The results provide the food industry with better choice options to adopt certain parameters for specific production needs.

In this investigation, the drying of Stevia rebaudiana leaves was carried out in a lab scale convective hot-air dryer at a varying temperature of 30–80°C to analyze the drying behavior, fit mathematical, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy System (ANFIS) models to predict the drying kinetics of leaves. Further, dried leaf powders were analyzed for color properties, ascorbic acid and total phenol contents, antioxidant activity, water activity (aw), water solubility index (WSI), hygroscopicity (HG), density (bulk, tapped, and particle), bulk porosity, and flowability indices (Hausner ratio (HR), Carr index (CI), and angle of repose (α)). The results showed that ANFIS model with R2 of 0.9998, offers a more accurate forecast of the drying kinetics of leaves dried in a convective hot-air dryer in comparison to mathematical and ANN modeling. The convective drying significantly (p <.05) effected the L*, a*, b*, hue angle and chroma values of dried leaves. Increase in the drying temperature from 30 to 80°C resulted in a decrement of 50.90% in aw, 10.10% in tapped density, while enhancement of 23.26% in WSI, 32.93% in HG, 54% in particle density, and 10.59% in bulk porosity of dried leaf powder. Notably, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity decreased with rising temperatures, while total phenols enhanced up to 50°C. The bulk density of dried samples remained largely unchanged with increasing temperature, while the flowability of the Stevia powder improved. Thus, these findings provide valuable insights for producers regarding the drying characteristics and properties of Stevia leaf powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides process parameters, powder properties such as grain size, morphology, and chemical composition have the highest impact on the material properties of parts produced by powder-based additive manufacturing. These properties are strongly influenced by the production process of the powder and its feedstock. In the scope of this work, the influence of three different powder producers of Ti6Al4V, on density, chemical composition, and mechanical properties of build samples, is investigated. Furthermore, the effects of the varying atomization process on morphology, particle size distribution, chemical composition, and oxide layers are studied. Particle size distribution and flowability seem to have a minor influence on the production process while density depends highly on the surface topology, sphericity, and nature of the oxide layer, which affect energy intake. Tensile properties are highly influenced by chemical composition, mainly dissolved oxygen, and polluting satellites, while notched bar impact strength is additionally influenced by the oxide layer and suspected TiO2 precipitations caused by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. This article presents a concise and comprehensive review of the technologies that are typically used for manufacturing metal powders as well as the implications that particle features have on the properties of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. Methodology. We surveyed various experiments that have taken place on the effects of the qualities of the powder and how to guarantee the dependability and reproducibility of the parts that are manufactured as well as ways of optimizing a powder’s performance. We classified the methods for producing metallic powders and highlighted the benefits, limitations, and image analysis of major production techniques. Findings. The usage of different approaches to metallic powder characterization for the analysis of the physical, mechanical, and chemical processes has contributed to major steps in powder optimization. The characterization of these powders is critical for ensuring adequate additive material dimensions and specifications and recording the properties of powders used in an AM and bridging the gap of comprehension concerning the end output in AM. Originality. This paper provides a thorough analysis of the efforts made in the powder characterization of AM components for the interpretation of the impact on the part materials’ qualities and characteristics. Metallic powder characterization has contributed to substantial progress toward powder optimization in the analysis of particle structures. Practical value. As the application of AM technology is moving away from the creation of prototypes and toward the production of finished products, it becomes important to understand the powder properties necessary to manufacture high-quality elements consistently [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrated agave sap is a product with in vivo proven hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic activities, as well as in vitro anticancer potential. In the present work, a factorial design was used to determine the suitable drying conditions of concentrated agave by studying the effect of inlet temperature (150 °C, 180 °C and 210 °C) and the type of carrier agent (maltodextrin, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, guar gum and xanthan gum). The response variables for each treatment were the product recovery and microencapsulated saponins. Further characterization of concentrated agave powders was performed: solubility in water, hygroscopicity, moisture content, tap density, bulk density, Carr's index followability and morphology by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The hydroxypropyl methylcellulose proved to improve physicochemical properties and enhance product yield, using 210 °C inlet temperature and a mix of carrier agents of maltodextrin/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/xanthan gum at 50/48.5/1.5 (w/w/w) proportion exhibited the highest saponin recovery of 53.81%. Moreover, different carrier agents in powders revealed two shapes, regular spherical shape with smooth surface and collapsed shapes. The use of polymers excipients helped to decrease the stickiness of the desired product and enhanced the powder stability and microencapsulation of the steroidal saponins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The influence of excipients on selective-laser-sintered printlets was investigated. • Various thermoplastic polymers and different grades of mannitol were used as excipients. • Excipient selection based on powder flowability and printability was emphasized. • Printlets have higher porosity and dissolution rates than conventional tablets. In this study, the impact of excipients on the quality of printlets manufactured using selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing was investigated. Various thermoplastic polymers, commonly used as pharmaceutical additives, and mannitol of different particle property grades, were used as excipients. SLS can produce complex structures and customize drug release rates; therefore, it can be used for personalized medicine. The significance of selecting suitable excipients, focusing on their powder flowability and printability, and their influence on the printlet properties was evaluated. An optimal amount of yellow iron oxide, a necessary laser-absorbing agent for printlet formation, was determined. Results revealed that excipients with optimal flow and shape characteristics considerably enhanced the printlet quality. The relation between the powder properties of excipients (internal friction angle, shear adhesion force, and flow function coefficient) and the SLS printing outcomes was evaluated using the powder shear cell test. The powder properties considerably affected the application of the powder layer using a spreader from the powder reservoir to the building platform. Moreover, the electron laser density impacted the printlet hardness. The as-fabricated printlets exhibited higher porosity and faster dissolution rates than traditional tablets, suggesting the potential advantages of using SLS in drug manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delivering viable probiotics at adequate doses is essential to exert a beneficial effect on the host organism. However, the viability of probiotics is affected by environmental conditions and biochemical changes during storage and digestion. Drying probiotics into powder form exerts various benefits (e.g. ease of handling, high stability, less space needed for storage, and maintaining cell viability). However, the final product's cell viability and fundamental powder properties are considerably affected by the type of protective material used and the drying technique employed. A comprehensive summary of probiotic drying techniques, protective materials used, mathematical models to predict survival, and powder properties has been discussed in this review. Achievements made using innovative drying methods have also been analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carriers play an important role in improving the aerosolization performance of dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Despite that intensive attention had been paid to the establishment of the advanced carriers with controllable physicochemical properties in recent years, the design and optimization of carrier-based DPIs remain an empiricism-based process. DPIs are a powder system of complex multiphase, and thus their physicochemical properties cannot fully explain the powder behavior. A comprehensive exposition of powder properties is demanded to build a bridge between the physicochemical properties of carriers and the aerosolization performance of DPIs. In this study, an FT-4 powder rheometer was employed to explore the powder properties, including dynamic flow energy, aeration, and permeability of the chitosan-mannitol binary carriers (CMBCs). CMBCs were self-designed as an advanced carrier with controllable surface roughness to obtain enhanced aerosolization performance. The specific mechanism of CMBCs to enhance the aerosolization performance of DPIs was elaborated based on the theory of pulmonary delivery processes by introducing powder properties. The results exhibited that CMBCs with appropriate surface roughness had lower special energy, lower aeration energy, and higher permeability. It could be predicted that CMBC-based DPIs had greater tendency to fluidize and disperse in airflow, and the lower adhesion force between particles enabled drugs to be detached from the carrier to achieve higher fine particle fractions. The specific mechanism on how physicochemical properties influenced the aerosolization performance during the pulmonary delivery processes could be figured out with the introduction of powder properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]