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Poverty alleviation resettlement (PAR) programme is the largest-scale poverty alleviation relocation in human history, but its impact on urbanization has received little academic attention. To fill this important gap, this study first proposed a theoretical framework of the "pressure-state-response-effect" (PSRE) of PAR promoting urbanization. Then, we regarded PAR as a quasi-natural experiment and used the PSM-DID model to assess the impact of PAR on urbanization based on the panel data of 2,081 counties in China from 2013 to 2020. Results showed that PAR had a significant positive impact on the urbanization rate of these counties, with a growth rate of 0.64%. Further mechanism analysis showed that industrial upgrading could expand the impact of PAR implementation on promoting urbanization. Additionally, PAR in the eastern and western, hilly and mountainous counties could improve the urbanization level more than that in the central and plain counties. The effectiveness of PAR varied across regions, requiring consideration of local socioeconomic complexity rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. Our findings would have important reference value for other developing countries to formulate their anti-poverty strategies to achieve the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Poverty Alleviation Relocation (PAR) policy is widely regarded as an effective approach for breaking the cycle of ecological vulnerability and poverty. However, quantitative research on the ecological restoration effectiveness of PAR lacks sufficient experimental data support. This study focuses on the karst region and employs analysis methods such as volume-derived biomass and correlation analysis to evaluate the impact of PAR on carbon storage in forest ecosystems using on-site experimental data. The objective is to enhance and broaden the research framework for assessing PAR's ecological restoration effectiveness. The findings reveal that, compared to the pre-PAR implementation period in 2015, the study area experienced an 8.16% increase in forest land area and a 6.57% increase in carbon storage after six years of PAR implementation in 2021. Following PAR implementation, carbon storage in the stone desertification area surged by 14.31%, indicating a significant correlation between PAR households and carbon storage variables. In the karst area, carbon storage increased by 4.34%, exhibiting a significant correlation between the two variables. Conversely, in the non-karst area, carbon storage rose by 5.01%, but no significant correlation was observed between the variables. Furthermore, post-PAR implementation, there is a discernible trend of stronger carbon storage enhancement with increasing distance from the relocated PAR households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The follow-up support work for poverty alleviation relocation is an important measure to consolidate and build the gains of poverty alleviation, and effectively connect with rural revitalization. Knowing whether out-of-poverty farmers can obtain employment after relocation and what kind of employment they can obtain, can provide useful policy references for follow-up support work. [Methods] This study was based on field survey data of farmers lifted out of poverty in 11 counties of 9 provinces in western China in 2021. Linear probability models and instrumental variable methods are used to study the impact of poverty alleviation relocation on the employment of farmers lifted out of poverty. Furthermore, the article discusses the differential impact of non agricultural employment sources, resettlement types, and family status of relocated farmers. The sources of employment for relocated households, as well as the differential effects of resettlement types and family status, were further discussed. [Results] The study found that: (1) Relocation significantly reduces the agricultural labor of farmers lifted out of poverty, but has no significant impact on non-agricultural employment. (2) Dividing non-agricultural employment into public public welfare position and market-based jobs, this study found that the employment of farmers lifted out of poverty in public welfare positions significantly increased, while there was no significant change in market-based employment. (3) Differential analysis shows that the promotion effect of poverty alleviation relocation on public welfare employment is more pronounced among urban resettlement households, and the market-based employment of urban resettlement households faces greater challenges. After the relocation, the employment of public welfare positions for households with asset deficient and human capital deficient increased significantly, while the employment of public welfare positions for households with compound deficiencies did not change significantly. In addition, the non-agricultural employment and market-based employment of relocated households with different family status have not changed significantly. [Conclusion] This study holds that the employment ability of relocated farmers needs to be strengthened, and we should adhere to a policy that emphasizes both employment support and guidance, focus on improving the employment opportunities and skills of relocated farmers, and provide classified policies and targeted assistance to special relocated groups, so as to stimulate and enhance the sustainable development ability of relocated farmers lifted out of poverty.

The migration initiative in Shaanxi, starting in 2011, stands as the inception of China's poverty alleviation relocation policy, encompassing diverse goals of livelihood enhancement, poverty eradication, and ecological preservation. Over the subsequent decade, spanning the “12th Five-Year Plan” relocation strategies targeting disaster avoidance, ecological relocation, and the “13th Five-Year Plan” aimed at poverty alleviation, Shaanxi witnessed 3,160,900 impoverished individuals transitioning away from the dire circumstances of unviable sustenance. Through extensive collaborative research, our team meticulously probed the ecological landscape of Shaanxi's relocation zones and the well-being of relocated farmers. We conducted surveys and policy evaluations in 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2021, carving conceptual frameworks, innovative pathways, and scientific methodologies to appraise relocation policies and address the complex issues surrounding household population dynamics and sustainable livelihoods in impoverished western mountainous regions. Our contributions span multiple fronts. First, we assessed the livelihood effects of poverty alleviation relocation in Shaanxi. The study found that the changes in the livelihood strategies of the relocated farm households basically conform to the direction of the government's promotion of the transition of farm households' livelihoods to non-farming activities, but the changes are more often reflected in farm households that have already been involved in non-farming activities, which have strengthened their non-farming livelihoods through the redeployment of intra-household labor, which has contributed to the optimization of the livelihood structure of the households to a certain extent. Second, the poverty reduction effect of poverty alleviation relocation in Shaanxi is assessed.The study found that the poverty alleviation relocation for poverty alleviation has a significant poverty reduction effect, and compared with the non-relocation scenario, the income of farm households in the poverty alleviation relocation scenario is significantly higher, the incidence of poverty is lower, and the depth and intensity of poverty is also reduced. Poverty alleviation relocation has a greater impact on the income gap of farm households, which has widened in the context of relocation compared to the non-relocation scenario. Third, the ecological effect assessment of Shaanxi's poverty alleviation relocation was made.The study found that land-based poverty alleviation relocation has brought good ecological benefits to the ecologically fragile areas in Shaanxi. The easy poverty alleviation relocation project increased the forest cover in southern Shaanxi, brought multiple ecosystem service functions, reduced the area of sloping cultivated land in mountainous areas, which directly reduced soil erosion and chemical deposition of nitrogen, phosphorus and other chemicals in the Han River Basin, and brought savings in the cost of water purification to the downstream water-using regions of the South-to-North Water Diversion Central Route, as well as carbon sequestration benefits on a global scale. Fourth,we have made the targeting optimization of the “response-participation” policy of Shaanxi's relocated farmers. It analyzes the internal mechanisms and influencing factors of farmers' response, evaluation and participation in policies in different contexts and modes; and, based on the analytical framework of “governmental support-enterprise traction-farmers' poverty eradication”, it systematically and comprehensively summarized the poverty alleviation model of “community factories” for poverty alleviation and relocation in Shaanxi, which is of great value in enriching the theories of population relocation, livelihood resilience, employment-type poverty alleviation, rural revitalization, and public policy analysis, among other relevant theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential regional planning policy, poverty alleviation relocation has a significant impact on the regional economy, environment, and social well-being and is critical for sustainable development. Based on the development of minority areas in Yunnan, this study improves the traditional sustainable livelihood analysis framework and constructed a livelihood capital evaluation system including natural, physical, financial, social, human, and cultural capital. Furthermore, the measurement standard of sustainable livelihoods is proposed, which requires not only the enhancement of livelihood capital but also the coupling and coordinated development of all capital components. Based on the data of Menglai township from 2015 to 2021, this study estimates that farmers' livelihood capital has increased after relocation, and the level of coupling and coordination has improved. Still, it has yet to reach extreme coordination. Hereafter, the theoretical framework of internal and external factors affecting livelihood capital is constructed, and the influencing factors of livelihood capital are obtained through regression analysis. This study provides a new tool for evaluating livelihood capital in minority areas, obtains new findings on the sustainable development of farmers' livelihood capital after poverty alleviation relocation, and expands a new perspective for studying the influencing factors of livelihood capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionFrom 2016 to 2020, China resettled 9.6 million poor people for the purpose of poverty alleviation. While this policy achieved the goal of eliminating absolute poverty, it also caused massive displacement and problems related to achieving a “just transition”. This study considers the “coupled coordination model” of resettlement, and examines livelihood capital and livelihood stability, from the perspective of “just transition”.MethodsThis study is based on survey data gathered in Lanping County, Yunnan Province from 235 resettled people that belong to “ethnic minority groups directly-entering-socialism”, making use of the livelihood capital assessment index system of farm households which is based on China's poverty alleviation resettlement policy and background-established a “coupled coordination degree model” which coordinates and combines livelihood capital and livelihood stability analyzes how accumulation of livelihood capital affects livelihood stability.ResultsResults indicate that (1) resettlement and supportive measures increased the coupling and coordination of migrants' household livelihood capital and livelihood stability.; (2) This type of coupled coordination led to a change from “dysfunctional decline type” to a “transitional development type”, thus reflecting “just transition”; (3) Although livelihood capital had an important positive impact on the coupling and coordination of migrants livelihood coupling and coordination, different livelihood strategies influenced livelihood coupling and coordination in different ways.DiscussionThis requires that government decision makers focus on facilitating a “just transition” as migrants become urbanized citizens. Disposing of natural resources such as farmland for migrants, promoting the implementation of land circulation policies, considering the contribution of different types of livelihood capital to different families, improving the precision of employment training, and promoting sustainable livelihood development.

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2015–2020), the Poverty alleviation relocation (PAR), led by the Chinese government in the karst regions of southwest China, aimed to cope with poverty and ameliorate the ecological environment. Nevertheless, few research results have involved quantitative assessment of the ecological effectiveness of PAR. Moreover, few studies on the ecological effects of migration relocation have distinguished the effects of relocation on climatic factors and other ecological restoration projects concerning the ecological environment. It remains unclear to what extent PAR affects the regional ecological environment. In order to quantitatively assess the extent of PAR's ecological restoration contribution, we adopted the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) model, which integrates the four more intuitive and critical influencing factors of greenness, moisture, dryness, and heat. On the Google earth engine (GEE) platform, utilizing its powerful remote sensing data storage capacity and computational capability, we quantitatively assessed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of ecological environmental quality (EEQ). As revealed by our research findings, overall EEQ showed a fluctuating upward trend over the period 1996–2021 in the study area, exhibiting an improvement of 22.66%. Mann–Kendall mutation test curves showed the most significant improvement occurred after 2015, with an improvement of 8.06%. Based on the residual analysis model, in order to remove the influence of climatic factors and other anthropogenic activities, and to assess the driving effectiveness of PAR, PAR was remarkedly effective in ameliorating EEQ, causing the RSEI to improve by 0.0221–0.0422. The LISA correlation model further analyzed that 44.91% of regional PAR implementation exerted a remarkable influence on RSEI change, of which 54.59% belonged to positive correlation. Aside from that, we also found that not all areas involved in PAR experienced ameliorated RSEI. In the western region, where the human–land conflict is prominent and the ecology is more fragile, PAR exhibited a significant effect in ameliorating EEQ, but in the eastern region, where the EEQ foundation is better, PAR did not show significant effect, and, thus, the ecological restoration effect of PAR exhibited noticeable geographical suitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ex-situ poverty alleviation relocation is a vital poverty alleviation measure implemented by the Chinese government. However, studies concerning design evaluation and poverty alleviation relocation houses for minorities are still scarce. Therefore, based on the post-occupancy evaluation method, this work constructs the evaluation index set of the satisfaction of ethnic minorities with their relocated houses, and takes Pu'er City, Yunnan Province, as an example for empirical research. Through correlation analysis and regression analysis, this work discusses their living satisfaction and its influencing factors. The results show that local residents have a high level of satisfaction with infrastructure and building safety. At the same time, residential design, architectural durability, regional characteristics, and other indicators significantly affect the overall satisfaction, and the satisfaction also has population differentiation relating to social and demographic characteristics. Finally, this article puts forward some suggestions to improve the living environment based on two aspects—"residential unit" and "community environment"—which provide references for the improvement and design of ESPAR communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As an essential regional planning policy, poverty alleviation relocation has a significant impact on the regional economy, environment, and social well-being and is critical for sustainable development. Based on the development of minority areas in Yunnan, this study improves the traditional sustainable livelihood analysis framework and constructed a livelihood capital evaluation system including natural, physical, financial, social, human, and cultural capital. Furthermore, the measurement standard of sustainable livelihoods is proposed, which requires not only the enhancement of livelihood capital but also the coupling and coordinated development of all capital components. Based on the data of Menglai township from 2015 to 2021, this study estimates that farmers’ livelihood capital has increased after relocation, and the level of coupling and coordination has improved. Still, it has yet to reach extreme coordination. Hereafter, the theoretical framework of internal and external factors affecting livelihood capital is constructed, and the influencing factors of livelihood capital are obtained through regression analysis. This study provides a new tool for evaluating livelihood capital in minority areas, obtains new findings on the sustainable development of farmers’ livelihood capital after poverty alleviation relocation, and expands a new perspective for studying the influencing factors of livelihood capital.

Poverty eradication is a critical objective of the Un 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. China's Poverty Alleviation Relocation (PAR) has made positive contributions to global poverty alleviation. The success of PAR depends on identifying factors affecting migrants' intentions to move and understanding their lives post-PAR, which is usually ignored in the literature. Therefore, based on the social integration theory, this study adopts a structural equation modeling framework to empirically explore the social integration process of PAR migrants using the sample data sourced from a survey on the resettlement site in Yunnan province, China. The results show that the social integration of PAR migrants goes through the path of economic integration, community integration, and psychological integration, where community and social support help migrants to transition from improving economic standards of living to finding a place attachment and being a member of the new community. The empirical evidence indicates policymakers should consider providing support for PAR migrants to participate in community activities and engage with residents to gain social capital for them to adapt to the new community. • SEM supports the social integration theory in PAR of China. • Community integration is the key to social integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the post-poverty alleviation era, multi-dimensionalrelative poverty governance and community integration offarmersin relo⁃ cation and resettlement areas have become serious challenges to consolidating and expanding the key achievements of poverty alleviation and effectively connecting with rural revitalization. Based on the spatial multi-dimensional poverty theory, by constructing the 'SEE-MAR􀆳 index system of multi-dimensional relative poverty coupling between poverty alleviation resettlement areas and farmers, this study ana⁃ lyzed the impact mechanism of their spatial coupling synergy on farmers􀆳 community integration, and used the evaluation report data of 38 poverty alleviation resettlement areas in Wumeng Mountain Area from 2014 to 2019. Using the entropy method and spatial econometric model, this study tested the spatial coupling mechanism of multi-dimensional relative poverty between resettlement areas and farmers, and revealed the spatial effect of multi-dimensional relative poverty coupling synergy between different resettlement areas and farmers on farm⁃ ers􀆳 community integration. The results showed that: ① The spatial coupling synergy between the poverty alleviation resettlement areas and farmers􀆳 multidimensional relative poverty was affected by systematic factors such as 'human-industry-land􀆳, and the integration of the geo⁃ graphical spatial transformation of the resettlement areas and the spatial reconstruction of farmers􀆳 livelihood presented the development trend of 'spatial differentiation→spatial coupling→spatial reconstruction→spatial integration􀆳 due to the differences of location condi⁃ tions and resource endowments. ② In terms of spatial coupling and synergy, the agricultural industrial base oriented and poverty allevia⁃ tion workshop employment oriented resettlement areas brought strong spatial coupling and synergy. In particular, the coupling synergy of small and medium-sized and large-scale farmers􀆳 resettlement areas was high, which was reflected in a pattern that small and medium⁃sized resettlement areas > large resettlement areas > super large resettlement areas > micro resettlement areas. However, the spatial coupling synergy of multi-dimensional relative poverty between resettlement areas and farmers showed a downward trend with the growth of per capi⁃ ta GDP. ③ The spatial effect of community integration of relocated farmers showed a certain spatial agglomeration and Matthew effect. The higher the degree of spatial integration, the more obvious the weakening trend of CO agglomeration and the strengthening trend of negative agglomeration. Reducing the degree of multi-dimensional relative poverty spatial agglomeration and spatial inequality between resettle⁃ ment areas and farmers could strengthen farmers􀆳 sense of community integration. Therefore, more follow-up support for relocation should be implemented to strengthen the reconstruction of farmers􀆳 livelihood space, geographical space, social space and cultural and psychologi⁃ calspace, and improve the sense of community integration of relocated farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of the poverty alleviation relocation (PAR) program on rural household income and evaluates the heterogeneous income effects of various relocation modes, based on a panel dataset of relocated households from 16 counties in eight Chinese provinces. The results show that participation in the PAR increases the income of both rural and urban resettlers. More specifically, it has a significant positive effect on agricultural and wage income for rural and urban resettlers, respectively. Further analyses show that the income increase for rural resettlers was mainly due to agricultural technology training and that the income increase for town resettlers was attributed to medical security. For the village resettlers, policies should focus on strengthening the development of local industries and training of agricultural technologies. For the urban resettlers, non-agricultural employment and public services in the urban resettlement areas should be promoted.

As one of China's key poverty-reduction initiatives, poverty alleviation relocation (PAR) unavoidably results in the reshaping of neighboring social networks. This study equally focused on the changes in the scope of social interaction and in the intergroup social support of the two primary stakeholders of PAR in a rural–rural relocation context: the migrant and local groups. In 2019 and 2021, two surveys were conducted in four different types of resettlements: centralized, adjacent, enclave, and infill. To provide decision makers with broad references for sustainable PAR planning, the social changes were compared by groups, types, and years. In general, the migrant group had more significant scope expansion or narrowing in social interaction than the local group, and they were more willing to seek intergroup social support. Specifically, the centralized type was the superior choice since it was well-expanded and group-balanced; the adjacent type was also a good choice in the long term because of its rapid improvement in the later phase; the enclave type should be a last resort because of its persistently negative impact; and the infill type was a good option in the short term, as it rarely improved in the later stage. Furthermore, the personal socioeconomic attributes associated with the above social changes, claims laid to the spaces, and economic benefits and limitations were explored for a more comprehensive understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty alleviation relocation is an important measure to realize the complete victory in the fight against poverty. This paper summarizes the achievements and experience of poverty alleviation relocation in Ankang City, Shaanxi Province. They mainly include three aspects; party building, employment, and people's livelihood. Then, it analyzes the problems faced in the follow-up support of poverty alleviation relocation in Ankang City. From three aspects; focusing on the construction of grassroots organizations, promoting the employment of the relocated households, and improving the management and services of the resettlement community, it comes up with measures and recommendations for follow-up support work of Ankang City's poverty alleviation relocation, to ensure that the relocated households live and work in peace and contentment, and provide reference for Shaanxi Province and the western region to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation and promote the rural revitalization strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2015–2020), the Poverty alleviation relocation (PAR), led by the Chinese government in the karst regions of southwest China, aimed to cope with poverty and ameliorate the ecological environment. Nevertheless, few research results have involved quantitative assessment of the ecological effectiveness of PAR. Moreover, few studies on the ecological effects of migration relocation have distinguished the effects of relocation on climatic factors and other ecological restoration projects concerning the ecological environment. It remains unclear to what extent PAR affects the regional ecological environment. In order to quantitatively assess the extent of PAR’s ecological restoration contribution, we adopted the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) model, which integrates the four more intuitive and critical influencing factors of greenness, moisture, dryness, and heat. On the Google earth engine (GEE) platform, utilizing its powerful remote sensing data storage capacity and computational capability, we quantitatively assessed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of ecological environmental quality (EEQ). As revealed by our research findings, overall EEQ showed a fluctuating upward trend over the period 1996–2021 in the study area, exhibiting an improvement of 22.66%. Mann–Kendall mutation test curves showed the most significant improvement occurred after 2015, with an improvement of 8.06%. Based on the residual analysis model, in order to remove the influence of climatic factors and other anthropogenic activities, and to assess the driving effectiveness of PAR, PAR was remarkedly effective in ameliorating EEQ, causing the RSEI to improve by 0.0221–0.0422. The LISA correlation model further analyzed that 44.91% of regional PAR implementation exerted a remarkable influence on RSEI change, of which 54.59% belonged to positive correlation. Aside from that, we also found that not all areas involved in PAR experienced ameliorated RSEI. In the western region, where the human–land conflict is prominent and the ecology is more fragile, PAR exhibited a significant effect in ameliorating EEQ, but in the eastern region, where the EEQ foundation is better, PAR did not show significant effect, and, thus, the ecological restoration effect of PAR exhibited noticeable geographical suitability.

This research extended the theory of resilience of the social-ecological system to the study of rural households’ livelihood system. Based on the survey data of over 900 samples obtained in the poverty alleviation relocation areas of Shaanxi Province, this study used the space vector method of System Engineering to measure livelihood resilience from the two dimensions of general resilience and specific resilience. This research also used the A-F method to measure the multidimensional poverty of rural households from the three dimensions of education, health and living standards, and finally applied the threshold regression model to analyze the impact of livelihood resilience on rural households’ multidimensional poverty. The research found that:（1） The livelihood resilience of relocated households（0.207 5） was significantly lower than that of local households（0.255 9）, and thus relocated households in the process of livelihood reconstruction had the risk of returning to poverty to a certain degree.（2） Increasing the diversification of livelihoods had become an important strategy for rural households to resist risks, but there were risks of livelihood transformation simultaneously.（3） The livelihood resilience significantly reduced the multidimensional poverty of rural households, but its marginal effect would enter the ‘bottleneck period’ as the livelihood resilience crossed the threshold: the marginal effect of general resilience to multidimensional poverty levels diminished, while the specific resilience weakened the effect of poverty reduction before crossing the threshold, presenting a positive impact on multi-dimensional poverty. So effective policies should be implemented to make them avoid multidimensional poverty.（4）Although the assistance measures played a positive role in the process of livelihood resilience, the threshold（0.247 6） for relocated households to fall into the multidimensional poverty trap was lower than that of local households（0.321 5）. Based on the above conclusions, this paper puts forward some suggestions: firstly, we should fully understand the implications of poverty, and make more explorations in eliminating social injustice, improving social security, and solving the lack of endogenous power of the poor. Secondly, we should develop industries according to local conditions, and create multiple employment opportunities. Thirdly, we should strengthen infrastructure construction and improve the level of public services. Finally, new-type urbanization and rural vitalization strategies should be vigorously promoted so as to break the ‘curse’ of households’ livelihood involution, and fundamentally enhance the ability of the poor to resist risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research extended the theory of resilience of the social-ecological system to the study of rural households’ livelihood system. Based on the survey data of over 900 samples obtained in the poverty alleviation relocation areas of Shaanxi Province, this study used the space vector method of System Engineering to measure livelihood resilience from the two dimensions of general resilience and specific resilience. This research also used the A-F method to measure the multidimensional poverty of rural households from the three dimensions of education, health and living standards, and finally applied the threshold regression model to analyze the impact of livelihood resilience on rural households’ multidimensional poverty. The research found that:（1） The livelihood resilience of relocated households（0.207 5） was significantly lower than that of local households（0.255 9）, and thus relocated households in the process of livelihood reconstruction had the risk of returning to poverty to a certain degree.（2） Increasing the diversification of livelihoods had become an important strategy for rural households to resist risks, but there were risks of livelihood transformation simultaneously.（3） The livelihood resilience significantly reduced the multidimensional poverty of rural households, but its marginal effect would enter the ‘bottleneck period’ as the livelihood resilience crossed the threshold: the marginal effect of general resilience to multidimensional poverty levels diminished, while the specific resilience weakened the effect of poverty reduction before crossing the threshold, presenting a positive impact on multi-dimensional poverty. So effective policies should be implemented to make them avoid multidimensional poverty.（4）Although the assistance measures played a positive role in the process of livelihood resilience, the threshold（0.247 6） for relocated households to fall into the multidimensional poverty trap was lower than that of local households（0.321 5）. Based on the above conclusions, this paper puts forward some suggestions: firstly, we should fully understand the implications of poverty, and make more explorations in eliminating social injustice, improving social security, and solving the lack of endogenous power of the poor. Secondly, we should develop industries according to local conditions, and create multiple employment opportunities. Thirdly, we should strengthen infrastructure construction and improve the level of public services. Finally, new-type urbanization and rural vitalization strategies should be vigorously promoted so as to break the ‘curse’ of households’ livelihood involution, and fundamentally enhance the ability of the poor to resist risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resolutely winning the battle against poverty is an important strategic deployment of CPC and the State Council. 2020 is the year of acceptance of China's targeted poverty alleviation strategy, and poverty alleviation relocation is an important pa1t of it. Based on the two theories of sustainable livelihood framework and spatial poverty concept, this paper explains the mechanism of pove1ty alleviation relocation to break the poverty trap. We used the PSM-DID and Heckman two-stage model to empirically test the long-term and sh01t-term effects on farmers' livelihood capital and livelihood strategies, using three-round data of 2 176 farmers in 16 counties of 8 provinces. Multi-period DID and other methods were used to test the robustness of the results. The research results in this paper show that: ① The poverty alleviation relocation has effectively improved the farmers ' livelihood capital and livelihood strategies, breaking the poverty trap that could not be jumped out, and the longer the relocation time, the more livelihood capital accumulation. ② Poverty alleviation relocation has a significant negative effect on livestock farming in the short tern, and has a positive impact on migrant workers. It will significantly reduce agricultural and forestry income in the long run and increase the income of non-agricultural self-employment. ③ For relocated farmers, different livelihood strategies depend on different livelihood capital. Agriculture and forestry depend on natural capital, physical capital, human capital, and financial capital. Livestock farming depends on physical capital and social capital. Migrant workers depend on physical capital and human capital. Non-agricultural self-employment depends on human capital and financial capital. According to the research results, this paper proposes the following policy recommendations: In the short term, the supply of physical capital such as housing infrastructure and transportation facilities should be ensured in a timely and stable manner, and assistance measures such as skill training and job acquisition should be provided according lo the characteristics of local industries, so as to ensure the strategic change of the relocated population. In the long run, education, medical care and other measures should be continuously used to enhance their cultural literacy and health. Convenient financial services and preferential tax policies should also be provided lo support the sustainable development of the non-agricultural stralegy of the relocated population in order to alleviate poverty in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relocation of local residents from ecologically vulnerable areas, with the aim of alleviating poverty through spatial displacement, often referred to as the Poverty Alleviation Relocation (PAR), is recognized as a promising strategy to tackle the challenges of 'spatial poverty traps.' Nevertheless, the current quantitative research regarding the extent of PAR's impact on ecological restoration remains limited. This study focuses on Guizhou Province and aims to quantify the impact of PAR on the region's carbon sink capacity. Upon examining the alterations in Guizhou's Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) spanning the period from 2002 to 2021, our analysis revealed a fluctuating, yet predominantly upward trajectory. The average linear regression coefficient of 0.0046. Turning points in NEP evolution were observed in 2014, corroborating that the implementation of PAR in 2015 promoted ecological restoration. Accumulated data from four years of social research revealed noticeable changes in the production and lifestyle of residents in the relocation areas, contributing positively to ecological restoration. During 2015 to 2021, the ridge regression average trend coefficient in the research area was 0.0066. In 52.77% of the research area, there was no significant correlation between the population of PAR and the NEP variable. Among the significantly correlated regions, migration was positively associated with NEP variables, accounting for 55.74% of the total. The average contribution of PAR was 4.62%, showing regional variations, with a notably positive impact in severely rocky desertification areas and predominantly negative effects in non-karst regions. Our study findings suggest a positive influence of PAR on bolstering carbon sinks capacity, though this impact exhibits regional variations. We suggest reinforcing the management of land vacated through PAR by integrating it with ecological industries. For other regions intending to achieve ecological restoration and poverty alleviation through immigration relocation, it is advisable to implement measures tailored to the specific local conditions. [Display omitted] • Quantitative analysis of PAR 's degree of contribution to ecological restoration. • Shedding light on the PAR's significance in the context of sustainable development. • Unveils that PAR's effectiveness varies by region. • Achieve spatial quantification of the contribution level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In southern Shaanxi, far from the core areas of politics and economy, the conditions are inconvenient and farmers have been threatened by geology, floods for many years, resulting in a large population of poor people. The relocation of poverty alleviation project in southern Shaanxi is helpful for improving living standards of people in disaster-stricken areas. Based on the field survey, this paper analyzed 274 valid questionnaires and established a Logistic Regression Analysis Model. The result shows that the health status of head of household, road type before relocation, annual loss of disasters, and changes in the family income after relocation have a greater influence on the relocation willing- ness of farmers, while the educational level of householder, the distance from the original place of residence to the town and market, the condition of household electricity before relocation and other factors have a little influence on the relocation willingness of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of poverty alleviation relocation is to break the vicious cycle of poverty and ecological degradation. The improvement of human capital, specifically women's human capital, is important to realize the poverty alleviation and sustainable development of relocated peasant households. Based on the survey data of 902 peasant households in southern Shaanxi in 2020, using the PSM model and the mediation effect test model, this paper explores the impact of participation in relocation on human capital from the perspective of gender differences, and the mediation effect of fuelwood consumption in the effect of participation in relocation on the human capital of peasants with different genders. The results show that firstly, in general, participation in relocation effectively improves the human capital of peasants. Secondly, there are gender differences in the improvement of the human capital of relocated peasants. Compared with male peasants, the health level of female peasants is significantly improved. Finally, fuelwood consumption plays an important mediation role in the impact of participation in relocation on human capital and the mediation role is more significant in improving the human capital of relocated female peasants.