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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Metal contamination of foodstuffs is a major public health challenge of increasing concern. The present study aimed to determine lead, cadmium and mercury in honey, cow’s milk and poultry eggs collected from the North-Eastern region of Algeria and to evaluate the health risks associated with their regular consumption. To this aim 30 samples of each foodstuff were analysed using ICP-MS. Among the quantified heavy metals, Pb was found at the highest level in both honey (0.752 ± 0.16 µg g−1) and poultry egg (0.988 ± 0.19 µg g−1) in the region of Skikda. The highest values of Cd (0.798 ± 0.12 µg g−1) and Hg (0.097 ± 0.02 µg g−1) were found in poultry eggs collected from the same region. For infants the Hazard Index was well above 1 in honey samples from all three locations, in cow’s milk collected from Mila and Skikda and in poultry eggs collected from Skikda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time automatic detection of microcracks in eggs is crucial for ensuring egg quality and safety, yet rapid detection of micron-scale cracks remains challenging. This study introduces a real-time ConvNext-Based U-Net model with Feature Infusion (CBU-FI Net) for egg microcrack detection. Leveraging edge features and spatial continuity of cracks, we incorporate an edge feature infusion module in the encoder and design a multi-scale feature aggregation strategy in the decoder to enhance the extraction of both local details and global semantic information. By introducing large convolution kernels and depth-wise separable convolution from ConvNext, the model significantly reduces network parameters compared to the original U-Net. Additionally, a composite loss function is devised to address class imbalance issues. Experimental results on a dataset comprising over 3400 graded egg microcrack image patches demonstrate that CBU-FI Net achieves a reduction in parameters to one-third the amount in the original U-Net, with an inference speed of 21 ms per image (1 million pixels). The model achieves a Crack-IoU of 65.51% for microcracks smaller than 20 μ m and a Crack-IoU and MIoU of 60.76% and 80.22%, respectively, for even smaller cracks (less than 5 μ m), achieving high-precision, real-time detection of egg microcracks. Furthermore, on the publicly benchmarked CrackSeg9k dataset, CBU-FI Net achieves an inference speed of 4 ms for 400 × 400 resolution images, with an MIoU of 81.38%, proving the proposed method's robustness and generalization capability across various cracks and complex backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Real-time automatic detection of microcracks in eggs is crucial for ensuring egg quality and safety, yet rapid detection of micron-scale cracks remains challenging. This study introduces a real-time ConvNext-Based U-Net model with Feature Infusion (CBU-FI Net) for egg microcrack detection. Leveraging edge features and spatial continuity of cracks, we incorporate an edge feature infusion module in the encoder and design a multi-scale feature aggregation strategy in the decoder to enhance the extraction of both local details and global semantic information. By introducing large convolution kernels and depth-wise separable convolution from ConvNext, the model significantly reduces network parameters compared to the original U-Net. Additionally, a composite loss function is devised to address class imbalance issues. Experimental results on a dataset comprising over 3400 graded egg microcrack image patches demonstrate that CBU-FI Net achieves a reduction in parameters to one-third the amount in the original U-Net, with an inference speed of 21 ms per image (1 million pixels). The model achieves a Crack-IoU of 65.51% for microcracks smaller than 20 μm and a Crack-IoU and MIoU of 60.76% and 80.22%, respectively, for even smaller cracks (less than 5 μm), achieving high-precision, real-time detection of egg microcracks. Furthermore, on the publicly benchmarked CrackSeg9k dataset, CBU-FI Net achieves an inference speed of 4 ms for 400 × 400 resolution images, with an MIoU of 81.38%, proving the proposed method’s robustness and generalization capability across various cracks and complex backgrounds.

This paper presents the design and development of an artificial incubator for poultry eggs. The incubator is designed to maintain the optimal temperature and humidity conditions for embryo development, and it is also equipped with an egg-turning mechanism. It was designed using Solid Edge software, and it was constructed using plywood, ceramic bar heaters, electric fans, ballcock valves, egg turning steel mechanism, and a CO2 meter. The temperature and humidity conditions inside the incubator were maintained within the desired ranges, and the egg-turning mechanism worked effectively. The results of this study show that this artificial incubator could be a reliable and effective tool for hatching poultry eggs. The incubator is easy to use and maintain, and it is affordable for local poultry farmers. Future studies should focus on determining the conditions under which the incubator will yield the best results in terms of hatching efficiency.

This study aimed to detect the prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) in yolk and white boiled poultry eggs in Jordan. Two hundred and fifty poultry egg samples were collected from governates of Jordan during six month (March 2017 until September 2017) and then concentration of mycotoxins in the yolk and white of eggs was detected by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). In addition, probabilistic health risk assessment due to ingestion boiled poultry eggs content of mycotoxins (AFB1, DON, OTA and ZEN) in the adults and children consumers was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique. The rank order of mycotoxins in the yolk of eggs based on prevalence was ZEN (96.56%) >DON (93.51%) >OTA (90.27%) >AFB1 (78.95%) and in white of eggs was ochratoxin A (97.44%) > deoxynivalenol (96.57%) > zearalenone (73.91%) > aflatoxin B1 (73.26%). In addition, the rank order of mycotoxins in the yolk of eggs based on concentration was deoxynivalenol (1.01 µg/kg) > zearalenone (0.96 µg/kg) > aflatoxin B1 (0.80 µg/kg) > ochratoxin A (0.47 µg/kg) and in the white of eggs based on concentration was deoxynivalenol (1.24 µg/kg) > zearalenone (0.99 µg/kg) > aflatoxin B1 (0.83 µg/kg) > ochratoxin A (0.54 µg/kg). Concentration of AFB1, DON and ZEN in the yolk was not significantly different with white of eggs (p value > 0.05) but concentration of OTA in the white of eggs was higher than yolk of eggs, significantly (p value < 0.05). The probabilistic health risk assessment shows that adults and children consumers are at the concern health risk (Margin of Exposures <10,000) due to aflatoxin B1. It is recommended to carry out to control the concentration of mycotoxins in protein products such as poultry eggs in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Cr, Mn, Cu, Se, Ni, As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Fe levels in chicken, duck, and quail eggs from Jiangxi Province were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the potential risks to human health were evaluated. The levels of trace elements from Jiangxi Province were not above the Chinese national standard. The target hazard quotient (THQ) values for the elements and total THQ for a combination of trace elements were <1, suggesting the absence of health risk from trace elements. The carcinogenic risks (CRs) of As, Cd, Cr, and Pb in all egg samples were negligible or within the acceptable range. These results demonstrate that trace element levels in eggs from Jiangxi Province of China were low and not associated with human health risk. In addition, levels of Fe and Zn were higher in quail eggs (30,166 and 172,356 lg.kg-1), chicken eggs (19,919 and 13,081 lg.kg-1), and duck eggs (27,123 and 14,422 lg.kg-1), suggesting that poultry eggs are good sources of trace elements essential to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo develop a method for determination of chloramphenicol residue in poultry eggs （hen egg， duck egg， quail egg， and goose egg） using QuEChERS （Quick， Easy， Cheap， Effective， Rugged， Safe） protocols combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （HPLC-MS/MS）.MethodsThe chloramphenicol residue in egg samples was extracted with acetonitrile， followed by QuEChERS protocol with cleaning-up mixture （PSA∶C18=1∶1）， and then determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （HPLC-MS/MS） with internal standard quantification.ResultsThe linearity of chloramphenicol in poultry eggs was 0.020-2.0 μg/kg， with a correlation coefficient r>0.999. The limit of detection （LOD） of the method was 0.020 μg/kg， and the limit of quantitation （LOQ） was 0.050 μg/kg. Recoveries ranged from 80.8% to 119.0% at spiked level of 0.020， 0.10 and 0.50 µg/kg with the relative standard deviations （RSDs） of 4.09%-15.21% （n=6）. The developed method was validated using real-life samples as well as naturally incurred egg samples and showed good applicability in chloramphenicol residue analysis in poultry eggs.ConclusionThis proposed method is rapid， simple and sensitive， which could be effectively used for monitoring and determination of chloramphenicol residue in poultry eggs.

The nutritional value of egg yolk in terms of fat content and fatty acid (FA) composition is needed to evaluate their possible effect on human cardiovascular health and disease. This study determined the FA-based nutritional indices/ratios of egg yolks from 29 breeds belonging to seven poultry species (chicken, mallard, quail, Muscovy, guinea fowl, turkey, and ostrich) in a government poultry research station at Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines. At least four pooled samples (each consisting of four egg yolks) per breed were randomly collected and immediately frozen at -20 °C until analyzed for fat content and FA composition by gas chromatography. The major FAs in egg yolk with the highest proportions by weight of total FAs were oleic acid C18:1 n-9 (30.6-43.9%), palmitic acid C16:0 (22.2-54.4%), linoleic acid (LA) C18:2 n-6 (0.4-16.6%), and stearic acid C18:0 (4.0-12.1%). Compared to chicken and quail eggs, the mallard egg yolk seems to have more health benefits because of a lower LA to a-linolenic acid C18:3 n-3 (ALA) ratio (15.70: 1), atherogenicity (0.45), and thrombogenicity (0.91) - as well as higher yolk weight (22.7 g), fat content (31.8%), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio (1.73: 1), health-promoting index (2.20), and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (2.26). Among mallard breeds, the egg yolks from Tsaiya and Pekin were superior to that from Itik-Pinas breeds. Egg yolk from other poultry species generally had lower FA-based nutritional values. Significant breed differences in fat content, FA composition, and nutritional indices/ratio were also reported for egg yolks from chicken, quail, and turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of poultry egg microcracks based on electrical characteristic models is a new and effective method. However, due to the disorder, mutation, nonlinear, time discontinuity, and other factors of the current data, detection algorithms such as support-vector machines (SVM) and random forest (RF) under traditional statistical characteristics cannot identify subtle defects. The detection system voltage is set to 1500 V in the existing method, and higher voltages may cause damage to the hatched eggs; therefore, how to reduce the voltage is also a focus of research. In this paper, to address the problem of the low signal-to-noise ratio of microcracks in current signals, a wavelet scattering transform capable of extracting translation-invariant and small deformation-stable features is proposed to extract multi-scale high-frequency feature vectors. In view of the time series and low feature scale of current signals, various convolutional networks, such as a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU) are adopted. The detection algorithm of the wavelet scattering convolutional network is implemented for electrical sensing signals. The experimental results show that compared with previous works, the accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and Matthews correlation coefficient of the proposed wavelet scattering convolutional network on microcrack datasets smaller than 3 μ m at a voltage of 1000 V are 99.4393%, 99.2523%, 99.6226%, 99.4357%, and 98.8819%, respectively, with an average increase of 2.0561%. In addition, the promotability and validity of the proposed detection algorithm were verified on a class-imbalanced dataset and a duck egg dataset. Based on the good results of the above experiments, further experiments were conducted with different voltages. The new feature extraction and detection method reduces the sensing voltage from 1500 V to 500 V, which allows for achieving higher detection accuracy with a lower signal-to-noise ratio, significantly reducing the risk of high voltage damage to hatching eggs and meeting the requirements for crack detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional components of six kinds of poultry eggs were analyzed in order to provide a technical basis for the development and utilization of poultry eggs. This article studied the physical indicators of six poultry eggs (chicken, duck, royal chicken, guinea fowl, Chinese ring-necked pheasant, quail), and fatty acids of egg yolk, amino acids of egg white and cholesterol in six freeze-dried poultry eggs. The results showed that a total of 24 fatty acids were identified in egg yolk of six types of poultry eggs. The total fatty acid content in duck egg yolk was the highest (20.67 g/100 g), and the saturated fatty acid (22.49%) and cholesterol content (1.94 g/100 g) were lower than other poultry eggs. And the atherosclerosis index and thrombus index were low, which was due to the high content of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was no significant difference in the amino acid composition and content in egg white of poultry eggs, 32.22~37.85 g/100 g. The principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) of the nutritional components of six kinds of poultry eggs showed that pearl eggs and eggs were clustered into one category, royal concubine eggs, pheasant eggs and quail eggs were clustered into one category, while duck eggs clustered separately. The protein content of duck protein was low, but the fatty acid content of duck yolk was significantly higher than that of other eggs (P

A comparative study was carried out on the thermal stability of ovotransferrins (OTrfs) from chicken, duck, guinea fowl, Japanese quail, ostrich and turkey by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) and turbidimetry. The average temperature at the denaturation midpoint in DSC (TmDSC) was 42.8 ℃ at pH 4.0, 63.8 ℃ at pH 7.0 and 59.4 ℃ at pH 9.0, and the differences in the TmDSC values between chicken and the other poultry, except ostrich, were less than 3.5 ℃. The results of DSF were almost comparable to those of DSC. In an analysis of poultry OTrf solution turbidi ties, ostrich OTrf solution remained clear up to 95.0 ℃ at pH 4.0 and pH 8.0, while the others became turbid at around 40 ℃ at pH 4.0 and 60 ℃ at pH 8.0. Turkey, Japanese quail and duck OTrfs remained soluble at pH 9.0 up to 73.0 °C, 85.0 °C and 95.0 °C, respectively, though turbidity appeared up to 60 ℃ in the others. Such findings on the similarities and differences among poultry OTrfs should be significant for the utilization of poultry eggs other than chicken eggs since the thermal processes required for chicken egg products often depends on the behavior of heat-susceptible chicken OTrf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ionic liquid-modified molecularly imprinted polymer (IL-MIP) composite with sulfamethazine as a template molecule and methyl acrylic acid and 1-aminopropyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide as functional monomers was successfully synthesized. The achieved IL-MIP was characterized and evaluated in detail and utilized in the extraction and cleanup of sulfonamides (SAs) in poultry egg samples. The results demonstrated that the IL-MIP possessed a broad reorganization toward SAs and could selectively adsorb 21 kinds of SA compounds. Furthermore, the solid-phase extraction column based on the IL-MIP was used in the extraction and cleanup of 21 SAs in eggs, and the confirmatory detection of SAs was performed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Under optimum conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) for all SAs ranged from 0.1 ng·g−1 to 1.5 ng·g−1, and the LOD of this method was better than those of the existing methods. The recoveries of SA compounds spiked in egg samples ranged from 84.3% to 105.8%, with low relative standard deviations (<15%). The developed method based on the IL-MIP extraction and cleanup was successfully used in the detection of 21 SAs in more than 100 real poultry egg samples. The results indicated that the proposed method was suitable for detecting 21 SAs in poultry eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eggshell is the major source of protection for the inside of poultry eggs from microbial contamination. Timely detection of cracked eggs is the key to improving the edible rate of fresh eggs, hatching rate of breeding eggs and the quality of egg products. Different from traditional detection based on acoustics and vision, this paper proposes a nondestructive method of detection for eggshell cracks based on the egg electrical characteristics model, which combines static and dynamic electrical characteristics and designs a multi-layer flexible electrode that can closely fit the eggshell surface and a rotating mechanism that takes into account different sizes of eggs. The current signals of intact eggs and cracked eggs were collected under 1500 V of DC voltage, and their time domain features (TFs), frequency domain features (FFs) and wavelet features (WFs) were extracted. Machine learning algorithms such as support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF) were used for classification. The relationship between various features and classification algorithms was studied, and the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified. Finally, the method is proven to be universal and generalizable through an experiment on duck eggshell microcrack detection. The experimental results show that the proposed method can realize the detection of eggshell microcracks of less than 3 μm well, and the random forest model combining the three features mentioned above is proven to be the best, with a detection accuracy of cracked eggs and intact eggs over 99%. This nondestructive method can be employed online for egg microcrack inspection in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT: Antibiotic residues contained in poultry eggs pose threat to human health. However, the classes and concentrations of antibiotics in poultry egg in southwestern China is unknown due to insufficient monitoring and research. A total of 513 egg samples were collected from supermarkets and farm markets in Kunming city in 2020 and the levels of 7 antibiotics were analyzed using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method. The linear correlation coefficients were above 0.990 for all antibiotics tested. The limits of detection and limits of quantification in poultry eggs were 0.002 to 0.010 μg/g and 0.007 to 0.033 μg/g, respectively. The average recoveries of the 7 analytes from poultry egg samples were 80.00 to 128.01%, with relative standard deviations of less than 13.97%. A total of 93 (18.13%) samples tested positive for antibiotics, with the highest concentration being 2.48 μg/g. The concentration range of ofloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, and sulfamethoxazole in poultry eggs was 0.01 to 0.37 μg/g, 0.06 to 0.48 μg/g, 0.05 to 0.29 μg/g, 0.03 to 0.16 μg/g, 0.06 to 1.00 μg/g, 0.05 to 0.37, and 0.07 to 2.48 μg/g, respectively. Sulfamonomethoxine was detected from hen eggs with the highest concentration level at 1.00 μg/g. Sulfamethoxazole was detected with the highest concentration level from both duck and quail eggs, at 1.87 and 2.48 μg/g, respectively. The antibiotic with the highest residue level in pheasant eggs was danofloxacin, which was 0.37 μg/g. Sulfamethoxypyridazine was identified in 30 samples with the highest positive rate of 5.85%, sulfadimethoxine was identified in 3 samples with the lowest positive rate of 0.58%. We observed that 7 targeted antibiotic residues in quail eggs and 3 targeted antibiotic residues in pheasant eggs. We also found that there were antibiotic residues in free-range hen eggs and the concentration was not low. The antibiotic with the highest residue level in free-range eggs was sulfamonomethoxine, which was 1.00 μg/g. These findings suggest that continual antibiotic residue monitoring of poultry eggs is essential in China.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The detection of poultry egg microcracks based on electrical characteristic models is a new and effective method. However, due to the disorder, mutation, nonlinear, time discontinuity, and other factors of the current data, detection algorithms such as support-vector machines (SVM) and random forest (RF) under traditional statistical characteristics cannot identify subtle defects. The detection system voltage is set to 1500 V in the existing method, and higher voltages may cause damage to the hatched eggs; therefore, how to reduce the voltage is also a focus of research. In this paper, to address the problem of the low signal-to-noise ratio of microcracks in current signals, a wavelet scattering transform capable of extracting translation-invariant and small deformation-stable features is proposed to extract multi-scale high-frequency feature vectors. In view of the time series and low feature scale of current signals, various convolutional networks, such as a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU) are adopted. The detection algorithm of the wavelet scattering convolutional network is implemented for electrical sensing signals. The experimental results show that compared with previous works, the accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and Matthews correlation coefficient of the proposed wavelet scattering convolutional network on microcrack datasets smaller than 3 μm at a voltage of 1000 V are 99.4393%, 99.2523%, 99.6226%, 99.4357%, and 98.8819%, respectively, with an average increase of 2.0561%. In addition, the promotability and validity of the proposed detection algorithm were verified on a class-imbalanced dataset and a duck egg dataset. Based on the good results of the above experiments, further experiments were conducted with different voltages. The new feature extraction and detection method reduces the sensing voltage from 1500 V to 500 V, which allows for achieving higher detection accuracy with a lower signal-to-noise ratio, significantly reducing the risk of high voltage damage to hatching eggs and meeting the requirements for crack detection.

In this study, an analytical method for the determination of 53 pesticide residues in poultry eggs was established using modified QuEChERS sample preparation and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pesticide residues in samples were extracted by ethyl acetate, cleaned-up with florisil and diatomite, and analyzed by GC-MS/MS. HP-5MS column was used for the separation, and the electron bombardment ion source (EI) was employed using dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM) mode for the detection. The matrix matched external standard calibration curves were used for quantitative analysis. The results indicated that the instrument limit of detection (LOD) for 53 pesticides were 0.000 25-0.005 mg/L, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.000 5-0.01 mg/kg for the method. The correlation coefficient (r) of the calibration curves for the compounds were 0.996 7-1. The average recoveries of 53 pesticides in hen’s eggs at three spiked levels (LOQ, 2LOQ and 10LOQ) were 76%-104% (n = 6) with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.090%-14%. The method was rapid, sensitive and accurate, and has a good application prospect in the detection of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in various poultry eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to quantify heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu and Se) in eggs obtained from poultry farms and backyard raised hens by comparing the concentration of metals in their feed intake. Overall, 90 samples of egg and 12 samples of poultry feed (6 each with food and water) were collected from 3 different poultry farms and backyards located in peri-urban areas of Lahore. A di-acid digestion method was adopted for digestion, after which digested samples were analyzed under atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed that the concentration of Pb, Cr and Se in egg white (Pb = 0.6578, Cr = 0.18 and Se = 0.2161), egg yolk (Pb = 0.7011, Cr = 0.2617 and Se = 0.2656), feed (Pb = 2.585, Cr = 1.3039 and Se = 0.9411) and water (Pb = 0.5483, Cr = 0.1006 and Se = 0.3461) were above permissible limits in both poultry farms (study group 1) and backyards (study group 2). The concentration of metals such as Pb, Mn, Cr, Cu and Se in poultry farms eggs were higher than backyard hen eggs, which may be due to the intake of contaminated feed. So, the current study concluded that the higher concentration of metals in eggs has a positive correlation with the intake of feed contaminated with heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ionic liquid-modified molecularly imprinted polymer (IL-MIP) composite with sulfamethazine as a template molecule and methyl acrylic acid and 1-aminopropyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide as functional monomers was successfully synthesized. The achieved IL-MIP was characterized and evaluated in detail and utilized in the extraction and cleanup of sulfonamides (SAs) in poultry egg samples. The results demonstrated that the IL-MIP possessed a broad reorganization toward SAs and could selectively adsorb 21 kinds of SA compounds. Furthermore, the solid-phase extraction column based on the IL-MIP was used in the extraction and cleanup of 21 SAs in eggs, and the confirmatory detection of SAs was performed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Under optimum conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) for all SAs ranged from 0.1 ng·g−1 to 1.5 ng·g−1, and the LOD of this method was better than those of the existing methods. The recoveries of SA compounds spiked in egg samples ranged from 84.3% to 105.8%, with low relative standard deviations (

The eggshell is the major source of protection for the inside of poultry eggs from microbial contamination. Timely detection of cracked eggs is the key to improving the edible rate of fresh eggs, hatching rate of breeding eggs and the quality of egg products. Different from traditional detection based on acoustics and vision, this paper proposes a nondestructive method of detection for eggshell cracks based on the egg electrical characteristics model, which combines static and dynamic electrical characteristics and designs a multi-layer flexible electrode that can closely fit the eggshell surface and a rotating mechanism that takes into account different sizes of eggs. The current signals of intact eggs and cracked eggs were collected under 1500 V of DC voltage, and their time domain features (TFs), frequency domain features (FFs) and wavelet features (WFs) were extracted. Machine learning algorithms such as support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF) were used for classification. The relationship between various features and classification algorithms was studied, and the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified. Finally, the method is proven to be universal and generalizable through an experiment on duck eggshell microcrack detection. The experimental results show that the proposed method can realize the detection of eggshell microcracks of less than 3 μm well, and the random forest model combining the three features mentioned above is proven to be the best, with a detection accuracy of cracked eggs and intact eggs over 99%. This nondestructive method can be employed online for egg microcrack inspection in industrial applications.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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A simple and sensitive gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) method was established for the quantitative screening of penicillin G residues in chicken and duck eggs (whole egg, yolk and albumen). The analyte was separated on a TG-1MS capillary column (30.0 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm) with an external calibration method and electron impact (EI) ionization. Samples were pretreated using an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) procedure followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on HLB cartridges (60 mg/3 mL). The derivative, which was safer and easier to store than penicillin G, was obtained by reacting trimethylsilyl diazomethane (TMSD) with penicillin G. The method was validated by the following parameters: linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The matrix-matched calibration curves had good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9994) within the concentration range of LOQ–200.0 µg/kg for penicillin G in the sample matrices. In the same concentration range, the accuracy, in terms of recovery, was 80.31–94.50%; the relative standard deviation (RSD), intra-day RSD and inter-day RSD ranged from 1.24 to 3.44%, 2.13 to 4.82% and 2.74 to 6.13%, respectively. The LODs and LOQs of penicillin G in the matrices were in the ranges of 1.70–3.20 and 6.10–8.50 μg/kg, respectively. The applicability of the GC–MS/MS method was demonstrated by the determination of poultry eggs obtained from local markets with no penicillin G residues.

An innovative, rapid and stable method for simultaneous determination of three tetracycline (oxytetracycline, tetracycline and doxycycline) and two fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) residues in poultry eggs by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection (UPLC-FLD) was established and optimized. The samples were homogenized and extracted with acetonitrile/ultrapure water (90:10, v/v) and then purified by solid-phase extraction (SPE). LC separation was achieved on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 µm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm), and the mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and a 0.1 mol/L malonic acid solution containing 50 mmol/L magnesium chloride (the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with ammonia). When the five target drugs were spiked at the limit of quantification, 0.5 times the maximum residue limit (MRL), 1.0 MRL and 2.0 MRL, the recoveries were above 83.5% and the precision ranged from 1.99% to 6.24%. These figures of merit complied with the parameter validation regulations of the EU and U.S. FDA. The limits of detection and quantifications of the targets were 0.1–13.4 µg/kg and 0.3–40.1 µg/kg, respectively. The proposed method was easily extended to quantitative analyses of target drug residues in 85 egg samples, thus demonstrating its reliability and applicability.

This manuscript describes a simple, reliable, and sensitive approach that utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS/MS) for the selective determination of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, florfenicol, and florfenicol amine in poultry eggs (hen eggs, duck eggs, and goose eggs). Samples were extracted with methanol-ammonium hydroxide-ultrapure water (97:2:1, v/v) via accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) at 80 °C and 1500 psi and defatted with hexane saturated with acetonitrile. The experimental method uses ESI (+) and ESI (−) combination mode, full-scan qualitative analysis, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) combined with an internal standard for quantitative analysis. This optimized method was validated according to the requirements defined by the European Union and the Food and Drug Administration. The poultry eggs were spiked with the target compounds at four levels, and the average recoveries were all higher than 88.3%, and the relative standard deviations did not exceed 3.9%. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.04–0.5 μg/kg and 0.1–1.5 μg/kg, respectively. The decision limits were 0.37–102 μg/kg, and the detection capabilities were 0.44–103 μg/kg. Finally, the new approach was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of these analytes in 120 commercial poultry eggs from local supermarkets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerated solvent extraction was investigated as a novel alternative technology for the separation and quantitative analysis of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, florfenicol, and florfenicol amine from poultry eggs, and the results were compared with the results of liquid–liquid extraction. Rapid quantification of the target compounds was carried out by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. This optimized method was validated according to the requirements defined by the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration. Finally, the new approach was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of these analytes in 90 commercial poultry eggs from local supermarkets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggs are the main product generated from backyard poultry production systems (BPS) because they can quickly be consumed and sold to meet essential family needs. Nevertheless, antimicrobial residues can accumulate in this product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of antimicrobial residues in eggs produced by poultry kept in BPS in central Chile. To assess this, eggs were obtained from 83 BPS and analysed to evaluate the presence of antibiotic residues (families: tetracyclines, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and macrolides), using a Four-Plate Test screening method for the detection, based on a bacterial growth inhibition method. Results show a lack of biosecurity procedures at BPS level, making these systems susceptible to the dissemination of antimicrobial residues. These include intensive animal production units in the proximity, and the presence of shared watercourses with other farms. Furthermore, 66% of the surveyed owners are indicated as giving pharmacological treatments to their chickens. Eggs from 61 BPS were positive for at least one antimicrobial. Fifty-three BPS were positive for more than one antimicrobial, and one BPS was positive for all four antimicrobials tested. Consequently, there is a risk that poultry eggs produced in BPS in central Chile carry residues of different families of antimicrobials.

A method based on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) coupled with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed for the quantitative analysis of spectinomycin and lincomycin in poultry egg (whole egg, albumen and yolk) samples. In this work, the samples were extracted and purified using an ASE350 instrument and solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, and the parameters of the ASE method were experimentally optimized. The appropriate SPE cartridges were selected, and the conditions for the derivatization reaction were optimized. After derivatization, the poultry egg (whole egg, albumen and yolk) samples were analyzed by GC-MS/MS. This study used blank poultry egg (whole egg, albumen and yolk) samples to evaluate the specificity, sensitivity, linearity, recovery and precision of the method. The linearity (5.6–2000 μg/kg for spectinomycin and 5.9–200 μg/kg for lincomycin), correlation coefficient (≥0.9991), recovery (80.0%–95.7%), precision (relative standard deviations, 1.0%–3.4%), limit of detection (2.3–4.3 μg/kg) and limit of quantification (5.6–9.5 μg/kg) of the method met the requirements for EU parameter verification. Compared with traditional liquid–liquid extraction methods, the proposed method is fast and consumes less reagents, and 24 samples can be processed at a time. Finally, the feasibility of the method was evaluated by testing real samples, and spectinomycin and lincomycin residues in poultry eggs were successfully detected.

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are widely used in products, and are known for their water and grease repellent properties. The persistence nature and potential toxicity of these substances have raised substantial concerns about health effects. Regarding humans, food consumption has reportedly been a significant source of exposure for both compounds. Hence, this study was performed to develop and validate an analytical method for PFOS and PFOA in egg yolks using liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by the determination of concentration of both compounds in the yolk of poultry eggs in Malaysia. A total of 47 poultry egg yolk samples were extracted by a simple protein precipitation technique using acetonitrile. The analytical method was developed using LC-MS/MS and validated based on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Bioanalytical Method Validation guidelines. The results revealed that PFOS was quantitatively detected in six samples, with the concentration range between 0.5 and 1.01 ng g−1. Among these, five samples were from home-produced chicken eggs, and one sample was from a quail egg. The levels of PFOA in all samples were below the quantifiable limit (−1). This indicated that the contamination of PFCs in poultry eggs were mostly attributed to the nature of free foraging animals, which had direct contact with the contaminants in soil and feed. In conclusion, a fast and robust analytical method for analyzing PFOS and PFOA in egg yolk samples using LC-MS/MS was successfully developed and validated. The presence of these emerging contaminants in this study signified widespread pollution in the environment.

A simple, rapid and novel method for the detection of residues of thiamphenicol (TAP), florfenicol (FF) and its metabolite, florfenicol amine (FFA), in poultry eggs by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (UPLC-FLD) was developed. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile-ammonia (98:2, v/v) using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and purified by manual degreasing with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane. The target compounds were separated on an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) chromatographic column using a mobile phase composed of 0.005 mol/L NaH2PO4, 0.003 mol/L sodium lauryl sulfate and 0.05% trimethylamine, adjusted to pH 5.3 ± 0.1 by phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (64:36, v/v). The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of the three target compounds in poultry eggs were 1.8–4.9 µg/kg and 4.3–11.7 µg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of the three target compounds in poultry eggs were above 80.1% when the spiked concentrations of three phenicols were the LOQ, 0.5 maximum residue limit (MRL), 1.0 MRL and 2.0 MRL. The intraday relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 5.5%, and the interday RSDs were less than 6.6%. Finally, this new detection method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of TAP, FF and FFA in 150 commercial poultry eggs.

N-acetylneuraminic acid is an important member of sialic acids which is a family of nine-carbon carboxylated sugars most frequently found in terminal position in glycoconjugates. It was widely distributed in different portions of organisms. In this study, a method of ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of N-acetylneuraminic acid in poultry eggs. The N-acetylneuraminic acid was freed by heating the materials in 0.1 M HSO at 80°C for 2 h. Then, chloroform reagent was used to eliminate phospholipids, cholesterol and other organic impurities, meanwhile, it was able to precipitate protein. In the cleanup step, C18 solid phase extraction columns were used to purify the matrix. Determination of N-acetylneuraminic acid was performed with electrospray ionization in negative ion mode. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) analytical column. The gradient elution reagent was acetonitrile and water (containing 0.1% formic acid). The tandem spectrometer was operated in the Multiple Reaction Monitoring mode. The linearity over of sialic acids on-column had a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999. The detection method of N-acetylneuraminic acid in the poultry eggs had good precision and acceptable recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 615 samples including poultry eggs (240), poultry meat (85), poultry droppings (100), bakery products (65) and stool from human diarrhea cases (125) were collected from different areas of Faisalabad, Pakistan. The samples enriched in Tetrathionate broth showed turbidity in 206 (33.5%) samples, and typical Salmonella colonies were found on differential agar media by using traditional methods in all these cases. Polyvalent antisera were used to identify Salmonella serovars. Results revealed that overall serovar entertidis prevalence rate in 206 Salmonella positive samples was 75.24% (155). Out of 58 isolates of Salmonella recovered from human stool samples, 44 (75.86%) were S. enteritidis. Isolation frequency of S. enteritidis from total isolates (148/206) in poultry sources was 111/148 (75.00%) which indicated the zoonotic potential of S. enteritidis. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by using disk diffusion and concentration methods. S. enteritidis isolates showed 100% resistance against bacitracin, erythromycin and novobiocin. These results indicated possible role of infected poultry and poultry products as a source of human infection with multiple drug resistant S. enteritidis strains.

Albendazole (ABZ) is widely used in the treatment of animal intestinal parasitic infections. This study has established a method of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection for the simultaneous determination of ABZ and its three metabolites (albendazole, albendazole sulfone, albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole-2-aminosulfone) in poultry (chicken, duck, and goose) eggs. Good linearity was shown under the optimized conditions with the determination coefficient (≥ 0.9994). The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.3–4.6 µg/kg, whereas the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 1.0–12.9 µg/kg. The recoveries of ABZ and its three metabolites ranged from 80.5% to 98.6%, while relative standard deviations were in the range of 1.2–4.8%, and all target analytes could be detected within 6 min. The method was demonstrated to be sensitive, selective, and quick for the detection of ABZ and its three metabolites. • Quantification of albendazole and its metabolites by UHPLC-FLD was demonstrated. • The sample pretreatment process was optimized in this research. • The detection process was completed in 6 min [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A GC–MS/MS method was established for the determination of tilmicosin residue in poultry eggs. • The acetylation derivatization reaction of tilmicosin was established and optimized. • Liquid-liquid extraction combined with solid-phase extraction as sample pretreatment method was established and optimized. A novel GC-MS/MS analytical method was established for the qualitative and quantitative determination of tilmicosin in poultry (Jinghai yellow chicken, Gaoyou duck and Yangzhou goose) eggs. The method was based on LLE and SPE for sample extraction and purification. Pyridine and acetic anhydride were used for the derivatization reaction. When tilmicosin was added to blank poultry egg samples at the LOQ and 75 μg/kg, 150 μg/kg, and 300 μg/kg, the recoveries ranged from 72.80% to 88.75%, the intraday and interday RSDs ranged from 2.31% to 4.56% and 3.29%-5.61%, respectively, and the LODs and LOQs ranged from 3.8 to 5.6 μg/kg and 8.4-10.5 μg/kg, respectively. These results confirmed that the parameters of this novel method meet the requirements of the FAO & WHO (2014) for veterinary drug residue testing. Poultry egg samples purchased from the local market were analysed according to the established method and only one egg sample was found to contain 18.9 μg/kg of tilmicosin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]