540 results on '"pouch cell"'
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2. Regenerative redox mediator for the suppression of dead lithium for lithium sulfur pouch cell
- Author
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Yang, Rongfeng, Wang, Fan, Cui, Wan-er, Chen, Wei, Lei, Tianyu, Chen, Dongjiang, Chen, Dongxu, Xia, Li, Zhang, Chi, Cheng, Kaijun, Dai, Runyi, Yan, Yichao, Niu, Xiaobin, and Hu, Yin
- Published
- 2025
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
3. Scalable synthesis of biomass-derived three-dimensional hierarchical porous activated carbons for electrochemical energy storage and hydrogen physisorption
- Author
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Selvaraj, Aravindha Raja, Kostoglou, Nikolaos, Rajendiran, Rajmohan, Cho, Inho, Rebholz, Claus, Chakravarthi, Nagarajan Deepan, and Prabakar, Kandasamy
- Published
- 2024
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4. Non-fluorinated electrolytes with micelle-like solvation for ultra-high energy density lithium metal batteries
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Qiao, Rui, Zhao, Yan, Zhou, Shijie, Zhang, Huijun, Liu, Fuzhu, Zhou, Tianhong, Sun, Baoyu, Fan, Hao, Li, Chao, Zhang, Yanhua, Liu, Feng, Ding, Xiangdong, Wook Choi, Jang, Coskun, Ali, and Song, Jiangxuan more...
- Published
- 2024
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5. Regulating Solvated Sheath with Anion Chelant Enables 4.6 V Ultra‐Stable Commercial LiCoO2.
- Author
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Kang, Haoyu, Zhang, Xuefeng, Ma, Yiming, Li, Zequan, Liu, Liyang, and Zhou, Libing
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LITHIUM cobalt oxide , *PHASE transitions , *ENERGY density , *ENERGY levels (Quantum mechanics) , *CHELATING agents - Abstract
Increasing cut‐off voltage of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) (>4.6 V) is an effective strategy to satisfy the ever‐increasing demand for high energy density. However, the irreversible phase transition significantly destroys the structure of high‐voltage LCO, especially the surface lattice. Considering that the structural stability of LCO is primarily dominated by the intrinsic merits of electrode‐electrolyte interface (EEI), we explored and disclosed the operating mechanism of anion chelating agent tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane (TPFPB) and regulate the CEI layer on LCO electrode. Benefiting from the high HOMO energy level and preferential decomposition of TPFPB‐PF6−, a robust LiF‐rich CEI layer is constructed and greatly improves the stability of electrode/electrolyte interface. The well‐designed electrolyte composed of 1 mol L−1 LiPF6 in EC/EMC with TPFPB additives endows Li/LCO half cells and 4 Ah Gr/LCO pouch cell with enhanced cycling stability under a high voltage condition. This work provides pave a new direction for the development of economical high‐voltage LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Regulating Solvated Sheath with Anion Chelant Enables 4.6 V Ultra‐Stable Commercial LiCoO2.
- Author
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Kang, Haoyu, Zhang, Xuefeng, Ma, Yiming, Li, Zequan, Liu, Liyang, and Zhou, Libing
- Subjects
LITHIUM cobalt oxide ,PHASE transitions ,ENERGY density ,ENERGY levels (Quantum mechanics) ,CHELATING agents - Abstract
Increasing cut‐off voltage of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) (>4.6 V) is an effective strategy to satisfy the ever‐increasing demand for high energy density. However, the irreversible phase transition significantly destroys the structure of high‐voltage LCO, especially the surface lattice. Considering that the structural stability of LCO is primarily dominated by the intrinsic merits of electrode‐electrolyte interface (EEI), we explored and disclosed the operating mechanism of anion chelating agent tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane (TPFPB) and regulate the CEI layer on LCO electrode. Benefiting from the high HOMO energy level and preferential decomposition of TPFPB‐PF6−, a robust LiF‐rich CEI layer is constructed and greatly improves the stability of electrode/electrolyte interface. The well‐designed electrolyte composed of 1 mol L−1 LiPF6 in EC/EMC with TPFPB additives endows Li/LCO half cells and 4 Ah Gr/LCO pouch cell with enhanced cycling stability under a high voltage condition. This work provides pave a new direction for the development of economical high‐voltage LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
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7. Sonochemically Prepared Nanodot Magnesium Fluoride‐Based Anodeless Carbon Substrate for Simultaneously Reinforcing Interphasial and Reaction Kinetics for Sulfide‐Based All‐Solid‐State Batteries.
- Author
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Jeon, Sang‐Jin, Hwang, Chihyun, Kim, Hyun‐Seung, Park, Jonghyun, Hwang, Jang‐Yeon, Jung, Yijin, Choi, Ran, Song, Min‐Sang, Lee, Yun Jung, Yu, Ji‐Sang, and Jung, Yun‐Chae
- Subjects
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CHEMICAL kinetics , *MAGNESIUM alloys , *MAGNESIUM fluoride , *ENERGY density , *CARBON-black - Abstract
"Anodeless" electrodes for all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) have been attracting attention as a solution for achieving high energy density. Recent studies on anodeless electrodes have shown improvements in cycle life and energy density through the stabilization of plated lithium (Li) using Li‐soluble metals (e.g., Ag, Zn, etc.). In this study, magnesium‐based materials (MgF2@C) are introduced for use as an anodeless electrode. Nanodot magnesium fluoride (MgF2) is synthesized onto a carbon black surface via sonochemical synthesis. MgF2 is converted to a Mg‐Li alloy and LiF during lithiation. The Mg‐Li alloy from the MgF2@C anodeless electrode reduces lithiation overpotential and provides a uniform and dense Li layer between the current collector and the anodeless electrode. The ASSB cell assembled with the MgF2@C anodeless electrode exhibits 81.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 30 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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8. Triple Regulation of Water Molecules Behavior to Realize High Stability and Broad Temperature Tolerance in Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries via a Novel Cost‐Effective Eutectic Electrolyte.
- Author
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Lv, Wensong, Tan, Yi, Guo, Chengyue, He, Xin, Zeng, Lingxing, Zhu, Jinliang, Yang, Le, Chen, Zhengjun, Yin, Xucai, Xu, Jing, and He, Huibing
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MOLECULAR dynamics , *ENERGY density , *EUTECTIC reactions , *ZINC ions , *ION temperature - Abstract
The high activity of water in aqueous electrolyte causes drastic side reactions on the Zn anodes, severely limiting the electrochemical performance of aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) under extreme conditions. Herein, levulinic acid is developed as the hydrated deep eutectic solvent (DES), to build a novel non‐flammable and cost‐effective ZnSO4‐based eutectic electrolyte with triple regulation of water molecules behavior, enabling highly stable AZMBs over a wide temperature. In situ experiments, molecular dynamics simulations, and spectroscopy analysis jointly reveal that the DES is capable of comprehensively lowering the water activity by simultaneously controlling the behavior of the free, solvated, and interfacial water molecules within the eutectic electrolyte system. Consequently, the Zn anodes exhibit ultralong cycling stability (4500 h at 1 mA cm−2/1 mA h cm−2), decent Coulombic efficiency of 99.39%, and excellent temperature tolerance (−20–50 °C). Notably, the designed 2.0 Ah Zn//VOX pouch cell exhibits a recorded actual energy density of 37.46 Wh Kg−1 and 95.38 Wh L−1 at the whole cell level, with a remarkable capacity retention of 81.01% after 150 cycles, demonstrating the potential for scale‐up into real AZMBs. This work provides an in‐depth understanding of the correlation between the water molecule behavior and electrochemical properties of AZMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
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9. Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical and Electrical Failure of the Electrode Tab of Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells Under Quasi-Static Mechanical Load.
- Author
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Höschele, Patrick, Heindl, Simon Franz, and Ellersdorfer, Christian
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ANODES testing ,BUS conductors (Electricity) ,TENSILE tests ,MECHANICAL failures ,CATHODES - Abstract
The electrode tabs of pouch cells are rigidly joined to the bus bar in a battery module to achieve an electric connection. The effect of abusive mechanical loads arising from crash-related deformation or the possible movement of battery cells caused by operation-dependent thickness variations has so far never been investigated. Three quasi-static abuse tests for the anode and cathode electrode tabs were conducted with pouch cells at 100% SOC. Tensile tests on the anode, cathode and pouch foil were performed in order to explain differences between the anode and cathode in the abuse tests. The experiments revealed different failure mechanisms for the anode and cathode electrode tabs. The cathode failed at an average maximum load of 940.3 N through an external rupture of the electrode tab. The anode failed at an average maximum load of 868.9 N through a rupture of the single electrode sheets and the opening of the pouch foil. No thermal runaway occurred for either cathode or anode. The results of this study reveal a more critical failure behavior for the anode electrode tab, which can be addressed in the future by adding a predetermined breaking point and adapting the geometry of the anode electrode tab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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10. Dynamic Adaptive Porous Cu Current Collector for Low N/P Ratio Li Metal Batteries.
- Author
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Chen, Jianyu, Fu, Wei, Zhang, Shihao, Zhang, Fanlai, Zhou, Jiayi, Ma, Yanwen, and Zhao, Jin
- Subjects
DENDRITIC crystals ,CATHODES ,ANODES ,LOW voltage systems ,NANOWIRES - Abstract
Porous copper (Cu) current collectors effectively suppress the growth of lithium (Li) dendrites and enhance the stability of Li metal anodes. However, the current development of porous Cu hosts generally involves a high proportion of Cu, mostly rigid structures, small pore volumes, and low Li utilization. Here, we propose a dynamic adaptive porous Cu (DAP−Cu) host, which is lightweight with a high pore volume, fabricated using a large aspect ratio of Cu nanowires as the building blocks. This DAP−Cu allows for the precise loading of metallic Li, and the symmetric battery assembled with Li/DAP−Cu electrode operates at the high current density of 5 mA cm−2 for 4000 hours while exhibiting a low polarization voltage of ~60 mV. The Li/DAP−Cu anode achieves high‐performance compatibility with LiFePO4 and sulfur cathodes, with optimal N/P ratios of 1.20 : 1 and 4.0 : 1, respectively. Full and pouch cells with low N/P ratios exhibit exceptionally high specific capacities and long‐term cycling life. The establishment of standards for the matching of anodes and cathodes provides a reference for the quantitative preparation of electrode materials and is of significant guidance for enhancing the efficient utilization of metallic Li. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
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11. High‐Entropy Electrolyte Driven by Multi‐Solvation Structures for Long‐Lifespan Aqueous Zinc Metal Pouch Cells.
- Author
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Wang, Ziqing, Diao, Jiefeng, Vaidyula, Rinish R., Henkelman, Graeme, and Mullins, C. Buddie
- Abstract
Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are promising candidates for grid‐scale energy storage due to their low cost and high safety. However, the poor stability and the unfavorable freezing point of aqueous electrolytes hinder their actual application. Herein, a ternary salts‐based high‐entropy electrolyte (HEE) composed of Zn0.2Na0.4Li0.4(ClO4)1.2 ⋅ 7H2O is proposed to address the above issues. The addition of perchlorate salts with different cations reduces the size of ion clusters, significantly increases the solvation structure species, and promotes the anion‐rich Zn2+ solvation structures, resulting in an enlarged electrochemical stability window, favorable viscosity and ionic conductivity, and low freezing point. Furthermore, advanced characterization and theoretical calculations confirm that multiple types of solvation structures effectively increase the entropy of the electrolyte. As a consequence, the Zn/Zn symmetric cells in HEE can sustainably cycle for at least 1000 hours and 1500 hours under room and subzero temperatures, respectively. The Na0.33V2O5/Zn and polyaniline/Zn full cells can even last for 30000 and 20000 cycles without capacity decay at −20 °C, respectively. The pouch cells employing HEE deliver promising capacity and stability, even at high mass loading of active materials. This strategy of introducing multiple salts with different cations to construct a high‐entropy environment provides a facile approach for high‐performance and long‐lifespan AZMBs across a wide temperature range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
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12. Improving reaction uniformity of high‐loading lithium‐sulfur pouch batteries.
- Author
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Kim, Hun, Kim, Jae‐Min, Choi, Ha‐Neul, Min, Kyeong‐Jun, Kansara, Shivam, Hwang, Jang‐Yeon, Kim, Jung Ho, Jung, Hun‐Gi, and Sun, Yang‐Kook
- Subjects
BOEHMITE ,ENERGY density ,CATHODES ,SULFUR ,POLYETHYLENE ,LITHIUM sulfur batteries - Abstract
Lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs) have garnered attention from both academia and industry because they can achieve high energy densities (>400 Wh kg–1), which are difficult to achieve in commercially available lithium‐ion batteries. As a preparation step for practically utilizing LSBs, there is a problem, wherein battery cycle life rapidly reduces as the loading level of the sulfur cathode increases and the electrode area expands. In this study, a separator coated with boehmite on both sides of polyethylene (hereinafter denoted as boehmite separator) is incorporated into a high‐loading Li‐S pouch battery to suppress sudden capacity drops and achieve a longer cycle life. We explore a phenomenon by which inequality is generated in regions where an electrochemical reaction occurs in the sulfur cathode during the discharging and charging of a high‐capacity Li‐S pouch battery. The boehmite separator inhibits the accumulation of sulfur‐related species on the surface of the sulfur cathode to induce an even reaction across the entire cathode and suppresses the degradation of the Li metal anode, allowing the pouch battery with an areal capacity of 8 mAh cm–2 to operate stably for 300 cycles. These results demonstrate the importance of customizing separators for the practical use of LSBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Prussian blue/reduced graphene oxide composites cathode material via one-pot precipitation synthesis for enhancing capacity sodium metal pouch cell batteries.
- Author
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Kongthong, Tanaporn, Poochai, Chatwarin, Tuantranont, Adisorn, Limthongkul, Pimpa, Pothaya, Sukanya, Chuminjak, Yaowamarn, Cheacharoen, Rongrong, Lohitkarn, Jaruwit, Maeboonruan, Nattida, and Sriprachuabwong, Chakrit more...
- Subjects
PRUSSIAN blue ,GRAPHENE oxide ,VITAMIN C ,ELECTRIC conductivity ,COMPOSITE materials ,SUPERCAPACITOR electrodes - Abstract
[Display omitted] • Prussian blue/reduced graphene oxide is a battery-type cathode that has been successfully used in sodium metal batteries. • A one-pot synthesis is used to produce a composite of reduced graphene oxide and Prussian blue with ascorbic acid. • Prussian blue's open framework structure offers excellent cycle stability. • At high current densities, reduced graphene oxide provides high rate performance. The popularity of sodium metal-ion batteries (SMBs) is increasingly displacing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Iron-based Prussian blue (Fe 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3) analogs promise low-cost and easily prepared cathode materials for sodium metal-ion batteries. However, the effectiveness of these materials has consistently been attributed to their inadequate electrical conductivity. In this study, we employed a one-pot synthesis technique to prepare composites of Prussian blue (PB) and reduced graphene oxide (PB/rGO) with varying rGO concentrations. Ascorbic acid was utilized as a reducing agent to convert graphene oxide (GO) into reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Following optimization, the SMB coin cell with PB/rGO(5 %) electrode exhibited an initial specific discharge capacity of 91 mAh/g at a current density of 0.3C. This electrode had exceptional rate performance and remarkable capacity retention, with 75.3 % remaining after 2000 cycles. Furthermore, the pouch cell SMB using PB/rGO(5 %) showed a high capacity of 87 mAh/g at 0.05C with an energy density of 34 Wh kg
−1 and good cycle ability over 500 cycles. Notably, the performance of the SMBs surpasses that of the PB cathode, making it highly advantageous for efficient sodium ion storage in SMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
14. Controllable Growth of Crystal Facets Enables Superb Cycling Stability of Anode Material for Potassium Ion Batteries.
- Author
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Wang, Lu, Li, Yi, Wang, Bin, Jing, Zhongxin, Chen, Ming, Zhai, Yanjun, Kong, Zhen, Iqbal, Sikandar, Zeng, Suyuan, Sun, Xiuping, Chen, Yanpeng, Dou, Jianmin, and Xu, Liqiang
- Subjects
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ELECTRODE performance , *LITHIUM-ion batteries , *POTASSIUM ions , *ELECTROCHEMICAL electrodes , *CRYSTAL growth - Abstract
To enrich the crystal growth strategies for the booming applications concerning lattice structure, a preferred facet‐growth method is proposed for solvothermal synthesis of target (BiO)2CO3 in the two‐phase system. The dominant crystal phase can be regulated from α‐Fe2O3 to (BiO)2CO3 by properly increasing dosage of Bi feedstock, and the optimized composite is composed of (BiO)2CO3 nanocrystal (≈10 nm) and amorphous iron oxide (defined as "FOB‐50"). Based on experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations, the highly matched lattice between (006)/(0012) facets of α‐Fe2O3 and {010} facet group of (BiO)2CO3 involving orientation of Fe─O─Fe bond and Bi─O─Bi bond is verified to facilitate the interaction between the above facets, resulting in preferred growth of {010} dominated by (040) facet in (BiO)2CO3 and its composites. The structural merits can not only enable the FOB‐50‐based electrodes to achieve a high capacity and unprecedentedly stable cyclic performances for 1500 cycles/a long time‐span of 32 months as anode materials, but also ensure the full‐cell to well inherit the electrochemical features of the cathode in potassium ion batteries (PIBs). This work can provide new insight into lattice regulation for bismuth‐based materials and expand their application as electrodes for high performance PIBs and lithium ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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15. Electrochemical–Thermal Fluid Coupled Analysis and Statistical Analysis of Cooling System for Large Pouch Cells.
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Lee, Hamin, Park, Seokjun, and Kim, Chang-Wan
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COOLING systems , *HEAT capacity , *HIGH temperatures , *FLOW velocity , *ANALYSIS of variance - Abstract
In large-format pouch cells for electric vehicles, the issues of elevated and non-uniform temperatures resulting from heat generation are intensified, necessitating the use of liquid cooling systems. The design factors of the liquid cooling system influence the maximum temperature and temperature differences in the module as well as the pumping power of the cooling system. Although it is known that these design factors interact, research on these interactions and their effects is currently lacking. In this study, the individual as well as interaction effects of design factors on the performance of the liquid cooling system for a large-format pouch cell module were investigated using design of experiment and analyzed through statistical methods. Electrochemical–thermal fluid coupled analysis was used to calculate the performance according to the design factors of the liquid cooling system. The wall and channel widths are factors that directly determine the coolant flow velocity and cooling plate heat capacity, and they exhibited major effects on all three responses. Moreover, the influence of each design factor tended to change in response to variations in the other design factors. Thus, the effects of each factor individually and of interactions between factors were quantitatively compared and evaluated for significance. The width of the walls was found to contribute the most to the maximum temperature (36.00%) and pumping power (57.56%), while the width of the channels contributed the most to the temperature difference (38.24%), indicating that they are the main influencing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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16. Nonmetal Substitution in Interstitial Site of O3‐NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 Induces the Generation of a Nearly Zero Strain P2&O3 Biphasic Structure as Ultrastable Sodium‐Ion Cathode.
- Author
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Yu, Lai, He, Xiaoyue, Peng, Bo, Wang, Feng, Ahmad, Nazir, Shen, Yongkuan, Ma, Xinyi, Tao, Zongzhi, Liang, Jiacheng, Jiang, Zixuan, Diao, Zhidan, He, Bowen, Xie, Yuhu, Qing, Bing, Wang, Chao, Wang, Yifei, and Zhang, Genqiang more...
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PHASE transitions , *BAND gaps , *ENERGY storage , *DOPING agents (Chemistry) , *SODIUM ions - Abstract
Co‐free O3‐type NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries has shown great promise due to its high theoretical capacity and plentiful Na reservoir. However, the rapid capacity recession caused by harmful phase transition and large volume strain severely restricts their practical application. Herein, the obstacle is well addressed by constructing a P2&O3 biphasic structure via a customized boron‐doping strategy. The light‐weight boron doping in the interstitial position reduces the energy gap of the formation energy of P2 and O3 structure, which induces the formation of P2&O3 biphase in high Na state. In addition, the biphasic structure exhibits near zero volume strain due to the lattice interlocking effect of P2&O3, as identified by in situ X‐ray diffraction measurement. As a result, it presents a remarkable cyclability with a capacity retention of 85.2% over 1000 cycles at a high rate of 5 C. More importantly, a pouch‐type full‐cell device can exhibit a long cycling life with 70.8% capacity retention over 150 cycles at 0.1 C. This work can offer a new inspiration for designing advanced high sodium electrode materials via light element doping for future energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
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17. Enhancing Anion‐Selective Catalysis for Stable Lithium Metal Pouch Cells through Charge Separated COF Interlayer.
- Author
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Zhao, Peiyu, Zhang, Yanhua, Sun, Baoyu, Qiao, Rui, Li, Chao, Hai, Pengqi, Wang, Yingche, Liu, Feng, and Song, Jiangxuan
- Subjects
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FRONTIER orbitals , *ENERGY levels (Quantum mechanics) , *LITHIUM cells , *SOLID electrolytes , *ENERGY density - Abstract
Regulating the composition of solid‐electrolyte‐interphase (SEI) is the key to construct high‐energy density lithium metal batteries. Here we report a selective catalysis anionic decomposition strategy to achieve a lithium fluoride (LiF)‐rich SEI for stable lithium metal batteries. To accomplish this, the tris(4‐aminophenyl) amine‐pyromeletic dianhydride covalent organic frameworks (TP‐COF) was adopted as an interlayer on lithium metal anode. The strong donor‐acceptor unit structure of TP‐COF induces local charge separation, resulting in electron depletion and thus boosting its affinity to FSI−. The strong interaction between TP‐COF and FSI− lowers the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of FSI−, accelerating the decomposition of FSI− and generating a stable LiF‐rich SEI. This feature facilitates rapid Li+ transfer and suppresses dendritic Li growth. Notably, we demonstrate a 6.5 Ah LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2|TP‐COF@Li pouch cell with high energy density (473.4 Wh kg−1) and excellent cycling stability (97.4 %, 95 cycles) under lean electrolyte 1.39 g Ah−1, high areal capacity 5.7 mAh cm−2, and high current density 2.7 mA cm−2. Our selective catalysis strategy opens a promising avenue toward the practical applications of high energy‐density rechargeable batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Investigating laser and ultrasonic welding of pouch cell multi-foil current collectors for electric vehicle battery fabrication.
- Author
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Kumar, Nikhil, Pamarthi, Venkat Vivek, and Das, Abhishek
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LASER welding , *ULTRASONIC welding , *ELECTRIC vehicles , *LASER ultrasonics , *COPPER - Abstract
The escalating necessity for more efficient and defect-free joining of 'ultra-thin foil collectors-to-tabs' in electric vehicle (EV) Li-ion pouch cells motivates this study. The prevalent ultrasonic welding (USW) method for these joint types, faces limitations such as design constraints and access requirements, laser welding (LW) emerges as a promising alternative offering flexibility, one-side access and faster speeds with efficient heat input. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of LW as a viable alternative to USW for joining current collectors-to-tab joints. It compares the mechanical, metallurgical, electrical and thermal analysis of the joints to evaluate both welding techniques for joint defects. The comparison of solid-state material mixing during USW and the intermixing of aluminium (Al) and copper (Cu) during fusion LW using EDX analysis presents interesting observations in the study. The USW generates a thin transition layer with intermetallic compounds (IMCs) attributed to the diffusion of Cu into the Al matrix during joining, which is comparatively lower as in the case of LW with higher material mixing with brittle IMCs like Al2Cu and Al4Cu9. However, the joint strength of LW is comparatively lower than the USW joint attributed to the reduced fusion zone area. Furthermore, from the electrical contact resistance and the joint temperature analysis, it was found that the resistance and temperature vary by as much as 13% and 6%, respectively, for the 50 A and 75 A passing currents when the USW is replaced with the LW process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Lithium‐Sulfur‐Batteries under Lean Electrolyte Conditions: Improving Rate Capability by the Choice of the Lithium Salt in Dimethoxyethane‐Hydrofluoroether‐Based Electrolyte.
- Author
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Kirchhoff, Sebastian, Härtel, Paul, Dörfler, Susanne, Abendroth, Thomas, Althues, Holger, and Kaskel, Stefan
- Subjects
IONIC conductivity ,ENERGY density ,ELECTROLYTES ,SALTS ,SALT ,POLYSULFIDES - Abstract
Lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs) are discussed as the most promising post‐lithium‐ion battery technology due to the high theoretical energy density and the cost‐efficient, environmental‐friendly active material sulfur. Unfortunately, LSBs still suffer from several limitations such as cycle life and rate capability. To overcome these issues, the development of adapted electrolytes is one promising path. Consequently, in this study, we focus on the influence of the lithium salt on the performance of LSBs. In a fixed solvent system without employing LiNO3, five different lithium salts are compared. The electrolyte properties as well as the influence of polysulfides are determined and discussed in relation with the battery performance. Interestingly, although the different salts lead to different electrolyte properties, only a minor influence of the salt is observed at low C‐rates. By performing a rate capability test, however, a strong influence of the lithium salt is detected at high C‐rates, with LiFSI outperforming the other salts. This correlates well with ionic conductivity and a suppressed influence of polysulfides in case of LiFSI. To verify the results, multi‐layered pouch cells were tested under lean electrolyte conditions. The study emphasizes the significance of the lithium salt and provides guidance for electrolyte design under lean electrolyte conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Improving reaction uniformity of high‐loading lithium‐sulfur pouch batteries
- Author
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Hun Kim, Jae‐Min Kim, Ha‐Neul Choi, Kyeong‐Jun Min, Shivam Kansara, Jang‐Yeon Hwang, Jung Ho Kim, Hun‐Gi Jung, and Yang‐Kook Sun
- Subjects
boehmite ,lithium‐sulfur batteries ,pouch cell ,separator ,uniformity ,Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations ,TK1001-1841 - Abstract
Abstract Lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs) have garnered attention from both academia and industry because they can achieve high energy densities (>400 Wh kg–1), which are difficult to achieve in commercially available lithium‐ion batteries. As a preparation step for practically utilizing LSBs, there is a problem, wherein battery cycle life rapidly reduces as the loading level of the sulfur cathode increases and the electrode area expands. In this study, a separator coated with boehmite on both sides of polyethylene (hereinafter denoted as boehmite separator) is incorporated into a high‐loading Li‐S pouch battery to suppress sudden capacity drops and achieve a longer cycle life. We explore a phenomenon by which inequality is generated in regions where an electrochemical reaction occurs in the sulfur cathode during the discharging and charging of a high‐capacity Li‐S pouch battery. The boehmite separator inhibits the accumulation of sulfur‐related species on the surface of the sulfur cathode to induce an even reaction across the entire cathode and suppresses the degradation of the Li metal anode, allowing the pouch battery with an areal capacity of 8 mAh cm–2 to operate stably for 300 cycles. These results demonstrate the importance of customizing separators for the practical use of LSBs. more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The disassembly analysis and thermal runaway characteristics of NCM811 family battery cells
- Author
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Guo, Aiwen, Xing, Zhixiang, Liu, Yanyan, Lu, Wanzheng, Wang, Aoqi, Wu, Jie, Chai, Guoqiang, Shi, Yaqing, Jiang, Juncheng, and Ma, Yanan
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Conversion-type anode chemistry with interfacial compatibility toward Ah-level near-neutral high-voltage zinc ion batteries.
- Author
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Guo, Shan, Qin, Liping, Wu, Jia, Liu, Zhexuan, Huang, Yuhao, Xie, Yiman, Fang, Guozhao, and Liang, Shuquan
- Subjects
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INTERFACIAL reactions , *ENERGY conversion , *GIBBS' free energy , *ELECTRODE reactions , *ZINC compounds , *SUPERIONIC conductors - Abstract
High-voltage aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) with a high-safety near-neutral electrolyte is of great significance for practical sustainable application; however, they suffer from anode and electrode/electrolyte interfacial incompatibility. Herein, a conversion-type anode chemistry with a low anodic potential, which is guided by the Gibbs free energy change of conversion reaction, was designed for high-voltage near-neutral AZIBs. A reversible conversion reaction between ZnC2O4·2H2O particles and three-dimensional Zn metal networks well-matched in CH3COOLi-based electrolyte was revealed. This mechanism can be universally validated in the battery systems with sodium or iodine ions. More importantly, a cathodic crowded micellar electrolyte with a water confinement effect was proposed in which lies the core for the stability and reversibility of the cathode under an operating platform voltage beyond 2.0 V, obtaining a capacity retention of 95% after 100 cycles. Remarkably, the scientific and technological challenges from the coin cell to Ah-scale battery, sluggish kinetics of the solid-solid electrode reaction, capacity excitation under high loading of active material, and preparation complexities associated with large-area quasi-solid electrolytes, were explored, successfully achieving an 88% capacity retention under high loading of more than 20 mg cm−2 and particularly a practical 1.1 Ah-level pouch cell. This work provides a path for designing low-cost, eco-friendly and high-voltage aqueous batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. 低成本 Nb 掺杂 Li7La3Zr2O12 固态电解质的 性能与应用研究.
- Author
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冯玉川, 张 鑫, 王明辉, 何泓材, and 林元华
- Abstract
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- 2024
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24. Innovative, Three-Dimensional Model for Time-Dependent, Mechanical Battery Module Behaviour Due to Cell Volume Change.
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Bozalp, Tolga, Kulkarni, Shraddha Suhas, Opfer, Holger, and Vietor, Thomas
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THREE-dimensional modeling , *FINITE element method , *ELECTRIC batteries , *FOAM - Abstract
Battery cells experience volume changes due to intercalation and ageing processes, which may pose a challenge when integrating cells into a battery module. This study presents an innovative, numerical model, which spatially resolved predicts the time-dependent, overall mechanical behaviour of battery modules caused by volume changes in built-in cells. An already self-developed battery module model, which statically describes the three-dimensional (3D), mechanical behaviour in a 0D simulation environment, is extended by the time dimension for dynamic modelling. The existing model abilities and features are maintained, such as the inclusion of multiple size scales from the cell to module level as well as the automatized model building process for the investigation of different module designs in regard to the number and arrangement of foam pads and multiple other design parameters. The validation of the predication abilities against those of complex, commercial software solutions, which use Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in a 3D model environment, have shown good agreement regarding sensitivity, robustness and numerical stability, revealing the impact and interdependencies of model parameters as well as the numerical limits of the model. In this study, the potential of the novel model regarding computational time and resources is underlined, making it a useful and effective tool for fast optimization studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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25. Analysis of Differences in Electrochemical Performance Between Coin and Pouch Cells for Lithium‐Ion Battery Applications.
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Son, Yeonguk, Cha, Hyungyeon, Lee, Taeyong, Kim, Yujin, Boies, Adam, Cho, Jaephil, and De Volder, Michael
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ELECTROCHEMICAL analysis ,LITHIUM-ion batteries ,COINS ,IMPEDANCE spectroscopy ,RESEARCH personnel - Abstract
Small coin cell batteries are predominantly used for testing lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) in academia because they require small amounts of material and are easy to assemble. However, insufficient attention is given to difference in cell performance that arises from the differences in format between coin cells used by academic researchers and pouch or cylindrical cells which are used in industry. In this article, we compare coin cells and pouch cells of different size with exactly the same electrode materials, electrolyte, and electrochemical conditions. We show the battery impedance changes substantially depending on the cell format using techniques including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT). Using full cell NCA‐graphite LIBs, we demonstrate that this difference in impedance has important knock‐on effects on the battery rate performance due to ohmic polarization and the battery life time due to Li metal plating on the anode. We hope this work will help researchers getting a better idea of how small coin cell formats impact the cell performance and help predicting improvements that can be achieved by implementing larger cell formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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26. Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: From Lab to Industry and Safety
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Cha, Eunho, Pathak, Anil D., Choi, Wonbong, Gueye, Amadou Belal, editor, and Thomas, Sabu, editor
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- 2024
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27. The numerical and experimental investigation of the transient behaviours of a lithium-ion pouch battery cell under dynamic conditions
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Berkay Tahirağaoğlu, Gökhan Sevilgen, and Halil Sadettin Hamut
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Transient model ,Pouch cell ,Heat generation ,Dynamic conditions ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
In this paper, the transient model of a high energy density Lithium-ion pouch battery cell is developed under dynamic conditions. The battery cell has a capacity of 73 Ah and volumetric energy density of 642 Wh L−1. This is one of the few studies included the electro-thermal behaviour of high energy density battery under transient conditions by using second ordered model. The transient model indicated that the state of charge (SOC) decreased by 7 % at the end of the WLTP driving cycle and this value is good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the developed model provides an accurate prediction of the terminal voltage with a R2 value of 0.99 and a maximum relative error of 2.0 %. Furthermore, the proposed model predicts the electro-thermal characteristics more precisely and the heat generation rate and the entropic term can also be determined without using measurement device. The calculated total heat emitted from battery is about 6W at 1 C-rate for constant current and the heat generation rate is a peak value of ±1.75 105 Wm−3 under dynamic conditions. By using the estimated heat generation rate, more effective cold plates will be designed for thermal management of high energy density battery cells. more...
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- 2024
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28. Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical and Electrical Failure of the Electrode Tab of Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells Under Quasi-Static Mechanical Load
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Patrick Höschele, Simon Franz Heindl, and Christian Ellersdorfer
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lithium-ion battery ,pouch cell ,current conductor flag ,electrode tab ,quasi-static ,mechanical abuse load ,Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations ,TK1001-1841 ,Industrial electrochemistry ,TP250-261 - Abstract
The electrode tabs of pouch cells are rigidly joined to the bus bar in a battery module to achieve an electric connection. The effect of abusive mechanical loads arising from crash-related deformation or the possible movement of battery cells caused by operation-dependent thickness variations has so far never been investigated. Three quasi-static abuse tests for the anode and cathode electrode tabs were conducted with pouch cells at 100% SOC. Tensile tests on the anode, cathode and pouch foil were performed in order to explain differences between the anode and cathode in the abuse tests. The experiments revealed different failure mechanisms for the anode and cathode electrode tabs. The cathode failed at an average maximum load of 940.3 N through an external rupture of the electrode tab. The anode failed at an average maximum load of 868.9 N through a rupture of the single electrode sheets and the opening of the pouch foil. No thermal runaway occurred for either cathode or anode. The results of this study reveal a more critical failure behavior for the anode electrode tab, which can be addressed in the future by adding a predetermined breaking point and adapting the geometry of the anode electrode tab. more...
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- 2024
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29. Crafting advanced supercapacitor electrodes with calcium manganese oxide in synergy with rGO and MWCNTs.
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Rajkumar, Palanisamy, Thirumal, Vediyappan, Iyer, Maalavika S, Abdollahifar, Mozaffar, Aravinth, Karuppanan, Yoo, Kisoo, and Kim, Jinho
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SUPERCAPACITORS ,LIME (Minerals) ,MANGANESE oxides ,MULTIWALLED carbon nanotubes ,SUPERCAPACITOR electrodes ,OXIDE electrodes ,ENERGY density - Abstract
[Display omitted] Despite significant progress in developing metal oxide composite electrodes, methods to improve conductivity and integrate them with carbon nanocomposites remain scarce. Herein, we have synthesized carbon variants – metal oxide composite electrodes with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). This study outlines the process of synthesizing CaMn 3 O 6 microbeads (∼0.4 μm), which are dispersed within reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The synthesis involves a hydrothermal reaction followed by a calcination process. The synthesized samples are fabricated as a pouch type asymmetric supercapacitor device. The electrodes labelled as CMO–G and CMO–M were tested in three electrode system wherein CMO–M delivered a capacitance of 483 F/g and CMO-G delivered a capacitance of 356 F/g. Low resistance, excellent cycling stability makes CMO–M a suitable electrode for practical applications. The device CMO–M||AC delivered capacitance of 140 F/g and showed a capacity retention up to 84 % even after 20,000 cycles. CMO–M||AC device delivered energy density of 43.81 Wh kg
−1 at 750 W kg−1 power density. Our results distinctly demonstrate the significant potential achieved through the synergistic effect in CaMn 3 O 6 and carbon variants. This understanding could prove valuable in the creation of advanced energy storage solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2024
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30. Challenges and Solutions of Solid‐State Electrolyte Film for Large‐Scale Applications.
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Huang, Xiaozhong, Li, Tao, Fan, Weiwei, Xiao, Rui, and Cheng, Xin‐Bing
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SOLID electrolytes , *ELECTROLYTE solutions , *SOLID state batteries , *ENERGY density , *IONIC conductivity , *LITHIUM-ion batteries , *SUPERIONIC conductors - Abstract
Solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries are widely accepted as the promising next‐generation energy storage technology due to higher energy density and improved safety compared to conventional lithium‐ion batteries with liquid electrolytes. Large‐area solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) films with adequate thickness control, improved ionic conductivity, and good interfacial contact can reduce internal resistance, increase the real energy density of batteries, and reduce manufacturing costs. Optimization of SSE properties at the particle scale and large‐scale preparation of SSE films are key to the development of high‐performance solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries and their industrialization. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of SSE, covering both particle‐level features like the effects of particle size, density, and air stability on the electrochemical performance, as well as four major routes for large‐scale preparation and relevant strategies for structural optimization of SSE films. In addition, the effects of large‐area SSE films on the electrochemical performance of solid‐state batteries and their applications in pouch solid‐state lithium‐ion battery systems are discussed in detail. Finally, the design principles of SSE particles and SSE films are summarized and the development direction of thin SSEs is envisaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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31. Influence of Primary Particle Morphology and Hydrophilicity of Carbon Matrix on Electrode Coating Quality and Performance of Practical High-Energy-Density Li–S Batteries.
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Shanglin Li, Zhaoyue Chen, Kentaro Yamamoto, Toshiki Watanabe, Yoshiharu Uchimoto, Yuki Mori, Gen Inoue, Kazuya Ohuchi, Satoshi Inagaki, Kazuhide Ueno, Kaoru Dokko, and Masayoshi Watanabe
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CARBON electrodes ,LITHIUM sulfur batteries ,CARBON-based materials ,ENERGY density ,STORAGE batteries ,CATHODES ,ELECTROCHEMICAL electrodes - Abstract
Li–S batteries have attracted attention as the next-generation secondary batteries. While substantial progress is made in understanding Li–S chemistry at a fundamental level, only a limited number of studies are dedicated to achieving high energy density at the practical pouch cell level. The challenge lies in attaining high-energy-density Li–S batteries under harsh conditions, which involve a minimal amount of electrolyte and a relatively high areal S-loading cathode. This discrepancy creates a substantial gap between fundamental material research and comprehensive cell-level investigations. In this study, it is investigated how the morphology and properties of two carbon materials, namely Ketjen black (KB) and mesoporous carbon nano-dendrites (MCND), influence the composite cathode architecture and determine the performance of Li–S batteries. Unlike KB, MCND allows for a higher sulfur-loading cathode without evident cracks in the composite cathode. This achievement can be attributed to the high porosity, excellent wettability, and high conductivity exhibited during an identical electrode preparation procedure. Furthermore, large-format Li–S pouch cells incorporating MCND/S cathodes are successfully fabricated. These cells demonstrate an energy density surpassing 250 Wh kg
−1 and an initial discharge capacity of 3.7 Ah under challenging conditions (S-loading > 5 mg cm−2 and E/S < 3.5 μL mg−1 ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2024
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32. Improving Rate Performance of Encapsulating Lithium‐Polysulfide Electrolytes for Practical Lithium−Sulfur Batteries.
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Su, Li‐Ling, Yao, Nan, Li, Zheng, Bi, Chen‐Xi, Chen, Zi‐Xian, Chen, Xiang, Li, Bo‐Quan, Zhang, Xue‐Qiang, and Huang, Jia‐Qi
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LITHIUM sulfur batteries , *ELECTROLYTES , *ENERGY density , *METHYL ether , *LONGEVITY , *SOLVATION - Abstract
The cycle life of high‐energy‐density lithium−sulfur (Li−S) batteries is severely plagued by the incessant parasitic reactions between Li metal anodes and reactive Li polysulfides (LiPSs). Encapsulating Li‐polysulfide electrolyte (EPSE) emerges as an effective electrolyte design to mitigate the parasitic reactions kinetically. Nevertheless, the rate performance of Li−S batteries with EPSE is synchronously suppressed. Herein, the sacrifice in rate performance by EPSE is circumvented while mitigating parasitic reactions by employing hexyl methyl ether (HME) as a co‐solvent. The specific capacity of Li−S batteries with HME‐based EPSE is nearly not decreased at 0.1 C compared with conventional ether electrolytes. With an ultrathin Li metal anode (50 μm) and a high‐areal‐loading sulfur cathode (4.4 mgS cm−2), a longer cycle life of 113 cycles was achieved in HME‐based EPSE compared with that of 65 cycles in conventional ether electrolytes at 0.1 C. Furthermore, both high energy density of 387 Wh kg−1 and stable cycle life of 27 cycles were achieved in a Li−S pouch cell (2.7 Ah). This work inspires the feasibility of regulating the solvation structure of LiPSs in EPSE for Li−S batteries with balanced performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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33. Printed Carbon Black Thermocouple as an In Situ Thermal Sensor for Lithium-Ion Cell.
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Talplacido, Nikko Cano and Cumming, Denis J.
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THERMOCOUPLES ,CHEMICAL resistance ,DETECTORS ,CARBON-black ,LITHIUM-ion batteries ,SCREEN process printing - Abstract
Thermal monitoring of lithium-ion batteries ensures their safe and optimal operation. To collect the most accurate temperature data of LIBs, previous studies used thermocouples in the cell and proved them to be technically viable. However, the cost and scale-up limitations of this method restricted its use in many applications, hindering its mass adoption. This work developed a low-cost and scalable screen-printed carbon black thermocouple to study its applicability for the thermal monitoring of LIB. Given the appropriate manufacturing parameters, it was found that thermal sensors may be printed on the electrodes, installed on a pouch cell, and once calibrated, operate with excellent sensitivity. However, to reliably use a printed carbon black thermocouple in operando of a pouch cell, its chemical resistance against electrolytes was found to require further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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34. Progress and Perspectives on the Development of Pouch‐Type Lithium Metal Batteries.
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Jie, Yulin, Tang, Chao, Xu, Yaolin, Guo, Youzhang, Li, Wanxia, Chen, Yawei, Jia, Haojun, Zhang, Jing, Yang, Ming, Cao, Ruiguo, Lu, Yuhao, Cho, Jaephil, and Jiao, Shuhong
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LITHIUM cells , *SOLID state batteries , *ENERGY density , *SOLID electrolytes , *ENERGY storage , *RESEARCH & development - Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) are the "holy grail" in the energy storage field due to their high energy density (theoretically >500 Wh kg−1). Recently, tremendous efforts have been made to promote the research & development (R&D) of pouch‐type LMBs toward practical application. This article aims to provide a comprehensive and in‐depth review of recent progress on pouch‐type LMBs from full cell aspect, and to offer insights to guide its future development. It will review pouch‐type LMBs using both liquid and solid‐state electrolytes, and cover topics related to both Li and cathode (including LiNixCoyMn1‐x‐yO2, S and O2) as both electrodes impact the battery performance. The key performance criteria of pouch‐type LMBs and their relationship in between are introduced first, then the major challenges facing the development of pouch‐type LMBs are discussed in detail, especially those severely aggravated in pouch cells compared with coin cells. Subsequently, the recent progress on mechanistic understandings of the degradation of pouch‐type LMBs is summarized, followed with the practical strategies that have been utilized to address these issues and to improve the key performance criteria of pouch‐type LMBs. In the end, it provides perspectives on advancing the R&Ds of pouch‐type LMBs towards their application in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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35. Influence of the Arrangement of the Cells/Modules of a Traction Battery on the Spread of Fire in Case of Thermal Runaway.
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Olona, Ana and Castejón, Luis
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ELECTRIC vehicles ,CELLULAR mechanics ,BACKPACKS ,ELECTRIC vehicle batteries ,CHEMICAL structure ,FLAME spread ,ANALYTICAL chemistry - Abstract
When designing the battery of an electric vehicle, different parameters must be considered to obtain the safest arrangement of the battery/modules/cells from the mechanical and thermal points of view. In this study, the thermal runaway propagation mechanism of lithium-ion cells is analyzed as a function of their arrangement within a battery pack in case of a fire propagation of a battery pack in which a thermal runaway has occurred. The objective is to identify which cell/module arrangement is most critical within the battery pack, using microscopic analysis of the structure and chemical composition of the most damaged cells, both horizontally and vertically, of a battery belonging to a burnt vehicle. And their final condition was compared with the condition of new cells of the same type. In this way, the structure and chemical composition of the cathode, anode, and separator after thermal runaway were compared. This research was carried out to obtain information to understand the mechanical properties of lithium-ion cells and their behavior after thermal runaway heating leading to the propagation of a fire. Through the analysis carried out, it is concluded that cells placed in a vertical arrangement have worse behavior than cells in a horizontal arrangement. Regarding the safety of the battery, the results of this study will allow us to determine which arrangement and structure of the cells in the battery pack is safer against thermal runaway due to thermal failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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36. Scaling to practical pouch cell supercapacitor: Electrodes by electrophoretic deposition
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Barun K. Chakrabarti and Chee Tong John Low
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Electrophoretic deposition ,Activated carbon ,Power density ,Supercapacitor ,Pouch cell ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 ,Renewable energy sources ,TJ807-830 - Abstract
The scale-up of supercapacitors by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) from coin cell to pouch cell with commercially relevant mass loadings and thicknesses is reported. The use of EPD in electrode fabrication mainly reduces the interfacial resistance and increases the mechanical flexibility of the electrodes. The cycling performance or conversion efficiency can also be improved due to the highly porous EPD coatings. An exemplary investigation of activated carbon (AC) electrodes with an electrolyte comprising of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile is carried out. According to the general literature, EPD of AC on metal substrates has not performed well for supercapacitor electrodes unless they were thinner and with lower mass loadings than commercial requirements. As a consequence, and to redress this research gap, all the electrodes prepared in this work demonstrate high mass loadings (8 mg cm−2) and practical layer thicknesses (125 µm) and contain polyvinylidene fluoride binders with electrically conductive carbon black particles. Research investigations include: (a) impact of EPD of AC onto small (10 cm2) and large areas (50 cm2) of aluminum foil current collectors, (b) scaling-up of coin to pouch cells, and (c) the preparation of electrode coatings on both sides of the current collector for the first time using EPD for pouch cell investigations. Our research learning shows the evidence of practical cell performance, including current loading (40 A g−1), tens of thousands of successive charge and discharge operation (150,000 cycles), power (30 kW kg−1) and energy densities (10 W h kg−1), capacitance (154 F g−1), capacitance retention (80%) and coulombic efficiency (relatively close to 100%). Based upon the success of the pouch cells investigated in this work, further research studies on the use of EPD for preparing energy storage electrodes for commercial cylindrical types of supercapacitors is envisaged. more...
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- 2024
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37. The Impact of a Combined Battery Thermal Management and Safety System Utilizing Polymer Mini-Channel Cold Plates on the Thermal Runaway and Its Propagation.
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Graichen, Henrik-Christian, Boye, Gunar, Sauerhering, Jörg, Köhler, Florian, and Beyrau, Frank
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THERMAL batteries ,SYSTEM safety ,AERODYNAMIC heating ,POLYMERS ,LITHIUM-ion batteries ,LITHIUM cells ,SLUDGE conditioning ,ELECTRIC batteries - Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in mobile applications because they offer a suitable package of characteristics in terms of specific energy, cost, and life span. Nevertheless, they have the potential to experience thermal runaway (TR), the prevention and containment of which require safety measures and intensive thermal management. This study introduces a novel combined thermal management and safety application designed for large aspect-ratio battery cells such as pouches and thin prismatics. It comprises polymer-based mini-channel cold plates that can indirectly thermally condition the batteries' faces with liquid. They are lightweight and space-saving, making them suitable for mobile systems. Furthermore, this study experimentally clarifies to which extent the application of polymer mini-channel cold plates between battery cells is suitable to delay TR by heat dissipation and to prevent thermal runaway propagation (TRP) to adjacent cells by simultaneously acting as a thermal barrier. NMC pouch cells of 12.5 Ah capacity were overcharged at 1 C to induce TR. Without cold plates, TR and TRP occurred within one hour. Utilizing the polymer mini-channel cold plates for face cooling, the overcharge did not produce a condition leading to cell fire in the same time frame. When the fluid inlet temperature was varied between 5 and 40 °C, the overcharged cell's surface temperature peaked between 50 and 60 °C. Indications were found that thermal conditioning with the polymer cold plates significantly slowed down parts of the process chain before cell firing. Their peak performance was measured to be just under 2.2 kW/m
2 . In addition, thermal management system malfunction was tested, and evidence was found that the polymer cold plates prevented TRP to adjacent cells. In conclusion, a combined thermal management and safety system made of polymer mini-channel cold plates provides necessary TR-related safety aspects in lithium battery systems and should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2024
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38. Highly conductive S-doped FeSe2-xSx microsphere with high tap density for practical sodium storage.
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Shuhao Xiao, Jinxia Jiang, Ying Zhu, Jing Zhang, Hanchao Li, Rui Wu, Xiaobin Niu, Jiaqian Qin, and Jun Song Chen
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SELENIDES ,SODIUM ,ELECTRIC conductivity ,GAS phase reactions ,ENERGY density - Abstract
Metal selenides have been explored as promising sodium storage materials owing to their high theoretical capacity. However, sluggish Naþ diffusion and low electronic conductivity of selenides still hinder their practical applications. Herein, FeSe2-xSx microspheres have been prepared via a self-doping solvothermal method using NH4Fe(SO4)2 as both the Fe and S source, followed by gas phase selenization. The density functional theory calculation results reveal that S doping not only improves the Na adsorption, but also lower the diffusion energy barrier of Na atoms at the S doping sites, at the same time enhance the electronic conductivity of FeSe2-xSx. The carbon-free nature of the FeSe2-xSx microspheres results in a low specific surface area and a high tap density, leading to an initial columbic efficiency of 85.6%. Compared with pure FeSe2, such FeSe2-xSx delivers a high reversible capacity of 373.6 mAhg1 at a high current density of 5 A-g-1 after 2000 cycles and an enhanced rate performance of 305.8 mAhg1 at even 50 A-g-1. Finally, the FeSe2-xSx//NVP pouch cells have been assembled, achieving high energy and volumetric energy densities of 118 Wh-kg-1 and 272 mWh-cm-3, respectively, con- firming the potential of applications for the FeSe2-xSx microspheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
39. A Novel High‐Performance Electrolyte for Extreme Fast Charging in Pilot Scale Lithium‐Ion Pouch Cells.
- Author
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Du, Zhijia, Yang, Zhenzhen, Tao, Runming, Shipitsyn, Vadim, Wu, Xianyang, Robertson, David C., Livingston, Kelsey M., Hagler, Shae, Kwon, James, Ma, Lin, Bloom, Ira D., and Ingram, Brian J.
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IONIC conductivity ,ELECTRIC vehicles ,ELECTRIC vehicle batteries ,ELECTROLYTES ,FLUOROETHYLENE - Abstract
Realizing extreme fast charging (XFC) in lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles is still challenging due to the insufficient lithium‐ion transport kinetics, especially in the electrolyte. Herein, a novel high‐performance electrolyte (HPE) consisting of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and carbonates is proposed and tested in pilot‐scale, 2‐Ah pouch cells. Moreover, the origin of improved electrochemical performance is comprehensively studied via various characterizations, suggesting that the proposed HPE exhibits high ionic conductivity and excellent electrochemical stability at high charging rate of 6‐C. Therefore, the HPE‐based pouch cells deliver improved discharge specific capacity and excellent long‐term cyclability up to 1500 cycles under XFC conditions, which is superior to the conventional state‐of‐the‐art baseline electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
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40. Implementing Reversible Swelling into the Numerical Model of a Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell for Short Circuit Prediction.
- Author
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Höschele, Patrick and Ellersdorfer, Christian
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SHORT circuits ,FINITE element method ,MECHANICAL models - Abstract
Mechanical simulation models have become crucial for understanding Li-ion battery failure and degradation mechanisms. However, existing safety assessment models lack the implementation of SOC-dependent thickness variations referred to as reversible swelling. Reversible swelling affects the applied preload force on a constrained pouch cell, potentially impacting its safety. To investigate this, a finite element RVE model was developed in LS-Dyna. Two swelling models, simplified homogenous expansion (HE) and locally resolved expansion (LE), were implemented along with a reference basis model (BM) without expansion. Six different stress- or strain-based short circuit criteria were calibrated with abuse test simulations at different SOCs and preload forces. Short circuit prognosis improved on average by 0.8% and 0.7% for the LE and HE model compared to the BM, with minimum principal stress being the most suitable criterion. The LE model exhibited a softer mechanical response than the HE model or BM, accounting for the pouch cell surface unevenness at small indentations. This study demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of implementing an expansion model in a commercial FE solver for improved short circuit predictions. An expansion model is crucial for simulating aged battery cells with significant geometry changes strongly affecting the preload force of a constrained battery cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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41. Highly conductive S-doped FeSe2-xSx microsphere with high tap density for practical sodium storage
- Author
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Shuhao Xiao, Jinxia Jiang, Ying Zhu, Jing Zhang, Hanchao Li, Rui Wu, Xiaobin Niu, Jiaqian Qin, and Jun Song Chen
- Subjects
FeSe2 ,S-Doping ,High conductivity ,Pouch cell ,Practical sodium-ion batteries ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
Metal selenides have been explored as promising sodium storage materials owing to their high theoretical capacity. However, sluggish Na+ diffusion and low electronic conductivity of selenides still hinder their practical applications. Herein, FeSe2-xSx microspheres have been prepared via a self-doping solvothermal method using NH4Fe(SO4)2 as both the Fe and S source, followed by gas phase selenization. The density functional theory calculation results reveal that S doping not only improves the Na adsorption, but also lower the diffusion energy barrier of Na atoms at the S doping sites, at the same time enhance the electronic conductivity of FeSe2-xSx. The carbon-free nature of the FeSe2-xSx microspheres results in a low specific surface area and a high tap density, leading to an initial columbic efficiency of 85.6%. Compared with pure FeSe2, such FeSe2-xSx delivers a high reversible capacity of 373.6 mAh·g−1 at a high current density of 5 A·g−1 after 2000 cycles and an enhanced rate performance of 305.8 mAh·g−1 at even 50 A·g−1. Finally, the FeSe2-xSx//NVP pouch cells have been assembled, achieving high energy and volumetric energy densities of 118 Wh·kg−1 and 272 mWh·cm−3, respectively, confirming the potential of applications for the FeSe2-xSx microspheres. more...
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Modeling and Experimental Validation of Thickness Change of a Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell with Blend Positive Electrode.
- Author
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Schmider, David and Bessler, Wolfgang G.
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NICKEL electrodes ,LITHIUM cobalt oxide ,NEGATIVE electrode ,ELECTRODES ,MODEL validation ,PILOCARPINE - Abstract
Lithium-ion battery cells exhibit a complex and nonlinear coupling of thermal, electrochemical, and mechanical behavior. In order to increase insight into these processes, we report the development of a pseudo-three-dimensional (P3D) thermo-electro-mechanical model of a commercial lithium-ion pouch cell with graphite negative electrode and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide/lithium cobalt oxide blend positive electrode. Nonlinear molar volumes of the active materials as function of lithium stoichiometry are taken from literature and implemented into the open-source software Cantera for convenient coupling to battery simulation codes. The model is parameterized and validated using electrical, thermal and thickness measurements over a wide range of C-rates from 0.05 C to 10 C. The combined experimental and simulated analyses show that thickness change during cycling is dominated by intercalation-induced swelling of graphite, while swelling of the two blend components partially cancel each other. At C-rates above 2 C, electrochemistry-induced temperature increase significantly contributes to cell swelling due to thermal expansion. The thickness changes are nonlinearly distributed over the thickness of the electrode pair due to gradients in the local lithiation, which may accelerate local degradation. Remaining discrepancies between simulation and experiment at high C-rates might be attributed to lithium plating, which is not considered in the model at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2023
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43. Constructing LiF/Li2CO3-rich heterostructured electrode electrolyte interphases by electrolyte additive for 4.5 V well-cycled lithium metal batteries.
- Author
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Hu, Xinhong, Li, Yong, Liu, Jiandong, Wang, Zhongsheng, Bai, Ying, and Ma, Jianmin
- Subjects
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LITHIUM cells , *ELECTROLYTES , *PHASE transitions , *ENERGY density , *ELECTRODES , *ELECTROCHEMICAL electrodes , *ALUMINUM foam - Abstract
Cycling stability of 4.5 V Li||NCM811 battery is realized by constructing LiF/Li 2 CO 3 -rich electrode electrolyte interphases (EEIs) induced by PFBE. Moreover, the Li||NCM811 pouch cells with the PFBE can reach the energy density of ∼485 Wh kg−1 with the actual capacity of 6.69 Ah. [Display omitted] The cycling performance of promising high-voltage Li||LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) batteries is determined by the interfacial stability between electrodes and electrolyte. However, it is challenging to achieve them under high voltage. Herein, we stabilized 4.5 V Li||NCM811 batteries via electrolyte engineering with pentafluorostyrene (PFBE) as the additive. PFBE contributes to the formation of highly Li+ conductive and mechanically robust LiF/Li 2 CO 3 -rich heterostructured interphases on NCM811 cathode and Li metal anode (LMA) surfaces. Such electrode-electrolyte interphases (EEIs) obviously alleviate irreversible phase transition, microcracks induced by stress accumulation and transition metal dissolution in the Ni-rich layered cathode. Meanwhile, the growth of Li dendrites on the LMA surface is effectively controlled. As expected, 4.5 V Li||NCM811 batteries sustain a capacity retention rate of 61.27% after 600 cycles at 0.5 C (100 mA g−1). More importantly, ∼6.69 Ah Li||NCM811 pouch cells with such electrolytes could represent a stable energy density of ∼485 Wh kg−1 based on all cell components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2023
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44. Manipulating Electric Double Layer Adsorption for Stable Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase in 2.3 Ah Zn‐Pouch Cells.
- Author
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Wang, Yu, Liang, Bochun, Zhu, Jiaxiong, Li, Geng, Li, Qing, Ye, Ruquan, Fan, Jun, and Zhi, Chunyi
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ELECTRIC double layer , *ADSORPTION (Chemistry) , *ENERGY density - Abstract
Constructing a reliable solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) is imperative for enabling highly reversible zinc metal (Zn0) electrodes. Contrary to conventional "bulk solvation" mechanism, we found the SEI structure is dominated by electric double layer (EDL) adsorption. We manipulate the EDL adsorption and Zn2+ solvation with ether additives (i.e. 15‐crown‐5, 12‐crown‐4, and triglyme). The 12‐crown‐4 with medium adsorption on EDL leads to a layer‐structured SEI with inner inorganic ZnFx/ZnSx and outer organic C−O−C components. This structure endows SEI with high rigidness and strong toughness enabling the 100 cm2 Zn||Zn pouch cell to exhibit a cumulative capacity of 4250 mAh cm−2 at areal‐capacity of 10 mAh cm−2. More importantly, a 2.3 Ah Zn||Zn0.25V2O5⋅n H2O pouch cell delivers a recorded energy density of 104 Wh Lcell−1 and runs for >70 days under the harsh conditions of low negative/positive electrode ratio (2.2 : 1), lean electrolyte (8 g Ah−1), and high‐areal‐capacity (≈13 mAh cm−2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2023
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45. Composition and Explosibility of Gas Emissions from Lithium-Ion Batteries Undergoing Thermal Runaway.
- Author
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Amano, Kofi Owusu Ansah, Hahn, Sarah-K., Butt, Noman, Vorwerk, Pascal, Gimadieva, Elena, Tschirschwitz, Rico, Rappsilber, Tim, and Krause, Ulrich
- Subjects
LITHIUM-ion batteries ,THERMAL batteries ,LITHIUM cells ,FLAMMABLE limits ,GAS mixtures ,FLAMMABLE gases ,CARBON monoxide - Abstract
Lithium-based batteries have the potential to undergo thermal runaway (TR), during which mixtures of gases are released. The purpose of this study was to assess the explosibility of the gaseous emission from LIBs of an NMC-based cathode during thermal runaway. In the current project, a series of pouch lithium-based battery cells was exposed to abuse conditions (thermal) to study the total amount of gases released and the composition of the gas mixture. First, the battery cells were placed in a closed vessel, and the pressure and temperature rise inside the vessel were measured. In a second step, the composition of gases was analysed using a Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. We found that the amount of released gases was up to 102 ± 4 L, with a clear dependence on the battery capacity. This study showed that the concentration of gaseous emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH
4 ), ethylene (C2 H4 ), ethane (C2 H6 ), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) increased with higher cell capacity. Of the five studied flammable gases, the maximum concentrations of carbon monoxide (16.85 vol%), methane (7.6 vol%), and ethylene (7.86 vol%) were identified to be within their explosible range. Applying Le Chatelier's law, a calculated lower explosion limit (LEL) of 7% in volume fraction was obtained for the gas mixture. The upper explosion limit (UEL) of the gas mixture was also found to be 31% in volume. A filter comprising pyrobubbles was used for the removal of the studied gas components released during the thermal abuse. The investigation revealed that the pyrobubbles filter was highly effect in the removal of HCN (up to 94% removal) and CO2 (up to 100% removal). Herein, we report the dependency of the method of thermal runaway trigger on the measured maximum temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2023
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46. The role of polysulfide-saturation in electrolytes for high power applications of real world Li-S pouch cells.
- Author
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Boenke, Tom, Kirchhoff, Sebastian, Reuter, Florian S., Schmidt, Florian, Weller, Christine, Dörfler, Susanne, Schwedtmann, Kai, Härtel, Paul, Abendroth, Thomas, Althues, Holger, Weigand, Jan J., and Kaskel, Stefan more...
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LITHIUM sulfur batteries ,CONDUCTIVITY of electrolytes ,ELECTROLYTES ,ELECTROLYTE solutions ,MELT infiltration ,DYE-sensitized solar cells - Abstract
The lithium-sulfur (Li-S) technology is the most promising candidate for next-generation batteries due to its high theoretical specific energy and steady progress for applications requiring lightweight batteries such as aviation or heavy electric vehicles. For these applications, however, the rate capability of Li-S cells requires significant improvement. Advanced electrolyte formulations in Li-S batteries enable new pathways for cell development and adjustment of all components. However, their rate capability at pouch cell level is often neither evaluated nor compared to state of the art (SOTA) LiTFSI/dimethoxyethane/dioxolane (LITFSI: lithium-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) electrolyte. Herein, the combination of the sparingly polysulfide (PS) solvating hexylmethylether/1,2-dimethoxyethane (HME/DME) electrolyte and highly conductive carbon nanotube Buckypaper (CNT-BP) with low porosity was evaluated in both coin and pouch cells and compared to dimethoxyethane/dioxolane reference electrolyte. An advanced sulfur transfer melt infiltration was employed for cathode production with CNT-BP. The Li
+ ion coordination in the HME/DME electrolyte was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, ionic conductivity and viscosity was investigated for the pristine electrolyte and a polysulfide-statured solution. Both electrolytes, DME/DOL-1/1 (DOL: 1,3-dioxolane) and HME/DME-8/2, are then combined with CNT-BP and transferred to multi-layered pouch cells. This study reveals that the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte increases drastically over state of (dis)charge especially for DME/DOL electrolyte and lean electrolyte regime leading to a better rate capability for the sparingly polysulfide solvating electrolyte. The evaluation in prototype cells is an important step towards bespoke adaption of Li-S batteries for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2023
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47. Application of Simulation Analysis for Thermal Management Technology on Main Parts of Pouch Cells.
- Author
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Wang, Bo, Ding, Fang, Zhang, Qianbin, Liu, Mingyan, and Tian, Miaofa
- Subjects
TECHNOLOGY management ,THERMAL analysis ,TEMPERATURE control ,PRESSURE drop (Fluid dynamics) ,FLOW velocity ,CRYOPROTECTIVE agents - Abstract
The technology of large surface thermal management of pouch cells was studied and discussed by means of simulation. With thermal management, two cells are managed by a single cold plate. First, the pressure drop of the cold plate was simulated and the velocity distribution of the flow field was observed. The cooling performance of the cold plate to the cell was then studied, and the low-temperature heating ability of the cold plate to the cell was analyzed. Through analysis, it can be concluded that large surface thermal management technology can effectively and quickly control the temperature rise of the cell when the cell is charging and discharging and the temperature difference is less than 5 °C. Finally, a control strategy for low-temperature heating of the cell by the cold plate was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2023
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48. Recent progress on advanced high energy electrode materials for sodium ion batteries
- Author
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Muhammad Mamoor, Yi Li, Lu Wang, Zhongxin Jing, Bin Wang, Guangmeng Qu, Lingtong Kong, Yiyao Li, Zaiping Guo, and Liqiang Xu
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Sodium-ion batteries cathodes ,Anodes ,Pouch cell ,Improved electrochemistry ,High cycling stability ,Renewable energy sources ,TJ807-830 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The growing demand for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) in commercial applications has made it imperative to meet the commercial requirements. However, SIBs face significant challenges because of their poor cyclability and low reversible capacity compared with their rival lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). To address these challenges, various techniques, design strategies, surface engineering, and structural modifications have been developed to enhance the electrochemical performance of SIBs. This review focuses on recent developments in improving the electrochemical performance and cyclability of novel promising electrode materials for SIBs. We discuss several unique state-of-the-art research studies of the past five years that demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance through effective methodologies, surface modulations, and substitution of novel elements into the structure, and boosted the efficiency of the materials. Furthermore, we propose that it is important to adopt a nuanced approach when designing SIBs. Rather than copying the designs and methods used for LIBs, ideas should be absorbed from them and approaches should be tailored to meet the specific requirements of SIBs. This will enable the development of SIBs that are optimized for their intended applications and will avoid the challenges that have hindered the commercial success of earlier attempts at constructing SIBs. Thus, the key to creating high-performance SIBs is to draw inspiration from the best practices used in LIBs, while simultaneously innovating and developing new approaches tailored to the unique characteristics of SIBs. more...
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- 2023
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49. Influence of the Arrangement of the Cells/Modules of a Traction Battery on the Spread of Fire in Case of Thermal Runaway
- Author
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Ana Olona and Luis Castejón
- Subjects
thermal runaway ,pouch cell ,chemical composition analysis ,structural analysis ,thermal failure test ,Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations ,TK1001-1841 ,Industrial electrochemistry ,TP250-261 - Abstract
When designing the battery of an electric vehicle, different parameters must be considered to obtain the safest arrangement of the battery/modules/cells from the mechanical and thermal points of view. In this study, the thermal runaway propagation mechanism of lithium-ion cells is analyzed as a function of their arrangement within a battery pack in case of a fire propagation of a battery pack in which a thermal runaway has occurred. The objective is to identify which cell/module arrangement is most critical within the battery pack, using microscopic analysis of the structure and chemical composition of the most damaged cells, both horizontally and vertically, of a battery belonging to a burnt vehicle. And their final condition was compared with the condition of new cells of the same type. In this way, the structure and chemical composition of the cathode, anode, and separator after thermal runaway were compared. This research was carried out to obtain information to understand the mechanical properties of lithium-ion cells and their behavior after thermal runaway heating leading to the propagation of a fire. Through the analysis carried out, it is concluded that cells placed in a vertical arrangement have worse behavior than cells in a horizontal arrangement. Regarding the safety of the battery, the results of this study will allow us to determine which arrangement and structure of the cells in the battery pack is safer against thermal runaway due to thermal failure. more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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50. Printed Carbon Black Thermocouple as an In Situ Thermal Sensor for Lithium-Ion Cell
- Author
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Nikko Cano Talplacido and Denis J. Cumming
- Subjects
thermal monitoring ,carbon black thermocouple ,electrode substrate ,screen printing ,in situ sensor ,pouch cell ,Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations ,TK1001-1841 ,Industrial electrochemistry ,TP250-261 - Abstract
Thermal monitoring of lithium-ion batteries ensures their safe and optimal operation. To collect the most accurate temperature data of LIBs, previous studies used thermocouples in the cell and proved them to be technically viable. However, the cost and scale-up limitations of this method restricted its use in many applications, hindering its mass adoption. This work developed a low-cost and scalable screen-printed carbon black thermocouple to study its applicability for the thermal monitoring of LIB. Given the appropriate manufacturing parameters, it was found that thermal sensors may be printed on the electrodes, installed on a pouch cell, and once calibrated, operate with excellent sensitivity. However, to reliably use a printed carbon black thermocouple in operando of a pouch cell, its chemical resistance against electrolytes was found to require further development. more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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