Search

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ObjectiveThe coking problem of biomass in fluidized bed combustion process was studied, and the influence of potassium salt form and content on the sintering and melting characteristics of biomass ash was analyzed.MethodsThe sintering and melting characteristics and the mineral transformation law of synthetic biomass ash were analyzed by experiments with scanning electron microscope coupled energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, X-ray fluorescence, and FactSage thermodynamic calculation software.ResultsIn the typical operating temperature range of 750-950 ℃, the sintering and melting degree of synthetic biomass ash aggravates with the increase of temperature and potassium salt mass fraction. In addition, the effects of different forms of potassium salt on the sintering and melting characteristics of biomass synthetic ash are also significantly different. When the potassium salt is in the form of K2CO3, the liquid phase in the synthetic ash could reach up to 34.36%, leading consequently to severe sintering of the ash. When the potassium salt is in the form of KCl, most of K and Cl elements escape at 750-850 ℃, and the sintering degree of synthetic ash is weakened in comparison with the K2CO3 situation. When the potassium salt is in the form of K2SO4, the liquid phase in the synthetic ash is the least, and the sintering and melting degree is also the weakest.ConclusionChanging the form of potassium salt and controlling the temperature of fluidized bed are expected to alleviate the coking problem of biomass in fluidized bed combustion.

Potassium is a cation involved in the resting phase of membrane potential. Diets rich in fresh fruit and vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, and coffee have high potassium content. The shift from a pre-agriculture diet to today's consumption has led to reduced potassium intake. Indeed, the Western diet pattern is characterized by a high daily intake of saturated fats, sugars, sodium, proteins from red meat, and refined carbohydrates with a low potassium intake. These reductions are also mirrored by high sodium intakes and a high consumption of acid-generating food, which promote a chronic state of low-grade metabolic acidosis. The low-grade metabolic acidosis is a cause of the bone-wasting effect. Therefore, a long-standing acidotic state brings into play the bone that contributes to the buffering process through an increase in osteoclastic resorption. In consideration of this background, we carried out a review that focused on the pathophysiological mechanisms of the relationship between dietary potassium intake and bone health, underlining the detrimental effects of the Western dietary patterns characterized by low potassium consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new type of energy, hydrogen-enriched methane mixed fuel has a high risk of deflagration in the application process. In order to better understand the deflagration and inhibition characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane fuel, the effect of potassium salt modified dry water material (DW) on the deflagration characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane fuel was studied by 20 L spherical explosive apparatus, combined with pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic model. The results show that when the addition of different modifier concentrations, it can be divided into three types: small curvature, medium curvature and large curvature according to the change of pressure rising rate. With the increase of the proportion of potassium salt modifiers, the number of areas with small curvature is gradually increasing, the number of large curvature is gradually decreasing, and the number of medium curvature is almost unchanged. When the proportion of potassium salt modifier is 15% and ϕ ≤ 0.7, all enter the area below the medium curvature. When the addition of different modifiers, 15%KCl-DW has the best inhibition effect on P max and (dP/dt) max , while CH 3 COOK-DW and K 2 CO 3 -DW have better inhibition effect on Δ t 2 and Δ t 2. In general, when the hydrogen addition ratio is less than 70%, the addition of inhibitors can significantly reduce the explosion intensity. In terms of inhibition mechanism, we established the decomposition model of potassium salt modified dry water and found that potassium salt modified dry water will produce a large amount of gaseous K and KOH in the explosion system. And gaseous K and KOH will catalyze each other and combine with H and OH to form stable H 2 O, which significantly reduces the mass fraction of H and OH radicals in the chain reaction. The results of this paper provide a theoretical basis for the safe use of hydrogen-enriched methane fuel and the research and development of explosion emergency prevention and control technology. • The explosion suppression of potassium salt modified dry water on H 2 /CH 4 was studied. • The hierarchical inhibition model of H 2 /CH 4 explosion by dry water was defined. • Particle swarm optimization is adopted to optimize the decomposition parameters of DW. • Suppression mechanism of potassium salt modified dry water was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Power Generation Technology is the property of Power Generation Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Potassium batteries have received extensive attention as a promising grid‐level storage technology. However, the anodes in potassium batteries using conventional carbonate‐based electrolyte systems always suffer from severe capacity deterioration, due to the heterogeneous and highly swollen solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Herein, a rigid‐flexible compact SEI consisting of rigid inner KF layer and flexible crosslinked oligomeric K–B(OCH2CH2)n (modified KEO), is designed by tailoring cation–anion coordination in 1 m carbonate electrolyte based on the main salt—potassium perfluorinated pinacolatoborate, (KB(O2C2(CF3)4)2, abbreviated as KPFB). Specifically, the KPFB tunes K+−anions coordinated configuration in K+ solvation sheaths by unique spatial structure and strong electron‐withdrawing effect of its eight −CF3 groups. With the assistance of rigid‐flexible compact SEI layer, the potassium metal symmetric cells stably cycle for more than 1600 hours in the conventional carbonate electrolyte (1 m KPFB‐EC/DEC). Moreover, K||graphite and K||Prussian blue (PB) batteries adopting this conventional carbonate electrolyte can operate for more than 500 and 120 cycles with high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% and 99.4%, respectively. The work provides new insights in customizing salt anion structure to reinforce SEI layer for high‐performance potassium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an article in the field of earth sciences and mining processing engineering. Potash ore occurs in the salt layer of Cambrian Hormuz Formation, The ore body is in dancing band with great thickness variation. The ore type is chloride-type sylvite ore, the main ore mineral is sylvite, with KCl content of 2.5%～35.20%. The Cambrian is a lagoon facies deposit. The continuous evaporation of potassium-bearing brine in the Persian Gulf formed a series of marine evaporite sequence containing potassium salt.Affected by the early Alpine structureactivity, the salt layer was compressed to form a salt diapir structure.Using the test flow of one roughing, one scavenger, two concentrating and Coarse ore washing, good test indexes have been achieved, and potassium chloride products containing 87.44% KCl (wet basis) (91.14% dry basis) or 88.97% KCl (wet basis) (93.69% dry basis) can be obtained, with KCl recovery rates of 85.93% and 81.70% , respectively.

Copyright of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources / Kuangchan Zonghe Liyong is the property of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The recirculation of chlorine within the kiln presents a major hurdle in co-processing domestic waste in cement kilns. This chlorine enrichment not only adversely affects the quality of cement, but also pose a serious challenge to the subsequent eco-friendly disposal of kiln dust. To solve this problem, a proper bypass system has been implemented in this study on a 4000 t/d new dry process cement rotary kiln, and the collection of chlorine-rich bypass dust outside the kiln (30 t/d) has been achieved. In addition, a comprehensive and innovative system has been developed, including water washing and subsequent triple-effect salt extraction, to achieve leaching of K+ and Cl from the bypass dust in the water rinsing liquid, while effectively removing harmful metal ions such as Pb2+. Finally, the extraction of high-purity KCl salt (6 tons/day, purity of 90 %) has been successfully achieved. It is worth noting that high-temperature flue gas rich in CO2 has been used to precipitate certain heavy metal ions, while steam from the waste-heat power generation system has been employed as a heat source for the potassium salt evaporation process. More importantly, all the materials, except for the KCl salt product, are returned to the cement kiln system without causing any secondary pollution. This study not only effectively addresses the negative impacts of chlorine element circulation within cement kilns during domestic waste co-processing, but also achieves a highly innovative engineering practice of transforming waste into valuable resources from kiln dust to high-purity KCl products. In brief, this work provides a reference example for future approaches to clean production, carbon reduction and resource utilization in the cement industry.

Relevance. Mining of potash ore using borer miners is characterized by a high degree of dust emission. The main sources of dust emission are the processes of destruction of the massif, loading of the broken-off rock mass and further overloading of ore. Long-term presence of miners in an area where the maximum permissible concentration for potash dust is exceeded negatively affects their health. In terms of economic losses, ore regrinding also has a negative effect. Particles of a useful component less than 250 micrometers in size do not lend themselves to enrichment and go to the dump. Often, the amount of raw ore at the entrance to the processing plant reaches 18 % of the total supplied mass. In this regard, it is necessary to take measures to reduce dust concentration in the working area of the borer miner operator and to reduce the amount of non-enriched fraction. The purpose of this work is to develop and implement measures to change the executive bodies of roadheaders, which will help reduce dust emissions in the bottomhole working area of potash mines. The object of the study is the executive body of a roadheader with a cutting tool. Results. The paper proposes constructive changes to the executive body of the borer miners. The new flat planetary-disk cutting unit will make it possible to implement a cross cutting scheme with a more stable geometry than the existing cutting sequence for Ural-20R borer miners. The design changes proposed in this paper take into account the previous problems described in the literature.

In this study a green electrolyte was developed by incorporating methylcellulose (MC) polymer with potassium thiocyanate as ion provider and plasticized with glycerol to enhance salt dissociation. The purpose of glycerol addition was to improve DC conductivity and to enhance the performance of an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) device. The electrochemical and structural characteristics of the green electrolyte were examined. The broadening of the FTIR bands and a decrease in intensity indicated the interaction between the electrolyte components. The suitability of the electrolyte films for device applications was confirmed by measuring ionic conductivity using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) skills. A significant amount of charge was concentrated at the electrode–electrolyte interface because of the high dielectric constant of the electrolyte. The loss tangent (tan δ) and modulus (M“) spectra obtained from electrical impedance spectroscopy showed distinct peaks associated with ion relaxation processes. The results of the transference number measurement (TNM) experiment indicated that ions were more influential than electrons. The stability of the film under different voltage conditions was evaluated using the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) method. The performance of the EDLC was determined through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge–discharge evaluations. The CV pattern of the device at low scan rates showed a non-Faradaic mode of charge storage with a nearly rectangular shape. The newly constructed EDLC exhibited an initial capacitance per unit mass of 79F/g, a utilization efficiency of 87%, a power density of 1950 W/kg, and an energy storage density of 12.1 Wh/kg.

[Display omitted] • Carrageenan effectively masks the bitterness of potassium salts via binding free K+. • Formation of stable double helix structure is basis for bitterness-masking effect. • A highly accurate prediction model is established for saltiness and bitterness. • Created low-sodium salts show favorable sensory properties and application prospect. Potassium citrate (KC) and potassium lactate (KL) are considered as salt replacers due to their saltiness, processing advantages, and health benefits. However, the obvious bitter taste associated with these compounds has limited their use in salt substitutes. Despite this challenge, little attention has been paid to improving their sensory properties. This study provided evidence that dietary polysaccharide carrageenan can effectively mask the bitterness of KC and KL by specifically binding K+ and forming double helix chains. A highly accurate prediction model was then established for the saltiness and bitterness of low-sodium salts using mixture design principles. Three low-sodium salt formulas containing different potassium salts (KC, KL, KCl), NaCl, and carrageenan were created based on the prediction model. These formulas exhibited favorable saltiness potencies (>0.85) without any noticeable odor, preserving the sensory characteristics of high-sodium food products like seasoning powder while significantly reducing their sodium content. This research provides a promising approach for the food industry to formulate alternative low-sodium products with substantially reduced sodium content, potentially contributing to decreased salt intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and spectroscopic data of (E)-2-{4-[3-(thiophen-3-yl)acryloyl]phenoxy}acetic acid are described. Crystallization from an ethanol–water mixture resulted in the title compound, C30H23KO8S2 or [K(C15H11O4S)(C15H12O4S)]n, containing one molecule of the acid and one molecule of the potassium salt in the asymmetric unit. Both molecules share the H atom between their carboxyl groups and a potassium ion. The C=C bonds display an E configuration. The thiophene and phenyl rings in the two molecules are inclined by 43.3 (2) and 22.7 (2)°. The potassium ion is octahedrally coordinated by six O atoms. This distorted octahedron shares on opposite sides two oxygen atoms with inversion-related octahedra, resulting in chains of octahedra running in the [010] direction, which form ladder-like chains by C—H...π interactions. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the highest contributions to the surface contacts arise from interactions in which H atoms are involved, with the most important contribution being from H...H (31.6 and 31.9% for the two molecules) interactions.

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To reduce the oxidation temperature of diesel soot, the KNO3 and KOH supported nK-Ce0.5Mn0.5O2（n=0.05, 0.20 and 0.50） catalysts were prepared by citric acid sol-gel method. Thermogravimetric (TG) and temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) were used to investigate the effects of catalysts on the catalytic oxidation activity and stability of diesel soot. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to characterize the catalyst before and after the TPO experiment. The results show that the K-supported catalyst can reduce the ignition temperature of diesel soot. The 0.50 KOH-Ce0.5Mn0.5O2 has the best oxidation activity for soot under NO atmosphere among all catalysts. After TPO experiments for 10 times, the 0.20 KNO3-Ce0.5Mn0.5O2 catalyst still maintains high catalytic activity with good stability. The diffraction peak of KNO3 does not change, while the diffraction peak of KOH is disappeared, which proves the KNO3-supported catalyst has excellent stability. By preparing a catalyst with suitable performance, the temperature required for diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration can be effectively reduced with decreased emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the influences of the types and contents (mass fraction) of potassium salts on the pyrolysis products of cigarette paper, thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and segmented pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were used to analyze the thermal decomposition and pyrolysis behavior of nine cigarette paper samples. The results showed that: 1) The thermal mass loss of the nine samples could be divided into four stages, and the major thermal mass loss stage occurred at 162-612 °C . 2)With the rise of pyrolysis temperature, the number and type of pyrolysis products increased. The dominant pyrolysis products at 350 °C were ketones, aldehydes, acids, esters and alcohols, and those at 550 °C were ketones, aldehydes, acids, alcohols and phenols. 3)The differences in the type and contents of potassium salts influenced the pyrolysis products at the first stage (50-350 °C ) to different extents, and slightly affected the pyrolysis products at the second stage (350-550 °C). Generally, the cigarette paper additives, such as potassium hydrogen malate, potassium tartrate and potassium citrate produced more pyrolysis components which were beneficial to smoking taste; while adding potassium phosphate and potassium acetate would increase the releases of benzene, phenolic compounds and acetic acid in smoke, which might not be conducive to smoking taste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effects of potassium salt content in cigarette paper on the smoking process of cigarettes, the cigarette paper samples with different K+ contents were designed and made into cigarette samples. The effects of K+ content in cigarette paper on the combustion status and dynamic draw resistance of cigarette samples were analyzed. The mechanisms of K+ on the temperature distribution in combustion cone during smoking and the routine chemical components in mainstream cigarette smoke were investigated by analyzing the thermogravimetric characteristics of cigarette paper. The results showed that: With the increase of K+ content in cigarette paper, 1) the maximum of the highest temperature of the combustion cone (Tmax) and the average smoldering rate increased during smoldering stage; the maximum of Tmax gradually decreased and the characteristic temperature (T0.5) and volume (V) of the combustion cone and the average puffing rate of cigarette increased gradually during puffing, and the temperature distribution in the higher temperature zone of the combustion cone was more uniform; 2) the dynamic draw resistance of cigarette raised, which was consistent with the variation of the combustion cone volume above 600 ; 3) the pyrolysis activation energy of cigarette paper cellulose decreased, which affected the air intake near the combustion line and the combustion status of cigarette; 4) the routine chemical components in mainstream cigarette smoke reduced, and the puffing number negatively correlated to the distance of single puffing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Geoscientica Sinica is the property of Acta Geoscientica Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The underground brines are large reserves of valuable mineral resources. Aiming at the underground brines of western Sichuan Basin, the phase equilibria of quinary system KCl–KBr–K2SO4–K2B4O7–H2O and its quaternary subsystem KBr–K2SO4–K2B4O7–H2O were studied by using the method of isothermal dissolution equilibrium at 373 K. The phase diagrams, water content diagrams and density-composition relationship diagrams of above two systems were plotted by using the experimental data, respectively. The results show that the quaternary system KBr–K2SO4–K2B4O7–H2O belongs to a simple type; it consists of three univariant curves, one invariant point and three crystallization regions (K2B4O7⋅4H2O, K2SO4, and KBr). The equilibrium phase diagram (saturated with K2SO4) in the quinary system KCl–KBr–K2SO4–K2B4O7–H2O is a type of solid solution, and there are two crystallization regions (K2B4O7⋅4H2O, solid solution K(Cl,Br)) (saturated with K2SO4), one univariant curve and no invariant point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of soybean to the global economy and as a food source, improving crop management techniques is integral to obtaining higher yields. As such, this study aimed to assess the yield of soybean cultivars as a function of different glyphosate salt formulations, doses and application times. Two field experiments were conducted simultaneously using a randomized block design and 3x4x2 factorial scheme, with three repetitions. Factor A consisted of three glyphosate formulations: isopropylamine salt (Roundup Original®), ammonium salt (Roundup WG®), and potassium salt (Zapp Qi®), factor B four application times: 0, 14, 28, 42 days after planting (DAP), and factor C two doses: the recommended dose of 720 grams of acid equivalent per hectare and twice that (1440 grams of acid equivalent per hectare). There was no difference between the glyphosate salts for the BMX Ativa RR® cultivar, but yields of BMX Apolo RR® submitted to ammonium salt were 28% higher than those recorded for the other salts studied. Glyphosate potassium salt resulted in lower soybean yields. Potassium salt application between 14 and 28 DAP caused greater toxicity in both the soybean cultivars analyzed.

Copyright of Bioscience Journal is the property of Bioscience Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a result of the synthesis of mefenamic acid with potassium hydroxide, a salt with a polymeric structure is formed. The one-dimensional polymeric structure was studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The potassium cation is coordinated to one oxygen atom of the carboxylate group and six water oxygen atoms. Potassium ions are bridged by oxygen atoms of water molecules. The crystal structure was used as an input to QTAIM and NCI approaches to investigate the K-O interactions linking the cation with the water oxygen and carboxylate groups. The weak K-O interactions of the potassium cation and water oxygen atoms were strong enough to form a polymeric structure. The flexibility of the weak interactions is responsible for a novel coordination mode in the potassium mefenamate trihydrate.

This paper studies the evolutionary characteristics of international trade of potassium salts. We construct a weighted and directed complex network model of potassium salt trade, analyze the scale and activity, trade relations, trade flow distribution and the importance of trading countries using UN Comtrade2000-2016 data. Results show that potassium salt trade is more dynamic, resource allocation is more convenient. Some countries have formed trade groups. The relationship between small and major countries is growing. The resource flows of countries with large degrees are conducive to balancing resource’s distribution. Besides Canada is a leading trade country, and the US, the Russian Federation, China and Brazil are trade-led countries. China, the Netherlands, the US, France and India are important hubs. Finally, using Porter's national competitive advantage theory, it proposes countermeasures for forming the international competitive advantage of potassium salt enterprises in different countries.

Inspired by the mechanism of plant roots for the fixation of inorganic salts, we developed a novel method for the removal of sodium and potassium salts including chloride, nitrate, and sulfate under pseudo-natural conditions. In this method, a plant was first cultured in NaCl, NaNO3, or Na2SO4-containing aqueous solution. Subsequently, simulated adsorptions or precipitations under pseudo-physiological conditions were conducted based on the elemental composition of the plant's root after cultivation. The key species likely involved in the fixation of these inorganic salts were studied by using additional simulated adsorptions or precipitations. The results showed that oxalic acid and tartaric acid were effective for the fixation of Na+ and K+ ions, respectively. In addition, calcium phosphates were demonstrated to be effective for the fixation of NaCl, KCl, NaNO3, and KNO3 at a pH range of 7-7.5. The removal percentage increased with increasing initial concentrations of these salts and decreasing temperatures. The mechanism for the removal of NaCl, KCl, NaNO3, and KNO3 is through their adsorption on formed calcium phosphate floccules that have a large surface area. With the aid of Coulombic interaction, the adsorption and growth of a tested salt on the formed calcium phosphate floccules continues until it reaches an equilibrium with solvation interaction. Meanwhile, Ca2+ was an effective salt-fixing species for potassium sulfate, and the removal percentage increased with increasing concentration of SO4 2- ions. The removal mechanism is attributed to the formation and precipitation of insoluble potassium-calcium sulfate. In addition, a high removal efficiency could be achieved by removing the formed precipitate promptly from the treated aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work experimentally studied the synergistic effect of fire extinguishing by inert extinguishing of water and chemical fire extinguishing of potassium salts. The effect of the combination of water and potassium salts on the effectiveness of the fire suppression compared with that of water and potassium salts used individually was analyzed by measuring the minimum extinguishing concentration of pure water mist, water mist with potassium salts additive and potassium salts dry powder. Results show that water mist containing potassium salts can enhance the fire extinguishing efficiency of pure water and potassium salt dry powder, and the fire extinguishing efficiency is enhanced with the increase in potassium salt content in the solution. Based on the chemical thermodynamic analysis, the essence of synergistic role of water and potassium salts in flame temperature is the existence of water vapor, which can activate potassium salts, thereby easing the generation of a large number of active substances obtained by thermal decomposition of potassium salts at flame temperature, such as gaseous KOH, for fire extinguishing in the equilibrium products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]The present paper aimed to search for some technical methods which could reduce the tar content of reconstituted tobacco effectively. [Method]The effect of some factors such as ratio of stems to leaves, beating degree, basis weight, coating rate, proportion of plus fiber and calcium carbonate on the tar content of paper-making reconstituted tobacco was studied and those factors that could reduce the tar content effectively had also been verified. [Result] (i)Beating degree, basis weight, proportion of plus fiber, potassium salt and calcium carbonate had significant influence on the tar content of paper-making reconstituted tobacco;(ii)The ratio of stems to leaves of raw materials also had a certain influence on the tar content of paper-making reconstituted tobacco, and the tar content was the lowest when the ratio of stems to leaves was 2-1;(iii)There was a positive correlation between the coating rate and the tar content of paper-making reconstituted tobacco, the increase of coating rate would lead to the increase of tar content.(IV) The tar content of paper-making reconstituted tobacco prepared under a set of factors, including fiber proportion, beating degree, basis weight had fallen by more than 50 % ,and blending it in cigarette products had also reduced the tar content of cigarettes obviously. [Conclusion] The tar content of reconstituted tobacco could be reduced by adjusting the process parameters. While the PRT sample integrated with some tar-reduced factors was blended into cigarettes, it could greatly reduce the tar content of cigarettes. Therefore, some technical methods could be taken properly to reduce the tar content of PRT, and achieve ‘ reducing the harmful and tar content’ after blending it into cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, the structural distortion of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) has been done through potassium salt tempting towards an extended optical absorbance. Optical and morphological studies affirm that the potassium doping stimulate n − π ∗ electronic transition ascribing towards a diminished charge recombination, high conduction band edge, and a narrow band gap. A comparative photocatalytic study of potassium doped g-C 3 N 4 (0.8 K+-g-C 3 N 4) with g-C 3 N 4 has been performed through a solar-powered photocatalytic reactor to treat phenolic effluent, and the effect of operational parameters i.e. solar irradiance, pH, H 2 O 2 concentration, and flow rate was also examined. It was observed that 0.8 K+- g-C 3 N 4 shows 89.06% decomposition of phenol while with g-C 3 N 4 exhibits 63.53% under optimum conditions. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Skeletal Tailoring of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) has been done through potassium salt tempting towards an extended optical absorbance. • The performance of potassium doped g-C 3 N 4 has been investigated to treat real industrial effluent under natural solar light. • The novelty of this work is the use of solar powered continuous flow reactor immobilized with photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal structure of anhydrous tripotassium citrate, [K3(C6H5O7)]n, has been solved and refined using laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. The three unique potassium cations are 6-, 8-, and 6-coordinate (all irregular). The [KOn] coordination polyhedra share edges and corners to form a three-dimensional framework, with channels running parallel to the c axis. The only hydrogen bond is an intramolecular one involving the hydroxy group and the central carboxylate group, with graph-set motif S(5).

The recirculation of chlorine within the kiln presents a major hurdle in co-processing domestic waste in cement kilns. This chlorine enrichment not only adversely affects the quality of cement, but also pose a serious challenge to the subsequent eco-friendly disposal of kiln dust. To solve this problem, a proper bypass system has been implemented in this study on a 4000 t/d new dry process cement rotary kiln, and the collection of chlorine-rich bypass dust outside the kiln (30 t/d) has been achieved. In addition, a comprehensive and innovative system has been developed, including water washing and subsequent triple-effect salt extraction, to achieve leaching of K + and Cl from the bypass dust in the water rinsing liquid, while effectively removing harmful metal ions such as Pb 2+ . Finally, the extraction of high-purity KCl salt (6 tons/day, purity of 90 %) has been successfully achieved. It is worth noting that high-temperature flue gas rich in CO 2 has been used to precipitate certain heavy metal ions, while steam from the waste-heat power generation system has been employed as a heat source for the potassium salt evaporation process. More importantly, all the materials, except for the KCl salt product, are returned to the cement kiln system without causing any secondary pollution. This study not only effectively addresses the negative impacts of chlorine element circulation within cement kilns during domestic waste co-processing, but also achieves a highly innovative engineering practice of transforming waste into valuable resources from kiln dust to high-purity KCl products. In brief, this work provides a reference example for future approaches to clean production, carbon reduction and resource utilization in the cement industry., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Li Yeqing currently serves as a board member at Huaxin Cement Co., Ltd. He is also an adjunct professor at Wuhan University of Technology., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Interests in conversion of macroalgae to bioenergy via thermal treatment, namely pyrolysis or combustion has increased due to their distinctive composition and high photosynthetic rates. The resulting char byproducts could serve as a trove of precious mineral resources. Thermal pretreatment was compared with direct extraction of potassium salts from alga Saccharina japonica using deionized water for use as food additive, agricultural or pharmaceutical applications. Biomass was pyrolysed with fixed bed reactor or combusted with muffle furnace at 300, 450, 600 °C, and extracted using deionized water in shaker at 150 rpm and 30 °C for 2 h. Overall potassium salts recovery efficiency from raw biomass (52.55 ± 2.79%) was relatively lower than from 450 °C chars from pyrolysis (75.30 ± 0.81%) and combustion (62.07 ± 0.56%). Extracts from pyrolysed char at 600 °C had highest purity of KCl which is most abundant mineral in all products. SEM-EDX and ICP-OES elemental analysis confirmed absence of heavy metals such as As, Cu, Cd and Pb in extracts. Ratios of organic to inorganic fractions in extracts from thermally pretreated samples were much lower (∼0.1) than that of raw biomass (8.42). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study a green electrolyte was developed by incorporating methylcellulose (MC) polymer with potassium thiocyanate as ion provider and plasticized with glycerol to enhance salt dissociation. The purpose of glycerol addition was to improve DC conductivity and to enhance the performance of an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) device. The electrochemical and structural characteristics of the green electrolyte were examined. The broadening of the FTIR bands and a decrease in intensity indicated the interaction between the electrolyte components. The suitability of the electrolyte films for device applications was confirmed by measuring ionic conductivity using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) skills. A significant amount of charge was concentrated at the electrode–electrolyte interface because of the high dielectric constant of the electrolyte. The loss tangent (tan δ) and modulus (M") spectra obtained from electrical impedance spectroscopy showed distinct peaks associated with ion relaxation processes. The results of the transference number measurement (TNM) experiment indicated that ions were more influential than electrons. The stability of the film under different voltage conditions was evaluated using the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) method. The performance of the EDLC was determined through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge–discharge evaluations. The CV pattern of the device at low scan rates showed a non-Faradaic mode of charge storage with a nearly rectangular shape. The newly constructed EDLC exhibited an initial capacitance per unit mass of 79F/g, a utilization efficiency of 87%, a power density of 1950 W/kg, and an energy storage density of 12.1 Wh/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-crystal structures of 1,1′-methylenebis(imidazolidine-2,4-dione) and its sodium and dipotassium salts were determined. Powder X-ray diffraction was also employed to characterize the bulk materials and those phases which did not yield single-crystals. These compounds are of interest for intumescent coatings.

Through using the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method, phase equilibria in the quaternary system KBr–CaBr 2 –MgBr 2 –H 2 O were studied at (298 and 323) K. Based on the experimental data, the phase diagrams were obtained. It can be seen that two phase diagrams all contain complex salts. In quaternary system KBr–CaBr 2 –MgBr 2 –H 2 O at 298 K, there are two invariant points, five univariant curves, and four crystallization fields, corresponding to KBr, CaBr 2 ·6H 2 O, MgBr 2 ·6H 2 O and KBr·MgBr 2 ·6H 2 O. At 323 K, a new double salt 2MgBr 2 ·CaBr 2 ·12H 2 O could be found in this quaternary system. As a result, it has three invariant points, seven univariant curves, and five crystallization regions fields, corresponding to KBr, CaBr 2 ·4H 2 O, MgBr 2 ·6H 2 O, KBr·MgBr 2 ·6H 2 O and 2MgBr 2 ·CaBr 2 ·12H 2 O. Moreover, the phase diagrams for the quaternary system do not consist new precipitated solids at 298 K and 323 K in comparision with the phase diagrams for ternary subsystems. Using Pitzer theoretical and mathematical calculation tool, the solubilities of the quaternary system were calculated under the condition of (298 and 323) K. And make a comparison with the experimental data. It shows that the calculation results are in good agreement with experimental values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MON 79351 is a novel liquid glyphosate herbicide which represents the improved product generation within the Roundup® product family. Containing 480 g/l active ingredient, this liquid formulation exceeds our current distributed soluble concentrates in Germany. MON 79351 is formulated as a potassium salt and offers product advantages in contrast to conventional glyphosate products. In product development trials, MON 79351 provides an excellent efficacy against mono- and dicotyledonous annual and perennial weeds under diverse conditions. One reason to secure the sustainable efficacy is a new system of surfactants with a favorable ecotoxicological profile. MON 79351 is already approved in some European countries and registration is aimed for Germany.

The structure of catena-poly[[potassium-tri-μ-dimethylacetamide-κ6O:O] iodide], {[K(C4H9NO)3]I}n, at 120 K has trigonal (P-3) symmetry. The structure adopts a linear chain motif parallel to the crystallographic c axis. Two crystallographically independent K+ cations are present in the asymmetric unit located on threefold rotoinversion axes at [0, 0, 0] and [0, 0, 1/2] and are bridged by the O atoms of the acetamide moiety. This is an example of a rare μ2-bridging mode for dimethylacetamide O atoms. The iodide counter-ion resides on a threefold rotation axis in the channel formed by the [K(C4H9NO)]+ chains.

The potassium-doped magnetic biochar (KMBC) preparation was inevitably introduced the different anions in the process of modifying magnetic biochar (MBC) with different potassium salts, but the effect and mechanism of different anion on KMBC activation properties has not been reported. Therefore, in this paper, five different KMBCs were prepared using several common potassium salts under the same dosage of K+ and Fe2+, and then was added in the presence of persulfate (PS) for the removal of metronidazole (MNZ). The removal rate of metronidazole was ordered as KMBC K2SO4 (98.40%) > KMBC KNO3 (76.84%) > KMBC KCl (20.79%) > KMBC K2CO3 (19.02%) > KMBC K2C2O4 (14.23%). However, the semi-quantitative of Fe(II) experiments results confirmed that the effectively increase of Fe(II) content by potassium salts modification played the dominant role in improvement of KMBC activation performance. The Fe(II) content of KMBC were ordered as KMBC K2CO3 > KMBC K2SO4 > KMBC KNO3 > KMBC KCl > KMBC K2C2O4 , with the Fe(II) content of KMBC of 36.74, 17.70, 8.79, 5.24 and 4.85 mg/g, respectively. The indicated that the introduction of different anions would lead to different optimal Fe(Ⅱ) content in KMBC modified with different potassium salts, which was most directly reflected in 1O 2 content in different KMBC/PS systems, and account for the difference in MNZ degradation efficiency. Meanwhile, when the Fe(II) content in KMBC reached the range of 13.7–28.8 mg/g, KMBC had the better performance of activating PS. [Display omitted] • Five different KMBCs were prepared using several common potassium salts. • The introduction of different anions would lead to different optimal Fe(Ⅱ) content in KMBC modified with different potassium salts. • The content of Fe(II) in KMBC can be enhanced according to introduced the different anions. • When the content of Fe(II) reached the range of 13.7 to 28.8 mg/g, KMBC had the better performance of activating PS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]