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One of the postulates of systems theory is the tendency of any system to seek a stable state and avoid chaos. Stability is associated with overcoming crises, which are considered obstacles to development. Crises can serve various functions: destructive, threatening the viability of the system; destructive, leading to further development; and crises that are merely disr uptions of equilibrium. In the context of transitioning from repelling armed aggression to ensuring military security in the post-war period, it is appropriate to describe the crisis phenomena and situations of the recovery period, which encompass the real crises of the recovery period. Special attention should be paid to the classification of crises, modeling their development, establishing crisis communications and decisionmaking in crisis conditions, developing state policy and crisis response strategies, as well as devising methods for crisis prevention. Situation centers play a key role in forecasting the security situation, preparing stabilization operations, and coordinating the actions of various security and defense structures. Their tasks include conveying decisions to personnel and the local population, organizing management and interaction, informing about the development of events, and controlling the execution of decisions. The centers also collect and analyze operational information for timely response to crisis situations. In legal science, the concept of a "crisis of the recovery period" is not widespread, but it may be useful for describing emergencies in the post-war period. The definition of such crises should consider the specific impacts of hazardous factors on national interests. The modern concept of national security of Ukraine envisages the integration of various security sectors, including economic, political, social, and legal aspects. According to legislation, the national security system in the recovery period should be an organized set of entities united by common goals and tasks regarding the protection of national interests. These entities participate in military-civil relations, coordinate their actions, and develop crisis response strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ukrainian society demonstrated amazing resilience during the russian federation's invasion of Ukraine. To a large extent, local self-government bodies contribute to this sustainability. However, in the course of the war there are constant challenges, providing sufficient shelter, preparing for the winter sea-son with limited access to energy in the conditions of continuous destruction of civilian infrastructure, economic recession, unemployment etc. In this regard, the article summarizes theoretical provisions and develops scientific and practical recommendations for improving the structure and elements of the local self-government system in the conditions of the post-war reconstruction of the country, the essence of which is that directions for improving the functioning of the structure and elements of the self-government system in the conditions of post-war recovery of the country - the conditions and grounds for the recovery of local self-government in the de-occupied territories in the post-war period and the formation of models of the transition period of the recovery of local self-government for a mutually beneficial international partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to study the improvement of the system of ecologically safe nature management in the post-war period of Ukraine’s recovery. The substantiation of scientific principles and practical recommendations for the formation of such a system is of social and economic importance and provides a basis for achieving effective use, protection and reproduction of natural resource potential in the conditions of post-war revival. The substantive and functional features of the system of ecologically safe nature management are defined and the principles and approaches to it as a conception that indicates the features of the use of natural resources and the environment, taking into account ecological aspects and the preservation of natural balances, are analyzed. The socio-ecological-economic prerequisites for the development of the system of ecologically safe nature management are considered; the relationship between sustainable development and environmental development through the achievement of sustainability and viability of the economy and ecological restrictions on the use of natural resources together with environmental rights, responsibilities and safety of the population. Strategic priorities of ecologically safe nature management in the context of post-war reconstruction of the country are proposed, which should focus on a certain vector of development of the State in accordance with regulatory documents and are based on the achievement of European standards in the context of the implementation of the Association Agreement with the European Union and the European Green Deal.

The article examines the ways to develop small businesses in Ukraine in the post-war period. The overall objective of the study is to identify potential ways to promote small business development in Ukraine in the post-war period. The research objective leads to the following question: what are the best practices and tools that can be used to develop small businesses in Ukraine in the post-war period. To achieve the research objective, the following tasks were used: the analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, using the data obtained within the framework of the UUT 25 Grant Project “Dynamic Capabilities building in Ukrainian SMEs for development and growth in the framework of post-war restoration of territorial communities of Ukraine” ( Odesa Polytechnic National University,2023) and secondary analysis of data from open Internet resources, and the proposals for the small businesses in Ukraine development in the post-war period were given.

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The article explores the preservation of national traditions in Ukrainian architecture amid the challenges of post-war reconstruction. It delves into the historical evolution of architectural styles emphasizing the distinct national attributes that have shaped Ukraine's cultural identity. The study employs a comprehensive methodology involving qualitative and quantitative research methods examining case studies and architectural analyses to uncover strategies for integrating traditional elements. The article underscores the interplay between architectural revival, cultural continuity and collective identity tracing the trajectory from the emergence of Ukrainian architectural modern to the complexities of the Soviet era. Through the lens of contemporary architects like Serhii Makhno who blend modern design with cultural heritage the article demonstrates how the harmonious fusion of tradition and innovation is reshaping Ukraine's architectural landscape. Ultimately, the preservation of national traditions during post-war reconstruction emerges as a crucial canvas for honoring Ukraine's rich architectural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the effects of external financial support (official development assistance and foreign direct investments) on economic activity and welfare based on data from five nations injured by similar military conflicts from 2006 to 2021. Focusing on Ukraine, the research recommends ways for policymakers to navigate external financing during wartime. The employment rate, GDP per capita, inflation rate, and exports are the foundations for our analysis. The methodological approach employed regression analysis to measure the economic effect of external financing in wartime in these conflict-ridden nations. The findings reveal that increased foreign direct investment during wartime correlates with reduced employment rates, heightened GDP per capita, and increased exports. In addition, the negative impact of official development assistance ODA on employment was found, and it had a positive effect on exports but no significant effects on GDP per capita. A statistically significant impact on the inflation rate was not seen.

The author describes the results of the industrial development of the industry of the republics of the Volga-Vyatka region (Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) during the implementation of the Sovnarkhoz reform (1957-1965), when instead of the sectoral principle of industrial and construction management, a model of territorial administration represented by the councils of the national economy operated. It is shown that the reform carried out contributed to the intensification of industrial construction in the republics of the Volga-Vyatka region: the existing industrial enterprises expanded and modernized, new factories and factories were put into operation, the structure of industry changed in favor of more knowledge-intensive industries, rationalization developed, labor productivity increased. The growth rate of industry in the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the seven-year period exceeded the average Russian indicators. One of the factors that contributed to the rapid industrial development of the republics at the turn of the 1950s - 1960s was the course of the Soviet government to equalize the socio-economic conditions of various national regions of the country by modernizing their industrial potential. It was concluded that the reform of territorial administration became a powerful impulse to accelerate the development of the republics of the Volga-Vyatka region. By the beginning of the administrative reform, all three republics were territories with the predominant development of agriculture, but in the 1960s they turned into industrial-agrarian republics. The increase in the level of industrial development of the republics of the Volga-Vyatka region was accompanied by an increase in the level of urbanization, the creation of new educational and scientific institutions, and an increase in the scale of housing construction.

The article presents a scientific-expert and sociological assessment of the financial security of business entities of Ukraine in wartime and postwar times. The process of managing the financial security of business entities in the system of ensuring their financial stability was considered and the level of instability of the external environment of business entities in war conditions was assessed. Economic instability, the spread of crisis phenomena, and geopolitical conflicts pose a real threat to the financial security of all business entities. Today, the state sovereignty and financial security of the state as a whole, the fullness of the state budget, the creation of a reliable material and technical base, and jobs depend on Ukrainian enterprises and their stable operation. Security of the enterprise and development of the so-called “immunity” to threats, both external and internal, is one of the main tasks of the financial security management system of business entities. Assessing or predicting the financial security of business entities under martial law is a significant difficulty since the military situation creates force majeure circumstances that can lead not only to a reduction in the volume of the enterprise activities but also to a possible complete stop or even to an irretrievable loss of property or resources. We came to the conclusion that martial law, being one of the main reasons of enterprise instability, is the greatest danger to an enterprise and can lead to the destruction of its potential (industrial, technological, scientific, technical, and personnel) as the main factor in the life of an enterprise. New challenges require sound financial management and quick responses ‒ adjusting business models, strengthening financial security to continue functioning in the market, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to analyse the educational and social consequences of the Second World War, through the history of the occupation of Roman schools by the people displaced and bombed. This significant event interrupted, between the Forties and Fifties, the regular teaching for thousands of students and was resolved only through the construction of schools and social housing. It is a multifaceted theme that intertwines the history of education with social and economic aspects, the work, therefore, required a wide range of sources, necessary to reconstruct the complex period and the difficult post-war situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines approaches to the formation and implementation of investment strategies of domestic enterprises in international business during the period of full-scale invasion and in the post-war period. The main problems faced by Ukrainian enterprises when entering foreign markets and factors affecting the level of attractiveness of the investment environment in Ukraine are outlined. The importance of an international investment strategy for an enterprise is substantiated, which should be developed taking into account the goals the enterprise has set for itself. Also, it should be a part of the general strategy, agreed with other strategies of the enterprise, which will help to improve the results of business activities and increase profits. Taking into account the instability of the economic situation and the risks that have arisen against the background of hostilities, the urgency of attracting international investments has reached a new stage, because it is necessary to take care of security guarantees and insurance for international business. It is emphasized that in the post-war period, the opportunities for international investment will expand significantly and the approaches to the development and implementation of the investment strategy will change, which will make it possible to switch to an innovative type of economic development.

The article reveals the content of innovation processes in the 1990s and early 2000s, which were characterized by a permanent deficit of financing the production and introduction of modern technologies; low efficiency of implementation of the government or regional scientific and technical programs; weakening the relationship between education, science, and production. It is found that in the regional context there is a significant gap between the largest and smallest number of innovation-active industrial enterprises, owing to the peculiarities of the inter-regional division of labor, the level of scientific and technical potential, the level of concentration of industrial and financial capital. It is identified that the negative impact on the dynamics of financing innovation activity in industry has led to the lack of a modern institutional environment for attracting funds from domestic and foreign investors in the development of innovative infrastructure of industrial enterprises, as well as in new types of product and process innovations. It is substantiated that the processes of innovative transformation of both the national economy and economy of regions of Ukraine are slow due to the lack at the regional level of a modern system of regulatory influence on innovation processes, which would stimulate the development of innovation infrastructure and comprehensive modernization and reconstruction of the fixed capital of the structure-forming units of regional economic complexes. It is proved that the formation of priorities for innovative transformation of regional economic complexes in the wartime and post-war conditions should be based on the need to strengthen the country’s defense capability by increasing the production of weapons and military equipment. Studies have shown that the post-war recovery of the national economy and the economy of Ukraine’s regions should also be accompanied by innovative transformations in the sphere of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection, which will allow attracting funds from global ecological funds and foreign governments for the purposes of modernization of the national economic complex.

At the current stage of regional development, Sumy Oblast is still significantly inferior to the Western and Central regions of Ukraine in terms of an integrated assessment of economic efficiency, standard of living, and environmental safety. In addition, external factors, including pandemic restrictions and military invasion, have negatively affected the region's economic situation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the prerequisites for development and the current state of tourism in the Sumy region, as well as to develop proposals for improving its state in the post-war period. The subject of the study is the prospects for the development of tourism in the Sumy region in the post-war period. The research was carried out on the basis of the analysis of official statistical data on the development of tourism and tourist infrastructure in Ukraine, and in particular in the Sumy region. To identify the level of tourism development, economic and statistical methods were used, horizontal and structural analysis of statistical data on tourism development was carried out, which made it possible to identify the peculiarities of the regional development of tourism infrastructure. The following results were obtained. The strategic directions of the development of tourism in the Sumy region in the post-war period have been determined: reconstruction and restoration of the damaged and destroyed tourist infrastructure; liquidation of the consequences of hostilities, complete demining of territories; improving the quality of providing tourist services: training qualified personnel; creation of regional tours and tourist routes in the Sumy region; development of the tourism brand of the Sumy region; increasing the tourist potential of Sumy as a regional center; development of new promising types of tourism; involvement of the local population in the development of tourism; preservation and restoration of natural and cultural monuments. Conclusions. Regional policy in the post-war period should be aimed at prioritizing the tourism industry and creating an effective strategy for the development of tourism in the region and increasing the tourism competitiveness of Sumy Oblast among other administrative and territorial units of Ukraine.

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An essential part of the Western Allies’ plans for the democratisation of Austrian society was to provide Austrian youth with political knowledge in order to entrench democracy in the coming generations and thus ensure its longevity. Political youth magazines were one of the media to support this process. Along with other educational offerings, they were to facilitate the circulation of political knowledge after its initially linear transfer from the Western Allies to the Austrian population. In this article, I use the example of Austrian party youths’ magazines to reflect on the obstacles to the transfer or circulation of political knowledge as envisaged by the Western Allies. Based on the analysis of selected issues of these magazines between 1945 and 1955 and of the metaphorical concepts used in them, I discuss what circulated when the intended political knowledge about democracy did not. I conclude that in the political magazines and the writings of party youths traditional party ideologies merged with democratic rhetoric, resulting in the circulation of competing concepts of democracy.

This article explores international experience in applying innovative financial management strategies for business revitalization in the post-war period in Ukraine. Special attention is given to the destruction of industrial and infrastructural objects, as well as the tactics employed by the russian military aggression aimed at undermining the country's economic potential and creating a humanitarian disaster. The article also analyzes the issue of financing the post-crisis development of enterprises in Ukraine and discusses various sources of funding such as development funds, grants, subsidies, and other financial instruments. However, further research is needed to propose an effective strategic model for revitalizing enterprises in the liberated territories, particularly in the southern part of Ukraine. The findings of this study will contribute to understanding and applying innovative financial strategies for business recovery in Ukraine after the war period, as well as developing effective approaches to support enterprises in the post-crisis period. This article sheds light on international experiences in employing innovative financial management strategies to revitalize businesses in post-war Ukraine. The insights gained from this research will contribute to understanding and implementing effective financial approaches for business recovery in the aftermath of war, as well as supporting the activation of entrepreneurship during the post-crisis period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the ways to develop small businesses in Ukraine in the post-war period. The overall objective of the study is to identify potential ways to promote small business development in Ukraine in the post-war period. The research objective leads to the following question: what are the best practices and tools that can be used to develop small businesses in Ukraine in the post-war period. To achieve the research objective, the following tasks were used: the analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, using the data obtained within the framework of the UUT 25 Grant Project "Dynamic Capabilities building in Ukrainian SMEs for development and growth in the framework of post-war restoration of territorial communities of Ukraine" (Odesa Polytechnic National University, 2023) and secondary analysis of data from open Internet resources, and the proposals for the small businesses in Ukraine development in the post-war period were given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What Happens When Knowledge Does Not Circulate? Democracy in the Magazines of the Austrian Party Youths (1945-1955). An essential part of the Western Allies' plans for the democratisation of Austrian society was to provide Austrian youth with political knowledge in order to entrench democracy in the coming generations and thus ensure its longevity. Political youth magazines were one of the media to support this process. Along with other educational offerings, they were to facilitate the circulation of political knowledge after its initially linear transfer from the Western Allies to the Austrian population. In this article, I use the example of Austrian party youths' magazines to reflect on the obstacles to the transfer or circulation of political knowledge as envisaged by the Western Allies. Based on the analysis of selected issues of these magazines between 1945 and 1955 and of the metaphorical concepts used in them, I discuss what circulated when the intended political knowledge about democracy did not. I conclude that in the political magazines and the writings of party youths traditional party ideologies merged with democratic rhetoric, resulting in the circulation of competing concepts of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the most significant trends and findings in Latvian historiography on the history of Latvian national armed resistance movement in 1944-1950s. An analysis of the scientific publications published since the restoration of Latvian independance is conducted to determine the main trends of research and the main conclusions, on which the current insights about the activity of the national armed resistance movement and its significance during the occupation of the USSR are based. In order to identify important research questions and to actualise the need for their research, the research problems found in these works are also analysed, which has been done minimally in Latvian historiography so far. The purpose of the article is to assess the state of research on the history of Latvian national armed resistance movement in Latvian historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article defines and reveals the structural elements of the concept of updating the content of professional training of future lecturers of pedagogical higher education institutions in terms of the social needs during the war and post-war period. Conceptual ideas are revealed. They are the following: 1) the need to ensure anticipatory and culturally relevant nature of the content of education, to achieve functional completeness; 2) updating the content at the intersection of the post-war needs of society in revival and cultural creation and the teacher's needs in personal and professional development; 3) transforming the content into a carrier of the dominant values of national culture, national spirit with the priority status of the Ukrainian language; 4) choosing a strategic line for professional, psycho-pedagogical and digital fundamentalization of the content; 5) taking into account in the content of education the needs of the personality of the future teacher in holistic development throughout life; 6) expansion of the functional range of the content due to the inclusion of the valeological-psycho-pedagogical function in unity with the activity-activating one; 7) enrichment of the content with the achievements of world scientific psychological and pedagogical innovations. The essence of the system of the teacher's professional and digital competencies as a target guideline for updating the content of their professional training in the conditions of martial law in the country has been determined. The following principles of actual renewal of the content of the professional education of future teachers of pedagogical higher education institutions are characterized. They are the following: 1) value-content restructuring of mixed and online preparation of students for professional activities at the intersection of the needs of Ukraine in post-war revival and cultural creation and the needs of future teachers in the holistic development and quality performance of professional and civic functions; 2) cultivation of strategic lines of renewal of the content of future teachers' pedagogical education in the context of its professional, psycho-pedagogical and digital fundamentalization in harmonious unity; 3) the dominance of the culturally dominant Ukrainian-centric direction of updating the content of professional future teacher training using digital technologies; 4) laying the value-content foundation of the reference image of the teacher-master of the pedagogical higher educational institution of the future in accordance with the requirements of Ukraine's European progress; 5) integration in the content of future teachers' education of humanitarian, socio-cultural, professional-subject and professional-psycho-pedagogical, valeological (prior to achieving mental health) and safety knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to define the essence and methodological approaches to the comparative assessment of the main financial and economic factors of Ukraine’s competitiveness that can shape its competitive advantages in the post-war period and to find ways for restoration and sustainable growth of the country’s competitiveness in the global dimension in the long term. The index method of forming the country’s global competitiveness is the main tool of this study. Such general scientific research methods as grouping, comparison, graphical, systematization and generalization were used to conduct a comparative study of the main indicators that form the global competitiveness rating of Ukraine according to IMD (state of the economy, efficiency of government and business, state of infrastructure). The results of the analysis of the basic trends in the country’s development according to these groups of indicators allowed to formulate the main external and internal factors of change in its competitive position to determine its basic strategic advantages. The defined methodological approaches to the comparative assessment of Ukraine’s rating position in relation to the EU neighboring countries and leading countries in terms of the state of their economy and infrastructure, the effectiveness of government and business, allowed to identify negative and positive factors of external and internal influence, primarily financial and economic, basic development trends and strategic competitive advantages of Ukraine, which allowed to formulate proposals for restoring Ukraine’s strategic efficiency in the post-war period. The article proves that the positive impact of endogenous factors should be considered as competitive advantages that should be focused on in the postwar period, since in an extremely dynamic and rapidly developing world, in order to achieve success, one should focus on the most promising strategic direction, avoiding dispersion on all existing trends, which can lead to the loss of valuable resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1945, Opole experienced a disruption in its history—a formerly German city had been incorporated into southwestern Poland during the change of European borders. In this new geopolitical situation Opole, along with other pre-war Eastern outskirts of Germany, became a part of so-called Recovered Territories. The name itself implied that those lands were perceived as not only incorporated into the country but brought back as undeniably Polish. The process of establishing (or “regaining”) the Polish identity of those cities, among them Opole, was intended to omit some elements of the recent German past and emphasize others deemed inherently Polish at that time. This occurrence was also tied to the issue of rewriting and reinventing the city’s history, during which architecture and urban planning were used as one of the most powerful tools. The article presents how architecture and urban planning were used in the process of establishing Opole’s new, Polish identity since 1945. The attempts to rewrite and reinvent Opole’s history are exemplified by the restoration of the historic city centre, as well as by new, post-war architecture and urban development. The legacy of that process still lingers in the city’s urban fabric. The strive to emphasise “Polish” elements of the city while omitting or repurposing the German ones makes one pose questions about the role of architecture (both historic and new), urban planning, and the narratives created around them in the process of rewriting and reinventing a city’s past and identity.

This article examines the status of history painting in Croatia following the end of the Second World War. Building on previous research, particularly the dissertation “History Painting in Croatia from the Illyrian Movement to the Second World War” (Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, 2022), it contributes to the hypothesis regarding the gradual decline of the genre during the 1940s, especially in the aftermath of the consolidation of communist power.

Increased funding: one of the biggest problems facing psychologists in Ukraine is the lack of resources and funding. Increased funding for mental health services and training could help improve the quality of care that psychologists can provide to their patients. The necessary recognition of mental health and the role of psychologists in providing care can help reduce stigma and increase collaboration between psychologists and other health professionals. More resources and educational materials in Ukrainian are needed to improve access to information and resources for Ukrainian psychologists, and to support the development of a strong, locally focused research base. Creating more jobs for psychologists, especially in underserved areas, can help increase access to mental health services for those who need them. Continuous education: psychologists. Education and public awareness can help encourage more people to seek help from psychologists and other mental health professionals. Of course, these steps are only a starting point and a solution to the complex problems faced by psychologists in Ukraine

The article substantiates the expediency of modernization of innovation infrastructure as an institutional prerequisite for the structural reconstruction of the economy of the regions of Ukraine during the wartime with the projection of activation of innovative processes in the post-war period. It is further substantiated that the innovation infrastructure in Ukraine covers an overly narrowed specification of the elements of generation and commercialization of innovations, which makes accelerating the processes of innovative renewal of the material and technical base of the basic links of the national economy and regional economic complexes impossible. It is found that the main structural elements of the regional innovation infrastructure are the technological, commercial and supporting core, which, interacting, ensure the acceleration of the processes of production and commercialization of innovative developments and their implementation in the spheres of production and product circulation. It is identified that the creation of business incubators and start-up schools in the short term will eliminate the shortage of innovative ideas and developments, which in the post-war period will ensure their commercialization and implementation in the practice of innovative renewal of the economy of the regions of Ukraine. Studies have shown that the innovation infrastructure of Ukraine is not marked by a critically necessary level of efficiency of functioning due to the underdevelopment of the informational-analytical and expert-consulting component, which gives not a possibility to ensure effective propaganda of the best foreign and domestic practices of innovative and knowledge-intensive development of the structure-forming units of the national economy, in particular, the implementation of the first stages of digital transformation of processes of adoption of managerial decisions in the public administration sector. It is found that it is advisable to carry out programming of priority directions of modernization of regional innovation infrastructure during the wartime in order to form an algorithm for systematic renewal of the economy of the regions of Ukraine immediately after the end of the war to ensure an accelerated recovery of integral property complexes destroyed by enemy attacks and the formation of modern industrial, post-industrial and information growth poles

The purpose of this article is to examine the main stages on the way to obtaining recognition for the Republic of Latvia from the United States, paying specific attention to the period from 1921 to 1922. After recognition was obtained from other Western powers in January 1921, the issue became particularly relevant. The article reflects upon the reasons for the long period of non-recognition (first and foremost, the principle of an indivisible Russia), the actions of the Latvian Government and society to achieve recognition, as well as the process of recognition and reactions to this development.

Abstract. The purpose of this article is to study ethnotourism and related types of tourism as an important factor in the development of territorial communities in the postwar period. The article considers the united territorial community as an object for the development of ethnotourism and, given that Ukraine has significant tourist and recreational potential and the availability of ethnotourism resources, it is established that each united territorial community has the opportunity to develop ethnotourism in its territory. It is noted that for the development of ethno-tourism in the united territorial communities it is important to hold various events that will represent original traditions, authentic rites and customs, unique national cuisine, hospitality of Ukrainians and increase the number of tourists. Ethnotourism is considered as an important factor in the restoration of national wealth to promote the development of national ideology of Ukraine and show the richness of Ukrainian culture both domestically and internationally. After all, ethnic tourism is an active way to study the history of its people. Potential tourists may be interested in religious sites, historical, cultural and architectural monuments. Ukraine retains the basic elements of traditional, material and spiritual culture, therefore, Ukraine has significant cultural, economic, educational potential for the development of ethnic tourism. The main aspects of ethnotourism development in the united territorial communities are considered: availability of tourist and recreational potential, relatively developed infrastructure, connections with other types of tourism, which are also developed in the united territorial communities, and formation of ethnotourism development plan. Prospects for the development of ethnotourism in the united territorial communities in Ukraine in the postwar period are outlined and the main directions of work on ethnotourism activities that will contribute to the socio-economic development of the united territorial communities.

In 1952, French demographer Alfred Sauvy coined the term ‘Third World’, a neologism that expanded globally and became a key category of post-war thought. After the term's decline in the 1980s, decolonial studies and the new Cold War historiography revisited it, using it to ‘provincialize’ Cold War history. Although these approaches rightly note the Third World's historical importance as a concept, they neglect its genesis. This article contends that we cannot fully grasp the concept's global success without tracing it back to Sauvy's initial semantically rich conceptualisation. First, Sauvy gave the concept a hybrid political and scientific content, allowing both activists and social scientists to adopt the term. Second, Sauvy associated the ‘Third World’ with other key Cold War concepts (anticolonial revolution; underdevelopment; third way), which successfully expressed contemporary concerns. This article sheds light on an apparent paradox: although Sauvy was a French pro-colonialist, he developed a concept that underscored the agency of the ‘wretched of the earth’, enabling anti-colonial activists to appropriate the concept. However, Sauvy presented the Third World as a protagonist of post-war revolution in order to oppose the US notion of ‘underdevelopment’, which depicted ‘underdeveloped’ nations as the passive victims of colonial powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1945, Opole experienced a disruption in its history--a formerly German city had been incorporated into southwestern Poland during the change of European borders. In this new geopolitical situation Opole, along with other pre-war Eastern outskirts of Germany, became a part of so-called Recovered Territories. The name itself implied that those lands were perceived as not only incorporated into the country but brought back as undeniably Polish. The process of establishing (or "regaining") the Polish identity of those cities, among them Opole, was intended to omit some elements of the recent German past and emphasize others deemed inherently Polish at that time. This occurrence was also tied to the issue of rewriting and reinventing the city's history, during which architecture and urban planning were used as one of the most powerful tools. The article presents how architecture and urban planning were used in the process of establishing Opole's new, Polish identity since 1945. The attempts to rewrite and reinvent Opole's history are exemplified by the restoration of the historic city centre, as well as by new, post-war architecture and urban development. The legacy of that process still lingers in the city's urban fabric. The strive to emphasise "Polish" elements of the city while omitting or repurposing the German ones makes one pose questions about the role of architecture (both historic and new), urban planning, and the narratives created around them in the process of rewriting and reinventing a city's past and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to research and justify the content of tourist activities in natural landscapes, in particular on the basis of speleological resources in the post-war period. The research methodology is based on the principles of socio-cultural and polysystemic analysis, comparative and structural-systemic methods of scientific knowledge, which make it possible to consider the trends of tourism development in the post-war period and to find out the specifics of the organisation of tourist activities in speleological landscapes. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the actualisation of attention to recreational activities in natural complexes, in particular speleological ones, since speleological tourism activities in war and post-war time can be considered as a natural model of emotional stress relief, adaptation to unusual conditions and prevention of negative changes in physical and mental health. Conclusions. Doing various tourist recreation in the natural landscapes of the post-war period should take place on the basis of environmental protection and familiarity with local cultural traditions. When designing tourist and recreational parks based on speleological and spelestological sites, a set of functional zones is determined on the basis of the sociocultural and natural features of the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war in Ukraine, caused by the full-scale invasion of Russia, has an impact on the country's innovation environment, which is due to a decrease in the level of investments, an increase in business risks, a reduction in domestic demand for products, a decrease in the number of innovative projects, and the availability of their financing. The purpose of this article is to confirm that the innovative development of Ukraine's economy is a key direction of economic policy and a tool for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine's economy. The study of the current state of innovative activity in Ukraine and the comparison of the actual state of innovative development of Ukraine with other countries of the world was carried out using methods of scientific and statistical analysis. The latter made it possible to come to the following research results: to state a significant lag in innovative activity in Ukraine. According to the authors, this is related to existing problems, the main ones of which are: weak development of high-tech enterprises and industries; significant physical and moral deterioration of the production potential of most industrial enterprises of Ukraine; insufficient financing of the innovative sector of the economy, structural imbalance and low technological complexity, raw material export orientation and low competitiveness, etc. The authors of the article are sure that the restoration of the economy of Ukraine, ensuring competitiveness and economic growth largely depends on the use of innovative factors, the development of education and science. It is noted that the foundations of the state's innovative policy in the post-war period must be formed today, creating conditions for the development of intellectual potential, increasing labor productivity, modernization of technologies, and structural restructuring of the economy. The results of this study can be applied when approving the plan for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine and its direction towards a radical change in the structure of the economy, the transition from an agrarian-raw type to an industrial-innovative one based on the creation of a modern high-tech, digitised industry in the context of the spread of Industry 4.0 in the world. As a conclusion, the authors suggest that in the process of forming innovation policy, special attention should be paid to structural reforms, effective and transparent use of foreign aid, and strengthening of cooperation between manufacturers and scientific institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thousands of so-called occupation children were born to Allied soldiers and Austrian women in sexual relations after the end of the Second World War. Their experiences correspond to the experiences of occupation children in Germany and, more general, to the experiences of Children Born of War, i.e., children born after sexual contact between local women and foreign/enemy soldiers in conflict and post-conflict situations, regardless of the time of birth and the geopolitical context. Now, more than 75 years after the end of the war, we have studied the changes in the social and political handling of occupation children in Austria over the past decades, using official sources such as newspaper reports, and including biographical interviews conducted with British occupation children in the 2010s. Three phases were identified into which the handling of occupation children can be divided: The post-war years, in which these children were perceived as an (economic) burden; the phase of occupation children growing up and becoming adults, in which they were hardly addressed in public; and the period since the 1990s, in which they have experienced increased media, family, and public interest, which can be attributed to their efforts to make their life stories heard, to the academic research into their living and socialization conditions, and to the formation of networks. The study complements other research on occupation children in Germany and Austria, highlighting the significant differences in the discourse on U.S. American, British, Soviet, and French occupation children, especially between white and Black occupation children, and addressing the differences in Austria compared to Germany. The article argues that challenges and opportunities in the integration of these children have been tied to changes in social values and morals as well as to collective processes of coming to terms with the war and post-war period.

After the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic, Slovakia took over only a few psychiatric facilities from the Austro-Hungarian period, which were mostly part of larger hospitals, e.g. in Bratislava and Nitra. It was extended also a form of lay care of mentally ill in foreign families. In the interwar period, neuropsychiatric hospitals in Trenčín, Nitra and Levoča were gradually built, the intensive construction of separate psychiatric treatment centres was not started. Private psychiatric constitutions were established in Plešivec and Pezinok, which were nationalized after the war. In the post-war years, psychiatric treatment centres and psychiatric hospitals were gradually established in Čajakovo, Plešivec, Dolná Krupá, Liptovský Mikuláš, Rimavská Sobota, Ličartovce and Prešov, for child patients in Hraň. In 1960, there were 9 psychiatric treatment centres in Slovakia with a capacity of 2017 beds, which was still insufficient. It was also problematic the staffing of most of these facilities and the overall low quality of psychiatric care. The Ministry of Health in 1960 carried out a general inspection of existing psychiatric treatment censers, which found serious deficiencies, problems with personnel security and low quality of medical and nursing care. The inspection pointed out also on the unsuitability of the accommodation, failure to meet hygiene requirements, as well as other problems. The contribution is focused on the overall state of psychiatric treatment centres in Slovakia in the light of the conclusions of the general inspection and on the first steps to eliminate the detected deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article substantiates the expediency of modernization of innovation infrastructure as an institutional prerequisite for the structural reconstruction of the economy of the regions of Ukraine during the wartime with the projection of activation of innovative processes in the post-war period. It is further substantiated that the innovation infrastructure in Ukraine covers an overly narrowed specification of the elements of generation and commercialization of innovations, which makes accelerating the processes of innovative renewal of the material and technical base of the basic links of the national economy and regional economic complexes impossible. It is found that the main structural elements of the regional innovation infrastructure are the technological, commercial and supporting core, which, interacting, ensure the acceleration of the processes of production and commercialization of innovative developments and their implementation in the spheres of production and product circulation. It is identified that the creation of business incubators and start-up schools in the short term will eliminate the shortage of innovative ideas and developments, which in the post-war period will ensure their commercialization and implementation in the practice of innovative renewal of the economy of the regions of Ukraine. Studies have shown that the innovation infrastructure of Ukraine is not marked by a critically necessary level of efficiency of functioning due to the underdevelopment of the informational-analytical and expert-consulting component, which gives not a possibility to ensure effective propaganda of the best foreign and domestic practices of innovative and knowledge-intensive development of the structure-forming units of the national economy, in particular, the implementation of the first stages of digital transformation of processes of adoption of managerial decisions in the public administration sector. It is found that it is advisable to carry out programming of priority directions of modernization of regional innovation infrastructure during the wartime in order to form an algorithm for systematic renewal of the economy of the regions of Ukraine immediately after the end of the war to ensure an accelerated recovery of integral property complexes destroyed by enemy attacks and the formation of modern industrial, post-industrial and information growth poles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a brief overview of the achievements in the field of the Soviet brass march in the post-war period. The present article is concerned with the most famous works created in the march genre by prominent Russian composers; the author analyzes the characteristic features of the compositions related to the form, tonal plan, peculiarities of the musical language (melody, harmony, rhythm, etc.), identifies various ways of the genre development, reveals stylistic and compositional approaches in the field of marching music of the Soviet post-war period. The scientific novelty of the article is characterized by the fact that the author made an attempt to illuminate the genre, ideological and thematic diversity of the marching repertoire of domestic brass bands that interconnected with socio- political, cultural, military-historical events and ideological attitudes in the Soviet state. The article emphasizes the importance of the march, as the leading genre of military-wind music, reveals the general patterns of marching works in the works of recognized domestic military authors – N. Ivanov-Radkevich, V. Runov, G. Kalinkovich, G. Salnikov, B. Diev. This study aims at forming the information base for professional education of future military conductors, at their spiritual, cultural, military-patriotic education.

The article defines the prerequisites for ensuring the organizational capacity of Ukrainian farms for digital innovations in the post-war period. It has been established that the demand for agricultural products in Ukraine and the world is growing due to the increase in individual consumption, but climate change, financial crises, pandemics and martial state cause obstacles to its satisfaction. Digital innovations have been proven to be an important part of the global supply chain for manufactured goods, but agriculture remains one of the least digitized industries that is not ready to innovate with digital technologies. The most promising digital technologies that should be implemented at the level of Ukrainian farms in the post-war period have been identified: cybernetics, big data, sensors and robotics. The criteria for organizational capacity to implement digital innovations in farming have been identified: technologies for automating information processing; functional affiliation of technologies; IT support for coordination, communication and integration in new conditions; flexible, standardized processes that allow the inclusion of new technologies in production and economic activity; positive attitude and perception of digital technologies; formation of teams for sustainable development; constant training for new informational challenges; client-oriented project management, quality assurance and facility design; ensuring the management of the development and implementation of a wellthought- out business strategy consistent with practice; leadership of IT views in all areas of farming. Reasonable factors affecting readiness for digital innovations of farms in Ukraine: management system of farm owners; external opportunities; strategy; resource provision. There is a need to provide training among farmers to ensure that farms investing in digital technologies are able to use their benefits and maintain a positive attitude towards such technologies. The measures of the state regarding the acquisition of knowledge by farms in the field of digital innovations and their implementation directly into production processes have been presented by: centralizing knowledge about digital technologies in the relevant database and forming an innovation network that is easily accessible to farms; providing an objective overview of innovations with the help of digital technologies to make farmers aware of their complexity and priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to determine the theoretical foundations of innovation in university management in the context of creating conditions for improving the competitiveness of Ukraine's economy during the post-war period. The theoretical significance of the article is that the model of introduction of Open Science as possible innovation in university management is substantiated, the principles of the introduction of Open Science in universities are supplemented, and innovative models of interaction of universities with stakeholders aimed at common R&D activities are singled out. The practical significance of the article is that the authors formulated recommendations for the effective implementation of the Open Science model in universities; criteria for choosing a model of interaction between universities and stakeholders are proposed. It is determined that the potential growth of the index of global competitiveness of Ukraine's economy lies, among other things, in the sphere of innovative university management. The necessity of introducing the concept of Open Science in universities as one of the innovations in management, which will increase the efficiency and impact of research on the development of Ukraine's competitive economy in the postwar period, is substantiated. The model of implementation of Open Science in Ukrainian universities is substantiated, which takes into account European practices of implementing the concept of Open Science in universities, its basic principles, components, and understanding of its key advantages in the context of increasing economic competitiveness. Recommendations for the effective implementation of the Open Science model in universities in the context of the introduction of new organizational and financial mechanisms, development of a culture of Open Science in the university environment, improvement of the research infrastructure, access of academic staff to institutional and external research infrastructures, supporting collaboration between academic and nonacademic sector to strengthen the role of universities as key actors in innovation ecosystems, promoting international and multi-stakeholder cooperation in the context of Open Science, is substantiated. The need for a broad partnership of universities with stakeholders aimed at common R&D activities is substantiated. Based on the study of international experience, three models of such cooperation have been identified - the regional consortium model, the professionalization model, and the cluster model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to study current social and economic prerequisites of the strategic development of higher educational institutions (universities) in the conditions of war and post-war period. The theoretical significance of the article is that, based on the authors’ analysis, the social and economic prerequisites for the strategic development of universities in the conditions of war and post-war period are characterized; a comprehensive analysis of political, economic, social and demographic and technological factors that cause opportunities/threats to the strategic development of universities is presented. The practical significances of the article are that the main challenges that will hinder the strategic development of universities in the conditions of war and post-war period were highlighted; strategic tasks for universities based on current peculiarities of social and economic environment are proposed. It is substantiated that in the process of strategic development of universities it is advisable to conduct an in-depth comprehensive analysis of political, economic, social and demographic and technological factors that directly affect or will likely affect their (universities) strategic goals and objectives. The method of PEST analysis was used to comprehensively characterize the set of the most significant factors of influence. It is determined that the significant political factors are large-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation, domestic political center-oriented processes and prevailing of populist paradigms, national policy on economic development/global leadership/competitiveness. Among the economic factors are significant losses of social and economic potential of the country's regions, significant destruction of infrastructure, loss of human potential due to external migration, rising unemployment, loss of export positions, relocation of business from the occupied territories. Among the social and demographic factors, it was substantiated significant migration flows, declining of pace of population reproduction, accelerating the aging process, increasing the share of single-parent families, the unity of Ukrainian society in the direction of countering the enemy, a high level of patriotism, the formation of a democratic political nation and civil society, responsibility, ability to radically change the further history of Ukraine. The key challenges that create opportunities/threats for the strategic development of universities are identified: the need to restore the material and technical base, human resources and research infrastructure of universities, bringing training programs in line with regional labor markets, introduction of retraining/adult training programs, optimization and reengineering of business processes, providing flexibility in responding to changing conditions, introducing the concept of result-based university management, increasing the level of technologization and digitalization of business processes, strengthening the research component in activities along with deepening the level of international partnership. Strategic vectors of development of universities during post-war period are proposed: the need to intensify cooperation with partners, focus on research aimed at overcoming the greatest societal challenges, involving a wide range of stakeholders in the processof co-production and innovation, building "smart specialization" of each university, implementation of certain principles (positioning of university, synergy, integration, technological development, involvement, optimality) in the process of strategizing, incorporation of ICT in order to improve internal business processes of universities, widespread implementation of the so-called partnership model of university management, implementation of communicative and information function in cooperation with refugees, accelerating training of engineering and technological specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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International traveller and acclaimed Swedish-language author Göran Schildt sailed in the Black Sea in the summer of 1963. He was a well-read scholar with a deep interest in the Antiquity and a seasoned traveller with a vast experience of multilingual and multicultural situations. This was the first and last visit of his yacht Daphne to the Black Sea and the Eastern Bloc. Through the eyes of this keen observer, a small aperture can be detected among the bricks in the walls dividing Europe. A window had been opened by world politicians in the Iron Curtain at the end of the 1950s. Although there were periods of high global tension, new possibilities for travel and tourism were created in some Eastern Bloc countries, among them Bulgaria and Romania. Visits by dozens of journalists, writers and artists and thousands of charter tourists from the Western Bloc over the next few decades opened up new windows to the world beyond the Iron Curtain. Göran Schildt stands out among the Nordic cultural visitors to Bulgaria and Romania in the post-war period. His desire to get acquainted with everyday life and ordinary people, capability to see behind facades and analysing experiences could be defined as journalistic, but his travel writing went deeper. In comparison with some other writers from Finland, who visited Bulgaria or Romania during the Cold War, such as the poet Lassi Nummi or comic fiction writer Arto Paasilinna, and the Bulgarian author Yordan Radichkov who visited Sweden, Schildt’s background, interests and multilingual and multicultural strategies supported the discovery and collection of extensive information and the processing of it into a multidimensional travel book. This article discusses the journey and travel narrative of Göran Schildt from the perspective of multilingual and multicultural strategies for encountering other languages, societies and cultures, and the processing of experiences as recorded in his diary and his popular travel narrative.

The fall of the Third Reich, turning the “most tragic page” in the history of the Jewish nation, i .e . the Second World War, did not mean the end of the tragedy for Jews on Polish soil. Even before the end of the greatest conflict in the history of humankind, in the areas liberated from Nazi Germany occupation, many survivors of the Holocaust experienced acts of ruthless violence. However, very few of the numerous victims of the post-war anti-Jewish terror have been commemorated in public space. To a very small extent the form of public commemoration also covered earlier wartime cases of collective murders committed against Jews by Polish Christians. Even if the sites of the dramatic events which occurred in the shadow of the Holocaust were marked, the complete truth about their course was not restored everywhere.

The purpose of the article is to determine the theoretical foundations of innovation in university management in the context of creating conditions for improving the competitiveness of Ukraine's economy during the post-war period. The theoretical significance of the article is that the model of introduction of Open Science as possible innovation in university management is substantiated, the principles of the introduction of Open Science in universities are supplemented, and innovative models of interaction of universities with stakeholders aimed at common R&D activities are singled out. The practical significance of the article is that the authors formulated recommendations for the effective implementation of the Open Science model in universities; criteria for choosing a model of interaction between universities and stakeholders are proposed. It is determined that the potential growth of the index of global competitiveness of Ukraine's economy lies, among other things, in the sphere of innovative university management. The necessity of introducing the concept of Open Science in universities as one of the innovations in management, which will increase the efficiency and impact of research on the development of Ukraine's competitive economy in the postwar period, is substantiated. The model of implementation of Open Science in Ukrainian universities is substantiated, which takes into account European practices of implementing the concept of Open Science in universities, its basic principles, components, and understanding of its key advantages in the context of increasing economic competitiveness. Recommendations for the effective implementation of the Open Science model in universities in the context of the introduction of new organizational and financial mechanisms, development of a culture of Open Science in the university environment, improvement of the research infrastructure, access of academic staff to institutional and external research infrastructures, supporting collaboration between academic and non-academic sector to strengthen the role of universities as key actors in innovation ecosystems, promoting international and multi-stakeholder cooperation in the context of Open Science, is substantiated. The need for a broad partnership of universities with stakeholders aimed at common R&D activities is substantiated. Based on the study of international experience, three models of such cooperation have been identified - the regional consortium model, the professionalization model, and the cluster model.

The purpose of the article is to study current social and economic prerequisites of the strategic development of higher educational institutions (universities) in the conditions of war and post-war period. The theoretical significance of the article is that, based on the authors’ analysis, the social and economic prerequisites for the strategic development of universities in the conditions of war and post-war period are characterized; a comprehensive analysis of political, economic, social and demographic and technological factors that cause opportunities/threats to the strategic development of universities is presented. The practical significances of the article are that the main challenges that will hinder the strategic development of universities in the conditions of war and post-war period were highlighted; strategic tasks for universities based on current peculiarities of social and economic environment are proposed. It is substantiated that in the process of strategic development of universities it is advisable to conduct an in-depth comprehensive analysis of political, economic, social and demographic and technological factors that directly affect or will likely affect their (universities) strategic goals and objectives. The method of PEST analysis was used to comprehensively characterize the set of the most significant factors of influence. It is determined that the significant political factors are large-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation, domestic political center-oriented processes and prevailing of populist paradigms, national policy on economic development/global leadership/competitiveness. Among the economic factors are significant losses of social and economic potential of the country's regions, significant destruction of infrastructure, loss of human potential due to external migration, rising unemployment, loss of export positions, relocation of business from the occupied territories. Among the social and demographic factors, it was substantiated significant migration flows, declining of pace of population reproduction, accelerating the aging process, increasing the share of single-parent families, the unity of Ukrainian society in the direction of countering the enemy, a high level of patriotism, the formation of a democratic political nation and civil society, responsibility, ability to radically change the further history of Ukraine. The key challenges that create opportunities/threats for the strategic development of universities are identified: the need to restore the material and technical base, human resources and research infrastructure of universities, bringing training programs in line with regional labor markets, introduction of retraining/adult training programs, optimization and reengineering of business processes, providing flexibility in responding to changing conditions, introducing the concept of result-based university management, increasing the level oftechnologization and digitalization of business processes, strengthening the research component in activities along with deepening the level of international partnership. Strategic vectors of development of universities during post-war period are proposed: the need to intensify cooperation with partners, focus on research aimed at overcoming the greatest societal challenges, involving a wide range of stakeholders in the process of co-production and innovation, building "smart specialization" of each university, implementation of certain principles (positioning of university, synergy, integration, technological development, involvement, optimality) in the process of strategizing, incorporation of ICT in order to improve internal business processes of universities, widespread implementation of the so-called partnership model of university management, implementation of communicative and information function in cooperation with refugees, accelerating training of engineering and technological specialties.