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Germany is among the more eco-friendly industrialised nations, and since 1945 there has been a remarkable development in the spread of nature/national parks as instruments for large-scale nature conservation. However, its most beloved wooded mountain range, the Black Forest in the state of Baden-Württemberg, lacked these parks for decades: it was not until 1999/2000 that the local municipalities formed two nature parks, and the state government established the Black Forest National Park only in 2014. While recognising that forestry interests and municipality heads were influential opponents of the government's park plans, this article also focuses on other contexts and social groups. Nature parks were intended for the promotion of recreational land use during the post-war boom years, but in Baden-Württemberg the idea of creating parks provoked dissent among conservation officials. In national park debates of the early 1990s and the early 2010s, a circle of hikers asserted that local secondary forests were not an ideal location for a park, and opposing residents also argued against the principle of 'let nature be nature' in terms of maintaining the various environmental functions of forests. This regional history serves as a reminder of the diversity of alternative views about park formation.

The article deals with a brief history in the faces of post-war engineering psychology and ergonomics. It is shown that the emergence of disciplines in the Soviet Union taking into account the human factor while building complex systems of guided weapons and their improvement was an organized process of specialists’ joint activities in a wide class of scientific and practical disciplines involved in designing and operating ergatic systems for general and military purposes. Prominent representatives of the engineering-psychological and ergonomic discourse of the Soviet engineering psychology and ergonomics of the post-war period are considered in historical and personal terms. Their contribution to the theory and practice of designing man-machine systems is considered. The article shows the existence of local scientific schools in the field of human factor problems, the schools have arisen around the authoritative leaders and scholars solving scientific, design and organizational tasks for creating a new technology. The main literature sources, which served as a scientific and educational-methodological basis for developing domestic engineering psychology and ergonomics, are highlighted. The centres of advancing academic research and applying scientific developments into practice in the field of engineering psychology and ergonomics in modern Russia are stressed.

Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o interesse dos Estados Unidos na América Latina envolveu ações de pesquisa, que visavam, entre algumas expectativas acadêmicas, compreender quais seriam as áreas com potencial para investimento do capital na região. As pesquisas foram vistas com desconfiança por empresários e intelectuais brasileiros e, na Bahia, não foi diferente. Discuto, nesse artigo, a Missão Abbink (1948) e sua repercussão intelectual entre pessoas como Inácio Tosta Filho, Thales de Azevedo e outros, como Carlos Mariguella. Tais personagens produziram opiniões em periódicos para mostrar maneiras de compreender como o capital norte-americano trataria com setores mais “tradicionais” da economia baiana, ou o refutaram completamente. Os textos aqui utilizados são extraídos do Jornal A Tarde, O Jornal e Correio da manhã, O Momento e Revista Problemas. A análise desses textos é feita a partir das metodologias da História Intelectual e da História Política, mediada pelas propostas de observação do Estado Ampliado e da ação dos intelectuais, circunscritas na obra de Antônio Gramsci. As mobilizações dos agentes de governo e da diplomacia de Estado expressou projetos que entraram em conflito com as oposições e planos erguidos no âmbito da sociedade civil – Estado – em aparelhos privados de hegemonia, vistos aqui em instrumentos de produção de saber e de ciência, que indicaram ou colaboraram com outros projetos de defesa de interesses de classes., Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial el interés de Estados Unidos por América Latina implicó acciones de investigación, que apuntaban, entre algunas expectativas académicas, cuáles serían las áreas con potencial para la inversión de capitales em la región. Las investigaciones fueron vistas con desconfianza por los empresários e intelectuales brasilenos y, em Bahia, no fue diferente. Em este artículo, discuto la Misíon Abbink (1948) e sus repercusiones intelectuales entre personajes como Inácio Tosta Filho, Thales de Azevedo y otros, como Carlos Mariguella. Thales personajes produjeron opiniones em los periódicos para mostrar formas de entender como el capital estaduniense trataría com setores más tradicionales de la economia bahiana, o lo desmentían por completo. Los textos utilizados aqui están extraídos del Jornal A Tarde, Correio da Manhã, O Momento e Revista Problemas. El analisis se basea em las metodologías de la Historia Intelectual e de la Historia Política, mediadas por propuestas de observación del Estado Ampliado y de la acción de los intelectuales, circunscritas em la obra de Antônio Gramsci. Las movilizaciones de agentes gubernamentales y de la diplomacia de Estado expresaron proyetos que chocaban com la oposición y planes construídos em el àmbito de la sociedade civil – el Estado – em aparatos privados de hegemonia, vistos aqui em instrumentos de producción de conocimento y ciência, que indicaban o colaborado com otros proyectos em defensa de los interesses de clase., After the Second War, the U. S. points about Latin America involved research actions, which aimed, among some academics expectations, indicate which areas had potentials for capital investment. The surveys were viewed with distrust by Brazilian businessmen and intellectuals and, at Bahia, it was not different. In the article, I discuss the Abbink Mission (1948), and its intellectual repercussion, for people like Inácio Tosta Filho, Thales de Azevedo and others, like Carlos Mariguella. Each of those persons produced opinions write in daily newspapers, to show ways to understanding how North American capital to engage with traditional sectors of the Brahian economy or completed refuted it. The texts used here are extracted from Jornal A Tarde, O Jornal and Correio da Manhã, O Momento and from the Revista Problemas. The analysis of texts are based on the methodologies of Intellectual History and Political History, mediated by proposals for observing the Expanded State and the action of intellectuals, circumscribed in the Antonio Gramsci perspectives. The government agents and diplomacy expressed projects with divergent views that the civil society have built – the some State – in privative apparatuses of hegemony, seen here in instruments for the production of knowledge and science which indicated or collaborated with other projects in defense of class interests.

The authors report on a youth agency study conducted in post-conflict school settings in Sri Lanka. In a three-month field-based, qualitative research study, youth collaborated with the first autho...

The article examines how Italian newspapers and illustrated magazines reported the life and crimes of the notorious Sicilian bandit, Salvatore Giuliano. Articles and special features on Giuliano re...

Using the 1980 St. Paul’s riot as a point of departure, this article retrospectively explores migration policymaking in Bristol during the 1950s and 1960s. It charts some of the deliberations, policies and practices of three local actors who played key roles in the city’s debates and developments on migration and integration: the police, charitable, community, religious and voluntary groups and organisations, and the municipality. In doing so, it exposes a complex urban policy arena comprised of varied, multifaceted and ever-changing responses to Commonwealth immigrants, and West Indians in particular. Overall, the article argues that Bristol’s migration policies and practices of the 1950s and 1960s are crucial in light of subsequent increasing inner-city tensions and the 1980 uprising, but also because they broaden our understanding of the pivotal role that cities played in the governance of migration and diversity already during the post-war decades.

At the Wiesbaden Internist Congress of 1949, Alexander Mitscherlich and Viktor von Weizsacker called for an expansion of the scientific concept of causality to include the search for the meaning of illness in one's personal history. This called into question a traditional psychiatric paradigm which presumed somatic causes of mental illness. Additionally, common psychiatric evidence practices were put to the test. In the first part of this article, three psychiatric positions that were presented at the 1949 congress are reconstructed. In the second part, the development of one of the psychiatrists involved, Jurg Zutt, is examined by focusing on the question of the possible effects of the Wiesbaden debate on his scientific reorientation as well as its consequences for his view of psychiatric evidence.

Lebanon has not been able to properly develop and benefit from its water sources. A confessional system of governance has hindered development of the sector. Laws and regulations have been developed erratically with many superseding others without the superseded laws being erased from the registry. This created a chaotic regulatory and legal environment with overlapping jurisdictions and no clear accountability mechanisms. The period before the onset of the civil war in 1975 witnessed significant progress of both infrastructure and laws and regulations related to the management of the water sector. The civil war destroyed the water sector infrastructure and emptied all regulatory control of the resources. The period of reconstruction between 1990 and 1999 witnessed the promulgation of ambitious reconstruction plans for the water sector with funding reliant on borrowing from local and external debtors. Post 1999, government reforms started creeping into the system but were often donor driven and still suffered from the same mistakes of laws overlain on top of existing laws without erasing the older material. Critically, the management of the sector is not inclusive and the beneficiaries of water services are often not heard and ignored. HIGHLIGHTS What can we learn from the Lebanese example?; What is the situation 30 years after the end of war in Lebanon?; Many countries of the region are either in a state of war of have just ended a war. What can we expect for these countries?; Introducing new Water laws is always the case when policy reforms are engaged. What are their impact on the ground?; Lebanon is also a case of legal pluralism. What can we learn?

Dynastic-controlled firms are led by founding family CEOs while the family owns an insignificant share of equity (defined as less than five percent). They represent 7.4% of listed firms in post-war Japan, include well-known firms such as Casio, Suzuki and Toyota, and are often grouped with widely-held firms in the literature. These firms differ in key performance measures from both traditional family firms and non-family firms, and evolve from the former as equity-financed growth dilutes the founding family’s ownership over time. In turn, the transition from dynastic control to non-family status is driven by a diminution of strategic family resources.

How have high-density, high-rise planned communities become the predominant housing choice of Hong Kong residents and a vital feature of the city’s vertical urbanism? This article reconstructs the ...

This article examines how understandings of the rule of law are shaped in the Chechen diaspora in Norway. Taking as our point of departure studies of legal pluralism and the co-existence of traditional Adat, religious Sharia and Russian secular law in Chechnya, we examine the effect of living in a host country by asking: How do members of the Chechen diaspora, here defined as conflict-generated diaspora, view and internalize legal models in Norway? What type of state governance do they see as ideal for themselves and for Chechnya in the future? Further: what might the underlying explanation for their choices be? We assume that just as different waves of violence in Chechnya created different diaspora communities that today exhibit specific social, cultural and political traits, the latest wave of forced emigration to Europe after the post-Soviet Russo–Chechen wars may have made specific imprints on the legal preferences of this diaspora. The picture that emerges from our in-depth individual interviews and surveys is one of gradual adaptation and adjustment to Norwegian state governance and rule of law, demonstrating the complex and co-constitutive relationships between changing identities and legal preferences.

This paper examines post-conflict peacebuilding activities in Sierra Leone by critically looking at the role of economic actors in the reintegration process of its post-war Disarmament Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) initiative. The civil war that lasted for 11 years in Sierra Leone, put doubts on the national governments ability to effectively provide both victims and perpetuators, the necessary protection and assistance needed to fully assume responsibilities within the communities. Because of this, poverty was further entrenched, thereby increasing the countries susceptibility to return to conflict. Though reintegration processes are continuous, integrative and involve exhaustive budgetary commitments, the process, in Sierra Leone was short-termed, not well coordinated and took time to begin delivering. With the United Nations, World Bank and the weak national government leading the process, financing was often insufficient or late, in combination with the lack of a coherent planning strategy; all these factors contributed to lapses in socio-economic profiling, skills and vocational training and spread disillusionment and resentment among ex-combatants and victims. Using content analysis, the paper argues that, post-war countries need active, equitable and profitable economic sectors if they are to graduate from conflict and from post-conflict aid-dependency. Moreover, as social contracts and corporate social responsibility to communities they govern and operate in, economic actors must create enabling environments and, generate jobs to support legitimate local capacities. The utility of this paper lies in the idea that for any post-conflict country to attain long-term social and economic development, reintegration programme design and activities, must holistically incorporate critical economic actors.

Introduction. The article explores the state of the collective farm village of Mordovia in the post-war period, when the peasantry went through a difficult and contradictory path of development, having experienced all the consequences of state policy, which was characterized mainly by the use of repressive measures and increased taxes. At the same time, the moral encouragement of the leaders of collective farm production was used, the material and technical base of collective farms was gradually strengthened. Results and Discussion. Yield growth, livestock and productivity of public animal husbandry, the strengthening of the economy of farms largely depended on the efficiency of the work of collective farmers, state farm workers, advanced production workers, agricultural production specialists. The improvement of the material well-being and cultural level of the workers of the region, first of all, was expressed in the growth of the monetary income of collective farmers, workers and employees, in housing construction. The reduction of the agricultural tax in 1953, the increase in procurement and purchase prices for agricultural products, the decrease in retail prices for some food and industrial goods, the transition to monthly and quarterly advance payment of labor changed not only the economic situation, but also the psychological climate in the village: the social and labor activity of people increased, the migration of the rural population of Mordovia decreased. Conclusion. The progressive measures implemented after September 1953 soon exhausted themselves due to systemic reasons and contradictory subjective decisions.

Introduction and Methods. In the post-war period, the mobilization of the collective farm village and the strengthening of control over the workers began to be considered again as one of the main means of raising agriculture. The authors of the article have undertaken research on the problem of organizational and economic strengthening of collective farms in the second half of the 40s – early 50s of the XX century by analyzing the specifics of the implementation of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of September 19, 1946 “On measures to eliminate violations of the Charter of the agricultural artel in collective farms”. The source base of the study was archival materials on the Temnikovsky district of the Mordovian ASSR. During the research, the following methods were used: comparative-historical, problem-chronological, system analysis and structural. Results and Discussion. Having received a directive from the center, responsible employees urgently began to identify violations noted in the resolution of the party and the government in the collective farms of the Temnikovsky district. Already in the autumn of 1946 as a result of the audit of the land fund, a lot of violations of the “Charter” were revealed, which consisted in unauthorized cutting of arable land to personal farms, as well as in the use of hayfields and pastures. More significant areas of land were illegally withdrawn from collective farm turnover by various institutions and organizations. The audits also revealed fictitious sections of households in order to acquire additional areas of household plots and vegetable gardens, increase the number of livestock and poultry. The reports prepared by officials based on the results of the inspections carried out indicate that the payment system, introduced even in wartime conditions, began to fail without the systematic use of repressive measures. Another characteristic feature of the development of the village in the late 1940s–early 1950s was the numerous violations of the principles of “collective farm democracy”. Conclusion. As a result of the study, the stages of implementation of the resolution of September 19, 1946, the nature and effectiveness of the event were determined.

During internal armed conflicts, the vacuum caused by the decay of state institutions in rebel-held areas prevents the regular delivery of civilian basic needs. As a consequence, civilians may be c...

This practice note examines an INGO–Private Sector partnership involving the promotion of commercial agriculture in post-war Northern Sri Lanka. Current thinking suggests that the processes involve...

Taming metropolitan expansion by developing satellite towns was conventional wisdom by the mid-twentieth century, but Sydney’s early attempts highlight the disjuncture between theory and practice. ...

Based on field research, this article studies the role of ghost narratives about the dead killed in the genocide of the Bosniak people in Srebrenica. It focuses on three clusters of belief narrativ...

This article seeks to locate the socialist feminist film-maker Jill Craigie in the British film culture of the post-war period. Long regarded in scholarly accounts as something of an outsider, a woman who was effectively shut out of the industry during the 1950s, this article seeks to position Craigie rather differently. While acknowledging the obstacles she undoubtedly faced, it details aspects of her achievements and her visibility in the British film culture of the immediate post-war period. Craigie's politically driven documentaries and realist film practice accorded with prevailing discourses of ‘quality’ and she acquired the status of what would today be termed a media personality who worked across film, radio, television and print media. Considering Craigie as a figure embedded in the British film establishment, this article gives particular emphasis to her role in the British Film Academy (BFA), arguing that the significance of this practitioner-led organisation has yet to be fully recognised in British film history. The argument draws on archives held at the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) to begin a discussion of how the BFA, and Craigie as the first woman to be elected to its Management Council, played its part in the development of British film culture.

After Cage and Tudor visited Japan in 1962, the term ‘Cage Shock’ circulated widely among the Japanese public. My interviews with Japanese composers suggest that the term ‘Cage Shock’ oversimplifies the reception of Cage's debut in Japan. Composer Yūji Takahashi stated that Cage would have met Japanese audiences well prepared for his visit by musical trends present in Japan as early as the late 1940s. Building on the statement that the Japanese avant-garde was thriving before Cage visited Japan in 1962, this article aims to deconstruct the term ‘Cage Shock’ by restoring the complexity of the reception of Cage in Japan and by analysing the reasons why critics adopted the term ‘Cage Shock’. I argue that ‘Cage Shock’ has functioned more as a media buzzword that sensationalizes the story of Cage's impact on Japan than as an objective description of Japanese reaction to Cage.

The concept of unconditional basic income (UBI), which provides for the introduction (instead of or in addition to existing forms of social protection) of regular universal cash payments on an individual basis in favor of all members of the community without any preconditions, is attracting increasing interest among experts and scholars, international organizations, charitable foundations, municipal and regional authorities. Estimating the possible consequences of introducing a basic income, however, remains an equation with too many unknowns. As a result, even in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which demanded unprecedented measures in the social sphere, preference was given to traditional mechanisms to support the economy, employment, and living standards. The results of experiments with basic income, carried out over the past half-century, due to their limited scope, are still clearly insufficient to make an unambiguous conclusion about the viability of this scheme and the feasibility of its implementation on a national scale. At the same time, these experiments showed that basic income, when incorporated into existing social protection systems, can become an effective tool for smoothing regional disparities, the vulnerable position of a certain age and gender groups, as well as improving physical and mental health indicators. Moreover, they allow us, with some caution, to conclude that concerns about the negative impact of basic income on employment are grossly exaggerated. With regard to Russia, promising directions for the implementation of pilot programs could be as following: stimulating the development of lagging regions of the Federation, supporting young people who have recently entered the labor market and citizens of pre-retirement age, as well as, in light of unfavorable demographic trends, the introduction of unconditional cash payments for minor children

The 1989 changes in the political system in Poland resulted not only in thorough reshaping of political and economic structure of the state, but also in a range of identity processes at both region...

The paper is devoted to a part of A. M. Ozhigov‟s memoirs, recently found in the family archives of the authors. The memoirs describe the working conditions at the gold mines of the Dzhugdzhurzoloto trust in 1947. The post-war period required an urgent replenishment of the state gold reserves, which was reflected in the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1946) on increasing the production of gold and platinum in the country. As a result, the Special Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (Glavspetstsvetmet) has been created. The activity of this Directorate was focused on the search and exploration of new deposits, technical modernization and improvement of working conditions in mines This period of profound post-war crisis of gold industry, entirely determined by the war efforts, was characterized by a high share of manual labor, labor of prisoners and special settlers, low qualifications of workers and arduous living conditions. Here, we have evaluated reliability of the above memoirs using a comparative historical method. The factual knowledge of the memoirs was confirmed in open official sources. However, these sources are rather scarce in terms of human relations directly in gold mines and newly discovered areas. New names and circumstances of the everyday life of gold prospectors developing the deposit of the Kоchulyukan spring, brightly presented in the memoirs of A. M. Ozhigov, reveal the unknown details of the Soviet history of the industrial development of the northern territories. The psychological aspect of the recollections, expressed in the author's vivid subjectivism in relation to the organizers of the works (managers), also brightly show the opposition of the "worker-boss" type. Scanned copies of A. M. Ozhigov‟s memoirs are kept in the V. F. Vereshchagin Museum of Local Lore, Bodaibo town, Irkutsk region.

Post-war France was reshaped by a sustained period of spatial planning and modernization. This was particularly so during the presidency of Charles de Gaulle (1958‐69), as the country positioned itself as a modern European nation after decolonization. In its approach and execution, French spatial planning represented the sort of imperious state intervention critiqued by radical spatial theorists such as Henri Lefebvre. Yet it remained the case that the planners articulated a rich vision of France’s future, filled with space and light. Not only that, but they had the means to bring their vision into being. During the mid-1960s, the building of New Towns became central to their thinking. This article revisits spatial planning as a realm of the imagination and considers how the nation’s future was portrayed in textual and visual forms. It explores how the translation of dreams into built realities became a source of political tension, and how those tensions found public expression in the visual media.

This article argues that the relationship between capitalism and democracy is not immutable but subject to changes over time best understood as movements across distinctive growth and representation regimes. Growth regimes are the institutionalized practices central to how a country secures economic prosperity based on complementary sets of firm strategies and government policies. Representation regimes reflect conditions in the arenas of electoral and producer group politics that confer influence on specific segments of the population. The emphasis is on how economic experiences and changes in the structure of electoral cleavages alter the terms of political contestation, thereby giving voice to specific sets of interests and altering the balance of influence between capitalism and democracy. The analysis examines how the growth and representation regimes of the developed democracies have changed through three post-war eras to yield distinctive distributive outcomes in each era.

The passage of the revised National Referendum Law by the Japanese Diet on June 11, 2021 has generated renewed optimism in Japanese pro-amendment circles over the possibility of key revisions in th...

На основе материалов Государственного архива Российской Федерации и Российского государственного архива социально-политической истории показывается, что концепция русского народа как «старшего брата» имела исключительно большое значение для Советской Беларуси как в годы Великой Отечественной войны, так и в ходе послевоенного восстановления республики. Показываются конкретные меры, предпринимавшиеся Совнаркомом СССР по возрождению освобождённых от нацистской оккупации областей БССР. Автор показывает, как осуществлялась помощь в возрождении республики «снизу» - по инициативе рабочих коллективов городов РСФСР и других союзных республик. Ощущение братского единства, государства как семьи советских народов позволило не только одержать победу над нацизмом, но и в короткие сроки произвести восстановление разрушенных войной народного хозяйства и социальной сферы, благодаря сплочению людей для решения общегосударственных задач. The article, based on the materials of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, shows that the concept of the Russian people as an «older brother» was extremely important for Soviet Belarus both during the Great Patriotic War and during the post-war reconstruction of the republic. The article shows the specific measures taken by the Soviet People's Commissar of the USSR to revive the regions of the BSSR liberated from the Nazi occupation. It also shows the assistance provided in the revival of the republic «from below» - at the initiative of the working collectives of the cities of Russia and other union republics. The sense of fraternal unity, of the state as a family of the Soviet peoples, made it possible not only to defeat Nazism, but also to restore the national economy and social sphere destroyed by the war in a short time, thanks to the unity of people to solve national problems.

In the history of social policy in advanced industrial societies, the 1942 Beveridge Report stands as one of the most influential government-sponsored reports ever published. In this article, we explore how the principles and the policy proposals formulated in the report diffused to other countries and how domestic actors adapted them to their local context through policy translation processes. The social policy ideas that Beveridge put forward in his 1942 report influenced post-war policy debates in ways that varied greatly from country to country. To illustrate this claim, we analyse the reception and policy impact of this report over time in three different welfare states: Canada, Denmark, and France. This comparison shows how Beveridge's ideas influenced policy debates in different countries through translation processes that adapted these ideas to each country's institutional and political context.

The aim of this article is to study the significance of international trade-union cooperation during the first two post-Second-World-War decades as regards the development of a more liberal labour-...

This paper argues that Samuel Beckett's Molloy charts the historical transition of the postwar moment in generational terms – terms that themselves had real historical significance in the years immediately following the Allied victory in World War II – ultimately, and uncharacteristically, advancing a youthful figure of promise in young Jacques Moran, Jr. Though Beckett is much more commonly read as an allegorist of existential ambivalence – if not despair – I contend that his first postwar novel must properly be understood as staging history in its confused, agonistic, and frustrating family dynamics. Beckett's rendering of authority, history, and hierarchy in terms of perversion, queerness, and sterility ultimately preserves a futurity centred not precisely on the child per se, but on the emergent figure of the adolescent – the teenager, even, I will venture to claim – avant la lettre: Jacques Moran, Jr.

B.S. Johnson's fiction makes high demands both of its readers and itself. In his statement that ‘telling stories is telling lies’, and desire to ‘tell the truth’, Johnson involves his process in his writing, dismantling the novel form as he also continues to employ it. This committed slipperiness makes him difficult to write about: to pigeonhole him as a po-faced experimentalist or unorthodox social-realist would be a detrimental simplification of his work. A productive consideration of Johnson, then, might look to unusual places: for example, his writerly movements can be re-considered with Lisa Robertson's work on scaffolding in mind. Scaffolding as critical metaphor is both specific enough in its details, and flexible enough in its scope, to manage Johnson's self-effacing difficulty. Johnson's readers, I argue, are required to do their own scaffolding, whether encountering Albert Angelo's gaps, or piecing together The Unfortunates. Seen thus, reading Johnson's novels is a constructive, if messy, act, a collaboration between reader and writer.

In the twilight of and right after World War II millions of Germans were expelled from areas initially called the Recovered Territories, and later – the Western and Northern Lands in Poland. This a...