Search

Delo temelji na opazovanju razvoja poselitve na Logaškem. V sklopu historične karakterizacije, pri čemer sem želel razumeti razvoj naselja, ki se ga lahko prepozna v današnji (tlorisni) podobi mesta, sem se opiral na različne vire: geografski, zgodovinski in arheološki viri (zemljiške knjige, zemljevidi, urbar in arheološka odkritja). S temi viri sem uspel v veliki meri ovreči povezavo med Longatikom in (srednjeveškim) Logatcem, umestiti središča naselij, ki danes sestavljajo mesto, in nakazati ohranitev usmeritve poti skozi preteklost, ki se je v današnje stanje spremenila šele na prehodu v 19. stol. Predvsem 19. stol. je dalo podlago današnji ureditvi in obliki mesta Logatec. The work is based on observing the development of settlement in Logatec region. As part of the historical characterization, where I wanted to understand the development of the settlement, which can be recognized in today's (floor plan) image of the city, I relied on various sources: geographical, historical and archaeological sources (land registries, maps, urbar and archaeological discoveries. With these sources, I was able to largely disprove the connection between Longaticum and (medieval) Logatec, locate the centers of settlements that make up the city today and indicated the preservation of the route through the past, which changed to its current state only at the turn of the 19th century. Especially the 19th century gave the basis to today's arrangement and form of the town of Logatec.

V nalogi avtor kartira in predstavi vsa arheološka najdišča Dravinjske doline, ki so jih prvi raziskovalci obravnavali že v 19. stoletju. Najdišča, ki zajemajo čas od poznega neolitika in začetkov poselitve doline do visokega srednjega, novega veka in začetkov sodobnih mest, imajo različne funkcije. Bila so bivališča, naselbine, grobišča, posamične najdbe, depoji, gradišča, cestne povezave, poštne postojanke, cerkve, gradovi, dvorci in trgi. Medtem ko je cilj naloge razumeti in opisati katalog Dravinjske doline, jedro predstavlja poglavje Opis poselitve Dravinjske doline, ki temelji na poglavju Zgodovina raziskav Dravinjske doline, v katerem je glavno vlogo s svojo metodo arheološke topografije odigral Stanko Pahič. Prav Pahič je tisti, ki je prvi raziskoval osrednje najdišče Dravinjske doline – Brinjevo goro, ki je bila skoraj kontinuirano poseljena od poznega neolitika do prihoda Slovanov. Na obravnavanem območju se tudi nahaja obljudena Zbelovska gora, ki je doživela svoj razcvet v bronasti, latenski in zgodnjesrednjeveški dobi. Na koncu naloge se nahaja katalog, ki ga avtor skozi celotno nalogo navaja pri posameznih najdiščih. Avtor je posameznim najdiščem dodal tudi ustrezne fotografije za lažje razumevanje. In the thesis, the author maps and presents all archaeological sites of the Dravinja Valley, which were first discussed by researchers in the 19th century. The sites, which cover the period from the Late Neolithic Age, the beginnings of the valley settlement, to the High Middle and New Ages and the beginnings of modern cities, have different functions. They were residences, settlements, burial grounds, individual finds, depots, forts, roads, post offices, churches, castles, mansions and squares. While the aim of the assignment is to understand and describe the Dravinja Valley catalogue, the core of the thesis is the chapter “The Dravinja Valley Settlement Description”, which is based on the chapter “The History of the Dravinja Valley Research”, in which Stanko Pahič plays the main role with his method of archaeological topography. It is Pahič who was the first to explore the central site of the Dravinja Valley - Brinjeva gora, which was settled almost continuously from the Late Neolithic until the arrival of the Slavs. Zbelovska gora is also inhabited and located in the area under consideration. It flourished in the Bronze, La Tène and Early Middle Ages. At the end of the thesis is a catalogue, which is referred to throughout the assignment when describing individual sites. The author also added relevant photographs to each site for easier understanding.

V raziskavi so prikazane nekatere nove ugotovitve v zvezi s poselitvijo v Črnem grabnu po letu 1945. Delo je razdeljeno na obdobje od leta 1945 do 1955 in obdobje od leta 1956 do 2017. Povojno obdobje je bilo raziskano s pomočjo zgodovinskih raziskovalnih metod in prikazuje življenje prebivalstva na preučevanem območju. Predstavljena je upravna delitev območja, stanje kmetijstva in gozdarstva, povojna obnova in gradnje, šolstvo, zdravstvo in družabno življenje. Drugi del raziskave je izrazito geografski in se nanaša na obdobje po letu 1955. Predstavljen je potek gibanja števila prebivalcev, starostna struktura, spolna sestava in velikost gospodinjstev. Delo poleg naštetega vsebuje tudi pregled centralnih naselij in spreminjanje funkcij naselij v preučevanem obdobju. The research shows some new findings regarding the settlement of Črni greben valley after 1945. The work is divided into the period from 1945 to 1955 and the period from 1956 to 2017. The post-war period was studied using historical research methods and shows the lives of population in the area studied. The administrative division of the area, the state of agriculture and forestry, post-war renewal and construction, education, health care and social life are presented. The second part of the research is explicitly geographical and refers to the period after 1955. The process of population movement, age structure, gender composition, and household size are presented. In addition to the above, the work also includes an overview of central settlements and changes in the functions of settlements in the period considered.

Združene države Amerike imajo danes dobrih tristo milijonov prebivalcev in so, za Kitajsko in Indijo, tretja najbolj naseljena država na svetu. Prebivalstvo ZDA je plod stalnega priseljevanja skozi stoletja, zaradi česar je demografska sestava prebivalstva danes zelo pestra. Po Kolumbovem odkritju kontinenta v 15. stoletju je sledilo množično priseljevanje. V različnih zgodovinskih obdobjih so se na kontinent priseljevale različne etnične skupine prebivalstva, ki so se naselile v zase značilne regije, odraz česar je danes prostorska razporeditev etničnih skupin. Največja etnična skupina so potomci prvih evropskih priseljencev, ki zastopajo belo raso, sledijo jim številčno čedalje večja skupina priseljencev iz Latinske Amerike, črno in azijsko prebivalstvo ter predstavniki ameriških domorodcev. Priseljevanje ljudi je še danes zastopano v veliki meri in tudi rast prebivalstva je v veliki meri pozitivna na račun priseljevanja. Ob prihodu v državo se večina priseljencev naseli v večja mesta, kjer so razmere za življenje lažje kot v ruralnih območjih. ZDA so visoko urbanizirana država, saj več kot osemdeset odstotkov prebivalstva živi v velikih mestih, med njimi so največja New York, Los Angeles in Chicago. Večina severnoameriških mest se nahaja ob obalah, zaradi česar so te najgosteje naseljene, medtem ko je osrednji del, z izjemo večjih mest, le redko poseljen. Mnoga urbana območja so se razvila v tako imenovane megalopolise, med katerimi je največji megalopolis na vzhodnoatlantski obali in zajema metropole New York, Washington, Boston in Filadelfijo. Začetna angleška dominanca je bila osrednjega pomena za razvoj kulture in jezika. Angleščina je danes uradni jezik, čeprav v zadnjih letih, zaradi vse večjega števila latinoameriških priseljencev, vse bolj v ospredje prihaja španski jezik. The United States of America has a total resident population of around 300 million making it the third most populous country in the world after China and India. The population of the USA is the aftermath of the constant immigration over the centuries, which is the reason for the complex demographic composition of the population. After Columbus discovered the continent in the 15th century, mass immigration followed. Different ethnic groups immigrated to the continent in different periods of history. They settled in for them typical regions. The reflection of this settlement is the spatial arrangement of the ethnic groups nowadays. The largest ethnic group are the descendants of the first European immigrants who represent the white race, followed by the immigrants from Latin America, black and Asian population, and the members of American natives. Nowadays, immigration is still present to a great extent which is reflected in the positive population growth. Immigrants who arrive in the country settle in bigger cities where life conditions are better than in rural parts. The USA is a highly urban country with more than 80% of the population living in big cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago. Most of the North American cities are located along the coast and this is the reason why the coastal areas are very densely populated. On the contrary, the central part is only sparsely populated with the exception of large cities. Many of urban areas have developed in the so called megalopolises. The biggest megalopolis – Northeast megalopolis is located on east Atlantic coast and consists of four global cities – New York, Washington, Boston and Philadelphia. The initial English dominance was of the main importance for cultural and linguistic development. English is still an official language although Spanish is stepping more and more in the foreground due to the increasing number of Hispanic immigrants.

V magistrski nalogi smo se ukvarjali z vprašanjem ali ima izgradnja avtocestnega križa v Sloveniji vliv na prostorski razvoj in s tem na spremembe rabe prostora. Pri tem smo se osredotočili na vprašanje, kje je ta vliv največji in kakšen je njegov obseg. S tem namenom smo postavili tudi delovno hipotezo, da se izgradnja avtocestnega sistema kaže v občutnem povečanju stavbnih zemljišč v občinah z avtocestno povezavo na račun kmetijskih in gozdnih zemljišč. V izdelani raziskavi smo uporabili metodološki pristop, ki je bil v veliki meri odvisen od razpoložljivosti in kakovosti podatkov. Hipotezo smo preverjali s prostorskimi analizami sprememb podatkov namenske rabe prostora, hišnih številk, izdanih gradbenih dovoljenj in spremembe števila prebivalstva v časovnem obdobju od leta 2002 do leta 2014. Raziskavo smo opravili na vzorcu šestih slovenskih občin, od katerih imajo tri na svojem območju priključek na avtocesto, tri pa tega priključka nimajo. Na podlagi analize namenske rabe prostora v vseh šestih obravnavanih občinah smo ugotovili občutno (27 %) povečanje načrtovanih stavbnih zemljišč v občinah z avtocestno povezavo v primerjavi z občinami brez nje. Tudi analiza izdanih hišnih številk je dala podobne rezultate, medtem, ko analiza izdanih gradbenih dovoljenj ne kaže nedvoumno na porast gradnje v občinah z avtocestnim priključkom. Na podlagi tako dobljenih rezultatov in njihove interpretacije lahko potrdimo delovno hipotezo za obravnavane občine, za njeno posplošitev na celoten prostor Slovenije pa bi bile potrebne dodatne analize na večjem vzorcu obravnavnih občin. In Master thesis we have addressed the question whether the construction of the highway network in Slovenia has an influence on the spatial development and the changes of the land use. We wanted to find out where do these influences occur the most and what is their extent. To this end, we have set up a working hypothesis assuming that the construction of the highway system results in a significant increase of the urban areas in the municipalities with the highway link, however at the expense of reducing the agricultural land and forest. We have used a methodological approach, which depended grealty on the data availability and its quality. For a hypothesis examination we have analyzed the spatial data changes in land use, house numbers, issued building permits and the number of population changes in the period from 2002 to 2014. The research was conducted on a sample of six Slovenian municipalities. Three of those are connected to the highway, whereas the other three are not. Based on the analysis of the land use in all of the six municipalities, we found a significant (27 %) increase of the planned building land in the three municipalities with the highway link. The analysis of the issued house numbers demonstrated similar results, while the analysis of the issued building permits did not show a clear connection to the increase in the construction in municipalities with the highway connection. Based on the results obtained and their interpretation we can confirm the working hypothesis for the present six municipalities to be correct, however to make a a generalization for the whole Slovenian area the additional analysis including higher number of municipalities would be required.

Na poselitev območij vpliva več dejavnikov. V Mežiški dolini so geološke in geomorfološke značilnosti odločilno vplivale na poselitev, razporeditev in velikost naselij ter dinamiko števila prebivalcev. Zaradi tega se v diplomski nalogi osredotočimo na te značilnosti. Da smo lahko raziskali vzroke obstoječe poselitve, smo morali najprej opisati geološke in geomorfološke lastnosti. Izkazalo se je, da je navkljub manjšemu območju, raznolikost v geologiji in geomorfologiji precejšnja. V tem smislu lahko območje po geoloških značilnostih razdelimo na tri, po geomorfoloških značilnostih pa na dva dela. Glede na poselitev smo območje razdelili na štiri dele, ker niso imeli enakih razvojev. Industrija je v dobi industrializacije imela odločilen vpliv na današnjo podobo naselij in število prebivalcev. Razlika v razvoju prebivalstva med celotnim ozemljem Slovenije in Mežiško dolino je velika, kar pa ne pomeni, da podobnih območij v Sloveniji ni. Slovenija kot celota ima konstantno rast prebivalstva, medtem ko v Mežiški dolini prihaja do anomalij. Geomorfološke značilnosti so vplivale na poselitev Mežiške doline vse od začetka in njihov vpliv nikoli ni prenehal, ampak se je v obdobju razvoja industrije samo zmanjšal. V tem obdobju so glavno gonilo industrije in vzpona števila prebivalcev, ki ga drugače ne bi bilo v takšnem obsegu, naravne geološke razmere, ki pa niso vplivale same po sebi, ampak preko specifične litološke zgradbe (rude), kar je bilo zanimivo za gospodarsko izkoriščanje. S prenehanjem neposrednega vpliva rudnin na območje se je zopet povečal vpliv morfologije terena, ta pa zaradi prekomerne zazidave ugodnih leg danes deluje predvsem omejevalno na poselitev. The settlement of areas is affected by several factors. In Mežica Valley the geological and geomorphological characteristics have a decisive influence on the population, the layout and the size of settlements and on the dynamics of the population. For this reason, the thesis focuses on the characteristics. To investigate the causes of the existing settlements, firstly the geological and geomorphological features needed to be described. It turns out that in spite of the small area, the diversity of the geology and geomorphology is significant. In this sense, according to the geological characteristics, the area can be divided into three, and according to the geomorphological characteristics, into two parts. According to the population, the area can be divided into four parts, because they did not have the same developments. The industry in the era of industrialization had a decisive influence on the present appearance of the settlements and on the population. The difference in the developmentof the population throughout the territory of Slovenia and the Mežica Valley is significant, but this does not mean that there are no such areas in Slovenia. Slovenia as a whole has a constant population growth, whereas in the Mežica Valley abnormalities occur. The geomorphological characteristics affected the settlement of the Mežica Valley from the beginning, and their influence has never ceased, but only decreased during the period of industrial development. During this period, the main drive of the industry and the rise of the population, which would not otherwise have reached such extent, are natural geological conditions, which have not affected themselves as such, but through specific lithological structure (ore), which was interesting for commercial exploitation. The cessation of the direct impact of the mineral in the area increases again the influence of the morphology of the terrain, but the latter seems more restrictive for the settlement, because of the exessive building on favorable positions today.

Spreminjanje poselitvenega vzorca običajno prikazujemo s kvalitativnimi oznakami, kar je pogosto premalo natančno. V prispevku je podana metoda prikaza razpršenosti poselitvenega vzorca z numeričnimi kazalci. Povzeta je po švicarski študiji in temelji na geometriji prostora oziroma na ponderiranih razdaljah med pozidanimi območji. Metoda omogoča vpogled v regionalno in časovno spreminjanje poselitvenega vzorca. Najpomembnejše spoznanje uporabljenega prikaza je, da se je razpršenost poselitvenega vzroca v obravnavanih naseljih med leti 1860 do 2010 močno povečala. The area of built-up land has been increasing since the 19th century onwards, ever since one started monitoring this process in detail. This is linked to an increased number of inhabitants, new economic activities and a different life-style. Settlement pattern is getting more and more dispersed. In order to follow the changing conditions in area, it would be useful to use a numeric indicator that would show the method and intensity of dispersion of built-up land more objectively, especially if one included a chronological and regional comparison. The attached contribution used the method of quantifying the settlement pattern according to authors Schwick et all., applied to the situation in Slovenia. The method is based on three indicators Urban Permeation (UP), Dispersion (DIS), and Sprawl per capita (SPC). ”Urban sprawl“ can be expressed quantitatively as a combination of the three measures: UP, DIS, and SPC. The dispersion of settlement pattern was checked on selected settlements in the surroundings of Maribor in the years between 1860 and 2010. The main finding is that the settlement pattern is becoming more dispersed. The area of built-up land and the number of built-up areas are increasing, while at the same time the density of population is decreasing in several built-up areas. Dispersion of settled pattern is the largest in suburbs and settlements in the urbanised countryside whereas a less-urbanised countryside shows a lower level of dispersion. The dispersion rate increased most during the years 1960-1980, during the time of a very intensive urbanisation of the countryside.

Magistrsko delo obravnava problematiko obremenjevanja vodnega in obvodnega podeželskega prostora zaradi različnih dejavnosti, ki so v njem prisotne. Kmetijstvo, vodno gospodarstvo, odvzemanje vode in mineralnih surovin, poselitev z infrastrukturo, rekreacijsko-turistična dejavnost ter druge človekove aktivnosti vplivajo na sedanje in prihodnje stanje (ob)vodnega sveta. Zato je bistveno določiti uravnotežen odnos med prostorskim razvojem oziroma rabo in varstvom. Prikazano je urejanje voda skozi pretekla obdobja in povzeta zakonodaja z obravnavanega področja. V ostalih evropskih državah je bil (ob)vodni prostor zaradi intenzivnejšega razvoja bolj spremenjen kot pri nas. Sedaj je stanje drugačno. V širšem evropskem prostoru je poudarjen pomen sonaravnega urejanja voda ter ponovno vzpostavljanje čim bolj naravnih razmer. Na osnovi analize posameznih sektorjev in njihovih vplivov na (ob)vodni prostor so prikazane usmeritve s ciljem trajnostnega ohranjanja naravnih oziroma ekoloških prvin krajine. Predlagani so ukrepi ali smernice za sonaravno urejanja voda, saj naši vodotoki marsikje niso ustrezno vzdrževani in niso urejeni sonaravno. Ponekod še vedno nenačrtno (stihijsko) urejanje krajine se posledično odraža tudi v ob/vodnem prostoru. Sonaravno urejanje voda je z zakonodajo vključeno v prostorsko načrtovanje, vendar ostaja problem njegove realizacije oziroma izvedbe na terenu. V delu je opozorjeno tudi na čedalje večji vpliv podnebnih sprememb na stanje voda, podane so osnovne usmeritve za njihovo urejanje v prihodnosti. The master's thesis deals with the subject of impacts on water and waterside rural space by different activities present in the landscape. Agriculture, water planning, divestment of water and mineral materials, settling by infrastructure, recreational and tourist activity as well as other human activities influence the present and the future conditions of the water(side) space. It is for this reason essential to define a balanced relationship between its development or use and its protection. The thesis describes water management in the past periods and presents a summary of legislation from this area. Due to more intensive development in other European countries the water(side) space used to be subjected to more severe changes than in Slovenia. However, the situation has changed. In the wider European area has highlighted the importance of sustainable water management and restoration of natural conditions as possible. Based on the analysis of individual sectors and their impacts on water(side) space the thesis shows orientations with the aim of sustainable preservation of natural or ecological landscape elements. It proposes measures or guidelines for sustainable development of waters in rural space, as Slovenian waters are still not maintained adequately and are not regulated according to the principle of sustainable management. In some areas the development of landscape still lacks any plans, which also has consequences on the water(side) space. Sustainable water management is according to legislation part of the integral planning of rural space, but the problem of its realisation or implementation in reality remains unsolved. The thesis also brings attention to increasing influence of climatic changes on the condition of waters and gives the basic guidelines for their development in the future.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena uporaba metod prostorskih analiz geografskega informacijskega sistema (GIS) za analizo poselitve za primer okolice Cerkniškega jezera. V zadnjih desetletjih se opaža trend poseljevanja manj primernih površin glede na naravne pogoje in s tem izpostavljanje stavb naravnim nesrečam. Zato smo testno območje analizirali z vidika primernosti obstoječe poselitve ter določili primerne površine za njeno morebitno širjenje. V ta namen smo izdelali dva modela, induktivnega in deduktivnega. Metodologija izdelave modelov sloni na izdelavi spremenljivk, ki smo jih kot naravne kriterije primernosti za poselitvene površine vključili v model. Obravnavali smo naslednje kriterije oz. spremenljivke: čisto okolje, ugodno podnebje, nizka raven hrupa, naklon, ekspozicija, kamninska podlaga, vodovarstvena območja, poplavna območja, raba tal in Natura 2000. Geomorfološki spremenljivki (naklon, ekspozicija) smo dobili z analizami digitalnega modela reliefa (DMR), ostale pa smo pridobili iz javno dostopnih prostorskih podatkov. Ugotovili smo, da je glede na naravne kriterije poselitev obravnavanega območja primerna, nove poselitvene površine pa je mogoče načrtovati predvsem znotraj že obstoječih naselij. The thesis presents the use of spatial analysis methods of geographic information system (GIS) for settlement analysis for the case study of Lake Cerknica. Since the trend of settling unsuitable areas according to environmental factors has been noticed over the past few decades there was an increase of damage on buildings from natural disasters. Due to this we analysed the present settlement of the study area and we specified the most suitable areas for potential expansion. Two models were designed, inductive and deductive. Methodology of model designing is based on making variables which are included into the model as natural criteria of adequacy for settlement areas. These environmental factors were discussed as variables: clean environment, suitable climate, low noise, slope, aspect, lithological base, water protection area, flooding area, land use and Natura 2000. Geomorphometrical variables (slope, aspect) were generated with spatial analysis using digital elevation model (DEM), others were sourced from public available spatial data. We discovered that regarding the natural criteria the settlement of the study area is appropriate and that new settlement areas can be planned mainly within the existing settlements.