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The virus species Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1 encompasses pathogens that infect both domestic and wild carnivores, including feline panleukopenia virus. We identified and characterized feline panleukopenia virus strains in a Marsican brown bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus) and a crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) in Italy, extending the known host range of this virus.

Abstract Background The activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) heavily relies on post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, which play a crucial role in the prevention of genetic instability and tumorigenesis. Among these PTMs, palmitoylation is a highly conserved process that is dysregulated in numerous cancer types. However, its direct involvement in the DDR and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to generate the PORCN KO and PORCN NLS KO cell lines. The effects of PORCN NLS in the DDR were verified by colony formation assays, MTT assays, the DR/EJ5 homologous recombination/non-homologous end-joining reporter system, xenograft tumor growth and immunofluorescence. Mechanisms were explored by mass spectrometry, acyl-biotin exchange (ABE) palmitoylation assay, Click-iT assay, cell subcellular fractionation assay, Western blot analysis, and in vivo and in vitro co-immunoprecipitation. Results In this study, we introduce evidence that Porcupine (PORCN) is an integral component of and plays a critical role in the DDR. PORCN deficiency hampers nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and highly sensitizes cells to ionizing radiation (IR) both in vitro and in vivo. We also provide evidence that PORCN possesses a nuclear fraction (nPORCN) with S-acyltransferase activity, unlike its membrane-bound O-acyltransferase in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, we show that nPORCN is necessary for the successful activation of NHEJ. Using mass spectrometry, we reveal the existence of an nPORCN complex and show that nPORCN mediates the S-palmitoylation of XRCC6/Ku70 at five specific cysteine sites in response to IR. Mutation of these sites causes a substantial increase in radiosensitivity and delays NHEJ. Additionally, we present evidence that nPORCN-dependent Ku70 palmitoylation is required for DNA-PKcs/Ku70/Ku80 complex formation. Conclusion Our findings underscore the crucial role of nPORCN-dependent Ku70 S-palmitoylation in the DDR.

Background: The activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) heavily relies on post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, which play a crucial role in the prevention of genetic instability and tumorigenesis. Among these PTMs, palmitoylation is a highly conserved process that is dysregulated in numerous cancer types. However, its direct involvement in the DDR and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to generate the PORCN KO and PORCN NLS KO cell lines. The effects of PORCN NLS in the DDR were verified by colony formation assays, MTT assays, the DR/EJ5 homologous recombination/non-homologous end-joining reporter system, xenograft tumor growth and immunofluorescence. Mechanisms were explored by mass spectrometry, acyl-biotin exchange (ABE) palmitoylation assay, Click-iT assay, cell subcellular fractionation assay, Western blot analysis, and in vivo and in vitro co-immunoprecipitation. Results: In this study, we introduce evidence that Porcupine (PORCN) is an integral component of and plays a critical role in the DDR. PORCN deficiency hampers nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and highly sensitizes cells to ionizing radiation (IR) both in vitro and in vivo. We also provide evidence that PORCN possesses a nuclear fraction (nPORCN) with S-acyltransferase activity, unlike its membrane-bound O-acyltransferase in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, we show that nPORCN is necessary for the successful activation of NHEJ. Using mass spectrometry, we reveal the existence of an nPORCN complex and show that nPORCN mediates the S-palmitoylation of XRCC6/Ku70 at five specific cysteine sites in response to IR. Mutation of these sites causes a substantial increase in radiosensitivity and delays NHEJ. Additionally, we present evidence that nPORCN-dependent Ku70 palmitoylation is required for DNA-PKcs/Ku70/Ku80 complex formation. Conclusion: Our findings underscore the crucial role of nPORCN-dependent Ku70 S-palmitoylation in the DDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background and Aims Methods Results Conclusions Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) presents a high incidence globally and is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, lacking of efficient interventions. Patients with MASLD exhibit exceeded serum levels of palmitic acid (PA). However, the association between PA and MASLD remains obscure.Gene expression omnibus dataset analysis, western blotting, mRNA‐sequencing, RT‐qPCR, a click chemistry‐immunoprecipitation‐immunofluorescence system, ELISA, lipid extraction and UHPLC–MS/MS analysis, CyTOF mass cytometry, gene knockdown via lentivirus‐mediated shRNA, and high‐fat methionine and choline‐deficient diet‐fed WT and db/db mice models were used to reveal the expression and functions of Porcupine in MASLD development both in vitro and in vivo.Our findings show that PA, as a crucial substrate for protein palmitoylation, induced the expression of palmitoyltransferase Porcupine in a time‐dependent manner. This induction was closely associated with dysregulated lipid metabolism and stimulated inflammatory response observed in vitro. Porcupine protein levels were significantly increased in liver tissues from both MASLD mice models, which was predominantly localised in lipid droplet‐rich hepatocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of Porcupine by Wnt974 markedly ameliorated the aberrant lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in mouse livers. Furthermore, increased Porcupine positively correlated with CD36 at protein levels, and its inhibition or knockdown decreased CD36 protein levels via mechanisms irrelevant to transcriptional regulation, but primarily dependent on protein palmitoylation.The current study reveals that PA‐induced Porcupine disrupts lipid metabolism and promotes inflammatory response during MASLD development, which can be ameliorated by the Porcupine inhibitor Wnt974. Therefore, Porcupine may be a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of MASLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riverbank and in-stream protection are crucial in numerous river stretches, where erosion of banks and bed material instigates river course alterations, consequently leading to land and property damage. In large Indian braided rivers like Brahmaputra, implementing tetrahedron frames commonly referred to as 'porcupines' has emerged as a cost-effective strategy for river training, yielding commendable outcomes in near bank sedimentation. Using flexible river training structures, such as porcupine, presents an appealing option for managing braided river channel networks in areas where permanent control structures like groynes or dams prove excessively costly or potentially ineffective, particularly in systems exhibiting highly dynamic flow regimes and morphology. This work aims to develop a hydrodynamic model that integrates the porcupine systems within its framework. The model's effectiveness was assessed through a field test near Nematighat, Brahmaputra River, in collaboration with Assam's Water Resources Department. The mathematical modelling provided some valuable insights regarding the flow characteristics surrounding the porcupine structure, shedding light on its hydrodynamic behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer, which is usually preceded by a potentially malignant disorder histologically diagnosed as dysplasia. We and others have provided evidence for the pro-carcinogenic role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in this context, in which Wnt ligands stabilize and allow relocalization of β-catenin to the nucleus for transcription of pro-survival and pro-proliferation genes. However, the contribution of Porcupine (PORCN), an O-acyltransferase that catalyzes the palmitoylation of Wnt ligands, to OSCC carcinogenesis is not known. Moreover, the effectiveness of LGK974, a novel PORCN inhibitor remains to be elucidated. By using different ex vivo, in vivo and in vitro OSCC carcinogenesis models, we show that PORCN expression is significantly increased in high-grade dysplasia as well as moderately/poorly- differentiated OSCC. Consistent with these observations, expression of key proteins involved in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are elevated as well. Importantly, the treatment with LGK974, a chemical PORCN inhibitor, reduced the number and size of oral lesions in mice treated with 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), a tobacco smoke surrogate. These results highlight the role of PORCN during OSCC carcinogenesis.

The routine feeds for domesticating porcupine are simple, which mainly include corns, melons and fruits. The objective of this experiment was to explore the effects of formula feed on the growth performance, serum immune index and osteochondrosis of porcupine, and provide theoretical basis for the exploitation of formula feed of porcupine. Thirty-two 3 to 5-month-old porcupines with a similar body weight were assigned to two groups randomly with 4 replications of 4 porcupines (2 males and 2 females each) according to a one-factor randomized design. The pre-test period lasted for 7 days, and the trail period lasted for 60 days. Porcupines in the test group were fed with complete formula feed, whereas those in the control group were fed with original feed which included 80% corn and 20% soybean. The results showed that: ① the average final weight gain of porcupines in the test group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), the average daily gain (ADG) and the feed/gain (F/G) comparison between the test group and the control group, with a extremely significant difference observed (P<0.01). ② Though the contends of the total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) of serum increased in the test group, no significant difference was found between the two groups (P>0.05). The contends of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) of serum of the test group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). ③ Compared to the control group, the incidence of osteochondrosis of the test group decreased 25%, with a significant difference observed (P<0.05). In conclusion, the complete formula feed could significantly improve the growth performance and immunity, whereas decrease the incidence of osteochondrosis of porcupine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wnt signaling is a critical pathway involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and cellular homeostasis. To address treatment need of diseases associated with the dysregulated Wnt signaling like cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Osteoporosis, Myocardial infarction etc.; small molecules that target the very first and unique component of the Wnt pathway, Porcupine enzyme, have been proven to be effective. Till date, none of the Porcupine inhibitor has reached to market. To design the novel Porcupine inhibitors, there was a need of crystal structure of Porcupine but in 2019, it was not resolved and deposited in the protein data bank. So, with an aim to predict its 3D structure, homology modeling study was performed using two distinct platforms; I-TASSER and Molsoft ICMPro so that we could use the best validated model for the designing of NCEs. Both the generated homology models were compared through Ramachandran plot, Protein health tool of Molsoft ICM and other tools available on metaserver, SAVES v6.0. Molsoft model was found better with 84.6 % residues in most favored region and only 0.3 % residues in disallowed region in Ramachandran plot in comparison to 75.9 % and 1.7 % residues respectively in I-TASSER model. The ICM model was further refined for 50 ns under MD simulation where it got stabilized after 36 ns. Quantification of protein was done by Radius of Gyration (ROG) where model showed larger ROG value of 23.25°A which indicated closely packed structure. Binding site in the predicted structure of Porcupine was identified using ICM binding pocket identifier and used for molecular docking of known Porcupine inhibitors like IWP-2, IWP-3, IWP-L6, and LKG974. Key binding site residues; Arg124, Phe257, Leu261, Val302, Trp305, Asn306, Ser310, Leu313, His341, Phen345, Ala349, Val350 etc. involved in the interaction were identified after MD simulation which can be useful in designing of novel porcupine inhibitors in future.

A structural protein called keratin is often employed in the medical industry to create medication carriers. Process improvement, antioxidant, antibacterial, and adjuvant drug studies of synthetic bioactive keratin microparticles made from lipids and keratin derived from porcupine (Hystrix indica) quills are the main objectives of this study. After coating the keratin microparticles with lipids which were obtained from the same porcupine quills, the bioactive keratin microparticles were produced. The response surface technique was applied to optimize the conditions for extraction of the keratin protein and sizing of the keratin microparticles. An infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical shifts in compositions of keratin microparticles while the optical microscopy was used to measure the size of the keratin microparticles. The results of this work revealed that a yield 27.36 to 42.25% of the keratin protein could be obtained from porcupine quills. The keratin microparticles were sized between 60.65 and 118.87 mm. Through response surface optimization, mercaptoethanol and urea were shown to be the main variables which positively affected the yield and the size of the keratin protein. The lipid stacking on the keratin microparticles' surface was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The 2,20-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) assay confirmed the keratin microparticle's antioxidant activity of 29.83%. Compared to lipid alone, the antibacterial properties of the keratin microparticles against Escherichia coli a gram-negative and Staphylococcus aureusa gram-positivebacteria enhanced by up to 55% following the coating of the microparticles with the lipids. The pharmacological action against these bacterial species was further improved by the lipid-loaded erythromycin that was carried on the surface of keratin microparticles. This work has demonstrated the design and uses of the keratin microparticles obtained from porcupine quills for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research study was to evaluate the effect of four different additives on the bait consumption by Indian crested porcupine under the field conditions of district Minawali, Punjab, Pakistan, where groundnut is grown as a major cash crop during the kharif season. Four additives (monosodium glutamate, sugar, milk powder and whole egg) at two different concentrations (2.5 and 5% each) were tested for their relative consumption. Groundnut and maize (1:1 ratio) were used as basic bait; for control group, additives were not included in the basic bait. Each experiment was performed under a single choice test pattern. Whole egg at a concentration of 5%, enhanced the intake of the bait significantly over the basic / plain bait, while a non-significant difference of consumption was recorded in case of 2.5% egg supplemented bait over the control bait. While none of the other additive could enhance the consumption of the bait material at both the concentrations. Milk powder added bait was the less preferred bait combination, followed by sugar and monosodium glutamate added baits. Results of the present study suggested that groundnut-maize (1:1 ratio) supplemented with 5% egg components (albumen and yolk) was the most preferred bait combination; and it is suggested that this combination may be further tested with different rodenticides (acute and anticoagulants) for controlling Indian crested porcupine populations in agroforestry ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A structural protein called keratin is often employed in the medical industry to create medication carriers. Process improvement, antioxidant, antibacterial, and adjuvant drug studies of synthetic bioactive keratin microparticles made from lipids and keratin derived from porcupine (Hystrix indica) quills are the main objectives of this study. After coating the keratin microparticles with lipids which were obtained from the same porcupine quills, the bioactive keratin microparticles were produced. The response surface technique was applied to optimize the conditions for extraction of the keratin protein and sizing of the keratin microparticles. An infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical shifts in compositions of keratin microparticles while the optical microscopy was used to measure the size of the keratin microparticles. The results of this work revealed that a yield 27.36 to 42.25% of the keratin protein could be obtained from porcupine quills. The keratin microparticles were sized between 60.65 and 118.87 µm. Through response surface optimization, mercaptoethanol and urea were shown to be the main variables which positively affected the yield and the size of the keratin protein. The lipid stacking on the keratin microparticles’ surface was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) assay confirmed the keratin microparticle’s antioxidant activity of 29.83%. Compared to lipid alone, the antibacterial properties of the keratin microparticles against Escherichia coli—a gram-negative—and Staphylococcus aureus—a gram-positive—bacteria enhanced by up to 55% following the coating of the microparticles with the lipids. The pharmacological action against these bacterial species was further improved by the lipid-loaded erythromycin that was carried on the surface of keratin microparticles. This work has demonstrated the design and uses of the keratin microparticles obtained from porcupine quills for clinical applications.

In a continuous search for the improvement of antitumor therapies, the inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway has been recognized as a promising target. The altered functioning of the Wnt signaling in human tumors points to the strategy of the inhibition of its activity that would impact the clinical outcomes and survival of patients. Because the Wnt pathway is often mutated or epigenetically altered in tumors, which promotes its activation, inhibitors of Wnt signaling are being intensively investigated. It has been shown that knocking down specific components of the Wnt pathway has inhibitory effects on tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Thus, similar effects are expected from the application of Wnt inhibitors. In the last decades, molecules acting as inhibitors on the pathway's specific molecular levels have been identified and characterized. This review will discuss the inhibitors of the canonical Wnt pathway, summarize knowledge on their effectiveness as therapeutics, and debate their side effects. The role of the components frequently mutated in various tumors that are principal targets for Wnt inhibitors is also going to be brought to the reader's attention. Some of the molecules identified as Wnt pathway inhibitors have reached early stages of clinical trials, and some have only just been discovered. All things considered, inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway shows potential for the development of future therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundDe-regulation of Wnt signaling pathways has been shown to be associated with progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer and more recently, studies indicate that both canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways may mediate resistance to anti-androgen therapies such as enzalutamide. However, the mechanisms by which Wnt signaling is altered in prostate cancer remain poorly understood. Wnt pathway function begins with Wnt biogenesis and secretion from Wnt signal sending cells. While previous studies have investigated downstream mechanisms of Wnt pathway alterations in prostate cancer, little is known on the role of Wnt secretion mediating proteins. Wntless (WLS) is thought to be essential for the secretion of all Wnts. In this study, we sought to understand the role of WLS in prostate cancer.MethodsRNA-seq and gene set enrichment analysis were used to understand expression profile changes in enzalutamide-resistant C4-2B-MDVR (MDVR) cells versus parental C4-2B cells. Quantitative-PCR and western blot were used to confirm RNA-seq data and to assess expression changes of gene targets of interest. Rv1 cells were used as a separate model of enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer. RNAi was used to inhibit WLS expression. Cell viability, colony formation, and PSA ELISA assays were used to assess cell growth and survival.ResultsTranscriptomic profiling revealed enriched Wnt pathway signatures in MDVR versus parental C4-2B cells. We further show that MDVR cells upregulate Wnt signaling and overexpress WLS. Inhibition of WLS decreases Wnt signaling, markedly attenuates prostate cancer cell viability, induces apoptosis, and re-sensitizes enzalutamide-resistant cells to enzalutamide treatment. Lastly, we show that inhibition of WLS reduces AR and AR-variants expression and downstream signaling.ConclusionsOur findings support a role for WLS in the progression of prostate cancer to a treatment-resistant state. Further efforts to understand Wnt signaling pathway alterations in this disease may lead to the development of novel treatments.

A captive crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) adult male was imaged due to reduced food intake, anorexia, fever, nasal discharge, changes in fecal quantity and size, and respiratory difficulties. Advanced imaging diagnostic techniques such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed to evaluate the animal. These techniques were very helpful to delineate the dental abscess, as well as the extension of the process to other locations such as the nasal cavity and the tympanic bulla. This is the first description of rhinosinusitis secondary to a dental abscess in a crested porcupine. UPORABA RAČUNALNIŠKE TOMOGRAFIJE IN MAGNETNE RESONANCE ZA SLIKANJE RINOSINUZITISA, NASTALEGA ZARADI ZOBNEGA ABSCESA PRI AFRIŠKEM JEŽEVCU (Hystrix cristata) Izvleček: Odraslega samca afriškega ježevca (Hystrix cristata) v ujetništvu smo slikali zaradi zmanjšanega vnosa hrane, anoreksije, nosnega izcedka, sprememb v količini in velikosti iztrebkov ter težav z dihanjem. Uporabili smo napredne tehnike slikovne diagnostike, kot sta računalniška tomografija in magnetna resonanca. Te tehnike so bile zelo koristne pri opredelitvi zobnega abscesa in razširitve procesa na druga mesta, kot sta nosna votlina in timpanični del temporalne kosti. To je prvi opis rinosinuzitisa, ki je posledica zobnega abscesa pri afriškem ježevcu. Ključne besede: ježevec; zobni absces; računalniška tomografija; magnetna resonanca

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A dog presented for porcupine quills; the client had removed the majority of quills themselves, but due to recurring quills and progressive swelling of the left thoracic limb, referral was recommended. Following preoperative ultrasonography to identify the location of remaining quill fragments, surgical exploration was performed. Approximate quill location was determined with preoperative ultrasound, but quill extraction with solely blunt dissection proved to be challenging. Intraoperative ultrasonography was then utilised to rapidly and successfully identify the remaining fragments and guided the surgeons in complete quill removal. Intraoperative ultrasound hastened the removal of fractured and embedded quills. This case highlights how intraoperative ultrasonography aided in efficiently identifying the location and orientation of embedded quills and thereby guided their surgical removal. It also highlights how imperative early medical intervention for porcupine quills is, in order to avoid disastrous complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wnt signaling is a critical component during embryonic development and also plays an important role in regulating adult tissue homeostasis. Abnormal activation of Wnt signaling has been implicated in many cancers, while reduced activity of Wnt signaling leads to poor wound healing and structural formations. Thus, extensive efforts have been focused on developing small molecules that have potential to either inhibit or activate the pathway, hoping these molecules can offer leads for novel approaches in treating different human diseases. Many small-molecule inhibitors specifically target various elements, such as Frizzled, Disheveled, Porcupine, or Tankyrase, within the Wnt signaling pathways. These small molecules not only have the potential to be further developed as therapeutic reagents, but they may also be used as chemical probes to dissect the underlying mechanism of the Wnt signaling pathways. Therefore, their respective mechanisms and effective dosages are highly pertinent. Aiming to provide an overview of those molecules in a concise, easy-to-use manner, we summarize and organize the current research on them so that it may be helpful for utilization in different studies.

Abstract Background Wnt signaling plays key roles in cellular and physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration during development and tissue homeostasis in adults. This pathway can be defined as Wnt/β-catenin-dependent or β-catenin-independent or “non-canonical”, both signaling are involved in neurite and synapse development/maintenance. Porcupine (PORCN), an acylase that o-acylates Wnt ligands, a major modification in secretion and interaction with its receptors. We use Wnt-C59, a specific PORCN inhibitor, to block the secretion of endogenous Wnts in embryonic hippocampal neurons (DIV 4). Under these conditions, the activity of exogenous Wnt ligands on the complexity of the dendritic tree and axonal polarity were evaluated Methods Cultured primary embryonic hippocampal neurons obtained from Sprague–Dawley rat fetuses (E18), were cultured until day in vitro (DIV) 4 (according to Banker´s protocol) and treated with Wnt-C59 for 24 h, Wnt ligands were added to the cultures on DIV 3 for 24 h. Dendritic arbors and neurites were analysis by fluorescence microscopy. Transfection with Lipofectamine 2000 on DIV 2 of plasmid expressing eGFP and KIF5-Cherry was carried out to evaluate neuronal polarity. Immunostaining was performed with MAP1B and Tau protein. Immunoblot analysis was carried out with Wnt3a, β-catenin and GSK-3β (p-Ser9). Quantitative analysis of dendrite morphology was carried out with ImageJ (NIH) software with Neuron J Plugin. Results We report, here, that Wnt-C59 treatment changed the morphology of the dendritic arbors and neurites of embryonic hippocampal neurons, with decreases β-catenin and Wnt3a and an apparent increase in GSK-3β (p-Ser9) levels. No effect was observed on axonal polarity. In sister cultures, addition of exogenous Wnt3a, 5a and 7a ligands rescued the changes in neuronal morphology. Wnt3a restored the length of neurites to near that of the control, but Wnt7a increased the neurite length beyond that of the control. Wnt5a also restored the length of neurites relative to Wnt concentrations. Conclusions Results indicated that Wnt ligands, added exogenously, restored dendritic arbor complexity in embryonic hippocampal neurons, previously treated with a high affinity specific Porcupine inhibitor. We proposed that PORCN is an emerging molecular target of interest in the search for preclinical options to study and treat Wnt-related diseases. Video Abstract

A Brazilian Porcupine, Coendou prehensilis (Linnaeus, 1758), was encountered and photographed at night on a recently cleared forest path in Presidente Hayes Department, Paraguay. Although C. prehensilis is widespread and has been reported from a variety of ecoregions and habitats, this record in western Paraguay is the first from the South American Humid Chaco ecoregion.

Climate change is altering interspecific interactions globally, yet community‐level responses are difficult to predict due to both the direct and indirect effects of changing abiotic and biotic conditions. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are particularly vulnerable to decreasing snow cover and resultant camouflage mismatch. This species shares a suite of predators with alternative prey species including porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), and all three species historically exhibited synchronized population dynamics. Recently, the community has become partially disassembled, notably with the loss of snowshoe hares and associated enemy‐mediated indirect interactions resulting from declining snow duration. Specifically, we hypothesized that the extirpation of hares in the early 1990s indirectly increased predation pressure on ruffed grouse and porcupines. To test our hypothesis, we experimentally translocated 96 snowshoe hares to a site within a regional ecotone between northern and southern forests where snowshoe hares were recently extirpated and monitored community members before, during, and after translocation. Ruffed grouse were only loosely associated with the biotic interactions that linked porcupines and snowshoe hares, likely due to predation occurring from avian predators and strong negative direct effects of declining winter snow depths. In contrast, predation of neonate porcupines was virtually non‐existent following repatriation, compared with periods without hares. This abrupt attenuation of predation did not increase overall survival due to increased non‐predation mortality from cold, early spring weather. Porcupines directly benefited from warming winters: decreased snow cover increased adult survival and warmer temperatures around parturition increased maternal condition and reduced non‐predation causes of mortality for neonates. Our experimental manipulation suggests that enemy‐mediated indirect interactions were likely to be important features of this community; however, climate change has disrupted these interactions, resulting in extirpation of a central prey species (snowshoe hare) and increased predation of an alternative prey species (porcupine). We show complex effects from climate change with some species directly and negatively affected, while others benefited from direct effects of warming winters, but suffered negative effects from indirect interactions. Due to absent snowshoe hares and associated biotic interactions, continued persistence of this community module is unlikely, potentially resulting in altered no‐analog communities along trailing edge distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) is an invasive tree that has spread throughout much of the western United States. The mode of seed dispersal occurs by hydrochory and possibly by birds. Seed dispersal by frugivorous mammals has not been investigated. Between 15 October and 4 November 2020, we walked through Russian olive windbreaks in western North Dakota, USA, and surveyed for mammal scat, and found 10 coyote (Canis latrans) and 54 porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) scats that contained intact Russian olive seeds. We subsequently evaluated the viability, germination frequency, and time to germination of seeds ingested by coyote and porcupine relative to un‐ingested control seeds harvested from trees at sites where we collected scat. Overall, Russian olive seeds that passed through mammal intestinal tracts had similar viability and equivalent (porcupine) or higher (coyote) germination frequency compared to controls. Additionally, coyote‐ingested seeds germinated earlier (time to germination was low) than controls, but porcupine‐ingested seeds were similar to controls. Thus, our data supports the idea that mammals may be agents of regional Russian olive seed dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there have been morphological and morphometric studies on the porcupine skull, three‐dimensional modelling of the skull is performed for the first time with the present study. In this study, it was aimed to model the skull and mandible of Hystrix cristata in 3D to reveal its morphometric values and the differences between the sexes. Morphometric analyses were performed on a total of eight (four male and four female) adult porcupine skulls and mandibles. Skulls and mandibles of porcupines were scanned usinf a 64‐detector MDCT (General Electric Revolution) device at 80 kV, 200 MA, 639 mGY and 0.625 mm slice thickness. Skull and mandible reconstructions were made with the help of MIMICS 20.1 (Materialize) software program and the surface area and volume values of the skull and mandible were calculated. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 22.0 software. The longest measurement in the skulls, based on the metric measurement points, was the total length (TL), and it was measured as 135.4750 ± 0.54976 mm in males and 134.4725 ± 0.86681 mm in females (p < 0.5). The highest value was the foramen magnum index (p < 0.5), and the lowest value the was skull index (p < 0.1). While the total volume ratio of the mandibles was 29901.64 mm3 in males, it was 27296.20 mm3 in females (p > 0.5). Statistical differences in the morphometric values of skulls and mandibles of male and female porcupines were demonstrated for the first time using CT and three‐dimensional modelling software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss-of-function studies have identified Porcupine (PORCN) and Wntless (WLS) as essential mediators of Wnt secretion and signaling. Whereas PORCN is thought to palmitoylate Wnt proteins, WLS is believed to transport palmitoylated Wnt proteins to the cell surface. However, little is known about how these two proteins cooperate to regulate Wnt palmitoylation, trafficking, secretion, and signaling. We first investigated possible interactions between PORCN, WLS, and WNT1, by carrying out co-immunoprecipitation studies. These studies demonstrate the existence of a complex containing PORCN and WLS. They further show that PORCN and WLS compete for binding to WNT1. Then, we used gain-of-function studies to investigate the cooperation between PORCN and WLS as well as possible biochemical interactions between PORCN, WLS, and WNT1. Consistent with the proposed roles for PORCN and WLS, we show that overexpression of PORCN promotes palmitoylation of WNT1 while overexpression of WLS does not. Overexpression of PORCN enhances the ability of WLS to promote WNT1 trafficking to the cell surface as well as secretion, but decreases the ability of WLS to activate WNT1 signaling in target cell. These observations suggest that the levels of WNT1 on the cell surface and in the media are not the sole determinants of the activation of Wnt signaling in target cells.

• Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is crucial for tumorigenesis and cancer stem cell maintenance. • Currently no FDA-approved Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitors for cancer treatment. • Drug discovery focusing this pathway produced lead compounds for multiple targets. • Collection of patents disclose conventional drug discovery methods. • Secondary screening and computer-aided drug discovery is rare, but fruitful. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway has a crucial role in the proliferation and differentiation of normal cells as well as the self-renewal and pluripotency of stem cells, including cancer stem cells (CSCs). Targeting this pathway with small-molecule chemotherapeutics, discovered via conventional efforts, has proved difficult. Recently, computer-aided drug discovery efforts have produced promising chemotherapeutics. A concerted effort to develop inhibitors of this pathway through more efficient and cost-effective drug discovery methods could lead to a significant increase in clinically relevant therapeutics. Herein, patents from 2010 to 2020 are reviewed to identify those that have disclosed composition of matter for small-molecule inhibitors of the Wnt/ β-catenin pathway for cancer. We believe that such efforts will provide insights for future therapeutic candidate discovery and development in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wnt signaling is important in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC); however, Wnt pathway inhibitors lack satisfactory potency when used in monotherapy. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the combinations of Wnt‐signaling inhibitors and the inhibitor of Akt kinase on the survival and glycolytic activity of tongue carcinoma cells. Methods: CAL27, SCC‐25, and BICR22 tongue cancer cell lines were used. Cells were treated with Wnt signaling (PRI‐724 and IWP‐O1) and Akt‐kinase inhibitors. The effect of the chemicals on cell viability and cytotoxicity were evaluated by MTS and CellTox Green assays, respectively. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed cytometrically after propidium iodide staining. Annexin V binding to externalized phosphatidylserine and analysis of mitochondrial potential allowed the assessment of apoptosis. Glucose uptake and lactate release were evaluated luminometrically. Additionally, the viability of cells in spheroids was analyzed based on ATP content. Results: The Akt‐kinase inhibitor showed significant cytotoxicity toward primary cancer cells. Moreover, its pro‐apoptotic effects were enhanced by Wnt‐pathway inhibitors. The activity of Akt inhibitor was even higher (by twofold) in 3D spheroids in comparison to cells grown in monolayer. The synergistic reduction in the growth of spheroids was observed between Akt inhibitor and IWP‐O1. Reduced glucose consumption may play a part in the combinatorial effects of these chemicals. Conclusion: The results point to the therapeutic potential of the combinatorial use of Wnt inhibitors together with Akt inhibitors in HNSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Old World porcupines (Family: Hystricidae) are the third-largest rodents and inhabit southern Europe, Asia, and most regions of Africa. They are a typical indicator of warm climate and their distribution is restricted to tropical and subtropical zones. In China, porcupines are widely distributed in southern areas of the Yangtze River. However, fossil remains have been identified in a few sites in northern China, among which Tianyuan Cave—near Zhoukoudian site—represents the latest known porcupine fossil record. So far, studies have focused mainly on porcupines’ husbandry and domestication but little is known about their intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history. Results In this study, we sequence partial mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cyt b genes for seven Late Pleistocene porcupine individuals from Northern, Southern and Central China. Phylogenetic analyses show that the Tianyuan Cave porcupines, which had been morphologically identified as Hystrix subcristata, have a closer relationship to Hystrix brachyura. Conclusion Together with morphological adaptation characteristics, associated fauna, and climate change evidence, the molecular results reveal that a Late Quaternary extirpation has occurred during the evolutionary history of porcupines.

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The commercial harvesting to supply the demands of the regional market and beyond with bushmeat and traditional medicinal products has exerted pressure on porcupine species which has reduced population densities in Malaysia regions. This study determined the over-harvested and poaching of the porcupine species in Malaysia by investigating confiscated data of porcupine species, and their parts from 2011 to April 2021. A total of 31 confiscated cases were obtained amounting to an estimated 320 porcupines. Based on the results, porcupines are harvested for bushmeat, traditional medicines, and trophies. This study proved that porcupines are being illegally poaching and over-harvested in Malaysia because of poor legislation. Lack of awareness of the implications of unsustainable harvesting and difficulty in monitoring by the relevant authorities and organizations appear to be the main challenges to porcupine conservation in Malaysia. This study highlights the lack of research studies documenting the overharvesting of the porcupine and the implication of these results is important for future adaptive porcupine management in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A retrospective study of guinea pigs submitted for necropsy revealed intracytoplasmic inclusions in the cardiomyocytes of 26 of 30 animals. The inclusions were found with approximately the same frequency in male and female guinea pigs and were slightly more common in older animals. In most cases, the animals did not have clinical signs or necropsy findings suggestive of heart failure, and the cause of death or reason for euthanasia was attributed to concurrent disease processes. However, the 4 guinea pigs with the highest inclusion body burden all had pulmonary edema, sometimes with intra-alveolar hemosiderin-laden macrophages, suggestive of heart failure. The inclusions were found in both the left and right ventricular myocardium, mainly in the papillary muscles, but were most common in the right ventricular free wall. No inclusions were detected in the atrial myocardium or in skeletal muscle. The inclusions did not stain with Congo red or periodic acid–Schiff. Electron microscopy revealed dense aggregates of disorganized myofilaments and microtubules that displaced and compressed the adjacent organelles. By immunohistochemistry, there was some scattered immunoreactivity for desmin and actin at the periphery of the inclusions and punctate actin reactivity within the aggregates. The inclusions did not react with antibodies to ubiquitin or cardiac myosin, but were variably reactive for alpha B crystallin, a small heat shock chaperone protein. The inclusions were interpreted as evidence of impaired proteostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wnt signaling pathway induces various responses underlying the development and maturation of the nervous system. Wnt ligands are highly hydrophobic proteins that limit their diffusion through an aqueous extracellular medium to a target cell. Nevertheless, their attachment to small extracellular vesicles-like exosomes is one of the described mechanisms that allow their transport under this condition. Some Wnt ligands in these vehicles are expected to be dependent on post-translational modifications such as acylation. The mechanisms determining Wnt loading in exosomes and delivery to the target cells are largely unknown. Here, we took advantage of a cell model that secret a highly enriched population of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), hippocampal HT-22 neurons. First, to establish the cell model, we characterized the morphological and biochemical properties of an enriched fraction of sEVs obtained from hippocampal HT-22 neurons that express NCAM-L1, a specific exosomal neuronal marker. Transmission electron microscopy showed a highly enriched fraction of exosome-like vesicles. Next, the exosomal presence of Wnt3a, Wnt5a, and Wnt7a was confirmed by western blot analysis and electron microscopy combined with immunogold. Also, we studied whether palmitoylation is a necessary post-translational modification for the transport Wnt in these vesicles. We found that proteinase-K treatment of exosomes selectively decreased their Wnt5a and Wnt7a content, suggesting that their expression is delimited to the exterior membrane surface. In contrast, Wnt3a remained attached, suggesting that it is localized within the exosome lumen. On the other hand, Wnt-C59, a specific inhibitor of porcupine O-acyltransferase (PORCN), decreased the association of Wnt with exosomes, suggesting that Wnt ligand acylation is necessary for them to be secreted by exosomes. These findings may help to understand the action of the Wnt ligands in the target cell, which could be defined during the packaging of the ligands in the secretory cell sEVs.

Abstract The Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) is a vertebrate pest of agricultural lands and forest. The study was aimed to report the damage to local crops by the Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in the Muzaffarabad District. A survey was conducted to identify the porcupine-affected areas and assess the crop damage to the local farmers in district Muzaffarabad Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) from May 2017 to October 2017. Around 19 villages were surveyed, and a sum of 191 semi-structured questionnaires was distributed among farmers. Crop damage was found highest in village Dhanni where a porcupine destroyed 175 Kg/Kanal of the crops. Regarding the total magnitude of crop loss, village Danna and Koomi kot were the most affected areas. More than half (51.8%) of the respondents in the study area suffered the economic loss within the range of 101-200$, and (29.8%) of the people suffered losses in the range of 201-300$ annually. Among all crops, maize (Zea mays) was found to be the most damaged crop ranging between 1-300 Kg annually. In the study area, porcupine also inflicted a lot of damages to some important vegetables, including spinach (Spinacia oleracea), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and onion (Allium cepa). It was estimated that, on average, 511Kg of vegetables are destroyed by porcupine every year in the agricultural land of Muzaffarabad. It was concluded that the Indian crested porcupine has a devastating effect on agriculture which is an important source of income and food for the local community. Developing an effective pest control strategy with the help of the local government and the Wildlife department could help the farmers to overcome this problem.

Shaping through differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target response has been a cornerstone procedure for the training of novel behavior. However, much of how it has traditionally been implemented occurs through informal observation, rather than any direct, systematic measurement. In the following study, an African crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) was trained to touch and hold to a target for 30 s. A changing-criterion design with one reversal was used to assess the success of the shaping procedure and empirically examine the effects of the shaping procedure during each step of the program. The study allowed for the examination of each approximation across all other approximations, as well as across aberrant (e.g., trial-terminating) responses. The design and procedure allow for a simple and systematic way to examine the effects and success of shaping procedures across a variety of settings, species, and purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brown hairy dwarf porcupine Coendou vestitus is a poorly studied Andean species endemic to Colombia. Its current Red List category is contradictory: globally it is categorized as Data Deficient but in Colombia it is categorized as Vulnerable. This contradiction has limited the implementation of conservation programmes. We evaluate the level of rarity of the species and provide consolidated information for a new assessment of its Red List status. We reviewed literature, photographs, and voucher specimens in natural history collections. Using the confirmed records, we estimated the extent of occurrence (EOO) based on the minimum convex polygon and the area of occupancy (AOO) summing the area of grid squares occupied by the species. We found that C. vestitus is very rare, with a small range, low estimated population density, occurrence in only one habitat type and small body size. The species has an EOO of 3,323 km2 and an AOO of 24 km2, based on six confirmed localities, all on the western slopes of the Eastern Cordillera, in the central Andean region of Colombia. Based on the species' rarity, restricted distribution, and threats to its natural habitat, we recommend its categorization as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. This will help delineate research and conservation efforts for this porcupine, which has a highly restricted range and inhabits the threatened Andean forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wnt ligands are key signaling molecules in animals, but little is known about the evolutionary dynamics and mode of action of the WntA orthologs, which are not present in the vertebrates or in Drosophila. Here we show that the WntA subfamily evolved at the base of the Bilateria + Cnidaria clade, and conserved the thumb region and Ser209 acylation site present in most other Wnts, suggesting WntA requires the core Wnt secretory pathway. WntA proteins are distinguishable from other Wnts by a synapomorphic Iso/Val/Ala216 amino‐acid residue that replaces the otherwise ubiquitous Thr216 position. WntA embryonic expression is conserved between beetles and butterflies, suggesting functionality, but the WntA gene was lost three times within arthropods, in podoplean copepods, in the cyclorrhaphan fly radiation, and in ensiferan crickets and katydids. Finally, CRISPR mosaic knockouts (KOs) of porcupine and wntless phenocopied the pattern‐specific effects of WntA KOs in the wings of Vanessa cardui butterflies. These results highlight the molecular conservation of the WntA protein across invertebrates, and imply it functions as a typical Wnt ligand that is acylated and secreted through the Porcupine/Wntless secretory pathway. HIGHLIGHTS: WntA was lost in vertebrates and three arthropod lineages includingThe WntA thumb region and acylation site are conservedDisruptions of Porcupine (Porc) and Wntless (Wls) recapitulate WntA knockouts in butterfly wingsWntA requires Porc and Wls for acylation and trafficking [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica) is classified as an agricultural pest species. It feeds on plants and crops; hence, it is responsible for massive financial losses worldwide. The current study was conducted to assess the diet composition of Indian Crested Porcupine in District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Thus, fecal samples were collected and examined from different sampling sites. Reference slides of the material collected from the study area were prepared for identification of dietary components in fecal pellets. A total of 80 fecal samples were collected and processed. Percent relative frequencies (P.R.F.) were calculated for each plant species recovered from pellets. Data revealed that Indian Crested Porcupine consumed 31 plant species in its diet, among them Zea mays (34.31±7.76) was the most frequently selected species followed by Rumex obtusifolius (15.32±2.57) and Melia azedarach (12.83±4.79). The study revealed that the greatest diversity of (n=20) plant species were consumed in summer season while minimum (n=13) species were used during winter. Among the parts of plants, stem was highly consumed in spring (57.2%) as compared to seed in fall (36.7%) while spikes and leaf were the least recovered parts from the fecal matter. The Berger-Parker diversity index showed highly diversified food (10.92) in the summer time of the year as compared to the autumn season (2.95). This study provides a baseline for the diet preference of this pest in the study area. Based on current findings, a detailed investigation on damage assessment, exploration, habitat use and management of Indian Crested Porcupine in AJ&K has been recommended.

Wnt gradients elicit distinct cellular responses, such as proliferation, specification, differentiation and survival in a dose-dependent manner. Porcupine (PORCN), a membrane-bound O-acyl transferase (MBOAT) that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum, catalyses the addition of monounsaturated palmitate to Wnt proteins and is required for Wnt gradient formation and signalling. In humans, PORCN mutations are causal for focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH), an X-linked dominant syndrome characterized by defects in mesodermal and endodermal tissues. PORCN is also an emerging target for cancer therapeutics. Despite the importance of this enzyme, its structure remains poorly understood. Recently, the crystal structure of DltB, an MBOAT family member from bacteria, was solved. In this report, we use experimental data along with homology modelling to DltB to determine the membrane topology of PORCN. Our studies reveal that PORCN has 11 membrane domains, comprising nine transmembrane spanning domains and two reentrant domains. The N-terminus is oriented towards the lumen while the C-terminus is oriented towards the cytosol. Like DltB, PORCN has a funnel-like structure that is encapsulated by multiple membrane-spanning helices. This new model for PORCN topology allows us to map residues that are important for biological activity (and implicated in FDH) onto its three-dimensional structure.

Background: Wnt signaling plays key roles in cellular and physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration during development and tissue homeostasis in adults. This pathway can be defined as Wnt/β-catenin-dependent or β-catenin-independent or "non-canonical", both signaling are involved in neurite and synapse development/maintenance. Porcupine (PORCN), an acylase that o-acylates Wnt ligands, a major modification in secretion and interaction with its receptors. We use Wnt-C59, a specific PORCN inhibitor, to block the secretion of endogenous Wnts in embryonic hippocampal neurons (DIV 4). Under these conditions, the activity of exogenous Wnt ligands on the complexity of the dendritic tree and axonal polarity were evaluated Methods: Cultured primary embryonic hippocampal neurons obtained from Sprague–Dawley rat fetuses (E18), were cultured until day in vitro (DIV) 4 (according to Banker´s protocol) and treated with Wnt-C59 for 24 h, Wnt ligands were added to the cultures on DIV 3 for 24 h. Dendritic arbors and neurites were analysis by fluorescence microscopy. Transfection with Lipofectamine 2000 on DIV 2 of plasmid expressing eGFP and KIF5-Cherry was carried out to evaluate neuronal polarity. Immunostaining was performed with MAP1B and Tau protein. Immunoblot analysis was carried out with Wnt3a, β-catenin and GSK-3β (p-Ser9). Quantitative analysis of dendrite morphology was carried out with ImageJ (NIH) software with Neuron J Plugin. Results: We report, here, that Wnt-C59 treatment changed the morphology of the dendritic arbors and neurites of embryonic hippocampal neurons, with decreases β-catenin and Wnt3a and an apparent increase in GSK-3β (p-Ser9) levels. No effect was observed on axonal polarity. In sister cultures, addition of exogenous Wnt3a, 5a and 7a ligands rescued the changes in neuronal morphology. Wnt3a restored the length of neurites to near that of the control, but Wnt7a increased the neurite length beyond that of the control. Wnt5a also restored the length of neurites relative to Wnt concentrations. Conclusions: Results indicated that Wnt ligands, added exogenously, restored dendritic arbor complexity in embryonic hippocampal neurons, previously treated with a high affinity specific Porcupine inhibitor. We proposed that PORCN is an emerging molecular target of interest in the search for preclinical options to study and treat Wnt-related diseases. -nvHxmmmY6GGQ5mYWDBLTj Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) (ICP) is widely distributed in Asia; however, compared with other rodents, little is known about the structures of its respiratory system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histomorphology of the lower respiratory portion of the ICP to provide a basis for the identification of the normal structure of this organ. The larynx, trachea and lungs of four carcasses of adult Indian crested porcupines (two males and two females) were dissected and fixed in 10% neutral‐buffered formalin. The gross anatomy and histology of all specimens were evaluated. A macroscopic evaluation showed unique structures in the ICP respiratory system, including the presence of a chamber‐like structure at the origin of the bronchi and a difference in epiglottis shape between males and females. Histologically, the stratified squamous epithelium covered the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium covered the internal part of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. Histomorphological studies showed a few goblet cells in the tracheal epithelium. In the bronchi and larger bronchioles, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia were observed. Bronchi were surrounded by segments of cartilage. Distal bronchioles had a simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium with club (Clara) cells, lacked cartilaginous tissue in their walls and had a complete smooth muscle layer. These results revealed histomorphological differences between the ICP and other rodents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North American Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) have a broad geographic distribution across much of the continent, but recent evidence suggests that their populations may be declining in some areas, including the Pacific Northwest. Estimating baseline historical and contemporary distributions of Porcupines is necessary for initiating monitoring efforts and, if necessary, informing strategic conservation actions. We compiled 1905 occurrence records of Porcupines in Washington, Oregon, and northern California from 1908 to 2018. Using maximum entropy modeling (Maxent), we created historical and contemporary distribution models based on Porcupine records from 1981–2010 and 2012–2018, respectively, to match the temporal scale of available environmental predictor layers and suspected onset of the decline. Our models suggested a recent shift in the occupied environmental niche of Porcupines in the Pacific Northwest away from forested areas and towards desert scrub and grassland vegetation communities. In addition, we tested a non-invasive survey method for determining Porcupine presence and monitoring their status over time. Our trials suggested that sodium-soaked wood blocks may provide an inexpensive and minimally invasive technique to detect Porcupines, but further testing is needed to understand its effectiveness and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this retrospective study were to evaluate the histopathologic changes associated with porcupine ocular quill injuries in dogs, to discuss the various methods of quill detection when quills are not grossly visible, and to discuss the pathogenesis of delayed ocular quill injuries in dogs. Seventeen globes sustaining ocular quilling injuries from 17 dogs (1986‐2018) were identified in the COPLOW archives and the gross and histologic changes tabulated and compared. All cases were dogs, with one whole globe submitted from each patient. Sixteen of 17 cases had known or suspected porcupine encounters in the weeks or years preceding enucleation. Histopathologic findings included retinal detachment, hyphema, cataract, granulomatous to pyogranulomatous inflammation (uveitis, endophthalmitis, panophthalmitis), lens capsule rupture, suppurative phakitis, scleral perforation, stromal keratitis, breaks in Descemet's membrane, preiridal fibrovascular membrane, anterior and posterior synechia, Schnabel's cavernous atrophy, and periorbital fibrosis. Quill‐associated ocular trauma can have a significant deleterious effect on vision and result in enucleation. The time from initial quilling to the manifestation of ocular signs may be prolonged (weeks to years). Any dog presenting for ocular signs with a history of a previous porcupine encounter should be carefully checked for quill migration into the globe as the source of ocular disease. Quills may not be visible grossly, and ancillary imaging techniques can be utilized with various rates of success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crested porcupine is a widespread naturalized Italian rodent of African origin; nevertheless, very little information on the population abundance and its health status is available. In this study, the hematological and serum chemistry profile of 10 free-ranging captured crested porcupines was established for the first time. The mean hematological values resulted: 5.7 SD 0.4 M/µL for red blood cells; 13.6 SD 0.8 g/dL for hemoglobin; 77.3 SD 5.7 fL for mean corpuscular volume and 30.1 SD 4.7 g/dL for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; 14.4 SD 7.2 K/µL for white blood cells; and 557.0 SD 469.9 K/µL for platelets. The mean urea and creatinine values resulted with 19.8 SD 8.3 mg/dL and 1.6 SD 3.0 mg/dL, respectively. The mean value of total protein was 6.7 SD 1.0 g/dL, with values of albumin higher than globulins. The mean activity of creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase was 927.3 SD 607.6 U/L, 199.2 SD 70.8 U/L, 16.9 SD 13.7 U/L, and 256 SD 75.8 U/L, respectively. Highest values of alkaline phosphatase were recorded in two porcupines presenting severe injuries with clear signs of infection. These preliminary results may be a helpful tool in order to assess porcupine health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Old World porcupines (Family: Hystricidae) are the third-largest rodents and inhabit southern Europe, Asia, and most regions of Africa. They are a typical indicator of warm climate and their distribution is restricted to tropical and subtropical zones. In China, porcupines are widely distributed in southern areas of the Yangtze River. However, fossil remains have been identified in a few sites in northern China, among which Tianyuan Cave—near Zhoukoudian site—represents the latest known porcupine fossil record. So far, studies have focused mainly on porcupines' husbandry and domestication but little is known about their intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history. Results: In this study, we sequence partial mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cyt b genes for seven Late Pleistocene porcupine individuals from Northern, Southern and Central China. Phylogenetic analyses show that the Tianyuan Cave porcupines, which had been morphologically identified as Hystrix subcristata, have a closer relationship to Hystrix brachyura. Conclusion: Together with morphological adaptation characteristics, associated fauna, and climate change evidence, the molecular results reveal that a Late Quaternary extirpation has occurred during the evolutionary history of porcupines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenoviruses have been reported to affect a broad range of host species, tend to be species specific, and often affect the respiratory system. This report describes the isolation of an adenovirus from deep nasal swabs of two wild North American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) with respiratory diseases that presented to a wildlife hospital. Partial sequences of the deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase gene of the isolated virus were identical to skunk adenovirus (SkAdV-1), also known as pygmy marmoset adenovirus. Both porcupines survived and were released back to the wild after successful medical treatment and rehabilitation. The significance of the adenovirus isolated from these porcupines is unknown; however, this is the first report of an adenovirus in porcupines, and the first report of SkAdV-1 in a rodent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wnt signaling pathway has been investigated extensively for its diverse metabolic and pain-modulating mechanisms; recently its involvement has been postulated in the development of neuropathic pain. However, there are no reports as yet on the involvement of Wnt signaling pathway in one of the most debilitating neurovascular complication of diabetes, namely, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Thus, in the present study, involvement of Wnt signaling was investigated in DPN using Wnt signaling inhibitors namely LGK974 (porcupine inhibitor), NSC668036 (disheveled inhibitor), and PNU74654 (β-catenin inhibitor). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Diabetic rats after 6 weeks of diabetes induction showed increased expression of Wnt signaling proteins in the spinal cord (L4-L6 lumbar segment), dorsal root ganglions and sciatic nerves. Subsequent increase in inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and loss of intraepidermal nerve fiber density was also observed, leading to neurobehavioral and nerve functional deficits in diabetic rats. Intrathecal administration of Wnt signaling inhibitors (each at doses of 10 and 30 µmol/L) in diabetic rats showed improvement in pain-associated behaviors (heat, cold, and mechanical hyperalgesia) and nerve functions (motor, sensory nerve conduction velocities, and nerve blood flow) by decreasing the expression of Wnt pathway proteins, inflammatory marker, matrix metalloproteinase 2, endoplasmic reticulum stress marker, glucose-regulated protein 78, and improving intraepidermal nerve fiber density. All these results signify the neuroprotective potential of Wnt signaling inhibitors in DPN. PERSPECTIVE: This study emphasizes the involvement of Wnt signaling pathway in DPN. Blockade of this pathway using Wnt inhibitors provided neuroprotection in experimental DPN in rats. This study may provide a basis for exploring the therapeutic potential of Wnt inhibitors in DPN patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the testes of the Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica), the expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and steroidogenic enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage (P450scc), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase (P450c17) and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom), was immunohistochemically examined to clarify the location of steroidogenesis. In this study, complete spermatogenesis (spermiogenesis) was observed in the testes of the examined Sunda porcupine, and spermatozoa of the Sunda porcupine had a spatulate sperm head unlike that of rats and mice which has an apical hook. On immunostaining of StAR, P450scc, 3β-HSD, P450c17 and P450arom, immunoreactivity for all proteins was only detected in the Leydig cells and not observed within the seminiferous tubules, suggesting that the Leydig cells can synthesize both androgen and estrogen from cholesterol in the Sunda porcupine testes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]