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Burn injury remains a health problem, specifically in Indonesia. In major burns, xenograft has been proved to be useful as temporary wound coverage. However, some xenografts are not widely available due to cultural, financial and religious backgrounds, or have an unesthetic appearance, such as the scaly appearance of tilapia fish xenograft.Striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) is a scaleless fish that has abundant type 1 collagen. This study aimed to compare striped catfish skin to commonly used xenograft (Nile tilapia and porcine skin) as xenograft material for burn wound. In this experimental study, nine different skin samples of striped catfish, Nile tilapia and porcine were prepared and histologically examined using hematoxylin-eosin stained samples. Macroscopic and microscopic features of each sample were documented and analysed. The macroscopic skin appearances of striped catfish were hairless and scaleless with black-silver color and moderate thickness. As for microscopic features, the epidermal thickness of striped catfish skin (8.49±1.60 μm) was significantly different to both Nile tilapia (2.18±0.37 μm; p<0.001) and porcine skin (42.22±14.85 μm; p=0.002). The dermal thickness of striped catfish skin (288.46±119.04 μm) was similar to Nile tilapia (210.68±46.62 μm; p=0.783) but differs significantly to porcine skin (1708.44±505.12 μm; p<0.001). The integrity and collagen organization of striped catfish was also similar to tilapia based on semi-quantitative histology scoring system (p>0.05). Striped catfish had potential macroscopic appearance and comparable microscopic features to Nile tilapia; smoother macroscopic appearance, thicker epidermis, and similar dermis thickness. Therefore, we believe it can be potentially used as a xenograft material. Further studies are required to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of striped catfish xenograft in burn wound management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Coinfections affecting the porcine respiratory system have often been overlooked, in favor of mono-infections, even though they are significantly more common in the field. In pigs, the term 'porcine respiratory complex' is used to describe coinfections involving both viruses, such as, for example, the swine influenza type A virus (swIAV), the porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), as well as bacteria. Until recently, most studies were primarily focused on clinical aspects and paid little attention to the molecular consequences of coinfections. This narrative review addresses the consequences of coinfections in the porcine respiratory system involving viruses. When possible, interactions that can occur between viruses are briefly presented. Conversely, research involving bacteria, protozoa, and fungi has not been considered at all. Finally, the main limitations complicating the interpretation of results from coinfection/superinfection studies are considered, and prospects in this exciting field of health research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire Élevages et Santé is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious disease affecting domestic and wild pigs, has been spreading globally, with devastating impacts on hog markets. The European Union saw pork exports decrease by €556 million (9%) as a result of ASF outbreaks across four countries in 2014. Similarly, in 2018, when ASF was first reported in China, there was a 30% decrease in the Chinese pig inventory and in total pork production. ASF's eventual spread to North America seems inevitable. Given Canada's export-oriented pork industry, the economic costs and animal welfare impacts of an ASF outbreak in the Canadian hog sector could prove devastating as a result of potential border closures and large-scale animal depopulation. To estimate the impacts, we build a partial equilibrium, vertically integrated model of Ontario's pork industry from the breeding herd through to end consumer. If an outbreak occurred in a central production region of Ontario, we estimate that Ontario's pork industry would experience a welfare loss of C$860 million (28.1%). Conversely, if an outbreak occurred in Western Canada, the Ontario pork industry would benefit by C$198 million (6.5%). Not surprisingly, an outbreak will redistribute significant economic rents in the sector depending on where exactly the first outbreak occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional requirements of heavy immunocastrated (IM) pigs and therefore appropriate feeding strategies have not yet been determined. Thus, the effects of changes in dietary net energy (NE) content were studied in 41 IM pigs, fed ad libitum diets with low, medium, and high NE content (LNE, MNE, and HNE diets, with 8.5, 9.3, and 10.0 MJ NE/kg, respectively), from 84 days of age until slaughter at an average age of 172 days and an average body weight of 122.5 kg. In the period from 143 to 170 days of age, there was a tendency for a greater NE intake (p = 0.08) in pigs fed the HNE diet along with greater (p < 0.01) backfat gain. Dietary treatment affected carcass composition, as lower backfat thickness (p = 0.01) and lower area of fat over the longissimus muscle (p = 0.05) were observed in the LNE and MNE pigs. In addition, greater lean meat content (p = 0.04) was observed in the LNE pigs. Reducing the NE of the diet by replacement of cereals and soybean meal with high-fiber ingredients resulted in lower indole production in the ascending colon (p < 0.01) and greater skatole production (p < 0.01) in the cecum. Greater villus area, width, height and perimeter, crypt depth, and thickness of the intestinal mucosa in the jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and descending colon were found in the LNE group (p < 0.01) than in the HNE group, while those in the MNE group was intermediate. Cell proliferation was not affected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). The present results show that a reduction in dietary NE concentration lowers lipid deposition, without affecting performance or energy efficiency in IM pigs. This technique provides an advantage in terms of improved leanness, without affecting growth rate in IM pigs after immunization, which is particularly important when the backfat thickness is a determinant of carcass value and IM pigs are fattened to higher weights (e.g., in heavy pig production) or when a longer delay between immunization and slaughter is practiced.

While COVID‐19 had the potential to be extremely disruptive to the Canadian pork supply chain, the sector showed resiliency by adjusting to market changes to ensure industry continuation. Unlike other non‐agricultural firms that were mandated to close at times, the pork sector was deemed an essential service and allowed to continue operating throughout the pandemic. Evidence of this resiliency is seen in three main ways. First, market access to the United States was maintained for both live pigs and pork exports. Second, Canada not only maintained market share in global pork exports, but it also actually increased shipments because of strong demand from China caused by African swine fever. Third, the challenges of processing plant closures and labour shortages were overcome in a variety of ways including increasing interprovincial shipments and increasing live pig exports to the United States. Pork consumption on a per capita basis continued the historical downward trend, and it is expected that consumers will return to their normal consumption patterns (e.g., dining at restaurants) despite job losses. At the meat processing level, it is anticipated that there will be an acceleration in the process to automate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of an experimental burn model is essential to studying burn wound pathophysiology and progressivity, and identifying the best therapeutic choice before treatment can be applied clinically. Pigs are preferred as animal models for burns because their skin structure and wound regeneration resemble that of humans. We made a novel model to create a deep dermal burn using prospective methods that are easy to use, safe, and consistently reproducible. A custom-made burn device was used to create deep dermal burn wounds. A cylindrical plate made of stainless steel with a diameter of 2cm was connected to an electric heating device that was set to reach temperatures varying between 82-100°C. The hot cylindrical plate was applied perpendicular to the pig's skin with a pressure of 1kgf mechanical force for various periods of time (10-25s). Burns were created on the dorsum of a male Yorkshire pig sedated under anesthesia and analgesia. At the 7th day post burn, the burn wounds were evaluated macroscopically, and when one fulfilled the criteria for deep dermal burn, tissue was harvested for further histological analysis using hematoxylineosin staining. At the end of the study, the burn wounds created by the temperature 92°C for 20s showed tissue damage that meets the criteria for deep dermal burns. The development of this model might be useful for further study on burn wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hungarian Medical Journal / Orvosi Hetilap is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Burn animal models provide substantial insights into burn pathophysiology. Choice of the apt model is important for determining the clinical efficacy of new medicines. Therefore, standardization of burn models is crucial for scientific research. Use of common techniques like hot water, electricity and incandescent instruments to generate animal burn models is widely reported. However, great discrepancy in employed temperature and exposure times demands user-dependent standardization of the animal model prior to research. Establishment of custom generated in vivo burn models giving consideration to reduced use, suffering and risk of the experimental animal is equally crucial. Accordingly, this pilot study demonstrates a novel approach using rabbit and porcine cadaver skin for standardization of burn parameters prior to use in live animal models. Using a custom-made soldering iron coupled to a 16cm2 surface area copper plate, burns at randomly chosen temperatures of 80ËšC and 120ËšC, with exposure times ranging from 60s to 180s, were produced on rabbit and porcine cadaver skins. On gross and histopathological analysis, parameters required to generate characteristic changes for deep partial and full thickness burn involvement were established. The identified temperature and exposure time parameters were further validated in live animal models. In vivo validation established the success of this approach, highlighting reduced animal use, ease, reproducibility and efficacy in burn model standardization. The findings of this study will hopefully encourage researchers to opt for cadaver skin to determine parameters required to generate a specific degree of burn prior to its use in live animals for burn research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counting problems whose solution is PORC were introduced in a famous paper by Higman (1960). We consider two specific counting problems with PORC solutions: the number of isomorphism types of d -generator class-2 Lie algebras over F q (as a function in q) and the number of isomorphism types of d -generator p -class 2 p -groups (as a function in p). We prove lower bounds for the degrees of their PORC formulae for all d ∈ N and we determine explicit PORC formulae for d ≤ 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Graham Higman published two important papers in 1960. In the first of these papers he proved that for any positive integer n the number of groups of order pn is bounded by a polynomial in p, and he formulated his famous PORC conjecture about the form of the function f(pn) giving the number of groups of order pn. In the second of these two papers he proved that the function giving the number of p-class two groups of order pn is PORC. He established this result as a corollary to a very general result about vector spaces acted on by the general linear group. This theorem takes over a page to state, and is so general that it is hard to see what is going on. Higman's proof of this general theorem contains several new ideas and is quite hard to follow. However in the last few years several authors have developed and implemented algorithms for computing Higman's PORC formulae in special cases of his general theorem. These algorithms give perspective on what are the key points in Higman's proof, and also simplify parts of the proof. In this note I give a proof of Higman's general theorem written in the light of these recent developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The wear on the occlusal surfaces of male babirusa cheek teeth was evaluated in 53 skulls of Babyrousa babyrussa from Buru and the Sula Islands and 87 skulls of B. celebensis from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Based on the comparative lengths of their continually growing maxillary canine teeth, the skulls were divided into five 'age categories' (A–E). Numerical and symbolic codes representing tooth wear were applied to each pillar (cusp region) of the mandibular and maxillary permanent third and fourth premolar teeth, and the first, second and third permanent molar teeth. There was no significant difference between the tooth wear patters of skulls in groups A and B, or in groups C and D, and so these were amalgamated. There was close correspondence in wear patterns between each side of the mouth in both species and in each age group. The wear patterns of the mandibular and maxillary teeth, although not identical, were very similar, as were the wear patterns of both species. In group A + B for both species tooth wear was relatively slight, with the M1 teeth experiencing most relative wear. There was almost no wear of the M3 teeth. In group C + D substantial wear of upper and lower M1 was evident. In group E more widespread wear of the cheek teeth was seen, with increased severity of M1 tooth wear, yet there was comparatively much less M2 and M3 tooth wear. The pattern of cheek tooth wear of the Babyrousa spp. was different from that shown by Sus scrofa. Differences in diet selection and processing were highlighted as potential contributing factors. The pattern of cheek tooth wear in male babirusa was not adequate for use to monitor their age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Edoardo De Robertis,1 Geremia Zito Marinosci,1 Giovanni Marco Romano,1 Ornella Piazza,2 Michele Iannuzzi,1 Fabrizio Cirillo,1 Stefania De Simone,3 Giuseppe Servillo,1 1Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, 2Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, 3Institute for Research on Innovation and Services for Development, National Research Council, Naples, Italy Background: Neuromuscular block (NMB) monitoring and use of reversal agents accelerate the recovery time and improve the workflow in the operating room. We aimed to compare recovery times after sugammadex or neostigmine administration, and estimate the time spent in operating theater and the possible economic impact of a faster recovery, in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study that analyzed data from records of morbidly obese patients (body mass index >40 kg/m2) undergoing elective laparoscopic bariatric surgery in which sugammadex or neostigmine were used to reverse NMB. Patients were divided in two groups: group 1 (sugammadex group [SUG]) received rocuronium and sugammadex for reversal and group 2 (neostigmine group [NEO]) received either rocuronium or cisatracurium and neostigmine. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation). Results: Compared with NEO, SUG group showed shorter times to achieve train-of-four ratio of 0.9 (P

Résumé Plusieurs pathologies autrefois mortelles au sein des élevages porcins ont disparu de notre territoire, mais de nombreuses maladies polysystémiques subsistent. Si l'antibiothérapie s'avère parfois efficace, la vaccination permet de prévenir un certain nombre de pathologies alors qu'il n'existe aucun traitement préventif ni curatif pour d'autres. Par ailleurs, tous les organes du porc sont susceptibles d'être la cible d'agents pathogènes. Là encore, des vaccins et des traitements antibiotiques sont disponibles. Summary Several pathologies which were once mortal within pig farms have disappeared from our territory, numerous polysystemic diseases remain. If antibiotherapy is sometimes effective, vaccination can prevent a certain number of pathologies while there is no preventive of curative treatment for others. Moreover, all the pig's organs are susceptible to being targeted by pathogenic agents. Here again, vaccines and antibiotic treatments are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Although Lactobacillus species are recognized as normal inhabitants of porcine gastric mucosa, the association of these bacteria with health status or gastric ulcer disease has never been considered. We investigated the bacterial load of Lactobacillus isolated from the antrum, corpus, and pars esophagea of stomachs with ( n = 13) and without ( n = 10) ulcer of the pars esophagea of slaughtered pigs. We also evaluated in vitro antagonistic properties against typical pathogens of strains isolated from stomachs without ulcer. To quantify Lactobacillus, gastric mucosa samples obtained with 5 mm biopsy punches were smeared on MRS agar and colonies were counted after 48 h of incubation under anaerobic conditions. The score of Lactobacillus was significantly greater in the antrum and corpus of stomachs without ulcer ( P < 0.001 for both) when compared with stomachs with ulcer. Fingerprint profiles, obtained by repetitive sequence-based PCR using (GTG)5 primers, showed that the isolates were highly diverse. The reduction of Lactobacillus load in porcine stomachs may be a contributing factor for gastric ulcer. Strains isolated from healthy stomachs, which showed a wide spectrum of antagonistic activity against pathogens, may be viewed as an untapped source of bacteria with potential beneficial properties that deserve to be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigate a family of 3-generator groups G ( p , x , y ) indexed by a prime p > 3 and integers x , y . The groups all have order p 7 and class 3. If x and y are coprime to p , then the order of the automorphism group of G ( p , x , y ) is one of four polynomials in p , where the choice of polynomial depends on the number of roots in GF ( p ) of the polynomial g ( t ) , where g ( t ) = t 3 − x t − y . If x and y are integers such that the Galois group of g ( t ) over the rationals is S 3 , then the number of roots of g ( t ) over GF ( p ) is not a PORC function. So for most pairs of integers x , y the order of the automorphism group of G ( p , x , y ) is not a PORC function. Nevertheless, the frequency with which the different orders of automorphism group arise over all x , y is describable in terms of PORC functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of burn patients is challenging, and requires a lot of knowledge and experience gained through research. However, experimental study on humans is not morally and ethically accepted. Porcine is the most frequently used experimental model because pig skin is anatomically and physiologically similar to human skin. We included systematic reviews, meta analyses, and experimental studies of burns using porcine models. We excluded studies conducted more than 10 years ago and which included only thermal injuries. Burn injury made to the porcine model had to be second or third degree. Searches of Ovid MEDLINE, Pubmed, Burns Journal and Cochrane Library revealed 21 relevant studies. Three methods used to create full thickness burn wounds were found: aluminium, brass, and immersion in hot water. The aluminium bar was heated to 200°C and placed on the pig's skin for 20 seconds. For deep dermal burns, there are different methods: modified glass bottle and aluminium bar. The bottle is filled with sterile water and heated to the desired temperature (92°C), then placed on the pig's skin for 15 seconds. To measure burn wound depth, almost all the studies used histopathological evaluation. There was no standardised method to create burn wounds in porcine models. Nevertheless, for deep dermal burn wounds, we can use the modified glass bottle method and for full thickness burn wounds, we can use aluminium or brass. There are no previous studies discussing how to make burn porcine models, nor any studies in this review that focused on creating the burn wound alone. Further studies are needed to achieve better results in creating burn wounds in porcine models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Respiratory diseases constitute a major problem in pig farms, often resulting from multiple infections with different respiratory pathogens. This phenomenon is referred to as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Swine influenza viruses of type A (swIAV) affect half of French farms and are often isolated from PRDC cases. The flu severity is recognized to be strongly influenced by the presence of other respiratory pathogens but interactions between microorganisms are still poorly understood. Development of experimental models of co-infections is required to better understand mechanisms underlying flu exacerbation that is a prerequisite for improving measures for disease control. This review summarizes current knowledge on flu disease in pig and swIAV's involvement in PRDC, as well as results of in vivo co-infections studies involving swIAVs. The mechanisms responsible for the flu exacerbation in case of co-infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) are more particularly discussed, the swIAV/Mhp experimental model having been the most studied to date. In this case, it appears that the severe flu is due to additive inflammatory responses rather than due to a synergistic effect between both pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article we present a comparative study of pig and cattle morphologies, and stable isotope analysis relating to pig demographic management at Levroux Les Arènes (Indre, France), to evaluate changes in husbandry practices between the Iron Age and the Roman period in Gallic societies. Results indicate the establishment of new production and distribution structures, probably before the second century bc, along with the implementation of a specific size/weight selection for the specialized production of pork. Pig and cattle size evolves progressively from the end of the third century bc. These changes are likely to be the result of an internal evolution within Gallic societies, based on local herds, but possibly they are a response to a broader changing economic climate. Within the Western Roman Empire, each province, and Italy, follows its own evolutionary pattern, which also differs between pig and cattle, suggesting that each region adapted its husbandry strategies according to its agro-pastoral characteristics, capacities, or ambitions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]