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The goal of this study was to clarify the role of capsule size and morphology in the alkaloid yield of poppy. In 2023, two industrial varieties from large-scale cultivation were investigated. Three classes of capsule size (large, medium, and small) and four organelles (wall, placenta, disc, and thalamus) of the seedless capsule were studied for their mass proportions and alkaloid contents. In 'Meara', large capsules had 41% lower total alkaloid levels than smaller ones. In 'Morgana', there was no difference in total alkaloids between size groups, but large capsules had higher contents of codeine and thebaine. Among the four organelles, the wall represented the largest mass in both varieties (60–67%), while the disc and the thalamus gave the lowest proportions (below 9%). In the variety 'Meara', the highest alkaloid contents appeared in the wall (2.69% d.w.), followed by the placenta, and the other two parts. 'Morgana' accumulated the highest alkaloid content (3.72% d.w.) in the placenta. Morphine follows the trend of the total content, while codeine and thebaine may differ. Accurate information on the accumulation of alkaloids in the generative organs may contribute to increasing effectiveness in target-oriented breeding and optimization of cultivation with an appropriate choice of variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic diversity and genetic relationship of poppy germplasm resources were explored, which would lay a foundation for genetic breeding research and germplasm fingerprint of poppy. The 13 agronomic traits of 25 poppy resources were measured and analyzed by using the two methods of morphological markers and SRAP molecular markers. The results showed that 11 pairs of primer combinations with obvious polymorphism and clear bands were selected from 12 pairs of SRAP primers. The genomic DNA molecules of the 25 tested materials were amplified, and a total of 210 spectrum bands were amplified, of which 81 were polymorphic bands, and the polymorphism rate was 38.57%. The results of SRAP cluster analysis showed that: the genetic similarity coefficient of 25 poppy materials was 0.907-0.992. The cutting line was made when the similarity coefficient was 0.936, and the 25 tested materials could be divided into 5 categories and several subcategories. The agronomic traits such as flower color and leaf shape of the tested poppy materials were investigated and analyzed. When the euclidean distance was 5.0, all the poppy materials could be divided into 12 categories and several subcategories. In summary, the analysis showed that the genetic diversity of 25 poppy germplasm resources was abundant. The morphological markers and SRAP molecular clustering could be used to study the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of poppy germplasm resources. The results could lay a foundation for the genetic breeding research and germplasm fingerprint of poppy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to being consumed as a food product in the Middle Ages, the poppy was recommended to people as a medicinal drug to urge sleep, aid digestion, and relieve coughs and diseases related to the stomach and intestine. The poppy’s seeds, tunic, and milk have been used since ancient times and in the Middle Ages, they were used in madrasahs, dervish lodges, zawiyahs, and folk medicine due to their sedative, analgesic, analgesic, stupefying and also recreational properties. It is seen that poppy, which is mostly known as a food, medicine, and mind-numbing feature, has been used as an organic fertilizer, energy, commercial and industrial product, and as a motif in works of art over time. This study deals with the statement and usage areas of poppy which is an important cultural factor in historical, medical, and sufistic works in the Middle Ages. It is aimed to determine why and how poppy was used in the historical period in the Middle Ages, especially in Anatolia. In the study covering the 11-14. centuries, mixed research methods, literature review, and text analysis techniques were used. This article is important because it is the first study to address the statement of poppy in historical, medical, and Sufistic sources about and the reasons for its use with a holistic approach when considering the context of Anatolia. Few academic studies shed light on the position and development of poppy in folk medicine in the Middle Ages, so it is thought that this study will contribute to the literature. It is also hoped that it will contribute scientifically to studies on Anatolian medical history regarding the dysfunction of the mind and blinding of the mind due to drug use and research on Medieval Turkish history. After conquering Anatolia, the Turks continued the thousands-year-old poppy culture and used poppy mostly as food and medicine. The poppy was mentioned in different ways in historical, medical, and Sufistic sources about the Middle Ages. It was mentioned to exemplify and explain a subject, to express its harms to human mental and spiritual health, or its benefits were stated provided that it was used in moderation. While the use of poppy as food does not pose a problem, the use of opium poppy outside the fields of pharmacy and medicine causes physical, mental, and spiritual health problems.

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of this study was to clarify the role of capsule size and morphology in the alkaloid yield of poppy. In 2023, two industrial varieties from large-scale cultivation were investigated. Three classes of capsule size (large, medium, and small) and four organelles (wall, placenta, disc, and thalamus) of the seedless capsule were studied for their mass proportions and alkaloid contents. In ‘Meara’, large capsules had 41% lower total alkaloid levels than smaller ones. In ‘Morgana’, there was no difference in total alkaloids between size groups, but large capsules had higher contents of codeine and thebaine. Among the four organelles, the wall represented the largest mass in both varieties (60–67%), while the disc and the thalamus gave the lowest proportions (below 9%). In the variety ’Meara’, the highest alkaloid contents appeared in the wall (2.69% d.w.), followed by the placenta, and the other two parts. ‘Morgana’ accumulated the highest alkaloid content (3.72% d.w.) in the placenta. Morphine follows the trend of the total content, while codeine and thebaine may differ. Accurate information on the accumulation of alkaloids in the generative organs may contribute to increasing effectiveness in target-oriented breeding and optimization of cultivation with an appropriate choice of variety.

Thebaine is an alkaloid in poppy seeds that is neurotoxic to animals. Data on its clinical effects and toxicokinetics in people are minimal. In 2022, poppy seeds high in thebaine entered the Australian food market, and people consuming tea made from these poppy seeds developed poisoning. Three patients who drank poppy seed tea and developed neuromuscular toxicity consented for thebaine to be quantitated in serial blood samples. Blood samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Case 1: A man in his 60s presented with drowsiness, vomiting, malaise and myoclonus. He developed metabolic acidosis with hyperlactataemia, acute kidney injury requiring haemodialysis, convulsions, rhabdomyolysis, and was in the hospital for 18 days. The admission thebaine blood concentration was 2.1 mg/L, and the apparent elimination half-life was 14.8 h. Case 2: A man in his 30s presented with myoclonus, rigidity, vomiting, and dizziness. He developed metabolic acidosis with hyperlactataemia, acute kidney injury, and myalgias. The admission thebaine blood concentration was 4.1 mg/L, and the apparent elimination half-life was 11.6 h. Case 3: A man in his 30s presented with myoclonus, rigidity, clonus, diaphoresis, and abdominal pain. The admission thebaine blood concentration was 2.2 mg/L, and the apparent elimination half-life was 8.3 h. Neuromuscular toxicity, metabolic acidosis with hyperlactataemia, acute kidney injury, and gastrointestinal symptoms were prominent clinical features in these patients after drinking poppy seed tea. Effects persisted for days, and all survived, despite thebaine concentrations far exceeding those in published forensic reports, although human data are sparse. Compared to rats, the thebaine apparent elimination half-life is much longer in humans who develop symptoms at lower concentrations. Despite relatively high thebaine blood concentrations and moderate to severe poisoning, outcomes were favourable with early presentations. It is possible that acute kidney injury prolongs the apparent elimination half-life of thebaine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microbial contamination of oil seeds can cause their deterioration leading to reduction of the quality of the produced oil. Knowledge of the levels and composition of microbial communities may be therefore helpful to set up the effective control measures. Seeds of hemp and poppy (blue and white cultivars) from two farms in Slovakia were analysed by culture-based microbiological methods and by metagenomic high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA and 28S rDNA to provide information on surface bacterial and fungal communities. The results of culture-based analysis showed a comparatively high level of contamination by bacteria and by fungi of hemp seeds. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the bacterial community of hemp seeds consisted mainly of families Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae. The fungal community was composed mainly of Pleosporaceae, Davidiellaceae and Tremellaceae. In poppy seeds, the bacterial community was found to be composed mainly of Enterobacteriaceae (genus Klebsiella), Pseudomonadaceae and Xanthomonadaceae or Streptomycetaceae. The fungal community was composed mainly of Pleosporaceae and Davidiellaceae (genus Cladosporium), while some samples were characterized by increased levels of Trichocomaceae (genus Aspergillus). The determined presence of pseudomonads and aspergilli in certain seeds may indicate that more effective cleaning and sanitation will be required as they could affect the produced oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to demonstrate that, in Mexico, the policy of eradication of poppy crops has not only been motivated by its official reason, the anti-drug fight, but also been instrumentalized for the militarization of certain regions for counterinsurgent purposes, that is, to deal with guerrilla activity. Of an empirical nature, this demonstration is based on a mixed methodology, both quantitative and qualitative, as well as on two case studies: the municipalities of Atoyac and Ayutla in the southern state of Guerrero. The main finding of the investigation lies in an anomalous concentration of eradication tasks by the army in both municipalities in the late 1990s and early 2000s, despite relatively marginal drug production. This contradiction finds an explanation beyond the poppy, in the emergence there of two new guerrillas, around the massacres of Aguas Blancas (1995) and El Charco (1998), respectively.

In this study, the potential of using OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) reader for fast, easy and inexpensive detection of irradiated black cumin and poppy samples of different brands was investigated under blue light excitation. Three different brands were selected for each food from local markets and each brand of food was irradiated with Co-60 gamma radiation at doses of 1 kGy, 3 kGy, 5 kGy and 7 kGy. OSL signal intensities for each dose were measured both immediately after irradiation and one year after irradiation. While no OSL signal was observed in any of the nonirradiated samples, a significant increase in OSL signal intensities was observed in all samples after irradiation. In addition, it was determined that the OSL signal intensities obtained from some poppy and black seed brands were high enough to allow the determination of irradiation even one year after irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opium poppy is one of the most important medicinal plant species cultivated in several regions of the world for pharmaceutical and food purposes. Although it has been bred and used in many countries for centuries, taxonomical studies on the intraspecific variability are still not numerous. In the course of this study, the genetic diversity of 58 opium poppy accessions were assessed with SSR markers. Out of the 25 tested SSR markers, only 19 showed successful amplification and seven were found to reveal polymorphism. These seven markers produced 2–11 alleles within the size range of 144–280 bp. PIC value varied between 0.284 and 0.767, expected heterozygosity was between 0.136 and 1, and observed heterozygosity was between 0.344 and 0.794. Altogether, a low genetic diversity was found, and several accessions have been characterized with the same SSR allele profile. The clustering in the PCoA co-ordinate system indicates four groups, which is confirmed by the STRUCTURE analysis as well and reflects the known relationships of hybrid cultivars in several cases. The landrace taxa clearly deviate from the majority of cultivars selected for industrial purposes. The applied SSR markers were not able to distinguish the genotypes according to their geographic origin or seed color. However, in several cases, the grouping in the PCoA system reflected a diversification connected to alkaloid content and petal color of the accessions. Our results demonstrate the importance of further molecular marker studies focusing on genotypes with different alkaloid content and useful agronomical traits in order to establish more effective breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants. Three different registered genotypes of poppy plant (Celrkoglu, Huseymbey and Seyitgazi), which are used in many sectors, were used as the plant material in this study. This study was carried out under laboratory conditions in 2021. Film coating process was applied to increase the seed quality of three different poppy genotypes, and some of their physical (shape, size, surface area, average arithmetic-geometric diameter, sphericity and thousand seed weight) and physiological (germination rate and time) properties were determined. It was found that there were statistically significant differences between three genotypes of poopy in terms of physical and physiological properties. In general, it was observed that the poppy seeds had a short and oval seed structure, and the germination rate decreased and the germination time increased at varying rates after the film coating application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iced teas, which are among the drinks that are frequently consumed today, are mostly produced from black tea and the production of iced teas of different plant origins is very limited. Poppy plant (Papaver rhoaes L.) is an annual edible flower species belonging to the family Papaveraceae, and it has been stated in various studies that the anthocyanins it contains have bioactive properties such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiproliferative. In this study, poppy flower anthocyanins were obtained by acidic ethanol-water extraction method and the extract was dried with maltodextrin in a spray dryer. Eight different poppy iced teas were produced by combining dried poppy extract with sucrose and citric acid at different rates in the iced tea formulation. Total anthocyanin and total phenolic content of iced teas were determined as 10.98-28.49 mg cyn-3-O-glu/100 mL and 9.15-21.96 mg GAE/100 mL, respectively. It was determined that the pasteurization process applied during the production of iced teas caused significant increases in the antioxidant activity values of the products (p<0.05). After the sensory evaluations of the products, it was determined that the G6 coded iced tea was the most liked sample by the panellists. This is thought to be due to the fact that the anthocyanin, colour density and sucrose values of the G6 coded sample containing 0.40 g of dried poppy extract, 10 g of sucrose and 0.25 g of citric acid. are higher than the others. It was concluded that iced teas containing poppy flower extract, which were evaluated as high sensory liking, could be an alternative to a limited variety of iced teas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The onychiurid fauna of Australia is revised and found to comprise six species belonging to five genera. All species are already described and are widespread in the Northern Hemisphere so they are considered to be introduced to Australia. For the most part, they are only known in Australia from agricultural and horticultural soils and home gardens as well as worm beds. A dichotomous key to the species is presented together with updated names, relevant synonymies, a brief description of each and comments on their distribution and ecology. The six species separated in the key are Protaphorura fimata (Gisin, 1952), Thalassaphorura encarpata (Denis, 1931), Thalassaphorura cryptopyga (Denis, 1931), Orthonychiurus folsomi (Schäffer, 1900), Deuteraphorura cebennaria (Gisin, 1956) and Onychiurus ambulans (Linnaeus, 1758). A seventh species is listed here but in family Tullbergiidae, Metaphorura affinis (Börner, 1902). It is included as it could be confused with the Onychiurinae in the field. In Australia and overseas, onychiurids have been associated with root damage to plants in home gardens and field crops, and we discuss their pest status using data from assessments of field crop damage in Australia. The aim of this paper is to provide an identification guide to field workers so that they can decide whether control methods are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the proportions of morphine, thebaine, noscapine, codeine, oripavine and papaverine alkaloids in poppy varieties and hybrids. Nine parents and 36 hybrid lines were used in the trial. The trial was carried out in 2016 and 2017 in four replications according to the Randomized Block Trial Design. According to the average results of the two years, in parent and hybrid combinations, morphine was found to vary between 0.42% and 1.66%, thebaine between 0.01% and 0.53%, noscapine between 0.01% and 0.31%, codeine between 0.03% and 0.17%, oripavine between 0.00% and 0.12% and papaverine between 0.00% and 0.10%. In the study, Ofis NM x Ofis 1, Ofis 1 x TMO T, Ofis 2 x TMO T, Ofis NM x Ofis 1, Ofis NM x TMO T hybrid combinations were identified as superior hybrids compared to the others.

Written sources on Thanatos in Classical Antiquity go beyond the vision that Hesiod, Homer, and the tragic poets embodied in their writings. This article analyzes the literary testimonies that are known about the shrines where Thanatos was worshiped (the necromancer oracle of the Arqueronte river and Gadeira), the prayers that were dedicated to Thanatos (the Orphic hymn) and the few cult images that are known (the Thanatos from the Museum of Athens, the Vatican Museum and the San Ildefonso Group from the Prado Museum). Latin written sources are also analyzed (Seneca, Virgilio, Lucano...) and the problem of assimilating a feminine noun, Mors, with a masculine divinity. If in Greek iconography the most consecrated image of Thanatos shows him transferring Sarpedon's corpse with his brother, in Roman iconography the prototypical image is the Eros-Thanatos, linked to the torch by extinguishing his flame as an attribute. This article delves into some specific aspects of the macabre mentality of the Greco-Latin elites, who faced death with a heroic and deeply aristocratic spirit, quite different from the point of view supported by the Hedonists, who regarded death as the only levelling entity in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, the sugar used in the gluten-free cake was substituted with 75% grape molasses. In addition, the gluten-free flour mixture used in the cake formulation was prepared as a combination of rice flour (75%), chickpea flour (15%)and carrot flour (10%). This mixture was replaced separately with 5% grape seed, pomegranate seed, flaxseed, poppy seed and turmeric to improve the nutritional composition of gluten-free cakes. Supplemented cakes contained higher ash, crude protein, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity values than gluten-free control sample. Cake samples containing pomegranate seed and flaxseed had higher contents of Ca, P and K than control cakes. In addition, flaxseed and poppy seed containing cakes were found richer in terms of Mn and Mg than control. Utilization of grape molasses together with grape seed, pomegranate seed, flaxseed, poppy seed and turmeric in formulation caused a reduction in volume index of cake samples. The hardness values of the gluten-free cakes were generally higher than that of the control. Cakes containing flaxseed and poppy seed scored higher in sensory analysis than other substituted samples. Based on these results, the use of grape molasses with flaxseed and poppy seed can be recommended for the production of gluten-free cakes with acceptable sensory properties and high total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

The poppy seed plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is well known for its health benefits. It contains plenty of nutrients including proteins, oil content, dietary fiber, antioxidants, tocopherols and other micronutrients. It is also under exploration considering its in vitro bioactive potential against various health issues such as hypertension, pain and cancer. Poppy is mainly grown for its opium and oil contents; however, poppy seeds are also widely used for cooking purposes. Poppy seeds contain various essential bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids that can be effectively used as food ingredients in various applications. Poppyseed oil is considered a good quality oil owing to its rich polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Thus, tremendous potential exists in poppy seeds to be used as functional food ingredients and nutraceutical agents in various formulations. Medicinal and functional uses of poppy seed have been discussed, including some aspects of the utilization of the poppy seeds in the food industry. Further research is required to bring out its ingredient potential in food and health supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to examine and compare the effects of Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) extracts on some chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory properties of bread dough and bread. The pH, L, b, chroma, hue values of the dough decreased by usage of hibiscus extract, while the a value was increasing. It was determined as the lowest pH was 4.13; L 39.23; b 5.08; chroma was 6.55, hue angle was 54.65 and the highest a value was 7.20. Counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast/mold were found lower in dough with hibiscus extract. Hibiscus extract application gave the lowest specific volume value (2.15 mL/g). In terms of hardness, gumminess and chewiness, the highest values were obtained in hibiscus bread as 24.96 N, 16.13 N and 147.86 mj, respectively. Sensory properties scored of the breads were lower than the control bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Economic & Social Research is the property of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Physical exercise has many physical, psychological and social health benefits leading to improved life quality. This paper presents a robotic system developed as a personal coach for older adults aiming to motivate older adults to participate in physical activities. The robot instructs the participants, demonstrates the exercises and provides real-time corrective and positive feedback according to the participant's performance as monitored by an RGB-D camera. Two robotic systems based on two different humanoid robots (Nao, toy-like and Poppy, mechanical-like) were developed and implemented using the Python programming language. Experimental studies with 32 older adults were conducted, to determine the preferable mode and timing of the feedback provided to the user to accommodate user preferences, motivate the users and improve their interaction with the system. Additionally, user preferences with regards to the two different humanoid robots used were explored. The results revealed that the system motivated the older adults to engage more in physical exercises. The type and timing of feedback influenced this engagement. Most of these older adults also perceived the system as very useful, easy to use, had a positive attitude towards the system and noted their intention to use it. Most users preferred the more mechanical looking robot (Poppy) over the toy-like robot (Nao). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opium poppy is one of the most important medicinal plant species cultivated in several regions of the world for pharmaceutical and food purposes. Although it has been bred and used in many countries for centuries, taxonomical studies on the intraspecific variability are still not numerous. In the course of this study, the genetic diversity of 58 opium poppy accessions were assessed with SSR markers. Out of the 25 tested SSR markers, only 19 showed successful amplification and seven were found to reveal polymorphism. These seven markers produced 2–11 alleles within the size range of 144–280 bp. PIC value varied between 0.284 and 0.767, expected heterozygosity was between 0.136 and 1, and observed heterozygosity was between 0.344 and 0.794. Altogether, a low genetic diversity was found, and several accessions have been characterized with the same SSR allele profile. The clustering in the PCoA co-ordinate system indicates four groups, which is confirmed by the STRUCTURE analysis as well and reflects the known relationships of hybrid cultivars in several cases. The landrace taxa clearly deviate from the majority of cultivars selected for industrial purposes. The applied SSR markers were not able to distinguish the genotypes according to their geographic origin or seed color. However, in several cases, the grouping in the PCoA system reflected a diversification connected to alkaloid content and petal color of the accessions. Our results demonstrate the importance of further molecular marker studies focusing on genotypes with different alkaloid content and useful agronomical traits in order to establish more effective breeding.

This study aimed to investigate the proportions of morphine, thebaine, noscapine, codeine, oripavine and papaverine alkaloids in poppy varieties and hybrids. Nine parents and 36 hybrid lines were used in the trial. The trial was carried out in 2016 and 2017 in four replications according to the Randomized Block Trial Design. According to the average results of the two years, in parent and hybrid combinations, morphine was found to vary between 0.42% and 1.66%, thebaine between 0.01% and 0.53%, noscapine between 0.01% and 0.31%, codeine between 0.03% and 0.17%, oripavine between 0.00% and 0.12% and papaverine between 0.00% and 0.10%. In the study, Ofis NM x Ofis 1, Ofis 1 x TMO T, Ofis 2 x TMO T, Ofis NM x Ofis 1, Ofis NM x TMO T hybrid combinations were identified as superior hybrids compared to the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asia Minor Studies is the property of Asia Minor Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cold pressed oils obtained from chia (Salvia hispanica L.), milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), nigella (Nigella sativa L.), and white and black varieties of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds were character­ized. The nutritional quality was determined based on the analysis of fatty acids, tocochromanol and phytos­terol contents, as well as antioxidant activity and general physico-chemical properties. Among the oils analyzed the fatty acid composition most beneficial for health was found in chia seed oil, with 65.62% of α-linolenic acid and the n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio of 1:3.5. Other oils studied were rich sources of linoleic acid (18.35-74.70%). Chia seed oil was also distinguished by high contents of phytosterols, mainly β-sitosterol (2160.17 mg/kg oil). The highest content of tocochromanols was found in milk thistle oil with dominant α-tocopherol (530.2 mg/kg oil). In contrast, the highest antioxidant activity was recorded for nigella oil (10.23 μM Trolox/g), which indi­cated that, in addition to tocopherols, other antioxidants influenced its antioxidant potential.

Nine herbaceous plant species were tested for susceptibility to Plum pox virus (PPV) by Agrobacterium-mediated delivery of its infectious cDNA clone. Two of them became infected, namely spinach (local infection) and oilseed poppy (systemic infection). As a control, PPV infection was successfully established in plum seedlings following agroinfiltration, thus providing the first report of agroinfection in Prunus species. According to our results, oilseed poppy can be considered as a candidate host for the production of edible vaccines by a PPV-derived expression vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaloid concentration, which represents the quality of industrial poppy, needs to be estimated in a spatially explicit manner to predict the value of crop prior to harvesting. Current practice is to estimate alkaloid concentration using destructive sampling and laboratory analysis. However, in order to estimate the value of the whole crop, a method that could predict alkaloid concentration in field conditions prior to harvesting is needed. In this study, an unmanned aerial system (UAS) with multispectral imaging was tested for estimation of alkaloid concentration of a poppy crop before harvest, which was sown for pharmaceutical purposes in Tasmania, Australia. This study presents the result of a random forest (RF) regression analysis to evaluate the contribution and predictive ability of spectral and structural variables derived from the images. It was found that UAS imagery with an RF model has the potential to estimate thebaine (paramorphine) concentration well before harvesting and without laboratory analysis. It was found that an RF model with the combination of MSAVI, mSR, OSAVI, NDVI and EVI spectral indices can provide optimal results to estimate thebaine with a relative error of 13.56% to 22.36% with training and validation datasets, respectively. The thebaine concentration predicted using the proposed RF model was strongly correlated to the laboratory-measured thebaine concentration, with an R2 value ranging from 0.63 to 0.82 for the training and validation datasets, respectively. These results indicate that poppy thebaine concentration can be estimated with reasonable accuracy 3 weeks prior to harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring of agricultural crops with the help of remote and proximal sensors during the growing season plays important role for site-specific management decisions. Winter wheat, winter rape and poppy are representatives of typical agricultural crops from the family Poacea, Brassicaceae and Papaveraceae, growing in relative dry area of Rakovn'k district in the Czech Republic. Ten Sentinel 2 satellite images acquired during vegetation season of the crops were downloaded and processed. Crops were monitored with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) equipped with consumer grade Red Green Blue (RGB) camera and multispectral (MS) MicaSense RedEdge MX camera. In-field variability was assessed by computing RGB-based vegetation indices Triangular Greenness Index (TGI), Green Leaf Index (GLI) and Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) and commonly used vegetation indices as Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Green NDVI (GNDVI). The results derived from satellite and UAV images were supported with in-situ measurements of hand-held GreenSeeker and Chlorophyll Meter Content sensors. The study showed the usability of individual vegetation indices, especially the TGI index for chlorophyll content estimation, and VARI index for green vegetation fraction detection and leaf area index estimation, in comparison with selected handheld devices. The results showed as well that leaf properties and canopy structure of typical characteristics of selected families can significantly influence the spectral response of the crops detected in different phenological stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine suitable opium poppy hybrids over mid parent, better parent and standart check levels in alkaloid ratios. In the study, 36 hybrids were evaluated derived from nine varieties. The experiment was carried out in four replications in randomized block design in 2016 and 2017. Heterosis over mid parent values ranged from -4.91% to 65.43% for morphine, -76.91% to 278.05% for thebaine, -68.97% to 180.91% for noscapine, -53.60% to 150.45% for codeine, -93.55% to 289.61% for oripavine and -78.69% to 285.94% for papaverine. In the result study of 34 crosses recorded positive heterosis over mid parent for morphine content followed by 24 for thebaine, 23 for noscapine, 26 for codeine, 22 for oripavine and 15 for papaverine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agronomy Journal / Agronomski Glasnik (0002-1954) is the property of Croatian Society of Agronomists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cold pressed oils obtained from chia (Salvia hispanica L.), milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), nigella (Nigella sativa L.), and white and black varieties of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds were characterized. The nutritional quality was determined based on the analysis of fatty acids, tocochromanol and phytosterol contents, as well as antioxidant activity and general physico-chemical properties. Among the oils analyzed the fatty acid composition most beneficial for health was found in chia seed oil, with 65.62% of a-linolenic acid and the n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio of 1:3.5. Other oils studied were rich sources of linoleic acid (18.35-74.70%). Chia seed oil was also distinguished by high contents of phytosterols, mainly ß-sitosterol (2160.17 mg/kg oil). The highest content of tocochromanols was found in milk thistle oil with dominant a-tocopherol (530.2 mg/kg oil). In contrast, the highest antioxidant activity was recorded for nigella oil (10.23 µM Trolox/g), which indicated that, in addition to tocopherols, other antioxidants influenced its antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DreamWorks's animated children's film Trolls (Mike Mitchell & Walt Dohrn, 2016) is a singular fairy tale, inspired by the Good Luck Trolls designed in 1950s Denmark by Thomas Dam. Trolls not only invents a fairy-tale plot (with songs) for the popular dolls but also thoroughly re-conceptualizes their original appearance. The central character, Princess Poppy is, indeed, cuteness personified. She is also one of the most positive, resilient female characters in recent cinema of any type. Her double mission of helping her depressed friend Branch to regain his true colors and of teaching the monstrous Bergens to enjoy happiness-- and stop eating her fellow trolls--succeeds because Poppy is supremely confident that she can succeed. Her cheerfulness and optimism give Poppy a high value as a role model, especially because she aims at securing her community's welfare rather than her personal fulfilment, unlike most fairytale princesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to determine the alkaloid and oil rates contents of some poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) varieties, such as morphine, codeine, oripavine, thebaine, noscapine and papaverine, which are planted as winter and summer. Five varieties of poppy (Zaferyolu, TMO 2, Ofis NP, Ofis 4, Anayurt) registered in different organizations were used in the research. The study was carried out in the trial field belonging to Tokat Middle Black Sea Crossing Belt Agricultural Research Institute Directorate in 2015 and 2016. Alkaloid analyzes were carried out on an HPLC device in the Bolvadin Alkaloid Plant Laboratory. The study was carried out in three replications according to randomized block trial design. As a result; Varieties of poppy the cultivated as summer, mean morphine value 0.61-1.19 %, the codeine 0.07-0.25 %, the oripavine 0.01-0.02 %, thebaine 0.02-0,11 %, noscapine, 0,04-0,49 %, papaverine , 0,03-0,18 and oil ratio values varied between 41,6-48,8 %. Varieties of poppy the cultivated as winter; mean morphine value 0.29-0.56 %, the codeine 0.04-0.09 %, the oripavine 0.0002-0.007 %, thebaine 0.01-0.06 %, noscapine, 0.009-0.93 %, papaverine , 0.00-0.06 %, and oil ratio values varied between 45.3-54.3 %. Poppy varieties cultivated as summer, according to winter sown alkaloid ratios are higher and oil ratios are lower.

The abundant land of Anatolia has witnessed many different civilisations throughout history and has offered a shared living space to many communities from different cultures. Each civilisation that flourished in this geography inherited and benefited from the existing cultural heritage in these lands. They also contributed to that heritage themselves and passed it onto next civilisations as a guiding framework. Anatolian dwellers enjoyed the rich plant ecosystem around them, and they advanced a shared and well-established culture of agriculture. Despite the inadequacy of archeobotanical evidence, it has been a longstanding thought that the poppy plant was grown in Anatolia even in pre-historic times. On the other hand, there are many examples that provide evidence to this plant being used by many civilisations as part of a shared agricultural tradition. The earliest written references to the poppy plant in Anatolia can be found as early as the 2nd millenium B.C., while the plant has been constantly used in the geography throughout history. The poppy plant was frequently used in medical treatments by various ancient civilisations and as a decoration element on needles belonging to the Hittites and the Urartians. Anatolian medics such as Pedanius Dioscorides, Galenos and Aetius also resorted to opium for its medicinal purposes. The poppy plant depicted on the coins of many cities such as Synnada, Ankyra and Elaia. The Saljuks of Anatolia, besides in food and medical treatments, used the figure of the poppy plant decoratively in their architecture. Decorations on carpets and rugs, grave stones and ceramic pieces from palaces all indicate that the Anatolian society cared about the poppy plant greatly. Travellers who visited Anatolia between 16th and 19th century recorded important information about the plant. The Ottomans, in turn, by virtue of inheriting the Mesopotamian and Early Islamic cultural heritage, benefited from the plant in various different ways. Indeed, in the 19th century Ottoman Empire, the poppy plant was the seventh biggest export after tobacco, wheat, barley, raisins, pure silk and figs. Even in the Turkish Republic did the plant continue to contribute to the national economy and culture. Even though its production and consumption has been restricted in due course, the poppy plant still retains its importance to this day. In essence, it's used as a food item, as a source of heating, and as a medical ingredient. It is also depicted on various objects of daily use. The figure of the poppy plant embodies different emotions and meanings. It often combines life and death, two contrary concepts. This study examines the writings of ancient authors, travellers' records, modern sources, archaeological findings, coins and various other types of visual material, and then presents them chronologically. This article examines to what extent the poppy seed plant influenced the economic, social and cultural life in Anatolia. Records from authors of the Antiquity, travelbooks, modern books and studies, as well as archeological findings such as coins and various visual materials have been analysed. The conclusions have been listed in this study in a chronological order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cookies, which form the largest category of bakery snacks, are considered a good vehicle to introduce nutrients into the diet. In this study, to increase the nutritional value of traditional commercial cookies, wheat flour was substituted with defatted flours made from flax, sesame, chia, and poppy, which are byproducts of the oil extraction industry. The differences in the technological properties, nutritional composition, and consumer acceptance of the reformulated cookies were evaluated. The results show that the wheat cookies used as the control showed a more elastic behavior than the cookies elaborated with defatted seed flours, which showed a greater tendency to crumble. The use of defatted seed flours yielded cookies with a higher content of protein and fiber, and a lower content in carbohydrates than the wheat cookies. Consumer evaluations for the sesame and flax cookies were similar to those for the traditional wheat cookies, with positive assessments on all of the parameters evaluated. On the other hand, the cookies elaborated using chia and poppy flours received the least positive evaluations from consumers. Thus, the use of some defatted seed flours, mainly flax and sesame, is proposed as an interesting alternative to produce health-promoting cookies in order to cover the current demand for gluten-free products.

Summary: The issue of cross‐ or multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors and the auxinic herbicide 2,4‐D was investigated in Papaver rhoeas L., a common and troublesome weed in winter cereals, in a broad‐scale study across four European countries. A combination of herbicide sensitivity bioassays and molecular assays targeting mutations involved in resistance was conducted on 27 populations of P. rhoeas originating from Greece (9), Italy (5), France (10) and Spain (3). Plants resistant to the field rate of 2,4‐D were observed in 25 of the 27 populations assayed, in frequencies ranging from 5% to 85%. Plants resistant to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides (sulfonylureas) were present in 24 of the 27 populations, in frequencies ranging from 4% to 100%. Plants resistant to 2,4‐D co‐occurred with plants resistant to sulfonylureas in 23 populations. In four of these, the probability of presence of plants with cross‐ or multiple resistance to 2,4‐D and sulfonylureas was higher than 0.5. ALS genotyping of plants from the field populations or of their progenies, identified ALS alleles carrying a mutation at codon Pro197 or Trp574 in 2,4‐D‐sensitive and in 2,4‐D‐resistant plants. The latter case confirmed multiple resistance to 2,4‐D and ALS inhibitors at the level of individual plants in all four countries investigated. This study is the first to identify individual plants with multiple resistance in P. rhoeas, an attribute rarely assessed in other weed species, but one with significant implications in designing chemical control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The HPLC was used to determine the contents of thebaine in roots, stems, leaves and shells of different growth stages after annual poppy flowering, to study the changes of thebaine in poppy and water-nitrogen coupling patterns effects under drip irrigation. The results showed that the content of thebaine in annual poppy shell was 1.81%-4.54%, and the highest in maturity. The leaf was 0.30%-0.68%, the highest in the late period of expansion and the lowest in the harvesting period. The root was 0.03%-0.28%, the highest in the early period of expansion and the lowest in the harvesting period. The stem was 0.23%-0.60%, showing a decreasing trend and the lowest in harvesting period. The content of thebaine in the upper, middle and lower parts of the stem was 0.42%-0.97%, 0.15%-0.60% and 0.13%-0.37%, respectively. The quantity of drip irrigation and nitrogen fertilization significantly effected the thebaine content in annual poppy. The best water-nitrogen coupling conditions for thebaine content in annual poppy shells was I130N14. The thebaine content was the highest when the nitrogen application were 14 kg· 667 m-2 and the drip irrigation amount was 130 m3· 667 m-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian poppy germplasm were analyzed. • Statistical analyses showed clear genetic distance among the 72 P. bracteatum accessions. • Multivariate analysis and Bayesian clustering model grouped all the accessions into three groups. • Plant capsules showed higher amount of alkaloids than stems. • Strong association was observed between latitude and thebaine alkaloid content. Abstract In the present investigation, 72 accessions of the Iranian poppy (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) were analyzed for genetic diversity and population structure using start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers along with four important phytochemical traits to provide baseline knowledge for the Iranian poppy's breeding and conservation plans. Twelve ISSR and thirteen SCoT primers generated a total of 98 and 186 fragments with a mean of 8.17 and 14.31 fragments per primer, respectively. Polymorphic information content for ISSR and SCoT primers ranged from 0.39 to 0.45 and 0.28 to 0.34, with the resolving power ranging from 21.61 to 3.97 and 13.08 to 28.02, respectively. Neighbour-joining (NJ) based clustering grouped 72 accessions into three main groups based on two markers studied (ISSR and SCoT) and the combined data (ISSR + SCoT), which associated with their eco-geographical regions. Population structure based analysis divided 72 accessions into 3 subpopulations using ISSR markers, when SCoT was used eight subpopulations were observed. However, when the combined data was used only three subpopulations were found, which corresponded to the grouping observed with the NJ method and these results were supported by principal coordinate analyses (PCoA). Phytochemical analysis revealed that plant capsule has higher total amounts of the alkaloids; thebaine, morphine and oripavine than stem tissues. Interestingly, for the geographical parameters, latitude showed a significant and positive correlation with thebaine extracted from both stem and capsules and the regression results confirmed these associations. Taken together, our results indicated that three populations Ploor, Eil-Teymoor and Anjomane due to their high contents of alkaloids like thebaine as well as the Taham population due to its high content of morphine and oripavine have a strong enough potency to be used in the pharmacy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract There is a great need to make biological control research applicable to local political and social situations. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of Fusarium oxysporum isolates against opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and verify their potential as biocontrol agent. For this, a 2-year experiment was carried out under glasshouse (2 trials) and field conditions (2 trials). From infected poppy plants, a total of 16 pathogenic fungal strains were identified as F. oxysporum and used for the experiments. The isolates Ghr18, Ghr5-2, Mr28 and Ghr5-4 caused the highest wilting symptoms on sample plants (P < 0.001). In addition, no significant differences were observed between field and glasshouse conditions (P > 0.5). Moreover, the results showed a clear host specificity of the selected pathogenic isolates. These results suggest that Fusarium isolates have the potential to be used as biological control agents against poppy plants in the Middle East. Highlights • Opium cultivation remains a major challenge in the world. • Fusarium oxysporum isolates showed severe wilting symptoms on poppy plants. • Mr28, Ghr18, Ghr5-2 and Ghr5-4 were found to be the most highly virulent isolates. • The selected isolates were host specific. • Fusarium oxysporum has the potential to be used as biological control agents against illegal poppy plants in the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the discourses and policies on narcotics in Republic of Korea from 1945 to 1960. Since the Liberation the narcotic problem was regarded as the vestige of Japanese imperialism. which was expected to be cleaned up. The image of narcotic crimes as the legacy of the colonial past was turned into as the result of the Red Army’s tactics to attack on the liberalist camp around the Korean war. The government of ROK represented the source of the illegal drugs as the Red army and the spy from North Korea. The anticommunist discourse about narcotics described the spies, who introduced the enormous amount of poppies into ROK and brought about the addicts, as the social evil. Through this discourse on poppies from North Korea, the government of ROK emphasized the immorality of the communists reinforcing the anticommunist regime, which was inevitable for the government of ROK to legitimize the division of Korea and the establishment of the government alone. This paper examines how the discourses and policies on narcotics in ROK was shaped and transformed from 1945 to 1960 focusing the relationship between the them and the political context such as anticommunism, Korean war, the division of Korea, and etc. This approach would be helpful to reveal the effect of the ROK’s own political situation to the public health system involving the management for drugs.