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Acute bacterial infection of the intestine is caused by ingestion of food or water containing vibrio cholera. The symptoms include acute water diarrhea and vomiting which can result in severe dehydration or water loss. Sanitary conditions in the environment play an important role. Hence, the objective of this paper as to evaluate the effects of poor sanitation and public awareness in modeling bacterial infection amongst the students of a tertiary institution in Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State, Nigeria. We incorporated effectiveness of drug and awareness for proper hygiene and sanitation into our model. The disease free and endemic equilibrium were determined. The effective reproduction number Re was showed. Numerical results of the dynamics system of the transmission of bacterial infection were presented and we found that as the effective contact rate increases, the effective reproduction number increases. Also as the effectiveness of compliance of good hygiene increases, the effective reproduction number decreases by varying the contact rate. More so, as production rate of acute diarrhea bacteria increases, it increases the secondary cases of the infected individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ending open defecation (OD) is a major global policy goal—anchored by the Sustainable Development Goal 6. While women are vulnerable to the risks associated with poor sanitation and are disproportionately impacted by OD, little is known in the scientific literature about the intricacies, drivers, implications and the challenges women face in OD practices in low and middle income countries’ cities. Using the FOAM analytical framework and the coastal city of Harper, Liberia, as a case study, the paper aims to unravel the day-to-day hustles and hostilities women face in defecating in the open. Data were sourced through desk review, face-to-face interviews with 30 women, 7 key informants and observation. Our findings demonstrate that the beach serves as the major destination for OD in the city. Institutional failure—a low commitment of the Liberia government towards the construction of public sanitation facilities and socioeconomic factors—a general high incidence of poverty among the populace influence women's OD practices in the city. Women are exposed to insecurity, psychological trauma, loss of privacy and dignity under OD practices. The findings underscore the need for policymakers and stakeholders to prioritize women's sanitation in emerging cities. The paper recommends that the government of Liberia should prioritize providing women access to improved sanitation by scaling up the construction of public sanitation facilities, subsidising the cost of building and sanitary materials, and promoting behavioural change through public health and sanitation education as measures to curtail OD in the country.

Acute bacterial infection of the intestine is caused by ingestion of food or water containing vibrio cholera. The symptoms include acute water diarrhea and vomiting which can result in severe dehydration or water loss. Sanitary conditions in the environment play an important role. Hence, the objective of this paper as to evaluate the effects of poor sanitation and public awareness in modeling bacterial infection amongst the students of a tertiary institution in Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State, Nigeria. We incorporated effectiveness of drug and awareness for proper hygiene and sanitation into our model. The disease free and endemic equilibrium were determined. The effective reproduction number was showed. Numerical results of the dynamics system of the transmission of bacterial infection were presented and we found that as the effective contact rate increases, the effective reproduction number increases. Also as the effectiveness of compliance of good hygiene increases, the effective reproduction number decreases by varying the contact rate. More so, as production rate of acute diarrhea bacteria increases, it increases the secondary cases of the infected individuals.

Background: Intestinal parasite infections (IPIs) have a severe impact on children in developing countries, causing malnutrition, stunted growth, anaemia, and cognitive deficits. Poor sanitation, limited access to safe drinking water, and socioeconomic conditions contribute to the high prevalence of infections. Addressing the spread of parasites requires preventive initiatives and improved healthcare services, particularly in crowded school environments with close physical contact. Methods: Multiple databases, including Medline, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, were used to conduct a thorough literature search. Results: The review included multiple papers assessing intestinal parasite infections in paediatric populations across diverse regions, revealing varying prevalence rates ranging from 6.63% to 86% due to factors like study population, design, and diagnostic methods used. Nonetheless, the findings indicated a high burden of IPIs among children in underdeveloped countries. Discussion: There was a variation in prevalence rates reported across the research analysed. It stressed the importance of using context-specific ways to address the problem of IPIs in diverse regions. The discussion also emphasized the impact of socioeconomic issues, sanitation conditions, and limited access to clean water on the occurrence of IPIs. Furthermore, the discussion emphasized the importance of school environments in encouraging the transmission of intestinal parasites among children. Conclusion: The review provides insights on intestinal parasites in children from developing nations, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions, improved health education, and evidence-based legislation. Conclusions highlight the importance of public health planning, resource allocation, and coordination among policymakers and healthcare professionals to reduce the burden of these infections and improve children's health outcomes. Recommendation: Implement targeted interventions, enhanced health education, evidence-based legislation, public health planning, and stakeholder coordination to reduce the burden of intestinal parasite infections in children from developing nations.

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Abstract Tapeworms of zoonotic importance have been described as a leading public health problem. Current research was aim to assess the prevalence of tapeworms among 5-12years school children residing in district Lower Dir, Pakistan from January 2019-December 2019. The wet mount preparation in saline/iodine/methods were used for stool examination. Data was analyzed using appropriate descriptive, static methods. Of the 400 children studied 71.7% were infected with one or more species of intestinal parasites. Single infection of cestode species was found in 69 individuals with 17.2% prevalence and multiple parasitic infections were identified in 19.7% (n=79/400) individuals. The multiple infection were comprised as 10% (n=40) double, 6.75% (n=27) triple and 3% (n=12) quadruple. A total of 9 species of helminths and one species of protozoan infection. Among the helminths Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 33.1% (n=95), Taenia saginata 22.6% (n=65), hookworm 19.8% (n=57), Hymenolepis nana 18.8% (n=54), Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis diminuta 1.39% (n=4each), Trichuris trichura 1.04% (n=3), Toxocara spp 0.69% (n=2) and Schistosoma japonicum 0.34% (n=1) were reported. One protozoan species was Cryptosporidium spp 0.69% (n=2) in current study. In case of A.lumbricoides, hookworm, E.vermicularis, T.trichura, T.saginata, H.nana and H.diminuta the male children of below 8 years of age were highly infected. Other infections are reported in the same prevalence with slight difference if any. We conclude that there is a need for mass scale campaigns to create awareness regarding health and hygiene in children and the need for development of effective poverty control programs because deworming alone is not adequate to control parasitic infections.

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) emerges when pathogens develop mechanisms that protect them from the antibiotic drug effects. ABR is a part of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and they can naturally occur by the time and through genetic changes also. The main drovers for this antibiotic resistance embrace misuse/ overuse of antibiotics, poor sanitation and hygiene. ABR is one the principal healthcare problem noted increasingly every year globally and specifically in the developing countries like India. For Instance, even many antibiotics and technologies are accessible to treat all kind of bacterial diseases; developing countries like India are still fighting with tuberculosis, polio and some other diseases due to this. These antibiotic resistance organisms can find in anywhere such as humans, animals, food and environment. It is vital to realize that contribution needed from all the above mentioned factors. The range of resistance for each antibiotic was varied and change over the organism such as ciprofloxacin was resistance to Escherichia Coli by 8.4 - 92.9%. Even health authorities of the state and central governments including India have designed effective plans for its containment and the efforts to combat with ABR are still in budding stages. The WHO strategy for containment of ABR is the laboratory-based surveillance for the assessment of the impact of interventions. This review offers an overview of identification and evaluation of Antibiotic resistance in the scenario of community setting. However, to tackle the ABR is quite challenging and needed in the present scenario before it evolving as to be pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Infection caused by geo-helminth parasites are called geohelminthiasis are one of the global health problems. Vegetables eaten raw is the principal source of transmission of geo-helminth parasites. Pakistani people believe that eating raw vegetables are a significant source to get important vitamins and minerals. Based on the high incidence of pathogenic parasites and cultivating different vegetable types in the study areas, we conducted this study to evaluate the geo-helminth contamination of raw vegetables in northwest Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This is a descriptive study comprised, 1942 samples of 25 various types of vegetables. The samples were examined in physiological saline solution using sedimentation and centrifugation methods. The findings were analyzed by Graph-Pad version 5. P value less than 0.05 (95% CI) was considered significant. Results showed that 16.5% (n=322) of all vegetables were contaminated with one or more type of geo-helminth parasites. Garlic was the highest (35%) and cauliflower the lowest (4%) contaminated samples respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most common geo-helminth found followed by hook worm species while Trichuris trichura was the least in all the vegetable samples. Leafy vegetables were highly contaminated 25.3% than vegetables with root parts 21.2% and fruity 9.09%. More than half of the contaminated vegetables were contaminated with single species of geo-helminth (P0.05) species of geo-helminth parasites. Education level of vendors and means of display were not significantly associated while types of vegetable used were significantly associated with the prevalence of parasites. The findings of this study provide evidence that consumption of raw vegetable has a high risk of acquiring geo-helminth infections. The authors believe that preventing the human to enter to the vegetable farmland for defecation, avoiding the irrigation of agricultural fields via night soil, and educating the people on proper washing and cooking of vegetables may be useful in reducing parasitic infections.

The causes of undernutrition are often linked to inappropriate complementary feeding practices and poor households’ access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), but limited evidence exists on the combined effect of poor WASH and inappropriate complementary feeding practices on stunted child growth. We assessed the independent and joint contribution of inappropriate complementary feeding and poor WASH practices to stunted growth among children aged 6–23 months in the Jirapa Municipality of Ghana. A community-based cross-sectional analytical study design was used with a sample of 301 mothers/caregivers having children aged 6–23 months. The results indicate that in a multivariable logistic regression model that adjusted for confounders, children receiving both unimproved water and inappropriate complementary feeding had a higher and significant odd of becoming stunted (adjusted odds ratio = 33. 92; 95 % confidence interval 3⋅04, 37⋅17; P = 0⋅004) compared to households having both improved water sources and appropriate complementary feeding practices. Except for unimproved drinking water sources, poor sanitation and hygiene, which comprised the use of unimproved household toilet facilities, washing hands without soap and improper disposal of child faeces were not associated with the risks of stunting among children aged 6–23 months. The combined effect of unimproved water and inappropriate complementary feeding on stunting was greater than either unimproved water only or inappropriate complementary feeding only.

The epidemiological pattern of diarrheal diseases, causative agents, and risk factors of their occurrence in two referral hospital of Saudi Arabia was investigated in this study. Stool specimens from 1726 admitted diarrheal cases were examined for parasites, yeast, enteropathogenic bacteria and rotavirus using the ELISA test. Two-fifth of cases were due to rotavirus (RVGE) while 53.1% of cases showed no causative pathogens. Mean age of all cases was 20.2 months and RVGE cases showed a steady rise from the neonatal period onward, reaching a peak between 6-14 months. Males were of higher percentage in diarrheal cases. Mothers of diarrhea cases were mostly house wives with low educational level. Bottle fed children showed higher proportion {53.1 %) of diarrhea than other types of feeding suggesting the feco-oral route of infection and the effect of poor sanitation. A pattern of higher RVGE cases was seen in warmer months in Al-taif and in cooler months in Jeddah. Our findings demonstrated the interaction between host, pathogen and environmental factors m the epidemiology of infectious diarrhea in developing countries and the areas of possible prevention.

Access to safe and adequate water and to sanitation has been a global developmental priority due to their intrinsic impacts on the achievement of the sustainable development goals. Despite the implementation of several measures to improve access to safe water and sanitation, urban dwellers in Ghana struggle to acquire water and access sanitation facilities. This paper identified and examined the vulnerable conditions of households to environmental inadequacies of potable water and sanitation and measures aimed at reducing the risks associated with them in the Ashaiman Municipality. The study revealed that, access to adequate water supply was not necessarily dependent on the physical location of house units, but on factors such as lack of building permit, financial constraints, rental conditions, administrative procedures and ill-suited housing arrangement. Inadequate solid and liquid waste management practices and poor drainage systems were major problems identified in the Municipality. The paper argues that water, drainage systems and logistics for waste management in deprived communities must be provided by the local government and service providers through public-private partnership agreements. We conclude that, planning rules, regulations and procedures should be strictly adhered to and vigorously enforced by the Municipality in order to have a well-organized and planned urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diarrhea is the 2nd chief reason of child death widespread. Low- and middle-income countries are especially exhausting with this both avoidable and treatable condition. Aim: To investigate how children's health less than five years affected by diarrhea at Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Arbit camp. This study was carried out from december22th 2015 to march 20th 2016. Non-probability sampling a convenience sample of (103) mothers of internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) Arbit camp were selected for the purpose of the study.. It was comprised of two parts; the first part includes the mothers' demographic attributes and the second part assessed the knowledge of diarrhea with (20) yes or on questions. The main results obtained from the study are as follows, more than the half (54.40%) of mothers are (18-25) years old, the (49.50%) of mothers have moderate Socioeconomic status, (99.00% of mothers are housewife,, also (54.40%) of the mothers have one child less than five years. The (46.60%) of mothers are illiterate and only (32.00%) of husband read and write and According to the family size of the study (51.50%) of mothers has five children. About the distance of water sources (56.30%) of mothers needs more than 5 minutes to reach water sources, (47.60%) of them have received health education regarding diarrhea held in primary health care center. There was statistically significant relationship between mother's knowledge of diarrhea and (age group, educational level of husband, educational level of the mother, and occupational status of mother, socioeconomic status, and source of information). So the following recommendation is suggested, highlight the need for excessive nutritional educational program, about diarrhea should be implemented for mothers, good sanitation and improvement of housing conditions especially water resources at arbit camp [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A região da Amazônia Legal no Brasil apresenta desafios quanto ao acesso à água para sua população, mesmo com grande abundância de recursos hídricos. Este estudo tem como objetivo explorar condicionantes de acesso à água para consumo humano, considerando aspectos ambientais, socioculturais e de infraestrutura. Para isso, analisam-se: a precária cobertura por saneamento básico na região, por meio de macroindicadores; e estudos de caso em distintas escalas espaciais: comunidade indígena; cidade de pequeno porte, comunidades ribeirinhas, e uma cidade de grande porte, Manaus, maior centro urbano da Amazônia Pan-Amazônica. Por fim, empreende-se uma discussão interdisciplinar sobre as dificuldades de acesso a água no âmbito da saúde pública, explorando a importância de aspectos que se manifestam de modo evidente nas escalas espaciais.The Legal Amazon region in Brazil presents challenges regarding access to water for its population, even with plenty of water. This study aims to explore determinants of access to drinking water, covering aspects of environmental, sociocultural, and infrastructure. For this, we analyze: the precarious sanitation coverage by region, by means of macro indicators and case studies on different spatial scales: the indigenous community, small town, riverside communities, and a large city, Manaus, the largest urban center in the Pan-Amazon Amazon. Finally, to undertake an interdisciplinary discussion about the difficulties of access to water within the public health, the importance of exploring aspects that appear so evident in the spatial scales.

This paper reports the impact of oil spills and tar-ball pollution on the coastal ecosystem of Goa. The factors responsible for degrading the marine ecosystem of the Goan coastline are analyzed. Uncontrolled activities were found to degrade the marine and coastal biodiversity, in turn polluting all beaches. This had a direct impact on the Goan economy through a decline in tourism. The government must adopt the necessary control measures to restore Goan beaches and the surrounding coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a neighborhood-specific study of the social effects of poor sanitation in a poor neighborhood in a developing country city, Accra. It examines the challenges of rapid urbanization with respect to sanitation and waste management, and the burdens placed on poor urban residents in Sabon Zongo, a poor community in Accra. Like many poor communities in Accra and other large Ghanaian cities, residents of Sabon Zongo unable to queue and pay for sanitation services tend to package their liquid and solid waste in plastic bags and dump them indiscriminately within the community. The paper argues that the inability of city authorities to deal with sanitation and waste management in the poor urban community of Sabon Zongo go beyond the much discussed issue of health. This is because the inadequacy of sanitation and waste management in this particular poor urban settlement also has social implications. The paper concludes that while slums and poor urban communities may exhibit certain similar characteristics, they are not homogenous. Neighborhood-specific research such as the present study on Sabon Zongo offers opportunities for analyzing and understanding the internal dynamics, and the key stakeholders at the community level - critical conditions for tapping into the energies of residents toward addressing the challenges of sanitation and waste management in poor urban communities in Accra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The causes of undernutrition are often linked to inappropriate complementary feeding practices and poor households' access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), but limited evidence exists on the combined effect of poor WASH and inappropriate complementary feeding practices on stunted child growth. We assessed the independent and joint contribution of inappropriate complementary feeding and poor WASH practices to stunted growth among children aged 6-23 months in the Jirapa Municipality of Ghana. A community-based cross-sectional analytical study design was used with a sample of 301 mothers/caregivers having children aged 6-23 months. The results indicate that in a multivariable logistic regression model that adjusted for confounders, children receiving both unimproved water and inappropriate complementary feeding had a higher and significant odd of becoming stunted (adjusted odds ratio = 33. 92; 95 % confidence interval 3⋅04, 37⋅17; P = 0⋅004) compared to households having both improved water sources and appropriate complementary feeding practices. Except for unimproved drinking water sources, poor sanitation and hygiene, which comprised the use of unimproved household toilet facilities, washing hands without soap and improper disposal of child faeces were not associated with the risks of stunting among children aged 6-23 months. The combined effect of unimproved water and inappropriate complementary feeding on stunting was greater than either unimproved water only or inappropriate complementary feeding only., (© The Author(s) 2021.)