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Carbohydrate intolerance, commonly linked to the consumption of lactose, fructose, or sorbitol, affects up to 30% of the population in high-income countries. Although sorbitol intolerance is attributed to malabsorption, the underlying mechanism remains unresolved. Here, we show that a history of antibiotic exposure combined with high fat intake triggered long-lasting sorbitol intolerance in mice by reducing Clostridia abundance, which impaired microbial sorbitol catabolism. The restoration of sorbitol catabolism by inoculation with probiotic Escherichia coli protected mice against sorbitol intolerance but did not restore Clostridia abundance. Inoculation with the butyrate producer Anaerostipes caccae restored a normal Clostridia abundance, which protected mice against sorbitol-induced diarrhea even when the probiotic was cleared. Butyrate restored Clostridia abundance by stimulating epithelial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) signaling to restore epithelial hypoxia in the colon. Collectively, these mechanistic insights identify microbial sorbitol catabolism as a potential target for approaches for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of sorbitol intolerance.

High fructose consumption is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease, and fructose feeding dose-dependently induces markers reflective of poor metabolic health. However, unlike glucose, surprisingly little is known about person-to-person differences in postprandial plasma fructose patterns. Herein, we performed post hoc analyses of two published studies to address this question. In the first cohort, 16 participants' all-day plasma fructose concentration patterns (08:00-23:30) were determined (8 women and 8 men) while consuming mixed meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) with a fructose-sweetened beverage at each meal (30% of calories). Individually plotted results demonstrate remarkably disparate fructose patterns with respect to peak concentration and timing. A secondary study confirmed substantial interindividual variability in plasma fructose patterns over 240 min in 16 adults consuming Ensure®, a commercially available mixed macronutrient drink containing a low dose of fructose. The health ramifications of interindividual variations in postprandial fructose metabolism and the underlying physiological mechanisms driving differences in post-meal blood patterns remain to be explored. Future research is warranted to determine if interindividual variability in fructose digestion, metabolism, and postprandial blood concentration patterns is associated with cardiometabolic health phenotypes and disease risk.

To address the increasing demand for sustainable biomaterials because of the excessive usage of fossil fuel and growing concerns with the environment, a novel biodegradable and environmentally friendly rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has been synthesized. These foams are derived from chemically modified soybean oil-based polyol (SBO-polyol) obtained through the formation of oxirane followed by the opening of the oxirane reaction. Polyurethane foam is generally used in construction, furniture, and automobile industries but is highly flammable and releases toxic fumes in combustion. In this study, an efficient synergistic effect of non-halogen flame-retardant (FR) melamine salt, 2-carboxyethyl(phenyl)phosphinic acid melamine salt (CMA) was synthesized from 2-carboxyethyl(phenyl)phosphinic acid (CEPP) and melamine (MA). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy characterized the chemical structure of CMA. Three different FRs, MA, melamine cyanurate (MC), and CMA were separately introduced in increasing quantities for the foam preparation to suppress the flame during combustion. The influence of these FRs on the thermal properties, flame retardancy, morphology, physical, and mechanical properties of the prepared RPUFs was studied through closed cell content, apparent density, compression test, horizontal burning test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of 28.56 wt% of MA (MA-15), MC (MC-15), and CMA (CMA-15) presented a burning time of 10.1 s with weight loss of 5.34% and 28.4 s with 13.02% and 15.25 s with 8%, respectively. The findings demonstrated that all three FRs gave RPUF good FR properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new polyol derived from gamma-valerolactone with 10 carbon chain and four hydroxyl groups was used in combination with choline chloride for the production of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) employed as plasticizer for chitosan. The polyol estimated boiling point was 340 °C and the glass transition temperature (Tg) was − 6 °C. No crystallization temperature was observed due to the non-symmetric structure of polyol and because it is a mixture of stereoisomers. A eutectic condition was detected in an interval of choline chloride(ChCl)/polyol composition from 2:1 to 1:10. It was observed that only the mixtures with higher ChCl content showed melting points, so the eutectic composition was chosen by the lowest Tg that was obtained by the 1:1 molar ratio mixture, circa − 40 °C. This ChCl/Polyol composition was used to prepare plasticized chitosan film, by hot pressing. The glycerol/choline chloride mixture was also used as DES for comparison purposes. Both DES acted as plasticizer to obtain chitosan thermoplastic films, verified by the significant Tg drop from 165 °C, for unplasticized film, to -2 °C and − 30 °C, for films plasticized with DES based on ChCl-polyol and ChCl-glycerol, respectively. The materials plasticized with ChCl-polyol, showed a decrease in modulus of about 54% and an increase of 455% in elongation compared to ChCl/Glycerol, indicating better plasticization efficiency of the polyol based DES. The use of ChCl/Polyol have opened up a new opportunity for the use of chitosan as a plastic material and the high boiling point of polyol has made it a real and highly stable plasticizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to improve the liquefaction efficiency of cornstalk by N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) pretreatment, and NMMO pretreated cornstalk was liquefied in polyols. It also entailed studying the process involve in the liquefaction of NMMO pretreated cornstalk in polyols. The results demonstrated that the chemical composition of cornstalk had little change and the total crystallinity index decreased from 0.510 to 0.165 by NMMO pretreatment. The kinetics along with different pretreatment was estimated by kinetic models at different liquefaction temperatures. Kinetic studies showed that NMMO pretreatment significantly improves the liquefaction efficiency of cornstalk. In comparison with raw cornstalk, NMMO pretreatment led to a decrease in the activation energy of liquefaction reaction. The liquefaction products were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to further explain the liquefaction mechanism of cornstalk pretreated by NMMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have excellent flexibility, unique optical transmittance and high conductivity. The polyol process is appropriate for preparing AgNWs due to its simplicity, effectiveness, low cost, and high yield. This work aims to investigate the effect of preparation parameters of the polyol process on the silver nanowires properties. The parameters include the controlling agent, molecular weight of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), the temperature, and the reducing agent. The amount of silver nanoparticles formed during preparation was used to determine the optimum preparation conditions. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed minimal amount of Ag nanoparticles when using mixed molecular weight of PVP-40K, and PVP-1.3M at 150 °C with the assistance of copper chloride as a controlling agent. The prepared AgNWs had an average length of 3.7 µm and aspect ratio of 15.3. The fabricated electrodes were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and four probe resistivity measurements. The electrical measurement of the AgNWs electrodes indicated that the surfactant thickness is a critical parameter in having low sheet resistance electrodes. Also, the optical transmission was affected by the amount of nanoparticles. The prepared electrode with high concentration of AgNWs and a minimal amount of nanoparticles exhibited 80% optical transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have excellent flexibility, unique optical transmittance and high conductivity. The polyol process is appropriate for preparing AgNWs due to its simplicity, effectiveness, low cost, and high yield. This work aims to investigate the effect of preparation parameters of the polyol process on the silver nanowires properties. The parameters include the controlling agent, molecular weight of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), the temperature, and the reducing agent. The amount of silver nanoparticles formed during preparation was used to determine the optimum preparation conditions. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed minimal amount of Ag nanoparticles when using mixed molecular weight of PVP-40K, and PVP-1.3M at 150 °C with the assistance of copper chloride as a controlling agent. The prepared AgNWs had an average length of 3.7 µm and aspect ratio of 15.3. The fabricated electrodes were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and four probe resistivity measurements. The electrical measurement of the AgNWs electrodes indicated that the surfactant thickness is a critical parameter in having low sheet resistance electrodes. Also, the optical transmission was affected by the amount of nanoparticles. The prepared electrode with high concentration of AgNWs and a minimal amount of nanoparticles exhibited 80% optical transmission.

Polyol is an organic compound containing multiple hydroxyl groups. This study looked at the possibility of using an edible oil extract from Salvia hispanica seeds as a sustainable source for polyols and, eventually, biodiesel or polyurethane. For this, a combination of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid was used to create new polyol from the aforementioned oil in one-step synthesis. Standard techniques such as physicochemical analysis, phytochemical and basic radical identification, FTIR and NMR were used to characterize the polyol derivative that was extracted from the oil. Antimicrobial activity of both oil and polyol were tested against certain bacteria and fungi. Spectral analysis demonstrated the formation of polyol and this result indicated the possible of using Salvia hispanica polyol as a raw material for the preparation of bio-polymers.

In this study, we conducted the extraction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) using the chemical reduction evaporation method, involving silver metal (Ag) with a molarity of 7.716 M and nitric acid (HNO3). The heating process via evaporation was carried out at 85oC for 2 hours. Subsequently, the synthesis of silver nanowires (AgNWs) was performed using a 0.3 M of AgNO3 solution in ethylene glycol (EG), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and Iron (III) Chloride hexahydrate (FeCl36H2O). XRD analysis of the AgNO3 sample revealed an orthorhombic crystal structure with a single AgNO3 phase peak. In AgNWs, three crystalline phases were observed, with the Ag phase being the most dominant. The average crystal size of AgNO3 and AgNWs was 109.42 nm and 22.06 nm, respectively. The average crystal size of the AgNO3 sample may be influenced by the aggregation between crystal nuclei during the heating process. XRF analysis indicated a 98.84% Ag concentration in AgNO3. SEM-EDS analysis showed that the AgNO3 sample had a non-aggregated morphological structure, with particle size measuring 49.46 μm and an overall AgNO3 purity of 92.68%. The SEM image of the AgNWs sample displayed a very homogeneous diameter of ∼200 nm with a length of around 10-20 μm. Meanwhile, AgNWs exhibited a morphology resembling rod-shaped wires with a purity of 68% for Ag.

Polyurethanes (PU) have drawn great attention due to their excellent mechanical properties and self-healing and recyclable abilities. Lignin is a natural and renewable raw material in nature, composed of a large number of hydroxyl groups, and has a great potential to replace petroleum polyols in PU synthesis. This review summarizes the recent advances in modification methods such as the liquefaction, alkylation, and demethylation of lignin, and a systematic analysis of how to improve the reactivity and monomer substitution of lignin during polyurethane synthesis for the green manufacturing of high-performance polyurethanes was conducted. Polyurethane can be used in the form of films, foams, and elastomers instead of conventional materials as a dielectric or substrate material to improve the reliability and durability of flexible sensors; this review summarizes the green synthesis of polyurethanes and their applications in flexible electronics, which are expected to provide inspiration for the wearable electronics sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Petroleum Refinery Engineering is the property of Petroleum Refinery Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Aims The pathways and metabolites that contribute to residual cardiovascular disease risks are unclear. Low-calorie sweeteners are widely used sugar substitutes in processed foods with presumed health benefits. Many low-calorie sweeteners are sugar alcohols that also are produced endogenously, albeit at levels over 1000-fold lower than observed following consumption as a sugar substitute. Methods Untargeted metabolomics studies were performed on overnight fasting plasma samples in a discovery cohort (n = 1157) of sequential stable subjects undergoing elective diagnostic cardiac evaluations; subsequent stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses were performed on an independent, non-overlapping validation cohort (n = 2149). Complementary isolated human platelet, platelet-rich plasma, whole blood, and animal model studies examined the effect of xylitol on platelet responsiveness and thrombus formation in vivo. Finally, an intervention study was performed to assess the effects of xylitol consumption on platelet function in healthy volunteers (n = 10). Results In initial untargeted metabolomics studies (discovery cohort), circulating levels of a polyol tentatively assigned as xylitol were associated with incident (3-year) major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) risk. Subsequent stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS analyses (validation cohort) specific for xylitol (and not its structural isomers) confirmed its association with incident MACE risk [third vs. first tertile adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.57 (1.12–2.21), P <.01]. Complementary mechanistic studies showed xylitol-enhanced multiple indices of platelet reactivity and in vivo thrombosis formation at levels observed in fasting plasma. In interventional studies, consumption of a xylitol-sweetened drink markedly raised plasma levels and enhanced multiple functional measures of platelet responsiveness in all subjects. Conclusions Xylitol is associated with incident MACE risk. Moreover, xylitol both enhanced platelet reactivity and thrombosis potential in vivo. Further studies examining the cardiovascular safety of xylitol are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cv 'Doña María' table grape is a high-quality table grape variety included in the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) of the European Union "The bagged grape of the Vinalopó". The PDO stipulates that grape clusters must be protected with paper bags from inclement weather and insects, which helps enhance the final grape quality. However, 'Doña María' is a variety prone to high shattering in the late stages of ripening on the vine and during postharvest. Inorganic calcium treatments are one of the most commonly used tools to reduce this disorder, but the translocation of this mineral from veraison onward has been questioned. In this study, five applications were performed, from veraison to harvest, using sorbitol-chelated calcium (0.7% + 1.0%), Ca(NO3)2 (Ca) at 0.7% and sorbitol at 1%. It was observed that bagged grapes (not wetted with the solutions) only increased the concentration of total and bound calcium when treated with sorbitol–Ca. This resulted in reduced berry drop during cultivation and postharvest and improved fruit firmness. Additionally, it reduced grape metabolism indicators such as respiration rate, weight loss, malic acid degradation, prevented abscisic acid (ABA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and favored the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as total polyphenols, increased antioxidant activity, and sugar content. The application of sorbitol-chelated calcium is an effective and safe tool that enhances fruit quality and prevents losses due to shattering during postharvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University is the property of Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The composition of lignocellulose and liquefaction mechanism were introduced, and the research status, effects and defects of different catalysts for solvent thermal liquefaction were also reviewed ・ Due to the complex structure and high crystallinity of lignocellulose, it is not conducive to liquefaction, and the pretreatment of lignocellulose was proposed, including physical pretreatment, biological pretreatment and chemical pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organometallics like ZDDPs are widely used as multifunctional additives in lubricants for imparting antiwear, antioxidant, and corrosion inhibitor activity. Since it has toxic elements like P, Zn, and S so it is an environmentally toxic, non‐biodegradable, and ash‐forming additive. In automotive emissions, it also causes poisoning in catalytic converters. Due to environmental concerns, it is an issue of awareness to discover less toxic alternatives for these multifunctional additives despite their potent and economical properties. In this work, MO was reacted in a stoichiometric ratio with Tga, giving the intermediate compound MO‐Tga through thiol‐ene coupling. Subsequently, the reaction of MO‐Tga with PPA gave a novel multifunctional additive MO‐Tga‐PPA. The molecular characteristics and thermal stability of MO‐Tga‐PPA were studied using techniques like NMR, FTIR, and TGA. The additive was doped at various concentrations such as 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 ppm in polyol to examine their antiwear, antifriction, antioxidant, and anticorrosion performance. It reveals the maximum reduction of 53.85% in the average COF and 25.51% in AWSD at 5000 ppm. The antioxidant activity shows a maximum free radicals inhibition of 97.9% at 3000 ppm using the DPPH. As far as the anticorrosion activity is concerned, the values for the penetration rate, corrosion rate, and weight loss were reduced to 0.015 mpy, 0.082 mdd, and 0.08 mg from the observed values of 0.114 mpy, 0.62 mdd, and 0.60 mg in polyol base oil was observed at 4000 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cork composites are byproducts from wine stopper production, resulting from the agglomeration of cork granules with a thermoset resin. The resulting compound is a versatile and durable material with numerous industrial applications. Due to its unique properties, such as low-density, high-strength, excellent energy absorption, and good thermal and acoustic insulators, cork composites find room for application in demanding industries such as automotive, construction, and aerospace. However, agglomerated cork typically has a polyurethane matrix derived from petrochemical sources. This study focuses on developing eco-friendly porous polyurethane biocomposites manufactured with the used cooking oil polyol modified with cork. Since cork and polyurethane foam are typically used for impact shock absorption, the manufactured samples were subjected to impact loading. The assessment of crashworthiness is performed through 100 J impact tests. A finite element numerical model was developed to simulate the compression of these new composites under impact, and the model validation was performed. The highest specific absorbed energy was obtained for petrochemical polyol composites with the 3% addition of natural or modified cork. The research conducted in this study showcased the feasibility of substituting certain petrochemical components used for the synthesis of the polyurethane matrix with ecological waste vegetable oil components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A systematic review of published data was carried out to assess the caries-preventive effects of xylitol chewing gums and candies in children. Methods: Electronic and hand searches were performed to find clinical studies on the effects of xylitol chewing gums and candies on dental caries in children (≤ 18 years). Prospective randomised or controlled clinical trials published before 2023 were included in the review. Results: The initial search identified 365 titles to be evaluated. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 articles with either fair or low quality were reviewed. Nine articles studied chewing gums, five candies, and one both of them. In the ten evaluated xylitol chewing gum studies xylitol consumption significantly reduced caries occurrence when compared with no treatment or a placebo polyol gum. The effect was clinically significant in studies with high or moderate caries level at study baseline. The results also suggested that the caries-reducing effect of xylitol gums may differ from sorbitol/polyol gums. In five of the six heterogenous xylitol candy studies, no caries-reducing effect was found independent of caries level. In addition to caries level, also the daily xylitol dose was a confounding factor. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that the caries-reducing effect of adding xylitol chewing gum to the daily diet has been well demonstrated in children and adolescents with high or moderate caries level at study baseline. Xylitol gum use could benefit subjects with active incipient caries lesions on smooth tooth surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rigid polyurethane foams derived from liquefied kenaf (KPF) with different isocyanate (NCO) indexes were successfully produced by the one-shot method. Liquefied kenaf was obtained via the liquefaction process using PEG400/Gly as the solvent. The effect of NCO indexes on the foaming process and the physical, chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of KPFs were investigated respectively. As the NCO indexes increased, the reaction rate of the foaming process, crosslinking density, compressive strength, and thermal stability of KPFs increased. The cellular morphology of KPF at 120 NCO index (KPF120) showed the largest average cell diameter (433.68 μm) with the highest water absorption ability, and the lowest apparent density (68.16 kg/m3). KPF120 also has the optimum compressive strength (170 kPa) and thermal stability. Rigid PU at formulation of KPF120 is comparable with the petroleum polyol based foams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Energy Chemical Industry is the property of Energy Chemical Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Excessive sugar consumption provides energy but has little nutritional value, contributing to the prevalence of obesity. Hence, “sugar-free” products using artificial or natural sweeteners, including sugar alcohols, have become popular. Accordingly, safety concerns and curiosity have arisen. Therefore, this study used a double-blind, crossover design to compare the effects of commercial sugar-free and sugar jellies (control) on the glycemic response in 16 adults without diabetes. Blood samples were collected to measure blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, C-peptide, glycated hemoglobin, and glycated albumin levels, and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Questionnaires on satiety and intestinal health were also administered. Sugar-free jellies resulted in significantly lower glucose and insulin levels and a reduced area under the curve while showing higher glucagon levels than the controls. Moreover, the sugar-free jelly initially resulted in the greater secretion of ghrelin; however, after 2 h, the control jelly resulted in higher ghrelin. No significant differences were observed in gut quotient, C-peptide, glycated hemoglobin, and glycated albumin levels. In conclusion, substituting sugar jelly with sugar-free jelly may induce lower blood glucose and insulin levels and higher glucagon levels, indicating a better ability to control glucose metabolism. Appetite was not stimulated by sugar-free jelly consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the 21st century, the integration of diverse perspectives within the circular economy framework, encompassing waste management, economic growth, and environmental sustainability, stands out as a paramount challenge. Addressing this challenge, an innovative avenue emerges through the application of microbial oil to replace traditional petroleum in the synthesis of essential commodity chemicals. This groundbreaking study takes a significant step toward this goal by introducing a pioneering polyester material boasting an exceptionally high renewable content. This material is synthesized through melt polycondensation, utilizing a novel primary feedstock derived from the oily residue extracted post‐distillation of β‐farnesene (FDR). The ingenious approach involves fermenting sugarcane syrup using a genetically engineered yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The outcome of this study reveals the creation of an amorphous polymer with rubber‐like attributes. These attributes include a Young's modulus of 3.9 MPa, with a maximum elastic strain and tensile stress values of 185.4% and 510 KPa, respectively, along with distinctive strain‐hardening characteristics. Remarkably, this material also exhibits indications of shape memory behavior in a temperature range spanning from −47 to 12°C, as discerned from dynamic mechanical analysis. Evidently, this novel polymer demonstrates exceptional promise in the realm of low‐temperature applications. Its intrinsic ability to uphold mechanical integrity, even when subjected to substantial deformations within its service conditions, positions it as an invaluable resource for various components requiring resilience in challenging environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foams from fossil fuel-based raw materials have been developed into crucial industrial products for a wide range of applications. However, they come with sustainability and environmental challenges. Bio-based foams hold promises for replacing fossil fuel-based foams because of their low cost, superior thermal insulation performance, superior fire resistance, eco-friendliness, bio-sourced origin, and environmental sustainability. This study synthesized rigid bio-based foams from plant-derived precursor chemicals: furfuryl alcohol (FA) and polyol produced from lignin. FA was obtained from reducing furfural derived from maize cobs via acid hydrolysis. Eight bio-based foams were obtained by varying the catalyst concentration and the ratio of FA to the lignin-based polyol and subsequently characterized. Resulting bio-based foams had compressive resistance: 14–16 MPa, water absorption capacity: 24.12–332.14%, density: 0.247–0.886 g/cm3, and moisture content: 7.90–9.7%. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the foam cellular morphology was closed cells with the cell diameter between 10 and 200 µm. Thermogravimetric analysis data showed that maximum thermal degradation in the produced foams occurred between 457.4 and 453 °C. The outlined results indicated that the foams are suitable for thermal insulation, construction, and floral purposes due to their high thermal stability, high water absorption capacity, and high compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of polyols erythritol, d-mannitol, and maltitol on the volatility of aroma compounds γ-butyrolactone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-phenylethanol in aqueous solution. Headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography and diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to obtain information on aroma–food matrix interaction. Results demonstrated that adding polyols at final low concentrations of 5% or 10% (w/w) to an aqueous solution of 2-phenylethanol reduced the release of vapor-phase aromas, except in the case of 3-methyl-1-butanol, which was not affected by the presence of polyols in the liquid matrix. Polyols also reduced the diffusion coefficients of all three aroma compounds, probably due to friction between the molecules. At low polyol concentrations, aroma compound volatility and diffusion coefficient values were altered compared to those of aromas released from pure water. This observation is related to the physicochemical properties of the aroma compounds. These insights may help guide the use of the combination of aroma compounds and polyols in the formulation of sugar-free and reduced-sugar beverages. Chemical compounds: γ-butyrolactone (PubChem CID: 7302), 3-methyl-1-butanol (PubChem CID: 31260), 2-phenylethanol (PubChem CID: 6054), erythritol (PubChem CID: 222285), d-mannitol (PubChem CID: 6251), maltitol (PubChem CID: 493591).

Cobalt-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized as inorganic nano-pigments by the Polyol chemical preparation method, which is a simple and cost-effective method. Results showed that ethylene glycol (EG) should be utilized for synthesis of nanoparticles with smaller average crystallite size and better crystallinity. Other factors such as molar ratio of cobalt nitrate(Co(No3)2) to zinc acetate(Zn(Ac)2, reaction time, molar ratio of water and sodium hydroxide(NaOH) to the zinc acetate, surfactant and its molar ratio to the zinc were optimized via Taguchi design. The optimum sample was prepared under conditions such as the cobalt nitrate to zinc molar ratio of 0.01, reaction time of 5h, and Triton X100 (molar ratio of 0.2). X-Ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that average crystallite size of the optimum sample was 11 nm. FESEM revealed the uniformity of the powders having nearly a rod-like structure with low aspect ratios. Besides, the impacts of the effective synthesis factors on the colorimetric properties were optimized. Accordingly, the optimum sample revealed a green region with brightness of 58.89(L*), color purity (a* = −22.82), and color hue of 166.89(h°). Average crystallite size, amorphous phase percentage and colorimetric properties correlations have been investigated for the first time. Placement of more cobalt atoms in the ZnO structure raises the brightness coordinate and results more greenness in the color and increase of the crystal size does not directly affect the brightness coordinate.

Polyurethanes, an important class of polymers, are used extensively for preparing various apparel, shoesoles, etc. This paper reports that polyurethanes could be prepared conveniently after blocking the precursor molecule toluene diisocyanate (TDI)with 4-bromo-1H-pyrazole to form blocked toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The blocked adducts were characterized by FTIR, NMR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and CHNS analysis. Particularly, spectroscopic analysis was used to confirm the complete blocking. The DSC thermogram showed that the blocked adducts deblock at 238 °C, regenerating TDI and blocking agent 4-bromopyrazole. At 238 °C, regenerated TDI reacted with polyolsof different molecular weights to form polyurethane under solvent-free conditions. The polyurethanes were further characterized by FTIR, NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and contact angle study. FTIR study shows that there is no peak at 2250–2270 cm−1. So it confirms the absence of NCO peaks. Contact angle measurements of various polyurethanes showed the values in the ranges of 27–50 °C, indicating generally hydrophilic natures of samples. DSC thermogram indicates the presence of glass transition temperature of synthesized polyurethanes at − 30 to − 40 °C. Viscosity measurements of polyurethanes in chloroform at different temperatures indicated decrease in viscosity at higher temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research study was to investigate the properties of polyurethane coatings based on lignin nano-particles. For this purpose, the prepared coatings were applied to pine wood surfaces and weathered artifi- cially. Subsequently, color and gloss of the coatings were measured before and after the weathering test. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) micrographs prepared from the coatings showed that the average size of nano-particles in the polyurethane substrate was approximately 500 nm. Nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy showed that strong urethane bonds were formed in the nano-lignin-based polyurethane. Differential calorimetric analysis (DSC) test revealed that the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of lignin nanoparticles modified with diethylenetriamine (DETA) was 112.8°C and Tg of lignin nano-particles modified with ethylenediamine (EDA) was 102.5°C, which is lower than the Tg of un-modified lignin (114.6°C) and lignin modified with DETA (126.8°C) and lignin modified with EDA (131.3°C). The coatings modified with lignin nano-particles had a greater change in gloss. The lignin nano-particles in the modified coating are trapping hydroxyl radicals which reduces photoactivity and yellowing of the polyurethane by about 3 times compared to unmodified polyurethane coatings. After weathering test, the nano-lignin-based coating had a rougher surface with a lower contact angle (0.78°) compared to the unmodified polyurethane coating (0.85°). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new epoxidized oil from Citrullus colocynthis seed oil (CCSO) was obtained for a potential application in the formulation of polyurethane coatings. Initially, the fatty acid composition of CCSO was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Subsequently, the epoxidation of CCSO was performed with in situ generated peracetic acid, which was formed with hydrogen peroxide (30 wt.%) and glacial acetic acid and catalyzed with sulfuric acid. The reaction was continued at a molar ratio of 1.50:1.0 of hydrogen peroxide to double bond (H2O2:DB) for 6 h at a controlled temperature of 60 °C. The resulting epoxidized oil was then used to produce a bio-based polyol by hydroxylation. The molar ratio of epoxy groups to methanol and distilled water was maintained at 1:11:2, and the reaction was carried out for 2 h at a controlled temperature of 65 °C. The major functional groups of the epoxidized oil and its polyol were validated by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopies. A polyurethane (PU) coating was produced from the synthesized polyol and 3HDI isocyanurate, keeping the molar ratio of NCO:OH at 1:1. The resulting PU coating was then applied to glass and aluminum panels (Al 1001). After the film was cured, the properties of the PU coating were evaluated using various techniques including pencil hardness, pendulum hardness, adhesion, gloss, chemical resistance, and EIS tests. The results show that the PU coating obtained from CCSO is a promising new raw material for coating applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating nano-sized fillers into bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams typically enhances their properties. In present investigation, palm oil-based PU foams are fabricated with varied loadings (0 to 5 wt%) of fumed nanosilica. The foams are then characterized for their fire-retardancy, thermal stability, foam morphology, and also mechanical properties. Marginal improvement in Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) values, as well as failure to be rated under UL-94 Vertical Combustion Test indicate limited potential of fumed silica in improving flammability of organic polymeric foams; suggesting exorbitant amount is required for any distinguishable effect to manifest. Interestingly; results from Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) shows marked improvements in terms of char residue with more than seven-fold increase at 5 wt% filler loading, possibly owed to the inert filler nature of fumed nanosilica forming a char barrier and acting as fuel diluent. Filled PU foams displayed an increased open-cell content, likely because the filler functioned as a cell opener. Removing the influence of density, the normalized compressive properties showed notable improvement up until a certain loading, which could be credited to the increased stiffness imparted by the filler itself. The results portray the potential of fumed nanosilica as filler for bio-based PU foams, offering enhanced thermal stability and limited fire retardancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop an edible coating containing babassu starch, babassu oil, and plasticizers to maintain egg quality. Firstly, it evaluated the effects of 5% babassu starch with 10% (SC-10%), 15% (SC-15%), and 20% (SC-20%) oil coating on egg quality. The effects of polyols such as mannitol and sorbitol alone or in combination on coating effectiveness were also assessed. For the first part, all formulations containing starch and/or babassu oil effectively preserved the internal quality characteristics of weight loss and Haugh units of stored eggs for 28 days. For the yolk and albumen percentages, the eggs for the treatments containing oil (SC-10%, SC-15%, and SC-20%) had the values closest (p < 0.05) to those of fresh eggs. Thus, according to these parameters, the presence of the oil in the coatings was more efficient in delaying egg quality. Despite the increase in albumen pH with the storage, the eggs stored with coatings kept the pH around 8.5. For the yolk color, the b* values of SC-10%, SC-15%, and SC-20% varied from 22.64 to 24.25 and did not differ (p > 0.05) from fresh eggs. Regarding the shell color, ΔE values of coated eggs were higher in the starch babassu treatment (6.97), followed by the treatments SC-10% (4.79), SC-15% (5.18), and SC-20% (5.17), and finally without coating (15.95). The formulation SC-10%, which contained 5% starch and 10% babassu oil, was selected to compare plasticizers. For the plasticizers, the babassu starch and oil in combination with 30% mannitol kept better the egg quality. Weight loss was lower (p < 0.05) in eggs only with 30% of mannitol (2.69%) and the Haugh Units were higher (60.04). For the b* value of yolk, 30% of mannitol had higher values (48.83) (p < 0.05) when compared to the control treatment (40.39). Thus, the presence of babassu starch (5%) and oil (10%) in combination with 30% mannitol maintains the egg quality during 28 days of storage. This study provides an approach that can potentially be applied to egg shelf life using products of the babassu industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impurities 1,2-propylene glycol (PG), 1,2-butylene glycol (BG), 2,3-butylene glycol (23BG), 1,2-pentanediol (PDO), and 1,2-hexanediol (HDO) were isolated from ethylene glycol (EG) via biphasic-solvent extraction, which involves immiscible solvents saline water (S1) and ethyl acetate (S2). After adding S1 to the diol-S2 system, the partition coefficients were almost unaltered, while the selectivity coefficients were doubled or tripled. The larger the carbon-atom number of diol was, the higher the removal rate was. The removal rates of PG, BG, 23BG, PDO, and HDO reached 68%, 95.3%, 90.1%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The EG content was increased from 72.7 to 91.2 wt%, and EG recovery reached 80.1%. The phase diagrams showed that the S1-EG-S2, S1-PDO-S2, and S1-HDO-S2 systems exhibited Treybal's type-II behaviors, while the S1-PG-S2 and S1-BG-S2 systems showed type-I characteristics. In addition, the low-carbon-number diols were miscible with S1 and rejected S2, while the high-carbon-number diols exhibited opposite characteristics. The intense endotherm during the dissolution of EG in ester implied that the increase of enthalpy of system is an important reason for the high chemical potential of EG. The obvious Tyndall phenomena of C 3–6 diols dispersed in saline water indicated that these diols formed into ordered micelles with low entropy, resulting in their high chemical potentials. The chemical potentials of diols in the biphasic solvents synergistically contributed to the separation selectivity. [Display omitted] • The selectivity coefficients were doubled or even tripled by using this novel strategy of biphasic-solvent extraction. • Removal rates of 1,2-butylene glycol, 1,2-pentanediol, and 1,2-hexanediol reached 95.3%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. • The purity and total recovery of EG reached 91.2 wt% and 80.1%, respectively. • The changes in enthalpy and entropy were measured by isothermal titration calorimetry and Tyndall-phenomenon experiments. • The different partition behaviors of diols were correlated with their chemical potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cv ‘Doña María’ table grape is a high-quality table grape variety included in the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) of the European Union “The bagged grape of the Vinalopó”. The PDO stipulates that grape clusters must be protected with paper bags from inclement weather and insects, which helps enhance the final grape quality. However, ‘Doña María’ is a variety prone to high shattering in the late stages of ripening on the vine and during postharvest. Inorganic calcium treatments are one of the most commonly used tools to reduce this disorder, but the translocation of this mineral from veraison onward has been questioned. In this study, five applications were performed, from veraison to harvest, using sorbitol-chelated calcium (0.7% + 1.0%), Ca(NO3)2 (Ca) at 0.7% and sorbitol at 1%. It was observed that bagged grapes (not wetted with the solutions) only increased the concentration of total and bound calcium when treated with sorbitol–Ca. This resulted in reduced berry drop during cultivation and postharvest and improved fruit firmness. Additionally, it reduced grape metabolism indicators such as respiration rate, weight loss, malic acid degradation, prevented abscisic acid (ABA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and favored the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as total polyphenols, increased antioxidant activity, and sugar content. The application of sorbitol-chelated calcium is an effective and safe tool that enhances fruit quality and prevents losses due to shattering during postharvest.

Parallel-strand lumber was manufactured with bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusodies). A polyol compound was added to modify the adhesive (pMDI). Bamboo culms were used to manufacture strands 3 mm thick, 19 mm wide, and 65 cm long. Adhesive was applied to the strands at 200 g/m2 with pressing at 110 °C, 15 kg/cm2, and 30 min. Panels were made with width 600 mm, length 600 mm, and thickness 20 mm. Some physical properties (oven-dry density, air-dry density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and water absorption percentage) and mechanical properties (bending resistance, modulus of elasticity, impact resistance, screw-holding capacity in tangential, radial, and transverse directions) of parallel-strand lumber for both adhesive types were determined. Both resin types improved some physical and mechanical properties of parallel-strand lumber. Additionally, the modulus of rupture and flexural modulus of elasticity of the test specimens using pMDI+5%MP adhesive were higher than those of the test specimens using pMDI. The average screw-holding capacity values of the test specimens were affected by the fiber aspect of the specimens rather than the adhesive type. Parallel-strand lumber produced from both pMDI and pMDI+5%MP adhesives can be used in structural applications, especially in places exposed to the disturbing effects of weather.

This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of lignin-based polyol production through organosolv fractionation of cardoon stalks and subsequent lignin liquefaction. The LCA employed a cradle-to-gate approach, encompassing cardoon cultivation and all processing steps leading to polyol production. The research involved laboratory-scale optimization of the organosolv and liquefaction processes, followed by industrial-scale implementation. The analysis revealed that all stages of the production chain, including crop cultivation, organosolv, and liquefaction, significantly influenced overall environmental impacts. Specific materials and processes played pivotal roles, such as harvesting machinery and fertilizers in crop production, γ-Valerolactone (GVL) as the primary contributor (72–100%) to environmental impacts in the organosolv phase, and materials like polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and glycerin in the liquefaction phase, accounting for the majority (96–100%) of environmental impacts in this stage. When considering endpoint damage categories, it became evident that this production chain had a notable impact on human health, primarily due to emissions in air, water, and soil from agricultural processes. Lignin-based polyols demonstrated a moderate improvement compared to their petroleum-based counterparts, with an approximate reduction of 3–16% in environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability and renewability are the terms that concern most researchers today. In the world of paints and adhesives, polyurethane (PU) is a popular material due to the enormous possibilities in the choice of raw materials. The scientific community today is more focused on adopting water-based and low-solvent or solvent-free technologies instead of traditional solvent-based routes in the synthesis of PUs. Adopting more ecological routes is a step towards achieving the goal of sustainable and renewable development. The use of bio-derived monomers not only contributes to the goal of sustainable development but also eliminates the uncertainty of price, availability and environmental hazards associated with traditional petroleum-derived monomers. Among the biologically derived resources, vegetable oils are the most promising and most studied raw materials in the PU industry due to their abundance, inherent biodegradability, non-toxicity and low price. Since primitive times they had traditionally been used for coatings and adhesive applications. Today, the full field use of vegetable oil-based monomers or polymers as raw material is an excellent effort for a sustainable future in the world of coatings and adhesives worldwide. The review highlights recent advances in vegetable oil-based polyols as an environmentally friendly material for PU coating and adhesive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parallel-strand lumber was manufactured with bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusodies). A polyol compound was added to modify the adhesive (pMDI). Bamboo culms were used to manufacture strands 3 mm thick, 19 mm wide, and 65 cm long. Adhesive was applied to the strands at 200 g/m2 with pressing at 110 °C, 15 kg/cm², and 30 min. Panels were made with width 600 mm, length 600 mm, and thickness 20 mm. Some physical properties (oven-dry density, air-dry density, moisture content, thickness swelling, and water absorption percentage) and mechanical properties (bending resistance, modulus of elasticity, impact resistance, screwholding capacity in tangential, radial, and transverse directions) of parallelstrand lumber for both adhesive types were determined. Both resin types improved some physical and mechanical properties of parallel-strand lumber. Additionally, the modulus of rupture and flexural modulus of elasticity of the test specimens using pMDI+5%MP adhesive were higher than those of the test specimens using pMDI. The average screw-holding capacity values of the test specimens were affected by the fiber aspect of the specimens rather than the adhesive type. Parallel-strand lumber produced from both pMDI and pMDI+5%MP adhesives can be used in structural applications, especially in places exposed to the disturbing effects of weather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the spray pyrolysis deposition of PbSe films, using as-prepared PbSe colloids as the starting solution. The PbSe colloids were prepared by using the alkahest approach, where Pb and Se precursors were made to react with the following green polyols: glycerin, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol, to subsequently spray them onto glass substrates. The results of the characterization indicated that amine or thiol groups-free and single-phase rock-salt cubic PbSe powder was obtained, producing nanocrystals 16–30 nm in size. X-ray diffraction also showed that the PbSe films containing PbSeO3 and PbO·xH2O as impurity phases were produced during the deposition. The morphology of the powders and films was developed by a self-assembly process, in which the primary PbSe nanoparticles self-assemble to produce peanut-like microstructures. Additionally, a non-continuous and porous feature was formed in the thick films. Certain films revealed optical structures characterized by broad- and low-intensity bands resembling an exciton-like behavior. This could be attributed to the presence of nanocrystals with a size less than the Bohr radius, indicating reminiscent quantum effects. The results suggest that the usage of colloidal dispersions as spray solutions represents an effective approach to forming PbSe films, as well as that the synthesis method allows for the elimination of thiol and amine groups before deposition, significantly simplifying the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digestibility of palm kernel meal can be increased using mannanase. Enzyme application in the field requires a preservation process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of liquid Eupenicillium javanicum BS4 mannanase resulting from solid state fermentation with the addition of a preservative (glycerol, sorbitol, or mannitol) at storage temperatures of 4 °C and at room temperature. Enzymes were produced using solid state fermentation with coconut cake as substrate and E. javanicum BS4 inoculum. The preservation evaluated the stability of the enzyme in three conditions: in submerged culture and solid state fermentation, filtration and non-filtration treatments, and different concentrations of the preservative. Each treatment was added with each preservation agent and included a negative control. Enzyme activity (U/mL) and saccharification activity (U/mL) were observed during incubation. The half-life of the enzyme activity was determined by the log curve of the enzyme activity. The half-life of the enzyme under solid state fermentation was longer than enzyme-submerged culture. Filtration treatment produced more stable results. The addition of mannitol and sorbitol (polyol) at a concentration of 20% gave similar results during incubation. Increasing the concentration of mannitol was not possible at it caused crystallization. Although the enzyme activity and saccharification fluctuated over the incubation period, 30% sorbitol was the best preservative. The results of saccharification can be used as a parameter in the field for determining enzyme addition to feed containing high palm kernel meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights optimizing polyol reaction conditions to produce 100% silver nanowire (AgNW) yields (AgNWs count/all nanostructure count) using a millifluidic flow reactor (MFR). AgNWs of uniform length and diameter offer potentially low-cost, transparent, and flexible conductors. MFRs produce AgNWs with superior uniformity, yield, and concentration due to the reduced dimensions of the reaction environment. A statistical design of experiments (DoE) considering polyol reaction temperature and the three reagent concentrations optimized the process. The AgNWs are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to calculate the yield of AgNWs per reaction. After completing the DoE, calculated yields are put into Minitab statistical software for analysis. Minitab discovered the optimal reaction conditions to be T = 170 °C, [AgNO3] = 0.177 M, [CuCl2] = 6.05 mM, and [PVP] = 0.224 M, with an R2 value of 85%. Results of the DoE were imported into supervised decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF) machine learning (ML) algorithms. The DT and RF predicted yields of AgNWs given reaction temperature and reagent concentrations with 96.9% and 97.5% accuracy, respectively. The optimal polyol reaction conditions synthesized 100% AgNW yield with average concentrations of 16 mg/mL, lengths of 32 µm (σ ± 3.5 µm), diameters of 68 nm (σ ± 12 nm), and aspect ratios of 475. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles are easily obtained by a range of room temperature processes. In particular, polyols-based syntheses performed in alkaline conditions without the need for surfactants lead to small size nanoparticles around 10 nm in diameter. While highly viscous polyols, such as glycerol, have been the most studied polyols with which to perform the reaction, the use of alternative alcohols with lower viscosity could benefit the processing of the nanoparticles. Here, we show that ethylene glycol is a suitable alternative to glycerol. Via a study comprising more than 70 experiments overall, we identified that the key parameters by which to control nanoparticle size and colloidal stability are the amount of base used and the amount of ethylene glycol. Too-high or too-low values of base and/or ethylene glycol do not lead to stable colloidal nanoparticles. An optimal Base/Gold molar ratio is around 4 and an optimal amount of ethylene glycol is around 30 v.% to obtain stable ca. 10 nm Au NPs and to develop a green room temperature surfactant-free colloidal synthesis of gold nanoparticles.

The utilization of Erythritol/xylitol eutectic material for low-temperature thermal energy storage and thermal management holds great promise. However, its inability to undergo spontaneous nucleation and crystallization poses a significant obstacle. This research paper introduces a novel nucleation technique that combines gas injection agitation and seeding to address this issue. The study aims to investigate the impact of gas injection tube diameter, thermal environment, and gas injection duration on the nucleation and crystallization characteristics of the material. Experimental analysis reveals that, under optimal conditions, the solidification enthalpy reaches 203.1 J/g, equivalent to 85% of the melting enthalpy. Additionally, the material exhibits excellent thermal cycle stability, with no observed phase separation or deterioration after 100 heating and cooling cycles. Furthermore, the influence of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) nanoparticle additives on nucleation is explored. Different MWCNT additive mass fractions are compared. The obtained results underscore the significance of understanding the effects of gas injection parameters and nanoparticle additives on nucleation and crystallization processes. The enhanced solidification enthalpy, remarkable thermal cycle stability, and insights into MWCNT effects pave the way for broader applications of this promising phase change material in thermal energy storage and thermal management.

Depletion of fossil fuels and climate issues are calling for renewable sources of chemicals such as modern biomass, yet converting biomass into chemicals is challenging due to the inherent molecular complexity of biomass composition. Here, we review recent methods for the production of polyols from vegetable oil, lignin, and carbohydrates. We also review the production of polyurethane from biomass polyols. Conversion of vegetable oil into polyols is done by epoxidation, hydroformylation, and transesterification. Conversion of lignin into polyols is done by solvothermal liquefaction, hydroxymethylation, oxypropylation, and phenolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-derived polyol products have gained global interest as a green and sustainable substitute for fossil-based polyols in a diverse range of polyurethane (PU) applications. According to previous studies, PU properties are highly influenced by the reaction kinetics during their formation. One major factor affecting this is the reactivity of their polyol's functional hydroxyl moieties that are classified as primary, secondary, and hindered-secondary. However, experimental quantitative characterization of these polyol hydroxyl moieties remains a challenge in the field due to various factors affecting them, including extensive time requirements, the need for substantial and expensive resources, large potential errors, and the generation of wastes, as well as health and safety considerations. In this study, the molar fraction of primary, secondary, and hindered-secondary hydroxyl moieties of a petroleum-based polyol (V490) and a rice straw-based polyol were determined via an iterative computational method. The method employed a MATLAB script that can simultaneously solve multiple differential equations involving PU gelling reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. In this manner, numerical combinations of the fraction of each type of hydroxyl moiety are generated by looping together the respective numerical fractions for each moiety. The best-fit combinations of the fractions of the mixed polyol's hydroxyl moieties were successfully found via curve fitting of the simulated and experimental gelling temperature profile with an average numerical deviation of less than 1%. Thus, the method presented in this study offers a faster and more reliable characterization of the polymeric reaction kinetics than the experimental and conventional computational methods for product property enhancement and development in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]