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The polymetallic mineralization zone in Zhebei farm-Lianhetunpu is located in the northwest of Zalut Banner, Inner Mongolia. It lies in the northern epicontinental accretionary zone of north China plate and has excellent mineralization geological conditions. Through geological, geophysical and geochemical surveys and trenching and drilling verification, it is concluded that the mineralized points in the area are mainly deposited in the alteration zone of the upper Jurassic Manketouebo Formation and the middle Permian Zhesi Formation, among which the acid volcanic rocks of the Upper Jurassic Manketouebo Formation are the main metallogenic stratum. The genesis is of the hydrothermal filling deposit. Magmatism is the dominant factor, and tectonics provides space and channels for mineralization. As prospecting marks, limonitization, silicification, epidotization and malachitization are critical for later prospecting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Elatsite–Chelopech ore field in the northern part of the Panagyurishte district in Central Bulgaria comprises numerous spatially associated porphyry copper and epithermal gold deposits and prospects. In addition to the mineralization and alteration features, trace elements, lead and sulfur isotope signatures of sulfide minerals from porphyry copper, base metal and gold-base metal deposits/prospects have been studied. LA-ICP-MS analyses of pyrite, arsenopyrite and sulfosalt minerals validate them as major carriers for Au, Ag, Sb, Se and Co. Pyrite from the three types of mineralization has specific geochemical characteristics. Pyrite from the porphyry copper deposits/prospects has generally lower total trace element content compared to pyrite from the epithermal prospects, except for Se, Co and Ni. Pyrite from the base metal and gold-base metal veins is enriched in As, Au, Ag, Sb and Pb. In pyrite from the base metal deposits, Co and Ni have contents comparable to the pyrite from the porphyry copper deposits, while pyrite from the gold-base metal veins shows lower Co and Ni. Arsenopyrite from these deposits shows similar features. Similarly, sphalerite from the gold-base metal veins also has lower Co content compared to sphalerite from the base metal veins but higher In and Cu contents. In addition to the close spatial relationships between the Elatsite and Gorna Kamenitsa porphyry Cu deposits and Negarstitsa-West and Dolna Kamenitsa base metal prospects, as well as similarities in the mineralization and alteration styles, the lead isotopic (206Pb/204Pb = 18.61–18.68, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.64–15.65 for porphyry and 206Pb/204Pb = 18.55–18.67, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.64–15.68 for base metal) and sulfur isotopic (δ34S values of −3 to +1‰ for porphyry and δ34S values of −1.7 to +3.5‰ for base metal) signatures of sulfides support the idea of a genetic link between these two types of deposits. The porphyry and base-metal mineralization result from a common major ore-forming event during the Late Cretaceous, corresponding to deep/higher-temperature and shallower/distal/lower-temperature environments, respectively. In particular, more radiogenic lead (206Pb/204Pb = 18.41–18.47, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.67–15.76) and slightly different sulfur isotopic compositions (δ34S values of +3.5 to +10.6‰) of sulfides from the distal gold-base metal veins of Kordunsko Dere, Svishti Plaz and Shipkite might be a consequence of the interaction of the ore-forming fluids with an external older crustal and isotopically positive S source. Alternatively, a different fluid source/event for the formation of these gold-base metal veins may be suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A CatBoost model is built to detect mineralization-related geochemical anomalies. • SHAP is used to enhance the interpretability of the CatBoost model. • An interpretable robust high-performance model is built from stream sediment data. The vast majority of shallow and deep learning techniques used to identify mineralization-related geochemical anomalies are black-box algorithms that lack the ability to elucidate the individual contributions of each element towards the model predictions. In addition, most of the anomaly identification models established by both shallow and deep learning algorithms lack robustness. Establishing interpretable and robust machine learning models is a challenge in applying machine learning techniques to geochemical anomaly identification. To this end, the categorical boosting (CatBoost) algorithm was employed to build a robust ensemble classifier to identify mineralization-related anomalies from the 1:50,000 geochemical reconnaissance data (stream sediment survey) in the Yeniugou area of Xinjiang (China). The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and precision-recall (P-R) curve of the ensemble model were plotted, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) as well as the area under the P-R curve (AUPRC) of the ensemble model were calculated to measure the performance of the ensemble model. The ROC curve of the ensemble model approximates that of the perfect classification model. The P-R curve of the ensemble model is close to the upper right corner of the P-R space. The AUC and AUPRC values of the ensemble model reaches 0.9981 and 0.7816, respectively. The identified polymetallic mineralization-related geochemical anomalies account for 3% of the whole exploration area, correctly identifying all known polymetallic deposits. To enhance the interpretability of the CatBoost model, the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) tool was adopted to graphically interpret the predictions of the ensemble model. The graphic interpretation shows that the importance order of the 14 elements is Ni-Au-Ag-Sn-As-Cr-Zn-Cu-Pb-Sb-W-Bi-Mo-Co. Cu and Ni are most likely metallogenic elements of the study area. Cu interacts with Ni, Ag, As, Sn, Cr, Zn, Pb, Sb, W, Bi, and Co; and Ni interacts with Au, Sn, As, Zn, Cu, W, Bi, and Co. Two polymetallic prospective areas were delineated in the study area. One is Cu-Ni-polymetallic mineralization prospective area, and the other is Ni-polymetallic mineralization prospective area. It can be concluded that the combination of CatBoost and SHAP is an effective way to construct an interpretable ensemble model with high-performance and robustness in identifying mineralization-related geochemical anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NW Anatolia of Turkey (especially the Biga Peninsula) hosts substantial skarn, porphyry Cu-Mo, and epithermal Pb–Zn ± Ag ± Au mineralizations. Of these, ore-forming processes of the Soma (Manisa) region in the southern part of the Biga Peninsula are distinguished. Two subtypes of mineralization zones were identified in the study area. The first subtype of mineralization is located nearby outward sections of Turkali pluton, resembling a porphyry type of mineralization with higher homogenization temperatures (197.5 to 280.1 ℃) with salinities 2.4 to 15.8 wt.% NaCl equivalents. The relatively high anomalies of Cu (up to 0.36% and Mo up to 634 ppm) with minor gold anomalies found in outward zones of Turkali pluton suggested the pluton likely to host higher-grade porphyry-type mineralization. The mineralogical assemblage of Turkali-related mineralization consists of chalcopyrite and molybdenite with minor sphalerite and also points out a granite-hosted porphyry-hydrothermal system. The second subtype of mineralization which is located around Yayladalı village can be described as a volcanic-hosted polymetallic Pb–Zn ± Au ± Ag hydrothermal-type mineralization. The main ore minerals are galena and sphalerite with supergene minerals including smithsonite and cerussite; therefore, this mineralization can be considered as a volcanic-hosted multiphase hydrothermal polymetallic deposition. The homogenization temperatures of 191.5 to 251.4 ℃ with salinities 5.86 to 18.0 wt. NaCl equivalents also support this conclusion. Both mineralization fields have high alteration index values, as expected. The volcanic-hosted mineralization zone has higher Ishikawa Alteration Index (AI) and chlorite carbonate pyrite index (CCPI) values, probably caused by the higher permeability of acidic volcanic rocks with lots of fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Tadaout-Tizi n'Rsas (TTR) polymetallic (Pb, Cu, Zn) vein field, located at the southeastern of the Moroccan eastern Anti-Atlas, is hosted in sedimentary sandstone formations of the Ktaoua Group of the upper Ordovician. These deposits are reported to be late Variscan to Post-variscan in age, and are related to the emplacement of late Permian doleritic magma event outcropping in the Tafilalet region. Structural and paragenetic studies of the TTR mineralization deposit were conducted in order to establish a general model of the mineralization. A two-stage model of the formation of the mineralized veins of the TTR vein field is proposed herein. The first episode is attributed to the late Variscan phase. It is a trantensive regime characterized by the presence of lenticular structures related to the normal dextral movement of the major faults. This episode is coeval with the emplacement and brecciation of the polymetallic mineralization of the TTR vein field (galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite). The second episode is associated with normal faults, during the extensional phase corresponding to the tectonic relaxation of shortening (Upper Permian) and more probably during the Atlantic rifting. It is characterized by the formation of a banded texture of mineralization. • A model of the formation of the mineralized veins of the TTR vein field, structural interpretations and paragenetic studies. • Mineralogical characterization and textures of the ore bodies of TTR vein field. • Structural controls on mineralization in the Tafilalet metallogenic district (TMD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent a dozen years, the mineral exploration, research on mineralization and precise measurement of isotopic age have been carried out continuously in West Qinling, which have achieved a lot of new discoveries in exploration and some new understandings of metallogeny. Especially, a quantity of high accuracy isotopic age data of igneous rocks and polymetallic mineralization, have gradually uncovered the veil of Triassic polymetallic mineralization in West Qinling, showing the universality and diversity of Triassic mineralization, and indicating the huge metallogenic potential. Xicheng and Fengtai ore cluster zones, located in the eastern part of West Qinling, where the predominant Triassic minerals of Pb-Zn, Au, Ag and Cu are well developed with lesser minerals of W, Mo and Fe; and Pb-Zn and Au are the superior mineral resources in the ore cluster zones. The latest research achivements show that the ages of the polymetallic deposits in the area range from 231 Ma to 197 Ma, concentrated in 220 - 200 Ma; the ages of magmatic rocks range from 248 Ma to 195 Ma, concentrated in 230- 200 Ma. The polymetallic mineralization and magmatic activity are temporal coupling with the peak of 220- 210 Ma. The main types of polymetallic deposits include the hydrothermal filling and replacing ore deposits related to the magmatic activity and metamorphism, the porphyry, skarn and greisen ore deposits associated with magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization system. The tectonic activity and its product are the dominant ore-controlling factors of polymetallic mineralization, and the structures of the various types and different scales directly control the occurrence, form, attitude and size of the orebodies. The polymetallic mineralization in the area developes in the post- collision stage of lndosinian orogenic process in Qinling orogeny, which is the product of the extensive and intense coupling process of deformation and metamorphism, magmatic activity and fluid flow in Late Triassic. Based on the metallogenic geological conditions, mineralization characteristics, ore genesis, ore-controlling factors and ore-forming regularities, some further prospecting targets are suggested preliminarily to promote the prospecting and exploration works at depth in this area to make new achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sediment-hosted polymetallic (Pb, Zn, Ag, Au-Cu) mineralization of the Vale do Ribeira Mineral District has been known since the beginning of the 20th century, but exploration was interrupted just before the turn of the century. The Vale do Ribeira Mineral District is part of the Southern Ribeira Belt, developed during the Brasiliano-Pan African orogeny. Polymetallic mineralization is mainly hosted in metalimestones of the Lajeado Group, a typical platform carbonate sequence of a passive margin, which has been deformed during the Gondwana assembly. The region has a gap of research since the mines were closed, which justifies new projects on their mineral economic potential. Fieldwork, petrographic and geochemical analyses were developed in five currently inactive mines (Panelas, Barrinha, Rocha, Lajeado, and Furnas) and their surroundings, along with the description of a drill core executed in the 1980s. The main type of ore consists of polymetallic fault-fill veins of massive sulfide, which are composed essentially by argentiferous galena, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, and chalcopyrite. The highest ore grades were obtained from samples in the Panelas Mine, with contents of up to 35% lead, 5% zinc, > 1% copper and 564 ppm silver, as well as 23% iron. New ore occurrences were described in a secondary gallery of the Barrinha Mine, whose gold grades reached up to 5,630 ppb. The main controls of the mineralization are lithological - since the ore occurs exclusively in carbonate rocks, irrespective of the geological unit - and structural, related to NE high-angle strike-slip fault zones, including evidence of fault-valve behavior. Fault zones as the main control of the polymetallic veins is an innovative interpretation, increasing the perspectives for mineral exploration in the area. Although they are small deposits, the presented data indicate that the region has potential for new discoveries and that the mined deposits are probably not exhausted.

In Northeast Vietnam, Suoi Thau-Sang Than is considered as a high potential area of polymetallic deposits. 1,720 geochemical samples were used to investigate polymetallic mineralization; thereby polymetallic ore occurrences in this study region were discovered and the statistical and multivariate analysis helps to define geochemical anomalies in some northeastern regions, namely Suoi Thau, Sang Than, and Ban Kep. The statistical method and cluster analysis of geochemical data indicate that the Cu, Pb, and Zn elements are good indicators, and most of them comply with the lognormal or gamma distribution. Based on the third-order threshold, the geochemical anomalies of the content of the Cu, Pb, and Zn elements reflect the concentration of copper forming ore bodies in the mineralized zone, and clearly show the concentration in three distinct zones. The trend surface analysis which was employed to determine spatial variations and relationships among these good indicator elements and anomalous areas revealed relative changes in the content of the indicator elements, and they can be considered as regular. Moreover, the goodness of fit obtained trend functions of Pb and Zn, and Cu elements is a third-degree trend surface model. These results indicate that the models can be useful in studying geochemical anomalies and analyzing the tendency of the concentration of indicator elements in the Suoi Thau-Sang Than region. Additionally, it is suggested that the statistical analysis shows a remarkable potential to use the bottom river sediments in the region to investigate polymetallic mineralization. Moreover, geochemical data can help to evaluate geochemical anomalies of the pathfinder elements and potential mineral mapping of the Suoi Thau-Sang Than region in Northeast Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qingchengzi Pb–Zn–Au–Ag–Mo polymetallic ore field located in the Liaodong Peninsula, Liaoning Province, China, is spatially associated with multiple magmatism, which provide a classic example for studying the multiple tectonic and metallogenetic events. In this paper, we report some new geochemical and geochronological data of igneous rocks in the Qingchengzi ore field, including diabase, lamprophyre, microdiorite, granite porphyry, and quartz porphyry. Zircon U–Pb dating yielded the formation ages of these rocks as Triassic, Jurassic, and Early Cretaceous. Low‐Mg adakitic granite porphyries formed at 233 Ma have zircon εHf(t) values of −17.7 to −14.5, suggesting that they were mainly derived from partial melting of thickened lower crust. Mafic dykes formed during 226–203 Ma have zircon εHf(t) values of −28.6 to −12.8, suggesting that they were mainly derived from partial melting of ancient lithospheric mantle. Zircons from the 168Ma Jurassic diabase have high Nb/Ta and low Nb/Th ratios, with zircon εHf(t) values of −25.2 to −18.5. This suggests that ancient lithospheric mantle was influenced by melts/fluids from the subducted Palaeo‐Pacific Plate. The Early Cretaceous microdiorites (126 Ma) are high‐Mg adakite rocks, with zircon εHf(t) values of −27.3 to −19.6. Melting of delaminated eclogitic lower crust might produce these high‐Mg adakitic microdiorites. The upwelling asthenosphere could heat the residual lower crust to form the quartz porphyries. The Early Cretaceous diabase (100 Ma) shows low Nb/Ta and high Nb/Th ratios, with zircon εHf(t) values of −0.7 to 5.8, implying a depleted mantle source. The characteristics of Triassic–Cretaceous intermediate‐mafic intrusions show that the lithospheric mantle evolved from enriched ancient mantle to depleted juvenile mantle. This transformation of the lithospheric mantle might have resulted from the delamination of the lower crust that was caused by subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate. Based on the field observation and geochemical data, Au, Pb–Zn–Ag, Mo mineralization in the Qingchengzi ore field show closely spatial and genetic relationship with intrusive rocks, indicating that the Mo, Pb–Zn–Ag mineralization might be related to the Jurassic magmatic activity, whereas Au mineralization related to the Early Cretaceous magma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Faina Greenstone Belt is located in the southern sector of the Goiás Archean Block and has been investigated since the 18th century because of its gold deposits. Recent studies have revealed the polymetallic potential of the belt, which is indicated by anomalous levels of Ag, Cu, Fe and Co in addition to Mn, Ba, Li, Ni, Cr and Zn. This study was developed based on a detailed analysis of two selected target sites, Cascavel and Tinteiro, and multiple data sets, such as airborne geophysics, geochemistry and geological information. These datasets were used to create a final prospectivity map using the fuzzy logic technique. The gold mineralization of Cascavel target is inserted in an orogenic system and occurs in two overlapping quartz veins systems, called Mestre-Cascavel and Cuca, embedded in quartzite with an average thickness 50 cm and guidance N45 °-60°W/25°SW with free coarse gold in grains 2-3 mm to 3 cm. The prospectivity map created for this prospect generated four first-order favorable areas for mineralization and new medium-favorability foci. The Tinteiro area, derived from studies conducted by Orinoco do Brasil Mineração Ltda., shows polymetallic mineralization associated with an iron oxide-copper-gold ore deposit (IOCG) system posterior to Cascavel target mineralization. Its prospectivity map generated 19 new target sites with the potential for Au, Cu and Ag mineralization, suggesting new directions for future prospecting programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Iranian East Magmatic Assemblage (IEMA) in the Central Lut region, hosted porphyry and vein-type polymetallic mineralization. The GaleChah-Shurab mining district is located in NW of the IEMA. Volcanic and subvolcanic bodies in the area are composed of calc-alkaline porphyry quartz-latite, porphyry dacite and rhyodacite and hornblende-biotite andesite, equivalent to I-type granite. They emplaced in Tertiary and intruded the Jurassic shale, siltstone and limestone basement (Shemshak Fm). The faults, joints and fractures, are the main controls on the mineralization, in forms of disseminated, vein, veinlet and minor stockwork and brecciation type mineralization of Pb, Zn, Cu, Sb and trace elements. Vein and veinlet of Pb+Zn±Cu±Sb in the Gale-Chah abandoned mine accompanied by carbonate and silicic alterations in association with galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, bournonite and tetrahedrite as the hypogene ore minerals and their supergene products including cerussite, covellite, digenite and second-generation colloidal pyrite. The Pb+Zn+Cu+Sb mineralization associated with sericitic and silicic alterations in the Shurab abandoned mine, is composed of two types of mineralization, veinlet and brecciation vein in the porphyry dacite boundaries with Jurassic shale and sandstones, and the disseminated and disseminated-veinlet mineralization which is hosted by the altered porphyry dacite and rhyodacite intrusive rocks. The mineral assemblages are galena, sphalerite, stibnite, As-bearing pyrite, chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite-tennantite complex hypogene-sulfide ore as a hypogene ore, and malachite, covellite, cerussite and melancoitic pyrite as a sulfide-oxide supergene ore. The Pb+Zn+Sb±As±Ag polymetallic occurrence is associated with sericitic, carbonate and chloritic alteration assemblage in the Chupan occurrence, in two forms, I) vein, veinlet-stockwork (30m depth) confined to fault structures and II) disseminated-replacement (below 70m) mainly hosted in rhyodacite and porphyry dacite rocks. The hypogene minerals are galena, sphalerite, stibnite, pyrite, realgar-orpiment, arsenopyrite, and chalcopyrite with extensive occurrence of oxide-sulfide supergene products, such as Mn-oxide, hematite, malachite and colloidal pyrite. Fluid inclusion study show that disseminated veinlet Cu and disseminated-replacement polymetallic mineralization at the Shurab and Chupan deposits, respectively occurred in the high temperature, salinity and depth compared to vein-veinlet Pb and Zn mineralization of Gale-chah deposit. It seems that the mineralization is related to hydrothermal fluid evolution affected by mixing with cold and low salinity meteoric water.

The Hangaliya gold deposit, located in the South Eastern Desert of Egypt, comprises a series of milky quartzveins along NW-trending Hangaliya shear zone, cutting through granitic rocks of Gabal Nugrus monzogranite. Thisshear zone, along with a system of discrete shear and fault zones, formed in the late deformation history of the area.The quartz vein emplacement took place under a brittle-ductile shear regime. Auriferous quartz veins are slightlysheared and boudinaged within the shear zone, especially in the hematized granite. Hydrothermal alteration ispervasive in the granitic wall rocks including sericitization, chloritization, fluoritization, sulphidization and minorcarbonatization. The altered zones and associating quartz veins contain sulphides, gold, silver, cobalt, bismuth, anduraninite minerals.The Hangaliya gold veins include gold, silver, cobaltite, native bismuth, chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, ferrocolumbite,fergusonite and uraninite. The Au-ore occurs in the quartz veins and adjacent wall rocks as disseminationin chalcopyrite and pyrite. Presence of refractory native silver, bismuth and cobalt in chalcopyrite is inferredfrom microprobe analyses. Wall rock sulphidization also likely contributed to destabilising the gold-silver, cobalt,bismuth assemblages and precipitation of the minerals in the hydrothermal alteration zone adjacent to the quartzveins. Gold occurs in two main modes: “invisible gold” in sulphides and native gold. Most of the “invisible gold”occurs in chalcopyrite and bismuth. The altered granites in the Hangaliya shear zone are enriched in Au, Ag, Bi, Co,and Ni with chalcopyrite, which suggests derivation of these metals from serpentinites due to interaction with thefelsic Nugrus granite.

Preliminary sulphur isotope data are presented for selected ore deposits and occurrences in the Karkonosze-Izera Massif, namely, polymetallic mineralization sites at Budniki, Ciechanowice, Izerskie Garby and Sowia Dolina, and the pyrite deposit at Wieściszowice. The data reveal two populations of δ34S values: from 2.74 to 3.95‰ (pyrrhotites and pyrites in Sowia Dolina, and some pyrites in Wieściszowice) and from 0.79 to 1.8‰ (pyrites in Budniki, Ciechanowice and Izerskie Garby, and some pyrites from Wieściszowice). All of the data are indicative of endogenic sulphur typical of hydrothermal mineralization despite the genetic differences between the sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pingüino deposit, located in the low sulfidation epithermal metallogenetical province of the Deseado Massif, Patagonia, Argentina, represents a distinct deposit type in the region. It evolved through two different mineralization events: an early In-bearing polymetallic event that introduced In, Zn, Pb, Ag, Cd, Au, As, Cu, Sn, W and Bi represented by complex sulfide mineralogy, and a late Ag-Au quartz-rich vein type that crosscut and overprints the early polymetallic mineralization. The indium-bearing polymetallic mineralization developed in three stages: an early Cu-Au-In-As-Sn-W-Bi stage (Ps), a Zn-Pb-Ag-In-Cd-Sb stage (Ps) and a late Zn-In-Cd (Ps). Indium concentrations in the polymetallic veins show a wide range (3.4 to 1,184 ppm In). The highest indium values (up to 1,184 ppm) relate to the Ps mineralization stage, and are associated with Fe-rich sphalerites, although significant In enrichment (up to 159 ppm) is also present in the Ps paragenesis associated with Sn-minerals (ferrokesterite and cassiterite). The hydrothermal alteration associated with the polymetallic mineralization is characterized by advanced argillic alteration within the immediate vein zone, and sericitic alteration enveloping the vein zone. Fluid inclusion studies indicate homogenisation temperatures of 308.2-327°C for Ps and 255-312.4°C for Ps, and low to moderate salinities (2 to 5 eq.wt.% NaCl and 4 to 9 eq.wt.% NaCl, respectively). δS values of sulfide minerals (+0.76‰ to +3.61‰) indicate a possible magmatic source for the sulfur in the polymetallic mineralization while Pb isotope ratios for the sulfides and magmatic rocks (Pb/Pb, Pb/Pb and Pb/Pb ratios of 17.379 to 18.502; 15.588 to 15.730 and 38.234 to 38.756, respectively) are consistent with the possibility that the Pb reservoirs for both had the same crustal source. Spatial relationships, hydrothermal alteration styles, S and Pb isotopic data suggest a probable genetic relation between the polymetallic mineralization and dioritic intrusions that could have been the source of metals and hydrothermal fluids. Mineralization paragenesis, alteration mineralogy, geochemical signatures, fluid inclusion data and isotopic data, confirm that the In-bearing polymetallic mineralization from Pingüino deposit is a distinct type, in comparison with the well-known epithermal low sulfidation mineralization from the Deseado Massif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which investigated the heavy metal contents and contamination in soil and plants in Turkey. Geochemical analysis was conducted on herbaceous plants such as prickle and meadow samples. Regression analyses and scatter diagrams were also conducted on element pairs with high correlation coefficients. Results showed that iron has a strong correlation with manganese, cobalt and copper, while manganese displays a strong positive correlation with cobalt.

Abstract: A fluid inclusion investigation of the polymetallic mineralization at Yinshan from the Le–De metallogenic belt in Jiangxi Province of China has been carried out using petrographic and microthermometric techniques. The data obtained here indicate that three major types of fluids were involved during the formation of the deposit. They are type I vapor-rich, type II liquid-rich and type III halite-bearing inclusions within the H2O–NaCl system. The high salinity fluids represented by type III inclusions, being unusual to the distal part of an intrusion-centered ore-forming system such as Yinshan, have been interpreted as the product of direct exsolution of a crystallizing magma, rather than a result of fluid immiscibility from a low salinity fluid. Evidence used to support such an interpretation includes the mode of homogenization of type III inclusions exclusively via halite dissolution, spatial separation of type I and type III inclusions on microscopic scale, the consistent phase ratios within the inclusions concerned, and considerable deviation in homogenization temperature for both type I and type III inclusions. Trapping conditions for type I inclusions were estimated to be around 440 °C and 260 bars, while type III inclusions were constrained to be trapped at least above 900 bars and >500 °C. The formation temperatures for type II inclusions range from 270 to 390 °C if a lithostatic pressure of 260 bars is assumed. Pressure fluctuation determined by this fluid inclusion study coupled with decreases in salinity and temperature as result of the potential fluid mixing are supposed to have played an important role in triggering the precipitation of ore minerals from the hydrothermal solution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]