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This study investigated the conditions for polygonati rhizoma (PR) fermentation by Monascus ruber and the lipid-lowering activity of the resulting product. Monascus ruber was used for the solid-state fermentation of PR, and the response surface method was used to optimize the fermentation culture medium parameters. The optimal fermentation system yielded a maximum monacolin K concentration of 21.82 ± 0.34 mg/g. The fermentation conditions were as follows: 12.5 mmol/kg of L-glutamic acid, 0.64 mmol/kg of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, 3.0 wt% of yeast extract powder, a fermentation period of 15 days, and a fermentation temperature of 30 ℃. The binding capacities of unfermented PR, "Nine-Steam-Nine-Bask" processed Polygonati rhizoma (NPR), and Monascus ruber solid-state fermented polygonati rhizoma (MPR) to sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, and sodium glycolate were determined. MPR showed a stronger bile acid-binding capacity than unfermented PR. In addition, MPR exhibited the highest cholesterol inhibitory capacity of 51.43±1.41 %. Thus, MPR can be used as a potential antilipemic agent with potent hypolipidemic effects. [Display omitted] • Monascus-fermented metabolites may be a potentially anti-hypertensive drug. • culture-medium can promote the production of monacolin K. • Polygonati rhizome has the potential as a hypolipidemic properties. • synergistic effect of Monascus solid state fermented polygonati rhizome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonati Rhizoma, as a traditional medicinal herb, possesses pharmacological effects enhancing physical strength and immunity. In this study, a systematic analysis of the monosaccharide and non-polysaccharides components in Polygonati Rhizoma was conducted using pre-column derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC–DAD) and liquid chromatography coupled to electrostatic orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–Orbitrap-MS) techniques. The polysaccharides from Polygonati Rhizoma were initially extracted, hydrolyzed, and derivatized with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), resulting in the successful detection of five monosaccharides. The high sensitivity and specificity of the HPLC–DAD method were confirmed. Furthermore, by comparing the external standard method (ESM) and the quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) revealed that D-mannose is the most abundant monosaccharide in Polygonati Rhizoma. The LC–Orbitrap-MS analysis of Polygonati Rhizoma led to the identification of 53 compounds, including organic acids, amino acids, amides, saponins, alkaloids, esters, and others. This research provided significant data for the chemical composition analysis and the pharmacological basis study of Polygonati Rhizoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experiment, the eutrophication system was established by adding sucrose and yeast powder, and the pH and dissolved oxygen were measured in a bioreactor in real time to study the effect of aerobic environment on the fermentation process of Polygonati Rhizoma extract by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. To further analyze metabolic changes, UPLC-Q-Exactive MS was used for metabolomic analysis and metabolic profiling. Multivariate analysis was performed using principal component analysis and Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis. Finally, 313 differential metabolites were selected, 196 of which were annotated through database matching. After fermentation, the content of short-chain fatty acids, lactic acid, and their derivatives increased significantly, and there were 13 kinds and 4 kinds, respectively. Both compounds and their derivatives are beneficial to the intestinal flora. Consequently, incorporating L. plantarum into the aerobic fermentation process of Polygonati Rhizoma extract within the eutrophic system is potentially advantageous in enhancing the impact of its fermentation solution on the gut microbiota and its effects on human health. Our findings for this kind of edible and medicinal material research and development offer useful insights.Highlights: First report of polygonati Rhizoma fermentation in eutrophic bioreactor system. Fermentative components were characterized by UHPLC-QE-MS/MS and multi-data analysis. The different metabolites were obtained by comparing before and after fermentation. Short-chain fatty acids, lactic acid and their derivatives contents increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographical origin of foods greatly influences their quality and price, leading to adulteration between high-priced and low-priced regions in the market. The rapid detection of such adulteration is crucial for food safety and fair competition. To detect the adulteration of Polygonati Rhizoma from different regions, we proposed LIBS-VNIR fusion based on the deep learning network (LVDLNet), which combines laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) containing element information with visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIR) containing molecular information. The LVDLNet model achieved accuracy of 98.75%, macro-F measure of 98.50%, macro-precision of 98.78%, and macro-recall of 98.75%. The model, which increased these metrics from about 87% for LIBS and about 93% for VNIR to more than 98%, significantly improved the identification ability. Furthermore, tests on different adulterated source samples confirmed the model's robustness, with all metrics improving from about 87% for LIBS and 86% for VNIR to above 96%. Compared to conventional machine learning algorithms, LVDLNet also demonstrated its superior performance. The results indicated that the LVDLNet model can effectively integrate element information and molecular information to identify the adulterated Polygonati Rhizoma. This work shows that the scheme is a potent tool for food identification applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to improve the functional characteristics of Polygonati rhizoma （PR）. Methods: Using the freeze-dried fresh PR and nine-steam-nine-bask processing PR as control products, the study comprehensively compared and analyzed human sensory, electronic sensory, color, fluidity, dissolving ability, extract content, total polysaccharide content and total saponin content in PR powder modified by extrusion cooking. Results: Extrusion cooking effectively eliminated the bad taste and improved the color and fluidity of PR powder. Compared with the nine-steam-nine-bask processing, extrusion cooking significantly increased the total polysaccharide content and total saponin content, with increase rates of 49.27% and 69.10%, respectively. Conclusion: Extrusion cooking can effectively improve the functional characteristics of PR, and enhance the controllability and stability of processing quality.

To investigate the material basis and mechanism of Panax notoginseng and Polygonati Rhizoma in the treatment of myopia using network pharmacology, we retrieved the primary active components of Panax notoginseng and Polygonati Rhizoma from the Chinese Medicine Systematic Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). The target sites for these components were predicted, and the corresponding gene names were obtained from the UniProt database. Targets associated with myopia and oxidative stress were extracted from the GeneCards database, and the intersection of targets from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with those related to myopia and oxidative stress was identified. Subsequently, the String database was utilized to construct a protein interaction network, and Cytoscape software was employed to identify key genes and generate network pharmacological maps. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed on the intersection targets using the DAVID database. The results revealed seven active components of Panax notoginseng and five active ingredients of Polygonati Rhizoma. After removing duplicates, 187 targets were obtained, with 92 targets common to the drugs, myopia, and oxidative stress. Five hub genes were identified through protein-protein interaction analysis. GO analysis indicated enrichment in cellular components such as the nucleus and plasma membrane. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the signaling pathways of the intersection targets were primarily associated with "Pathways in cancer" and "Lipid and atherosclerosis". In conclusion, the regulation of target genes such as JUN, TP53, ESR1, IL6, and TNF, particularly in cellular components like the nucleus and plasma membrane, may contribute to the anti-myopic effects of Panax notoginseng and Polygonati Rhizoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonati Rhizoma (PR) has certain neuroprotective effects as a homology of medicine and food. In this study, systematic pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments were integrated to verify the antidepressant active ingredients in PR and their mechanisms. A total of seven compounds in PR were found to be associated with 45 targets of depression. Preliminarily, DFV docking with cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) showed good affinity. In vitro, DFV inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation of BV-2 cells, reversed amoeba-like morphological changes, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential. DFV reversed the malondialdehyde (MDA) overexpression and superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression inhibition in LPS-induced BV-2 cells and decreased interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 mRNA expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. DFV inhibited both mRNA and protein expression levels of COX2 induced by LPS, and the activation of NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and caspase1 was suppressed, thus exerting an antidepressant effect. This study proves that DFV may be an important component basis for PR to play an antidepressant role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A purified polysaccharide with a galactose backbone (SPR-1, Mw 3,622 Da) was isolated from processed Polygonati Rhizoma with black beans (PRWB) and characterized its chemical properties. The backbone of SPR-1 consisted of [(4)-β-D-Galp-(1]9 → 4,6)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalpA-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalpA-(1 → 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α/β-D-Glcp, with a branch chain of R1: β-D-Galp-(1 → 3)-β-D-Galp-(1→ connected to the →4,6)-β-D-Galp-(1→ via O-6, and a branch chain of R2: α-D-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ connected to the →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ via O-6. Immunomodulatory assays showed that the SPR-1 significantly activated macrophages, and increased secretion of NO and cytokines (i.e., IL-1β and TNF-α), as well as promoted the phagocytic activities of cells. Furthermore, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis and molecular docking results indicated high-affinity binding between SPR-1 and MD2 with the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 18.8 μM. It was suggested that SPR-1 activated the immune response through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and downstream responses. Our research demonstrated that the SPR-1 has a promising candidate from PRWB for the TLR4 agonist to induce immune response, and also provided an easily accessible way that can be used for PR deep processing.

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Polysaccharides and saponins are the main active components of Polygonati Rhizoma. Studying the molecular mechanism of their synthesis pathway is helpful in improving the content of active components at the molecular level. At present, transcriptome analysis of three Polygonatum species (Polygonatum sibiricum Red., Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl.) has been reported, but no comparative study has been found on the transcriptome data of the three species. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on the rhizomes of three Polygonatum species based on highthroughput sequencing technology, and all transcripts were assembled. A total of 168,108 unigenes were generated after the removal of redundancy, of which 121,642 were annotated in seven databases. Through differential analysis and expression analysis of key enzyme genes in the synthesis pathway of three Polygonatum polysaccharides and steroidal saponins, 135 differentially expressed genes encoding 18 enzymes and 128 differentially expressed genes encoding 28 enzymes were identified, respectively. Numerous transcription factors are involved in the carbohydrate synthesis pathway. Quantitative realtime PCR was used to further verify the gene expression level. In this paper, we present a public transcriptome dataset of three medicinal plants of the genus Polygonatum, and analyze the key enzyme genes of polysaccharide and steroidal saponins synthesis pathway, which lays a foundation for improving the active component content of Polygonati Rhizoma by molecular means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a traditional Chinese medicine with food and drug homology, Polygonati rhizoma is rich in the chemical components including polysaccharides, flavonoids, steroidalsaponins, alkaloids and so on. It has a variety of biological activities, such as anti-oxidation, immunoregulation, neuroprotection, etc. In recent years, the reports about the neuroprotection of Polygonati rhizoma have received wide attention. This paper reviews the research progress on improving cognition, anti-depressant and improving sleep of Polygonati rhizoma aqueous extracts, polysaccharides and saponins in the past decade. The mechanisms involve anti-inflammation, antioxidant, regulating neurotrophic factors, regulating neurotransmitters, regulating neuroplasticity, promoting the activity of the central cholinergic system, affecting the structure and function of the hippocampus and so on. At the same time, this paper also analyzes the development status of Polygonati rhizoma, which provide reference for the research and development of Polygonati rhizoma with the neuroregulatory functionalproducts.

[Objectives] To explore the influence of different times of steaming and exposing to the sun on the fingerprint of Polygonati Rhizoma by studying the HPLC fingerprint of Polygonati Rhizoma processed products with different times of steaming and exposing to the sun, and to provide a basis for the determination of the best processing technology of Polygonati Rhizoma. [Methods] SETSAIL II AQ-C18 (5 µm x 250 mm x 4.6 mm) was used as the column, the column temperature was 30 °C, pure water (A) and acetonitrile (B) were eluted gradually, 0-10 min, B (5% -10%), 10-30 min, B (10% -35%), 30-40 min, B (35%-60%), 40-45 min, B (60%-100%), flow rate 1 mL/min, absorption wavelength 200 nm. [Results] The relative retained peak area RSDs of the common peaks in the precision, reproduc-ibility and stability tests were all less than 5%. There were 17 common peaks in the fingerprint of nine batches of samples, and the retention time of Peak 2 was basically the same as that of the reference peak of 5-HMF. Peak 4 mainly existed in the chromatogram of Sample 3 to Sample 5, peaks 5 and 11 mainly existed after Sample 3, peaks 9, 14 and 16 mainly existed after Sample 6, and peaks 12 and 17 mainly existed after Sample 4. [Conclusions] A total of 17 common peaks were obtained, and the Peak 2 was the designated peak, and the chemical components of each processed product were different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographical origin of foods greatly influences their quality and price, leading to adulteration between high-priced and low-priced regions in the market. The rapid detection of such adulteration is crucial for food safety and fair competition. To detect the adulteration of Polygonati Rhizoma from different regions, we proposed LIBS-VNIR fusion based on the deep learning network (LVDLNet), which combines laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) containing element information with visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIR) containing molecular information. The LVDLNet model achieved accuracy of 98.75%, macro-F measure of 98.50%, macro-precision of 98.78%, and macro-recall of 98.75%. The model, which increased these metrics from about 87% for LIBS and about 93% for VNIR to more than 98%, significantly improved the identification ability. Furthermore, tests on different adulterated source samples confirmed the model’s robustness, with all metrics improving from about 87% for LIBS and 86% for VNIR to above 96%. Compared to conventional machine learning algorithms, LVDLNet also demonstrated its superior performance. The results indicated that the LVDLNet model can effectively integrate element information and molecular information to identify the adulterated Polygonati Rhizoma. This work shows that the scheme is a potent tool for food identification applications.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polygonati Rhizoma (PR) has certain neuroprotective effects as a homology of medicine and food. In this study, systematic pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments were integrated to verify the antidepressant active ingredients in PR and their mechanisms. A total of seven compounds in PR were found to be associated with 45 targets of depression. Preliminarily, DFV docking with cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) showed good affinity. In vitro, DFV inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation of BV-2 cells, reversed amoeba-like morphological changes, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential. DFV reversed the malondialdehyde (MDA) overexpression and superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression inhibition in LPS-induced BV-2 cells and decreased interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 mRNA expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. DFV inhibited both mRNA and protein expression levels of COX2 induced by LPS, and the activation of NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and caspase1 was suppressed, thus exerting an antidepressant effect. This study proves that DFV may be an important component basis for PR to play an antidepressant role.

Polygonati Rhizoma is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with complex pre-processing steps. Fermentation is a common method for processing TCM to reduce herb toxicity and enhance their properties and/or produce new effects. Here, in this study, using Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we aimed to evaluate the potential application of solid fermentation in isolating different functional polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. With hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, DEAE anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, multiple neutral and acidic polysaccharides were obtained, showing different yields, content, compositions and functional groups after fermentation. Combining in vitro experiments and in vivo aging and immunosuppressed mouse models, we further compared the antioxidant and immunomodulating bioactivities of these polysaccharides and found a prominent role of a natural polysaccharide (BNP) from fermented P. cyrtonema via Bacillus subtilis in regulating intestinal antioxidant defense and immune function, which may be a consequence of the ability of BNP to modulate the homeostasis of gut microbiota. Thus, this work provides evidence for the further development and utilization of P. cyrtonema with fermentation, and reveals the potential values of BNP in the treatment of intestinal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry / Zhongguo Wuji Fenxi Huaxue is the property of Beijing Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Jiuzhuan Huangjing Pills (JHP) composed of Polygonati Rhizoma (PR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) remedied mitochondria to cure metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). However, a comparison of the anti-MAFLD ability between JHP prescription and PR and ASR single-medicines in MAFLD has not been performed, and the action mechanisms and substances remain unknown. Our results show that JHP, PR and ASR decreased serum and liver lipid levels. The effects of JHP were stronger than those of PR and ASR. JHP, PR and ASR afforded protection to mitochondrial ultrastructure, and regulated oxidative stress and energy metabolism in mitochondria. JHP also regulated the expression of β-oxidation genes, which were not regulated by PR and ASR. JHP-, PR- and ASR-derived components in mitochondrial extracts regulated oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and β-oxidation gene expression and alleviated cellular steatosis. Four, six and eleven compounds were identified in mitochondrial extracts from PR-, ASR- and JHP-treated rats, respectively. The data suggest that JHP, PR and ASR alleviated MAFLD by remedying mitochondria, while the ability of JHP was stronger than that of PR and ASR, which was involved with the β-oxidation promotion. The compounds identified may be the main ingredients in the three extracts active in MAFLD improvement.

Radiotherapy causes a series of side effects in patients with malignant tumors. Polygonati Rhizoma, Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, and Epimedii Folium are all traditional Chinese herbs with varieties of functions such as anti-radiation and immune regulation. In this study, the above three herbs were used as a herbal diet to study their effects on the hematopoietic, immune, and intestinal systems of mice exposed to three doses of radiation. Our study showed that the diet had no radiation-protective effect on the hematopoietic and immune systems. However, at the radiation dose of 4 Gy and 8 Gy, the diet showed an obvious radiation-protective effect on intestinal crypts. At the dose of 8 Gy, we also found that the Chinese herbal diet had an anti-radiation effect on reducing the loss of the inhibitory nNOS+ neurons in the intestine. That provides a new diet for relieving the symptoms of hyperperistalsis and diarrhea in patients after radiotherapy.

Polygonati Rhizoma, a typical homology of medicine and food, possesses remarkable anti-fatigue, anti-aging, metabolic regulatory, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-diabetes, and anti-cancer effects. Among bioactive phytochemicals in Polygonati Rhizoma, polysaccharides play important roles in the health-promoting activities through the mechanisms mentioned above and potential synergistic effects with other bioactives. In this review, we briefly introduce the updated biosynthesis of polysaccharides, the purification method, the structure characterization, and food applications, and discuss in detail the biological activities of Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharides and associated mechanisms, aiming at broadening the usage of Polygonati Rhizoma as functional food and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperuricemia, a prevalent metabolic disturbance intricately linked to gout and chronic kidney disease (CKD), may be relieved by traditional Chinese medicine Polygonati Rhizoma. It is derived from the rhizomes of Polygonatum sibiricum , Polygonatum kingianum , and Polygonatum cyrtonema , which are rich in polysaccharides and are effective hyperuricemia alleviators. This study investigated the potential of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) in managing hyperuricemia. PSP (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, i.g.) or allopurinol was administered to hyperuricemia mice treated with potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine for two weeks. PSP effectively decreased serum uric acid levels by inhibiting xanthine oxidase and adenosine deaminase activity and expression in the liver and modulating uric acid-related transporters (URAT1, OAT1, and OAT3) in the kidney. PSP lowered serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, alleviating hyperuricemia-induced renal tubular epithelial-mesenchymal fibrosis. In vitro , PSP promoted mitochondrial biogenesis via the PGC-1α/NRF1/TFAM pathway, suppressed reactive oxygen species production, and prevented cytochrome C and dynamin-related protein 1 dysregulation in HK-2 cells. Furthermore, PSPA (Mw 4.0 kDa) and PSPB (Mw 112.2 kDa) isolated from PSP exhibit different uric acid-lowering mechanisms. In conclusion, our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of PSP and its nephroprotective effects in hyperuricemia, thereby supporting its development as a therapeutic agent for hyperuricemia. [Display omitted] • PSP lowers uric acid in PO and hypoxanthine-induced hyperuricemia mice. • PSP reduces hyperuricemia by modulating XO, ADA, HGPRT, and urate transporters. • PSP provides nephroprotection and supports mitochondrial homeostasis. • PSPA and PSPB show unique uric acid-lowering mechanisms derived from PSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionPolygonati Rhizoma is a multi-purpose food with medicinal uses. Fermentation of Polygonati Rhizoma by lactic acid bacteria could provide new insights into the development of Polygonati Rhizoma products.MethodsIn this study, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was fermented with Polygonati Rhizoma extracts in a bioreactor under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with pH and DO real-time detection. Metabolic profiling was determined by UHPLC-QE-MS/MS system. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis were used to perform multivariate analysis.ResultsA total of 98 differential metabolites were identified in broth after fermentation, and 36 were identified between fermentation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The main metabolic pathways in the fermentation process are ABC transport and amino acid biosynthesis. Most of the compounds such as L-arginine, L-aspartic acid, leucine, L-lysine, citrate, inosine, carnitine, betaine, and thiamine were significantly increased during fermentation, playing a role in enhancing food flavor. Compared with anaerobic fermentation, aerobic conditions led to a significant rise in the levels of some compounds such as valine, isoleucine, and glutamate; this increase was mainly related to branched-chain amino acid transaminase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase.DiscussionAerobic fermentation is more beneficial for the fermentation of Polygonati Rhizoma by L. plantarum to produce flavor and functional substances. This study is the first report on the fermentation of Polygonati Rhizoma by L. plantarum and provides insights that would be applicable in the development of Polygonati Rhizoma fermented products.

Polygonati Rhizoma is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with complex pre-processing steps. Fermentation is a common method for processing TCM to reduce herb toxicity and enhance their properties and/or produce new effects. Here, in this study, using Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we aimed to evaluate the potential application of solid fermentation in isolating different functional polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. With hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, DEAE anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, multiple neutral and acidic polysaccharides were obtained, showing different yields, content, compositions and functional groups after fermentation. Combining in vitro experiments and in vivo aging and immunosuppressed mouse models, we further compared the antioxidant and immunomodulating bioactivities of these polysaccharides and found a prominent role of a natural polysaccharide (BNP) from fermented P. cyrtonema via Bacillus subtilis in regulating intestinal antioxidant defense and immune function, which may be a consequence of the ability of BNP to modulate the homeostasis of gut microbiota. Thus, this work provides evidence for the further development and utilization of P. cyrtonema with fermentation, and reveals the potential values of BNP in the treatment of intestinal disorders.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a worldwide disease affecting human health and resulting in a heavy economic burden on the healthcare system. Polygonati rhizoma (PR), a kind of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is known to improve learning and memory abilities. However, its AD-treating material basis and therapeutic potential for the treatment of AD have remained unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to uncover the key active ingredients of PR and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of AD. First, we used comparative metabolomics to identify the potential key active ingredients in the edible and medicinal PR. Second, network pharmacology was used to decipher the effects and potential targets of key active ingredients in the PR for the treatment of AD, and molecular docking was further used to identify the binding ability of those active ingredients with AD-related target of AChE. The rate of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, oxidative stress, neuroprotective effects, and anti-inflammatory activity were assessed in vitro to screen the potential active ingredients in the PR with therapeutic potential against AD. Finally, APPswe/PS1dE9 AD mice were used to screen the therapeutic components in the PR. Seven overlapping upregulated differential metabolites were identified as the key active ingredients, among which cafestol, isorhamnetin, and rutin have AChE inhibitory activity, antiinflammatory activity, and neuroprotective effects in vitro validation assays. Furthermore, in vivo results showed that cafestol, isorhamnetin, and rutin displayed several beneficial effects in AD transgenic mice by reducing the number of Aβ-positive spots and the levels of inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting the AChE activity, and increasing the antioxidant levels. Each compound is involved in a different function in the early stages of AD. In conclusion, our results corroborate the current understanding of the therapeutic effects of PR on AD. In addition, our work demonstrated that the proposed network pharmacology-integrated comparative metabolomics strategy is a powerful way of identifying key active ingredients and mechanisms contributing to the pharmacological effects of TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonati Rhizoma, a Chinese medicine often used in the clinic, can irritate the tongue and throat, so it must be processed before use. Polygonati Rhizoma contains a variety of chemical components, with saponins being one of the main active ingredients. Saponins can be highly irritating to human mocous membranes and have toxicity. In this study, total saponins were extracted from raw and processed Polygonati Rhizoma and detected by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS to identify their constituents. A total of 46 saponins were detected in TSRPR(total saponins of raw Polygonati Rhizoma), TSSPR(total saponins of steamed Polygonati Rhizoma) and TSWPR(total saponins of Polygonati Rhizoma steamed in wine). Of these, 9 compounds that were present in TSRPR were not detected in TSSPR and TSWPR. C.elegans was used as a model animal to study the neurotoxic effect and its mechanisms. TSRPR was found to have neurotoxic effects on C.elegans, but TSSPR and TSWPR had no adverse effects on the nematodes. The disappearance of the irritant effect of raw Polygonati Rhizoma after processing might be related to the changes in the composition of saponins, and the main reason might be the structural transformation of saponins. In particular, the sugar chains of some highly irritating saponins may have been removed or highly irritating saponins isomerized into weakly irritating saponins. The mechanisms of neurotoxic effects on C.elegans may include upregulation of ced-3 and egl-1 expression to promote apoptosis, damage to GABAergic and cholinergic neurons, downregulation of the GABA transmitter receptor genes ggr-1 and gab-1, and a decrease in glutamate levels that impairs nerve signal transmission. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study collected multidimensional feature data such as spectra, texture, and component contents of Polygonati Rhizoma from different origins and varieties (Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl from Yunnan and Guizhou; Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua from Anhui and Jiangxi; Polygonatum sibiricum Red from Hunan). Multivariate statistical analysis was used to select 39 characteristic factors for distinguishing PR origins and 14 characteristic factors for discriminating PR varieties (VIP > 1 and P < 0.05). In addition, by combining multivariate statistical analysis with a deep belief network (DBN) classification algorithm, a novel artificial intelligence algorithm was developed and optimized. Compared to traditional discriminant analysis methods, the accuracy of this new approach was significantly improved, achieving a 100% discrimination rate for PR varieties and a 100% accuracy rate for tracing the origin of PR. This research provides a reference and data support for constructing intelligent algorithms based on multidimensional data fusion, to achieve food variety discrimination and origin tracing. • Non-destructive Quantitative analysis of PRs appearance based on computer vision. • Generation and modeling of multidimensional data for PRs characterization. • The MDF- DBN discriminated with 100% accuracy the variety and origin of PRs. • This study provides a new reference for origin traceability of other food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A purified polysaccharide with a galactose backbone (SPR-1, Mw 3,622 Da) was isolated from processed Polygonati Rhizoma with black beans (PRWB) and characterized its chemical properties. The backbone of SPR-1 consisted of [(4)-β-D-Gal p -(1] 9 → 4,6)-β-D-Gal p -(1 → 4)-α-D-Gal p A-(1 → 4)-α-D-Gal p A-(1 → 4)-α-D-Glc p -(1 → 4,6)-α-D-Glc p -(1 → 4)-α/β-D-Glc p , with a branch chain of R 1 : β-D-Gal p -(1 → 3)-β-D-Gal p -(1→ connected to the →4,6)-β-D-Gal p -(1→ via O-6, and a branch chain of R 2 : α-D-Glc p -(1 → 6)-α-D-Glc p -(1→ connected to the →4,6)-α-D-Glc p -(1→ via O-6. Immunomodulatory assays showed that the SPR-1 significantly activated macrophages, and increased secretion of NO and cytokines (i.e., IL-1β and TNF-α), as well as promoted the phagocytic activities of cells. Furthermore, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis and molecular docking results indicated high-affinity binding between SPR-1 and MD2 with the equilibrium dissociation constant (K D) of 18.8 μM. It was suggested that SPR-1 activated the immune response through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and downstream responses. Our research demonstrated that the SPR-1 has a promising candidate from PRWB for the TLR4 agonist to induce immune response, and also provided an easily accessible way that can be used for PR deep processing. [Display omitted] • A novel polysaccharide with immunomodulatory activity was isolated from PRWB. • SPR-1 could stimulate the RAW 264.7 production of immune response. • ITC and molecular docking indicated high-affinity binding between SPR-1 and MD2. • SPR-1 activated the immune response through TLR4 signaling and downstream responses. • SPR-1could be a promising TLR4 agonist candidate derived from PRWB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polygonati rhizoma (Huangjing in Chinese) is a traditional and classic dual-purpose material used in food and medicine. Herbalists in China and Japan have noticed several different rhizome types in Huangjing with different qualities. Rhizome of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and P. sibiricum Red. is divided into five types: " Jitou -type" Polygonati rhizoma (JTPR), atypical " Jitou -type" Polygonati rhizoma (AJTPR), " Jiang -type" Polygonati rhizoma (JPR), "Cylinder-type" Polygonati rhizoma (CPR), and " Baiji -type" Polygonati rhizoma (BJPR). This study observed the microstructure and histochemical localization of polysaccharides, saponins, and proteins in Huangjing. Nutritional and medicinal component data and antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS) were analyzed to evaluate the quality of different types of Huangjing. The results showed that the comprehensive quality of the rhizomes, BJPR and JTPR, was better, regardless of their nutritional or medicinal values. Altogether, these results could recommend future breeding efforts to produce Huangjing with improved nutritional and medicinal qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonati rhizoma (Huangjing in Chinese) is a traditional and classic dual-purpose material used in food and medicine. Herbalists in China and Japan have noticed several different rhizome types in Huangjing with different qualities. Rhizome of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and P. sibiricum Red. is divided into five types: “Jitou-type” Polygonati rhizoma (JTPR), atypical “Jitou-type” Polygonati rhizoma (AJTPR), “Jiang-type” Polygonati rhizoma (JPR), “Cylinder-type” Polygonati rhizoma (CPR), and “Baiji-type” Polygonati rhizoma (BJPR). This study observed the microstructure and histochemical localization of polysaccharides, saponins, and proteins in Huangjing. Nutritional and medicinal component data and antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS) were analyzed to evaluate the quality of different types of Huangjing. The results showed that the comprehensive quality of the rhizomes, BJPR and JTPR, was better, regardless of their nutritional or medicinal values. Altogether, these results could recommend future breeding efforts to produce Huangjing with improved nutritional and medicinal qualities.

Objective: To explore the effective components and mechanism of Polygonati Rhizoma (PR) in the treatment of osteoporosis (OP) based on network pharmacology and molecular docking methods. Methods: The effective components and predicted targets of PR were obtained through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) database. The disease database was used to screen the disease targets of OP. The obtained key targets were uploaded to the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) was used for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of key targets. Analysis and docking verification of chemical effective drug components and key targets were performed with IGEMDOCK software. Results: A total of 12 chemically active components, 84 drug target proteins and 84 common targets related to drugs and OP were obtained. Key targets such as JUN, TP53, AKT1, ESR1, MAPK14, AR and CASP3 were identified through PPI network analysis. The results of enrichment analysis showed that the potential core drug components regulate the HIF-1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway and other pathways by intervening in biological processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis and estrogen response regulation, with an anti-OP pharmacological role. The results of molecular docking showed that the key targets in the regulatory network have high binding activity to related active components. Conclusions: PR may regulate OP by regulating core target genes, such as JUN, TP53, AKT1, ESR1, AR and CASP3, and acting on multiple key pathways, such as the HIF-1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and estrogen signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo explore the effective components and mechanism of Polygonati Rhizoma (PR) in the treatment of osteoporosis (OP) based on network pharmacology and molecular docking methods.MethodsThe effective components and predicted targets of PR were obtained through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) database. The disease database was used to screen the disease targets of OP. The obtained key targets were uploaded to the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) was used for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of key targets. Analysis and docking verification of chemical effective drug components and key targets were performed with IGEMDOCK software.ResultsA total of 12 chemically active components, 84 drug target proteins and 84 common targets related to drugs and OP were obtained. Key targets such as JUN, TP53, AKT1, ESR1, MAPK14, AR and CASP3 were identified through PPI network analysis. The results of enrichment analysis showed that the potential core drug components regulate the HIF-1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway and other pathways by intervening in biological processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis and estrogen response regulation, with an anti-OP pharmacological role. The results of molecular docking showed that the key targets in the regulatory network have high binding activity to related active components.ConclusionsPR may regulate OP by regulating core target genes, such as JUN, TP53, AKT1, ESR1, AR and CASP3, and acting on multiple key pathways, such as the HIF-1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and estrogen signaling pathway.

Polygonati Rhizoma, a typical homology of medicine and food, possesses remarkable anti-fatigue, anti-aging, metabolic regulatory, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-diabetes, and anti-cancer effects. Among bioactive phytochemicals in Polygonati Rhizoma, polysaccharides play important roles in the health-promoting activities through the mechanisms mentioned above and potential synergistic effects with other bioactives. In this review, we briefly introduce the updated biosynthesis of polysaccharides, the purification method, the structure characterization, and food applications, and discuss in detail the biological activities of Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharides and associated mechanisms, aiming at broadening the usage of Polygonati Rhizoma as functional food and medicine.

Huang Jing (黄精 Polygonati Rhizoma, PR) was first documented as a herbal medicine in Ming Yi Bie Lu (《名医别录》 Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians) in China. However, there was no comprehensive review on the botany, traditional uses, and pharmacological effects of PR till now. In this study, the botany, traditional uses including Taoist medicine, and pharmacological effects of PR were reviewed and summarized to provide insights on drug development of PR. In Taoist medicine, PR maintains agerasia and helps prolong human life-span, and is used for fasting (Bigu). In the Zhong Guo Yao Dian (《中国药典》Chinese Pharmacopeia) version 2020, PR exerts replenishing qi and nourishing yin, invigorating the spleen, moistening the lung, and strengthening the kidney. Pharmacological studies show that PR has effects of anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-osteoporosis, anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemia, cardiomyocyte protection, immunomodulatory, and thus can be used for treatment of infertility, anti-microorganisms, and improving sleep and memory. In conclusion, PR may play a potential role for chronic disease management and health preservation and this very role deserves a more in-depth research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a common global chronic liver disease. Jiuzhuan Huangjing Pills (JHP) have been used for the treatment of human disease for over a thousand years, but their efficacy and underlying mechanism(s) of action against MAFLD are unknown. We investigated the alleviating effects of JHP on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MAFLD. Methods: In vitro and in vivo methods were used to evaluate the effects of JHP on MAFLD. L02 adipocyte models were induced by fat emulsion and adipocytes were treated with JHP for 24 h. MAFLD rat models were induced by HFD-feeding and were intragastrically administered JHP for 12 weeks. Changes in fat accumulation, L02 cell damage, body weight, food intake, histological parameters, organ indexes, biochemical parameters, and mitochondrial indicators including ultrastructure, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism were investigated. Results: JHP attenuated the increase in levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase levels, and significantly increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol. JHP up-regulated levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and down-regulated malondialdehyde (MDA). JHP afforded protection to the mitochondrial ultrastructure, and inhibited the HFD-induced increase in MDA and the reduction of SOD, GSH, ATP synthase, and complex I and II, in liver mitochondria. JHP regulated the expression of β-oxidation genes, including acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, cyl-CoA dehydrogenase long chain, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α and peroxide proliferator activated receptor α. Conclusion: JHP alleviates HFD-induced MAFLD through the protection of mitochondrial function.

This study aims to explore the influence of Polygonati Rhizoma on the pyroptosis in the rat model of diabetic macroangiopathy via the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1(caspase-1)/gasdermin D(GSDMD) pathway. The rat model of diabetes was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ) combined with a high-fat, high-sugar diet. The blood glucose meter, fully automated biochemical analyzer, hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were employed to measure blood glucose levels, lipid levels, vascular thickness, inflammatory cytokine levels, and expression levels of pyroptosis-related proteins. The mechanism of pharmacological interventions against the injury in the context of diabetes was thus explored. The results demonstrated the successful establishment of the model of diabetes. Compared with the control group, the model group showed elevated levels of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c), lowered level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c), thickened vascular intima, and elevated serum and aorta levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-18(IL-18). Moreover, the model group showed increased NLRP3 inflammasomes and up-regulated levels of caspase-1 and GSDMD in aortic vascular cells. Polygonati Rhizoma intervention reduced blood glucose and lipid levels, inhibited vascular thickening, lowered the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18 in the serum and aorta, attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome expression, and down-regulated the expression levels of caspase-1 and GSDMD, compared with the model group. In summary, Polygonati Rhizoma can slow down the progression of diabetic macroangiopathy by inhibiting pyroptosis and alleviating local vascular inflammation.

Polysaccharides and saponins are the main active components of Polygonati Rhizoma. Studying the molecular mechanism of their synthesis pathway is helpful in improving the content of active components at the molecular level. At present, transcriptome analysis of three Polygonatum species ( Polygonatum sibiricum Red ., Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl.) has been reported, but no comparative study has been found on the transcriptome data of the three species. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on the rhizomes of three Polygonatum species based on high-throughput sequencing technology, and all transcripts were assembled. A total of 168,108 unigenes were generated after the removal of redundancy, of which 121,642 were annotated in seven databases. Through differential analysis and expression analysis of key enzyme genes in the synthesis pathway of three Polygonatum polysaccharides and steroidal saponins, 135 differentially expressed genes encoding 18 enzymes and 128 differentially expressed genes encoding 28 enzymes were identified, respectively. Numerous transcription factors are involved in the carbohydrate synthesis pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to further verify the gene expression level. In this paper, we present a public transcriptome dataset of three medicinal plants of the genus Polygonatum , and analyze the key enzyme genes of polysaccharide and steroidal saponins synthesis pathway, which lays a foundation for improving the active component content of Polygonati Rhizoma by molecular means., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Lu, Yao, Pu, Wang, Liu, Zhang and Zha.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Morphological markers as well as two types of molecular markers, inter-sample sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) are suitable for species identification of the polygonati rhizoma germplasms. In this paper, we adopted these methods for the identification of rhizomes collected from 47 areas in China. Based on their morphological characters, the collected germplasms were classified into two populations, one with alternate leaf arrangement and the other with verticillate leaf arrangement, and they were comprised of five species and fourteen subgroups. Of the five species identified: Polygonatum kingianum , P. cirrhifolium , P. alternicirrhosum , and P. sibiricum belonged to one cluster, and P. cyrtonema belonged to a different cluster. According to the analysis of both ISSR and SCoT markers, all germplasms with greater genetic similarity were classified into one group. Especially, P. sibiricum and P. cirrhifolium , which shared ∼80% similarity, were clustered together, whereas the germplasms identified as P. kingianum with ∼86% similarity formed a separate clade. P. kingianum showed a much greater genetic similarity with P. cyrtonema than with P. sibiricum . The multidimensional scaling analysis further verified the accuracy and reliability of the molecular marker-based results. Thus, both morphological and molecular methods should be combined for the differentiation of germplasms such as those of polygonati rhizoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonati Rhizoma, a traditional Chinese medicine important to the pharmaceutical and food industries, is frequently adulterated with morphologically similar congeneric species, posing quality and effectiveness issues for the products. Accordingly, the accurate and sensitive authentication of medicinal Polygonatum species is vital to the standardization of Polygonati Rhizoma products. In view of the difficulties in morphological analysis and the use of standard DNA barcodes for authentication of medicinal Polygonatum species, an alternative authentication method is needed. Based on inter- and intraspecies sampling, phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses were performed to evaluate the discriminative power of complete plastomes for the identification of Polygonatum species. The results indicate that the genetic criteria of complete plastomes are in good correspondence with species boundaries and therefore can be used for unambiguous identification of medicinal Polygonatum species and morphologically similar congeners, which verifies the theoretical prediction that the application of genome skimming to generate complete plastomes as molecular tags can serve as an effective and accurate method to detect whether Polygonati Rhizoma is adulterated with congeneric species. Additionally, in this study, a taxonomically well-curated and high-resolution reference plastome superbarcode library for Polygonatum was developed for the first time, providing a valuable genetic resource for the application of genome skimming to monitor and control the production and trade of Polygonati Rhizoma to guarantee the effectiveness of downstream products. The findings also provide new insights to clarify the taxonomic ambiguities of the generic circumscription of Polygonatum and Heteropolygonatum , as well as the species delimitation of Polygonatum cyrtonema , Polygonatum nodosum , and Polygonatum punctatum , which will contribute to proper exploitation and conservation of Polygonatum species. [Display omitted] • A novel method for accurate and sensitive authentication of medicinal Polygonatum is proposed. • The authentication method will facilitate the standardization of Polygonati Rhizoma products. • This study will help guarantee the effectiveness and safety of Polygonati Rhizoma products. • The findings will contribute to proper exploitation and conservation of Polygonatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonati Rhizoma (PR), which contains rich national cultural connotations, is a traditional Chinese medicine with homology of medicine and food. It has been used for a long time as a tonic in China's multi-ethnic medical system, and is also used to treat diseases such as premature graying hair, deficiency of blood and essence, diabetes, hypertension, etc. Meanwhile, PR is often used as food in China, India, South Korea and other Asian countries, which can satisfy hunger and provide many health benefits. This paper systematically reviewed the ethnopharmacology, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and related applications research of PR, and provided a reference for the comprehensive applications of PR, including basic research, product development and clinical applications. This paper also refined the national application characteristics of PR, such as rich plant resources, special chemical components and anti-hidden hungry, which laid a foundation for its high value and high connotation development in the future. The literature information was collected systematically from the electronic scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Geen Medical, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, as well as other literature sources, such as classic books of herbal medicine. A comprehensive analysis of the above literature confirmed that PR has been used in the ethnic medicine system of Asian countries such as China for thousands of years. In this paper, 12 species including official species that can be used as PR are summarized, which provide rich plant resources for PR. The chemical components in PR are divided into nutritional components and active components. The former not only contains non-starch polysaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides, which account for about 50% in PR and are recognized as high-quality diet in the world, but also contains inorganic elements and mineral elements. And a total of 199 kinds active ingredients, including saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc., were sorted out by us. The above ingredients make PR have a special property of anti-hidden hunger. Studies have shown that PR has a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as immune regulation, blood glucose regulation, lipid-lowering, antioxidant, anti-tumor, antibacterial, etc. It has been widely used in medicine, food, cosmetics, gardens and other fields. PR, as a classic medicinal material of the same origin, is widely used in the traditional ethnic medicine system. It contains abundant potential plant resources, chemical components and pharmacological activities. This paper also suggests that PR with high application value in food industry, has the potential to become a high-quality coarse grain. Exploring the way of grain and industrialization of PR is beneficial to fully develop the economic value of PR. [Display omitted] • PR is a potential high-quality crop and food that can fight hidden hunger. • The material base and pharmacological mechanism of PR need to be further studied. • Challenges for PR industry are mainly uncontrolled quality and declining wild resources. • Promoting the development of PR for industrialization is conducive to play its value fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jiuzhuan Huangjing Pills (JHP) composed of Polygonati Rhizoma (PR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) remedied mitochondria to cure metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). However, a comparison of the anti-MAFLD ability between JHP prescription and PR and ASR single-medicines in MAFLD has not been performed, and the action mechanisms and substances remain unknown. Our results show that JHP, PR and ASR decreased serum and liver lipid levels. The effects of JHP were stronger than those of PR and ASR. JHP, PR and ASR afforded protection to mitochondrial ultrastructure, and regulated oxidative stress and energy metabolism in mitochondria. JHP also regulated the expression of β-oxidation genes, which were not regulated by PR and ASR. JHP-, PR- and ASR-derived components in mitochondrial extracts regulated oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and β-oxidation gene expression and alleviated cellular steatosis. Four, six and eleven compounds were identified in mitochondrial extracts from PR-, ASR- and JHP-treated rats, respectively. The data suggest that JHP, PR and ASR alleviated MAFLD by remedying mitochondria, while the ability of JHP was stronger than that of PR and ASR, which was involved with the β-oxidation promotion. The compounds identified may be the main ingredients in the three extracts active in MAFLD improvement. [Display omitted] • JHP, PR and ASR relieved MAFLD by remedying mitochondrial disorders. • JHP enhanced MAFLD alleviation by promoting fatty acid β-oxidation. • Four, six and eleven compounds from PR, ASR and JHP were identified in mitochondria. • Eleven compounds may be the main active ingredients of JHP in improving MAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonati Rhizoma has been a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for two thousand years. It is increasingly being used not just as a traditional herbal medicine but also as a popular functional food. In this study, qualitative and quantitative analysis of PR from three different origins were initially performed using chemical fingerprint and chemometrics methods. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Principal component analysis (PCA) were used to classify 60 PR samples from three different origins. The results revealed that the PR samples fell into three clusters related to the origins. In addition, pairwise comparison of varying PR and obtaining chemical markers between different species through the establishment of partial least squares discriminant analysis. Finally, chemical markers 9,13 and 17 were identified by LC/MS as disporopsin, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxybenzyl)-6,8-dimethylchroman-4-one and (3R)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxybenzyl)-6-methylchroman-4-one or isomer, respectively. In conclusion, these methods can be applied to identify and distinguish the quality of PR with other original plants and provide novel ideas for evaluating herbal products used in TCM., (© 2023 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)