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We present a dynamic density functional theory for modeling the effects of applied electric fields on the local structure of polymers with added salt (polymer electrolytes). Time-dependent equations for the local electrostatic potential and volume fractions of polymer, cation, and anion of added salt are developed using the principles of linear irreversible thermodynamics. For such a development, a field theoretic description of the free energy of polymer melts doped with salts is used, which captures the effects of local variations in the dielectric function. Connections of the dynamic density functional theory with experiments are established by relating the three phenomenological Onsager's transport coefficients of the theory to the mutual diffusion of electrolyte, ionic conductivity, and transference number of one of the ions. The theory is connected with a statistical mechanical model developed by Bearman and Kirkwood [J. Chem. Phys. 28, 136 (1958)] after relating the three transport coefficients to friction coefficients. The steady-state limit of the dynamic density functional theory is used to understand the effects of dielectric inhomogeneity on the phase separation in polymer electrolytes. The theory developed here provides not only a way to connect with experiments but also to develop multi-scale models for studying connections between local structure and ion transport in polymer electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene oxide (PEO) holds significant importance in the field of batteries due to its high processability, intrinsic properties, and potential for high ionic conductivity. Achieving simulation at different scales is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of its properties and thus improving them. In this context, we conducted a comparative study on the molecular physical structure, thermodynamic, and dynamic properties of PEO using three distinct coarse-grained (CG) procedures and all-atom (AA) simulations. The three CG simulation procedures involved modeling with MARTINI forcefield, SPICA forcefield, and an IBI derived potential from AA simulations. The AA simulation has been performed using the class 2 pcff+ forcefield. The ensuing simulated densities align significantly with the literature data, indicating the reliability of our approach. The solubility parameter from the AA simulation closely corresponds to literature reported values. MARTINI and SPICA yield almost similar solubility parameters, consistent with the similar density predicted by both the forcefields. Notably, SPICA forcefield closely reproduces the intermolecular structure of atomistic systems, as evidenced by radial distribution function (RDF). It also comprehensively replicates the distribution of radius of gyration (Rg) and the end-to-end distance (Re) of the atomistic samples. IBI ranks second to SPICA in emulating the structural properties of the atomistic systems, such as Rg, Re, and RDF. However, IBI falls short in accurately representing the solubility parameter of the amorphous PEO samples, while MARTINI does not provide an accurate representation of the structural properties of the systems. The use of SPICA forcefield results in enhanced dynamics of the systems in comparison with IBI and MARTINI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabrication route of the antifogging coating. [Display omitted] Hydrophilic coating can prevent surface from fogging but its application is limited by low mechanical performance. In this study, a hydrophilic coating was prepared by crosslinking the Si-doped carbonized polymer dot (Si-CPD) with 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and ethylene oxide (EO). The hydrophilic coating can be used as robust hydrophilic anti-fogging coating. The Si-CPD derived from ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and aminopropyl oligosiloxanes (APOS) was successfully prepared via one-step hydrothermal method. Then, a resin solution was prepared by mixing Si-CPD, GPTMS and EO. Epoxy group of GPTMS and EO can react with amino group of Si-CPD. Finally, a composite coating with antifogging function can be obtained by simple heating curing. Due to the introduction of hydroxyl which derived from EO, the coating shows excellent antifogging performance. Meanwhile, the presence of inorganic component endows the coating with outstanding mechanical performance. The coating has great potential in related applications, such as optical lenses, mirrors and other transparency substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of growing interest in phosphonic acid proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for fuel cell applications, we report on new PEMs containing low‐cost polyethylene oxide (PEO) covalently linked by siloxane bonds, SiOSi, to phosphonic acid (PA). Key chemistry in the formation of these membranes involves hydrolysis and condensation reactions of triethoxysilyl propyl capped PEO and pre‐hydrolyzed dimethyl phosphonatoethyltrimethoxysilane (DMPTMS) giving PEO‐Si2O3‐PA and cross‐linked chain PEO‐Si2O3‐PEO organosilsesquioxane components. The Si2O3 can enhance membrane thermal and mechanical properties. The membrane formulations were varied by (a) reagent ratios (b) PEO molecular weights or using polypropylene oxide (PPO) (c) incorporating chain extending groups methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) or hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). These variations provided five membrane families, one of which afforded a complete group of robust membranes with weight% x of PA, PAx in range PA0–PA33. These were studied using ATR‐FTIR, dry membrane water uptake capacity, ion exchange capacity (IEC), and conductivity from room temperature to 120°C at 100% relative humidity. Conductivity increased with PAx reaching 15 mS cm−1 at 120°C, activation energy 0.1 eV, for membrane PA33 for which thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX) are reported. A comparative performance of the five membrane families is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of gelation temperature and starting composition (solvent, silica, and polymer content) on the pore structure of silica xerogels with bimodal meso‐/macropore structure is explored. Using statistical regression models, precise control over the pore structure is demonstrated, a challenge in previous studies. Higher gelation temperatures and increased polyethylene oxide (PEO) content enhance the mesopore volume, while higher solvent content and reduced polymer content increase the macropore volume. The ratio of mesopore to macropore volume can be effectively adjusted, facilitating the design of xerogels with tailored properties. These findings optimize silica xerogels with bimodal pore structure for applications in catalysis, thermal insulation, and other advanced technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a promising technology for self‐powered sensors and vibration‐driven energy harvesting, with its development especially influenced by the characteristics of tribomaterials. However, developing tribopositive materials with a strong cationic effect and high electron‐donating capability remains challenging. In this study, a novel polyethylene oxide@poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PEO@Poly‐DADMAC) composite nanofiber mat (NFM) is successfully fabricated using the electrospinning technique. It functions as a highly tribopositive material, particularly enhancing the performance of nanofiber‐based TENGs (NF‐TENGs). Through investigation of its physical and triboelectric properties, the study revealed that incorporating cationic Poly‐DADMAC with PEO effectively boosts NF‐TENG output by increasing the dielectric constant (twofold), electron‐donating affinities, and surface charge trapping capability. The fabricated NF‐TENG shows excellent output performance generating 980 V, a maximum power density of 5.6 Wm−2, and an ultrahigh sensitivity of 8.923 V kPa−1 which endows composite reliability for power supply and sensing capability. More importantly, the PEO@Poly‐DADMAC‐based self‐powered motion sensor with an NF‐TENG array is successfully demonstrated in multifunctional applications such as athlete activity tracking, and wireless gaming interface control. This study not only offers new insights into optimizing performance and selecting alternative tribomaterials but also provides valuable guidance for developing high‐output TENGs and highly sensitive self‐powered sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of achieving batteries with high energy density and high safety profile has been a driving force in developing all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs). However, the complex issues arising from the interfacial interaction between lithium anode/cathode and solid‐state electrolytes (SSE) have hindered the progress of ASSLMBs. This study presents a strategy for constructing an organic/inorganic buffer layer via employing Li‐ion exchanging chemistry of H1.6Mn1.6O4 (HMO) with a flexible matrix of polyethylene oxide (PEO). The buffer layer shows a remarkable ion conductivity of 3.21 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C originating from the exceptional Li+‐H+ ion exchange capability of HMO. This PEO/HMO buffer layer not only establishes an intimate physical contact between the Li anode/cathode and the SSE but also functions as a dynamic Li+ transfer station to facilitate Li+ movement through the interfaces improving interfacial stability. By pairing with cathodes of LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811), the ASSLMBs feature high‐rate capability and stable cycling performance with low polarization. This marks the utilization of HMO as a superior interfacial material to replace conventional lithium salts, with improved ion transport, decreased polarization, and enhanced overall performances. This constitutes a significant advancement toward the next‐generation energy storage solutions for ASSLMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study illustrates the impact of different polymer types on the characteristics of Fe2O3. The manufacture of nanocomposites involved the use of polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymers. Nanocomposites were synthesised by combining an aqueous solution of Ferric chloride with various polymers. The Fe2O3 nanocomposite, which was polymer-based, was synthesised using an in situ chemical approach to investigate the impact of different polymer types on its primary physical characteristics. The configuration of polymer-based Fe2O3 nanocomposites was investigated using diagnostic instruments such as SEM, EDX, and XRD. The modification of the polymer had a clearly noticeable and apparent effect on the optical and structural properties of the nanocomposites. The utilisation of SEM, XRD, and EDX techniques provided confirmation of the successful synthesis of nanocomposites based on Fe2O3. The UV–visible spectra were examined to investigate the optical characteristics of the fabricated samples. The bandgaps of the nanocomposites ranged from 1.9 to 2.25 eV. The Urbach energy was also determined for all of the processed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the self-assembly of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-block-polypropylene oxide (PPO)-block-polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based block copolymer (BCP) commercially known as Pluronic® P123 in water and in the presence of different copolymeric surfactants (L61, L62, L64, and F68) with varying degree of hydrophilicity, i.e., %EO content. The clouding behavior demonstrates the varied phase transition ranging from solution, blue point (BP), and cloud point (CP). The characteristics of the micelles in the single and mix system are characterized utilizing dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques at different temperatures. These scattering approaches provide an insightful information on the micelle size and shape. The size variations in self-assembled micelles designated the micelles to undergo growth/transition in shape from spherical to elongated ellipsoidal as function of temperature. Additionally, the application of these nanoscale micellar aggregates as carriers for delivering the anticancer drug Quercetin (QCT) was undertaken by a thorough quantitative and qualitative analysis to gain valuable insights into the effectiveness of the mix-micellar system as an ideal platform for drug delivery. A comprehensive investigation of drug release kinetics is presented using various kinetic models. The MTT (cytotoxicity assay) assay is used to gauge the effectiveness of the QCT-loaded copolymeric micelles. Micellar transition of 5% w/v P123 in water and in the presence of copolymeric surfactants as additives at 0.2% weight fraction (fix) at different temperatures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The room temperature ionic conductivity of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based polymer electrolytes is low, the electrochemical window is narrow, and the mechanical strength is relatively poor. In this work, a cross-linking gel-based solid composite polymer electrolyte (CG-SCPE) was synthesized by introducing electrochemically stable carbonate-based functional groups. The synthesized CG-SCPE presents excellent tensile strength (26 MPa) and a wide electrochemical stability window (> 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+). Meanwhile, the in situ polymerization method induced by thermal heating resulted in good compatibility between electrodes/electrolytes. In addition, the assembled LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2/CG-SCPE/Li battery exhibited satisfactory electrochemical performance. Therefore, the gel polymer electrolyte CG-SCPE with cross-linking network provides the possibility for future application of safe and high-performance solid-state lithium metal batteries. The results indicate that the introduction of cross-linking framework can simultaneously improve the mechanical strength, thermal stability, and electrochemical performance of solid polymer electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal gasification slag (CGFS), which was a bulk solid waste in coal chemical industry, shows great application potential in the preparation of silica microspheres, zeolites ceramic materials, etc. However, its high residual carbon characteristics hinder to its development. Decarburization is a necessary precondition for the effective utilization of CGFS. The efficient separation of carbon or ash from CGFS remains a challenge due to its ultra-fine particle size. This work provides a novel flocculation-flotation process to achieve the complete carbon-ash separation of CGFS. The addition of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) or polyethylene oxide (PEO) had positive effect on the flotation of CGFS, especially for APAM. With APAM dosage of 50 g/t, the ash content of carbon slag and ash slag were 59.04% and 97.11%, respectively. In this process, the zeta potential of carbon slag and ash slag decreased from −17.43 and −11.77 mV to −23.45 and −29.80 mV, respectively. The greater change of zeta potential of ash slag indicates its stronger adsorption of APAM, leading to the higher flocculation trend of ash particles than that of carbon slag. APAM has selective flocculation effect on ash slag, which contributed to reduce the mechanical entrainment during flotation, thereby achieving complete carbon-ash separation of CGFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA nanocomposite (NC) of polycarbonate (PC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyethylene oxide (PEO) and cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles (NP) was prepared using thermolysis and ex-situ casting techniques. The microstructure and shape of the CdSe NP were characterized with the Rietveld methodology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Rietveld refinement of x-ray data indicated that the prepared CdSe NP had the cubic zinc blend structure with a lattice parameter of 6.057 Å. TEM images showed the formation of a dotted shape of CdSe with a particle size around 2 nm, confirming the quantum dot size of the mother phase CdSe. Samples from the prepared PC/PMMA/PEO/CdSe NC films were irradiated with γ ray doses ranging from 5 to 80 kGy. We used UV-vis spectroscopy to investigate the resultant effects of the γ ray irradiation on the optical properties of the prepared films. The effect of the γ ray irradiation on the light absorbance, extinction coefficient, refractive index and optical conductivity of the PC/PMMA/PEO/CdSe NC films was studied. The absorbance of the NC films increased as they were irradiated with the γ ray doses up to 80 kGy, the maximum dose used. The increase in absorbance was accompanied with a decrease in the direct bandgap, from 5.31 to 4.05 eV, and an increase of Urbach energy from 0.44 to 0.89 eV. Also, we used the optical dielectric loss (ε”) to identify the type of microelectronic transition for the PC/PMMA/PEO/CdSe NC films, which was found to be a direct allowed transition. Furthermore, the optical color changes between the pristine and the irradiated films were evaluated using the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color differences technique. The pristine film was uncolored. It showed significant color alterations when irradiated with γ radiation up to 80 kGy, the maximum dose used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer nanocomposites have found ubiquitous use across diverse industries, attributable to their distinctive properties and enhanced mechanical performance compared to conventional materials. Elucidating the elastic‐to‐plastic transition in polymer nanocomposites under diverse mechanical loads is paramount for the bespoke design of materials with desired mechanical attributes. In the current work, the elastic‐to‐plastic transition is probed in model systems of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and silica, SiO2, nanoparticles, through detailed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. This comprehensive, multi‐scale analysis unveils pivotal markers of the elastic‐to‐plastic transition, highlighting the quintessential role of microstructural and regional heterogeneities in density, strain, and stress fields, featuring the polymer‐nanoparticle interphase region. At the atomic level, the behavior of polymer chains interacting with nanoparticle surfaces is traced, differentiating between free and adsorbed chains, and identifying the microscopic origins of the linear‐to‐plastic transition. The mechanical behavior of subregions are characterized within the PEO/SiO2 nanocomposites, focusing on the interphase and bulk‐like polymer areas, probing stress heterogeneities and their decomposition into various force contributions. At the inception of plasticity, a disruption is discerned in isotropy of the polymeric density field, the emergence of low‐density regions, and microscopic voids/cavities within the polymer matrix concomitant with a transition of adsorbed chains to free. The yield strain also emerges as an inflection point in the local versus global strain diagram, demarcating the elastic limit, and the plastic regime shows pronounced strain heterogeneities. The decomposition of the atomic Virial stress into bonded and non‐bonded interactions indicates that the rigidity of the material is primarily governed by non‐bonded interactions, significantly influenced by the volume fraction of the nanoparticle. These findings emphasize the importance of the microstructural and micromechanical environment at the polymer‐nanoparticle interface on the linear‐to‐plastic transition, which is of great importance in the design of nanocomposite materials with advanced mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native mucus is heterogeneous, displays high inter-individual variation and is prone to changes during harvesting and storage. To overcome the lack of reproducibility and availability of native mucus, commercially available purified mucins, porcine gastric mucin (PGM) and mucin from bovine submaxillary gland (BSM), have been widely used. However, the question is to which extent the choice of mucin matters in studies of their interaction with polymers as their composition, structure and hence physicochemical properties differ. Accordingly, the interactions between PGM or BSM with two widely used polymers in drug delivery, polyethylene oxide and chitosan, was studied with orthogonal methods: turbidity, dynamic light scattering, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Polymer binding and adsorption to the two commercially available and purified mucins, PGM and BSM, is different depending on the mucin type. PEO, known to interact weakly with mucin, only displayed limited interaction with both mucins as confirmed by all employed methods. In contrast, chitosan was able to bind to both PGM and BSM. Interestingly, the results suggest that chitosan interacts with BSM to a greater extent than with PGM indicating that the choice of mucin, PGM or BSM, can affect the outcome of studies of mucin interactions with polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible high-performance piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) excel in converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and exhibit remarkable sensitivity, a feature that is paramount for the development of self-driven piezoelectric sensors. In this study, electrospinning technology was used to prepare poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] based piezoelectric nanofiber composite films containing potassium-sodium niobate nano particles (KNN NPs) and Nb 2 CT x co-doping, as well as single-component doping. The co-doped composite film attained an optimal β-phase content of 91.33%. Owing to the enhanced dipole alignment and interface charge polarization, the piezoelectric performance of the co-doped composite film was significantly enhanced compared to that of single-component doping. The co-doped piezoelectric composite film displayed a stable maximum output voltage of 20 V and an output current of 1.46 μA. The peak instantaneous power output was measured at 9.9 μW under the optimal resistive load of 10 MΩ. Durability testing over 2000 cycles affirmed the excellent mechanical stability of the piezoelectric composite film. Moreover, the fabricated piezoelectric composite film showed considerable potential in applications such as monitoring human activities and serving as an early warning system for natural disasters such as landslides, as indicated by the test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garnet‐based composite electrolytes show great potential in building high‐energy‐density solid lithium batteries. However, naturally formed Li2CO3 on garnets owing to air exposure hinders the Li‐ion transport and triggers undesirable performance deterioration. Based on the reaction between basic Li2CO3 and poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with a product of propylene carbonate (PC), composite electrolytes with homogeneously distributed Li2CO3‐free garnets as well as PC are fabricated in one step without the post‐treatment of garnet powders in both polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)‐based electrolytes. The formed PC component further decreases the crystallization of PEO and reduces the grain size of PVDF, leading to improved ion transport in PEO and the suppression of PVDF dehydrofluorination. Consequently, the PPC‐treated garnets enable high ionic conductivities of 3.40 × 10−4 and 1.75 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C, respectively, in PEO:garnet and PVDF:garnet electrolytes, as well as great electrochemical stability against Li‐metal with a lifespan over 1000 h in Li symmetrical cells at 0.1 mA cm−2. Superior stable cycles are thus realized in both LiFePO4|PEO:garnet|Li and LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2|PVDF:garnet|Li cells. These above results demonstrate that the one‐step treatment used here helps the enhancement of Li‐ion transport in composite electrolytes, thus essential for building high‐rate and long‐life solid lithium batteries (SLBs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary With the rapid development of solid‐state batteries, solid‐state polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have attracted widespread attention due to their excellent environmental friendliness, designability, and forming film ability. However, due to the limited conductive path of polymers, lithium‐ion diffusion kinetics are limited, and low ion conductivity is a huge challenge for SPEs in practical applications. This work provides a polyethylene oxide (PEO) based polymer electrolyte, which has multiple paths of ion diffusion caused by organic polymer framework of poly(hexaazatrinaphthalene) (PHATN). The unique porous channel, the specific surface characteristics, the coordination of ‐C=N‐ groups in PHATN with Li+, combined with the mobility of PEO segments, make the SPEs have a good ability to conduct Li+. Interestingly, the PHATN‐PEO/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) composite electrolytes exhibit excellent electrochemical properties. At room temperature, the conductivity of PHATN‐PEO electrolyte can reach 1.03 × 10–4 S·cm–1, which is greatly improved compared with 3.9 × 10–6 S·cm–1 of PEO. Delightedly, the lithium‐ion transference number of PHATN‐PEO electrolyte achieves 0.61, and the electrochemical window increases to 4.82 V. The LFP/1%PH‐PEO/Li solid‐state batteries show good electrochemical cycles. This work reveals an efficient stratagem for the design of polymer solid‐state electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights With the rapid progress of electric vehicles, the focus on high‐energy‐density anodes has increased substantially. Lithium metal (Li) possesses a high energy density of 3800 mAh/g. However, it poses safety issues for liquid electrolytes, mandating the use of safer replacements like solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). In this regard, polyethylene oxide (PEO), as the most prominent SPE, shows the highest ionic conductivity (σ) among polymers despite facing challenges including loss of thermomechanical stability around 60°C and low lithium‐ion (Li+) transference number (tLi+~0.25$$ {t}_{{\mathrm{Li}}^{+}}\sim 0.25 $$). Here, we designed SPEs consisting of PEO, poly (tetramethylene glycol)‐based waterborne polyurethane (WPU), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), and MXene. The presence of WPU was quite effective at increasing tLi+$$ {t}_{{\mathrm{Li}}^{+}} $$ (tLi+≥0.700$$ {t}_{{\mathrm{Li}}^{+}}\ge 0.700 $$). High CNC loading (10wt%$$ 10\ \mathrm{wt}\% $$) made elastic modulus (E′$$ {E}^{\prime } $$) independent of temperature with terminal E′~10MPa$$ {E}^{\prime}\sim 10\ \mathrm{MPa} $$, while improving σ and tLi+$$ {t}_{{\mathrm{Li}}^{+}} $$. These achievements were attributed to CNCs competing with Li+$$ {\mathrm{Li}}^{+} $$ over oxygen atoms of PEO and the formation of a strong CNC network. MXene$$ \mathrm{MXene} $$ was able to increase σ from 0.61×10−5to0.98×10−4S/cm$$ 0.61\times {10}^{-5}\ \mathrm{to}\ 0.98\times {10}^{-4}\ \mathrm{S}/\mathrm{cm} $$ attributed to intercalation of PEO into its interlayer spaces while also increasing tLi+$$ {t}_{{\mathrm{Li}}^{+}} $$ to 0.897. The SPEs showed a high electrochemical stability window. The optimal electrolyte showed high Coulombic efficiency and stable cycling performance. Ionomeric units resulted in a high lithium‐ion transference number (tLi+$$ {t}_{{\mathrm{Li}}^{+}} $$) Hydrogen bonding was partially responsible for increased tLi+$$ {t}_{{\mathrm{Li}}^{+}} $$ Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) increased ionic conductivity and tLi+$$ {t}_{{\mathrm{Li}}^{+}} $$ CNCs suppressed PEO spherulites' size and increased thermomechanical stability MXene disrupts PEO crystal growth and provides a new route for Li+$$ {\mathrm{Li}}^{+} $$ conduction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of interactive experiments are conducted to analyze the drag reduction technology with a rotating disk apparatus that combines microgroove structure and drag‐reducing additives including polyethylene oxide (PEO), cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC), and sodium salicylate (NaSal). By varying the disk type, concentration of drag‐reducing additives, temperature, and Reynolds number (Re), the corresponding drag reduction rates are obtained effectively. The experimental results indicate that adding CTAC strengthens the heat degradation and shear resistance of PEO; while PEO can enhance the ability of CTAC to form micellar structures and balance energy distribution at low concentrations. Moreover, the synergistic effect of these two additives presents a better drag reduction performance with a maximum drag reduction rate of 24.1%; while the microgroove structure enhances the effect of active drag reduction. Therefore, the combination of active and passive drag reduction technology broadens the application of energy saving and consumption reduction in hydraulic rotating machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the phenomenon of air cavity formation resulting from sphere-liquid impacts, a subject of enduring scientific interest with broad interdisciplinary applications. The actual cavity and air bubble volumes following cavity rupture are for the first time measured and analyzed, in correlation with the thinning of the air filament. Utilizing direct visualization and an original image processing technique, we introduce a method for these precise measurements. We have explored the dynamics of this phenomenon across various fluids, including sunflower oil, glycerin, and polyethylene oxide (PEO) viscoelastic solutions. Impact velocity and fluid properties dictate not only the topology of the air cavity but also the volume dynamics and the evolution of the air thread near cavity rupture. Experiments with PEO solutions show that increasing polymer concentration influences elasticity, resulting in narrower cavity interfaces and reduced air volume attached to the sphere after cavity rupture. The asymmetry of the air cavity is diminished with increasing viscosity and is amplified in the presence of fluid elasticity. Insights into cavity shapes generated by the impact of a spherical body in a liquid, and correlating cavity dynamics with fluid properties, contribute to advancing knowledge in various fields, from solid–fluid interaction and rheology to biomechanics and biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidic cytometry is an emerging technology for single-cell analysis and offers rich biochemical information about cells. Three-dimensional focusing of cells is a key function for microfluidic cytometry. However, the existing microfluidic chips have fixed geometries and are designed for specific cells, limiting the applicability of microfluidic cytometry. In this work, we develop the ultrastretchable microchannel for size-tunable three-dimensional elasto-inertial focusing of particles and cells. This channel can be modulated by stretching the chip, enabling the focusing of particles and cells with a wide range in sizes. The focusing performance of this ultrastretchable channel is characterized experimentally at different particle sizes, flow rates, polyethylene oxide concentrations, and stretch ratios, showing the great capability in three-dimensional focusing of particles. Finally, the applicability of our ultrastretchable microchannel to biological cells is verified by three-dimensional focusing of yeast cells and fibroblast cells (3T3 cells). The ultrastretchable microchannel is easy for mass production and can be integrated with optical sensing modules for downstream single-cell imaging and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal protective equipment (PPE) has attracted more attention since the outbreak of the epidemic in 2019. Advanced nano techniques, such as electrospinning, can provide new routes for developing novel PPE. However, electrospun antibacterial PPE is not easily obtained. Fibers loaded with photosensitizers prepared using single-fluid electrospinning have a relatively low utilization rate due to the influence of embedding and their inadequate mechanical properties. For this study, monolithic nanofibers and core–shell nanofibers were prepared and compared. Monolithic F1 fibers comprising polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (PVA-co-PE), and the photo-antibacterial agent vitamin K3 (VK3) were created using a single-fluid blending process. Core–shell F2 nanofibers were prepared using coaxial electrospinning, in which the extensible material PEO was set as the core section, and a composite consisting of PEO, PVA-co-PE, and VK3 was set as the shell section. Both F1 and F2 fibers with the designed structural properties had an average diameter of approximately 1.0 μm, as determined using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. VK3 was amorphously dispersed within the polymeric matrices of F1 and F2 fibers in a compatible manner, as revealed using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Monolithic F1 fibers had a higher tensile strength of 2.917 ± 0.091 MPa, whereas the core–shell F2 fibers had a longer elongation with a break rate of 194.567 ± 0.091%. Photoreaction tests showed that, with their adjustment, core–shell F2 nanofibers could produce 0.222 μmol/L ·OH upon illumination. F2 fibers had slightly better antibacterial performance than F1 fibers, with inhibition zones of 1.361 ± 0.012 cm and 1.296 ± 0.022 cm for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, but with less VK3. The intentional tailoring of the components and compositions of the core–shell nanostructures can improve the process–structure–performance relationship of electrospun nanofibers for potential sunlight-activated antibacterial PPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene oxide (PEO) has become a highly sought−after polymer electrolyte for lithium−ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high ionic conductivity, strong mechanical properties, and broad electrochemical stability range. However, its usefulness is hindered by its limited ionic conductivity at typical temperatures (<60 °C). Many researchers have delved into the integration of active fillers into the PEO matrix to improve the ionic conductivity and overall efficiency of composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) for LIBs. This review delves deeply into the latest developments and insights in CPEs for LIBs, focusing on the role of PEO–active filler composites. It explores the impact of different types and morphologies of active fillers on the electrochemical behavior of CPEs. Additionally, it explores the mechanisms that contribute to the improved ionic conductivity and Li−ion transport in PEO−based CPEs. This paper also emphasizes the present obstacles and prospects in the advancement of CPEs containing PEO–active filler composites for LIBs. It serves as a valuable reference for scientists and engineers engaged in the domain of advanced energy storage systems, offering insights for the forthcoming development and enhancement of CPEs to achieve superior performance in LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress in polymer science and nanotechnology yields new colloidal and macromolecular objects and their combinations, which can be defined as complex polymer materials. The complexity may include a complicated composition and architecture of macromolecular chains, specific intermolecular interactions, an unusual phase behavior, and a structure of a multi-component polymer-containing material. Determination of a relation between the structure of a complex material, the structure and properties of its constituent elements, and the rheological properties of the material as a whole is the subject of structural rheology—a valuable tool for the development and study of novel materials. This work summarizes the author's structural–rheological studies of complex polymer materials for determining the conditions and rheo-manifestations of their micro- and nanostructuring. The complicated chemical composition of macromolecular chains and its role in polymer structuring via block segregation and cooperative hydrogen bonds in melt and solutions is considered using tri- and multiblock styrene/isoprene and vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol copolymers. Specific molecular interactions are analyzed in solutions of cellulose; its acetate butyrate; a gelatin/carrageenan combination; and different acrylonitrile, oxadiazole, and benzimidazole copolymers. A homogeneous structuring may result from a conformational transition, a mesophase formation, or a macromolecular association caused by a complex chain composition or specific inter- and supramolecular interactions, which, however, may be masked by macromolecular entanglements when determining a rheological behavior. A heterogeneous structure formation implies a microscopic phase separation upon non-solvent addition, temperature change, or intense shear up to a macroscopic decomposition. Specific polymer/particle interactions have been examined using polyethylene oxide solutions, polyisobutylene melts, and cellulose gels containing solid particles of different nature, demonstrating the competition of macromolecular entanglements, interparticle interactions, and adsorption polymer/particle bonds in governing the rheological properties. Complex chain architecture has been considered using long-chain branched polybutylene-adipate-terephthalate and polyethylene melts, cross-linked sodium hyaluronate hydrogels, asphaltene solutions, and linear/highly-branched polydimethylsiloxane blends, showing that branching raises the viscosity and elasticity and can result in limited miscibility with linear isomonomer chains. Finally, some examples of composite adhesives, membranes, and greases as structured polymeric functional materials have been presented with the demonstration of the relation between their rheological and performance properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review covers the basics of, inorganic-polymer composite electrolyte materials that combine inorganic components with polymer matrices to enhance the ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of the electrolyte. These composite electrolytes are commonly employed in solid-state batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and other electrochemical devices. The incorporation of inorganic components, such as ceramic nanoparticles or metal oxides, into a polymer matrix provides several advantages. The inorganic components can improve the overall ionic conductivity by providing pathways for ion transport, reducing the tortuosity of the polymer matrix, and facilitating ion hopping between polymer chains. Additionally, inorganic materials often exhibit higher thermal and chemical stability compared to pure polymers, which can enhance the safety and durability of composite electrolytes. Polymer matrices used in inorganic-polymer composite electrolytes can vary, but common choices include polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide (PEO/PPO) blends. These polymers offer good mechanical flexibility and processability, allowing for the fabrication of thin films or membranes. The fabrication methods for inorganic-polymer composite electrolytes depend on the specific application and desired properties. Common approaches include solution casting, in situ polymerization, melt blending, and electrospinning. During the fabrication process, the inorganic components are typically dispersed or mixed with the polymer matrix, and the resulting composite is processed into the desired form, such as films, membranes, or coatings. The performance of inorganic-polymer composite electrolytes is evaluated based on their ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, electrochemical stability, and compatibility with the electrode materials. Researchers continue to explore various combinations of inorganic and polymer components, as well as optimization strategies, to further improve the overall performance of these composite electrolytes for advanced energy storage and conversion applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Growing incidences of chronic wounds recommend the development of optimal therapeutic wound dressings. Electrospun nanofibers have been considered to show potential wound healing properties when accompanied by other wound dressing materials. This study aimed to explore the potential role of Chitosan (CS) nanofibrous mats coated with resveratrol (RS) as an antioxidant and pro‐angiogenic agent in rat models of skin wound healing. Methods: Electrospun chitosan/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers were prepared using electrospinning technology and coated by 0.05 and 0.1 mg.ml resveratrol named as (CS/RS 0.05) and (CS/RS 0.1), respectively. The scaffolds were characterized physiochemically such as in vitro release study, TGA, FTIR spectroscopy analysis, biodegradability, and human dermal fibroblast seeding assay. The scaffold was subsequently used in vivo as a skin substitute on a rat skin wound model. Results: In vitro tests revealed that all scaffolds promoted cell adhesion and proliferation. However, more cell viability was observed in CS/RS 0.1 scaffold. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was validated by MTT assay, and the results did not show any toxic effects on human dermal fibroblasts. It was observed that RS‐coated scaffolds had the ability to release RS in a controlled manner. In in vivo tests CS/RS 0.1 scaffold had the greatest impact on the healing process by improving the neodermis formation and modulated inflammation in wound granulation tissue. Histological analysis revealed enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor expression, epithelialization and increased depth of wound granulation tissue. Conclusions: The RS‐coated CS/PEO nanofibrous scaffold accelerates wound healing and may be useful as a dressing for cell transfer and clinical skin regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Median sternotomy and steel wires for sternal closure are the standard approach for cardiac surgery. An incomplete repair associated with chest wall motion, especially in the presence of predisposing factors, can lead to life-threatening deep sternal wound infection, also known as mediastinitis, in 2–5% of cases. Despite current antibiotic and surgical treatments, mediastinitis is associated with a 10–40% mortality rate and a significant increase in morbidity and hospital stay. High mortality and difficult treatment appear to be due to bacterial biofilm, a self-produced extracellular polymeric product that incorporates host tissue and is responsible for the failure of immune defenses and standard antimicrobial therapies. Nanostructures are an effective strategy to enhance the healing process, as they establish a favorable environment for the neosynthesis of the extracellular matrix, supporting tissue development. Synthetic polymers have been proven to exhibit suitable biodegradable and mechanical properties, and their biofunctionalization to enhance cell attachment and interaction with the extracellular matrix is being widely investigated. The use of antibiotic treatments suspended in poly-D,L-lactide and polyethylene oxide and electrospun into nanofibers, or in sponges, has been shown to inhibit bacterial biofilm production. Additionally, growth factors can be incorporated into 3D bioresorbable scaffolds with the aim of constituting a structural and biological framework to organize and expedite the healing process. Therefore, these combined approaches may change the treatment of mediastinitis in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the preparation, hydrogel kinetics, and mechanical analysis of Boron Nitride (BN) reinforced PVA/PVP/PEO‐BN hydrogel composite films using Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and Polyethylene oxide (PEO) commercial polymers. Dynamic mechanical analysis tests reveal that PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN composite films exhibit plastic‐viscoelastic behavior under a maximum force of 18 N. The Young's Modulus values for PVA90PEO5PVP5, PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%10, and PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%20 are 0.22, 0.32, and 0.44 MPa, respectively. The highest % Strain value is observed in PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%20, reaching 279.80%. In the hydrogel kinetics study, Schott's and Fickian models are utilized. The regression from the Fickian model is quite low, with exponential diffusion index, n, values lower than 0.5, indicating a classical Fickian water diffusion mechanism. Schott's model provides graphs with significantly higher regression compared to the Fickian model. The results indicate compatibility with the other model and confirm the presence of water‐based diffusion. Equilibrium swelling values (Se, g H2O/g gel) are 6.71, 7.03, and 7.91 for PVA90PEO5PVP5, PVA90PEO5PVP5, PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%10, and PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%20, respectively. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis results show that the glass transition temperatures, Tg, are 52.37, 60.20, and 63.05°C for PVA90PEO5PVP5, PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%10, and PVA90PEO5PVP5‐BN%20, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic perovskites are promising semiconductor materials for advanced photoelectric applications. Their fluorescence typically shows a negative temperature coefficient due to bandgap change and structural instability. In this study, a novel perovskite‐based composite with positive sensitivity to temperature was designed and obtained based on its inverse temperature crystallization, demonstrating good flexibility and solution processability. The supercritical drying method was used to address the limitations of annealing drying in preparing high‐performance perovskite. Optimizing the precursor composition proved to be an effective approach for achieving high fluorescence and structural integrity in the perovskite material. This perovskite‐based composite exhibited a positive temperature sensitivity of 28.563% °C−1 for intensity change and excellent temperature cycling reversibility in the range of 25–40 °C in an ambient environment. This made it suitable for use as a smart window with rapid response. Furthermore, the perovskite composite was found to offer temperature‐sensing photoluminescence and flexible processability due to its components of perovskite‐based compounds and polyethylene oxide. The organic precursor solvent could be a promising candidate for use as ink to print or write on various substrates for optoelectronic devices responding to temperature. A composite based on perovskite was created to demonstrate long‐term positive temperature sensitivity. It could be a great option for use in smart windows that respond quickly to temperature changes. Furthermore, it had the potential to be used as ink for printing or writing on different substrates for optoelectronic devices with good flexibility and solution processability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of nanotechnology, rotary jet spinning technology has garnered attention due to its unique advantages in fabricating composite nanofibers. The composite nanofibers prepared using this technology exhibit exceptional purity, uniformity, and consistency, thereby enhancing reliability and controllability in practical applications. During the process of rotary jet spinning, the spinning solution flows into the nozzle and converges at a micro‐triangle under the combined influence of centrifugal force, viscous force, surface tension, and gravity. Stepped jet refers to the flow phenomenon occurring within a channel with a gradually decreasing cross‐sectional area. In this process, an increase in the flow velocity of the composite spinning solution aids in stabilizing stretching at the micro‐triangle which is crucial for forming continuous jets. This article analyzes cone formation mechanisms for composite spinning solutions and stepped jet principles while establishing corresponding models that reflect relationships between solution velocity magnitude and parameters such as rotational speed, concentration, and nozzle diameter. Finally, polyethylene oxide (PEO)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) composite nanofibers were prepared using a rotary jet spinning device where experimental investigation focused on examining how parameters such as rotational speed, solution concentration, and nozzle diameter impact motion of spinning solution within micro‐triangle. Highlights: Preparation of PEO/PVP composite nanofibers by rotary jet spinning.Presentation of cone formation mechanisms for composite solutions.The stepped injection principle was proposed.Modeling of composite solution motion.Rotational speed, solution concentration, and nozzle diameter impact motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food packaging plays a critical role in maintaining the freshness and quality of foods by minimizing oxidation and microbial contamination. Active packaging systems based on biodegradable polymers with green production have received great attention. Here, Melissa officinalis extract (ME) with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties was incorporated into chitosan (Cs)/ polyethylene oxide (PEO) electrospun nanofibers. Nanofibers were fabricated through electrospinning as an efficient and versatile technique with an applied voltage of 18 kV and a tip-to-collector distance of 18 cm. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of ME was measured. By incorporating ME into the nanofibers, the need for synthetic additives or preservatives can be reduced, promoting eco-friendly packaging solutions. The nanofibers were characterized regarding morphology, water contact angle, swelling degree, weight loss, mechanical strength, and vapor permeability. To improve the mechanical properties of nanofibers, photo-cross-linking was applied with benzophenone. Nanofibers were evaluated in terms of antioxidant and antifungal activities as well as their ability to protect edible mushroom quality. ME contained a significant amount of phenolic compounds as well as 1.3 mg caffeic acid/g herbal extract. Cs/PEO/ME nanofibers showed uniform and bead-free structures with an average fiber diameter of 157.7 nm. Photo-cross-linked nanofibers exhibited higher water resistance and mechanical properties compared with the as-spun formulation. ME-loaded nanofibers had higher antioxidant and antifungal activities than the empty formulation. Cross-linked Cs/PEO/ME nanofibers prolonged the shelf life of mushrooms compared to empty mats and plastic films. In conclusion, the multifunctional cross-linked Cs/PEO/ME nanofibers have broad prospects in active food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable/efficient low‐energy emitters for photon down‐conversion in bio‐hybrid light‐emitting diodes (Bio‐HLEDs) are still challenging, as the archetypal fluorescent protein (FP) mCherry has led to the best deep‐red Bio‐HLEDs with poor stabilities: 3 h (on‐chip)/160 h (remote). Capitalizing on the excellent refolding under temperature/pH/chemical stress, high brightness, and high compatibility with polysaccharides of phycobiliproteins (smURFP), first‐class low‐energy emitting Bio‐HLEDs are achieved. They outperform those with mCherry regardless of using reference polyethylene oxide (on‐chip: 24 h vs. 3 h) and new biopolymer hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC; on‐chip: 44 h vs. 3 h) coatings. Fine optimization of smURFP‐HPC‐coatings leads to stable record devices (on‐chip: 2600 h/108 days) compared to champion devices with perylene diimides (on‐chip: <700 h) and artificial FPs (on‐chip: 35 h). Finally, spectroscopy/computational/thermal assays confirm that device degradation is related to the photo‐induced reduction of biliverdin to bilirubin. Overall, this study pinpoints a new family of biogenic emitters toward superior protein‐based lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report superionic conduction in a Mg2+-containing covalent organic framework (COF) at intermediate temperature in the absence of guest vapors. A COF containing Mg2+ carriers and polyethylene oxide (PEO) chains in its channels (TPB-PEO-9-COF-Mg) was synthesized. TPB-PEO-9-COF-Mg showed superionic conductivity above 10−4 S cm−1 under dry N2 at 160 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic‐organic hybrid solid electrolytes (HSEs) are an important category of electrolyte materials for solid‐state batterie. It is of interest and importance to investigate the influence of composition and content of inorganic fillers on the electrochemical performance of HSEs. In this paper, we fabricated HSEs using polyethylene oxide (PEO) as matrix and incorporating different inorganic powders as active fillers. A series of HSEs with different contents of Ga/Nb co‐substituted garnet oxide (Li6.35Ga0.15La3Zr1.8Nb0.2O12, GN‐LLZO) and Y‐doped Li29Zr9Nb3O40 (Li29.3Zr8.7Y0.3Nb3O40, 0.3Y‐LZNO) were carefully designed. The ionic conductivity of these PEO‐based HSEs were studied, and their performance in solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries with LiFePO4 (LFP) as cathode material and Li metal as anode were evaluated. The results showed that the HSE with addition content of inorganic powders, namely PEOLiTFSI@5 % GN‐LLZO +5 %0.3Y‐LZNO (noted as PL3) showed the optimized ionic conductivity of 2.9×10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature with an activation energy Ea of 0.21 eV. It has an electrochemical stability window of 4.65 V and ionic transfer number of 0.242. The addition of inorganic powders not only enhanced the ionic conductivities of PEO‐based HSEs, but also exhibited superior stability and interfacial compatibility with electrodes, leading to the improved cycle stability in the LFP/PL3/Li solid‐state battery configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have gained remarkable development within the realm of new energy resources. With its improved electrochemical stability and environmental‐friendly sustainability, bacterial cellulose (BC) has emerged as a promising candidate for applications in SPEs. Herein, bacterial cellulose was chemically cyanoethylated and integrated with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide/polyethylene oxide (PEO) based SPE. Some vertical channels are formed when trace amounts (0.5 wt%) of cyanoethylated bacterial cellulose (BC‐CN) are added to PEO‐based SPE, as revealed by SEM. This formula's corresponding PEO‐based SPE presents the highest ion conductivity of 5.7 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 60°C. The ion migration activation (Ea) deduced from the Arrhenius equation is 0.48 eV, lower than the value of 0.82 eV for the pristine PEO SPE. Besides, the Li+ migration number of this modified PEO‐based solid electrolyte is calculated to be a relatively high value of 0.33, while that of its counterpart, the pristine PEO SPE, is as low as 0.06. The all‐solid‐state lithium battery with PEO/0.5%BC‐CN SPE can operate stably for 115 cycles, which is longer than the 80 cycles achieved with the pristine PEO SPE. This study introduces a novel strategy for creating modified BC composites PEO‐based SPE. Bacterial cellulose was chemically cyanoethylated. Cyanoethylated bacterial cellulose composite polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are prepared in DMF. Opening pores penetrate the surface of the PEO/0.5% cyanoethylated bacterial cellulose (BC‐CN) SPE membrane. PEO/0.5% BC‐CN shows ionic conductivity of 5.7 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 60°C. Full cell with PEO/0.5% BC‐CN performs stably for 115 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are among the most promising candidates for solid‐state batteries due to their easy processibility, interface compatibility, and cost efficiency. However, the trade‐off between the ionic conductivity and mechanical strength of SPEs, which has persisted for decades, hinders their application in solid‐state lithium (Li) metal batteries. In this study, the aim is to break this trade‐off by utilizing poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) nanofibers as a mechanically strong backbone and polyethylene oxide (PEO) as an ionically conductive network. The PBO/PEO composite electrolyte reduces the crystallinity of PEO while increasing the mechanical strength (74.4 MPa, ≈14 times that of PEO). Thus, PBO/PEO simultaneously improves ionic conductivity and mechanical strength both at room temperature and elevated temperatures, enabling uniform and smooth Li deposition. Thus, a long cycle life of solid‐state Li symmetric cells for 1000 h at 60 °C is achieved, and stable cycling of solid‐state Li metal full batteries at 60 °C and even 100 °C. Furthermore, the solid‐state pouch cell using this SPE exhibits excellent performance reliably after bending. The study clearly indicates that simultaneously improving mechanical properties and conductivity is the indispensable path to the practical application of solid‐state electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the cell responses, potential skin reactions during the treatment process and burn wound healing efficacy of electrospun polycaprolactone/polyethylene oxide (PCL/PEO) nanofibers (NFs) containing Centella asiatica mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles (CA‐AgNPs) by in vitro and in vivo studies. Apoptosis‐necrosis, genotoxicity, hemolysis, and cell attachment studies are carried out within the scope of in vitro tests, and irritation, sensitivity, and burn wound studies are carried out within the scope of in vivo tests. The apoptotic index value of CA‐AgNPs‐[PCL/PEO] NFs material on L929 fibroblast cells is determined as 5.0 ± 1.0% at the highest concentration and the necrotic index value is 5.0 ± 0.3%. Micronucleus rates (%) of NFs treated with CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells are not at genotoxic level. The hemolytic index value of NFs dressing is determined as 0.23 ± 0.03%, The primary irritation index (PII) value of NFs wound dressing is calculated as 0.36 by irritation tests. In addition, the potential sensitization reaction of NFs extract on guinea pigs is evaluated and the sensitization score is determined as 0.9. The healing efficacy of NFs material on second‐degree burn wounds compared to a commercial product is supported by pathomorphological findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAmorphous polycarbonate (PC), amorphous polystyrene (PS), semicrystalline polyethylene oxide (PEO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles (NP) were used to fabricate PC/PS/PEO/ZnS nanocomposite (NC) films. We believe that this study is novel in the area of the effect of γ ray radiation on such NC. The synthesized ZnS NP had an average particle size of 18 nm, as indicated from the Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) scans. Samples of the PC/PS/PEO/ZnS NC films were irradiated with γ ray doses ranging from 20 to 180 kGy. UV-vis spectroscopy and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color changes technique were used to investigate the resulting effects of the γ ray irradiation on the optical and color properties of the prepared films. The light absorbance of the NC films increased as it was irradiated with the γ ray doses up to 180 kGy, the maximum dose used. The increase in absorbance was associated with a decrease in the direct bandgap from 5.88 to 4.92 eV, and an increase of Urbach energy from 0.43 to 0.81 eV. This was attributed to the dominance of chain crosslinks. The γ ray effects on the absorbance, extinction coefficient, refractive index and optical conductivity of the NC films were studied. The modifications in the optical properties indicated that the γ radiation is a useful tool that allows the application of the resulting PC/PS/PEO/ZnS NC films in optoelectronic devices. Furthermore, the color differences between the pristine and irradiated films were evaluated using the CIE color differences technique. The pristine film was uncolored but showed significant color changes when irradiated with γ radiation up to 180 kGy, the maximum dose used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the development of novel nanocomposite films based on a blend of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) loaded with varying weight percentages of copper cobaltite nanoparticles (CuCo2O4 NPs). The primary objective was to fabricate these nanocomposites using a solution casting technique and explore the influence of CuCo2O4 content on their structural, optical, electrical, and dielectric properties. Spinel-type CuCo2O4 NPs were synthesized via the hydrothermal method and incorporated into the PEO/PVA blend. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the transformation of the polymer matrix towards an amorphous state with increasing CuCo2O4 content. UV–Vis spectroscopy studies demonstrated a decrease in both the direct and indirect band gaps of the nanocomposites, suggesting potential applications in optoelectronic devices. Impedance spectroscopy measurements revealed a significant enhancement in ionic conductivity (three orders of magnitude higher than the pristine blend) for the nanocomposite film containing 1.8 wt% CuCo2O4. The real permittivity (ε′) and imaginary permittivity (ε″) of the polymer nanocomposites exhibited a decrease with increasing frequency due to the interplay of various polarization mechanisms. Notably, incorporating 1.8 wt% CuCo2O4 nanoparticles led to a remarkable improvement in energy density compared to the pristine blend. Additionally, a significant decrease in the potential barrier was observed. These findings demonstrate the successful fabrication of PEO/PVA-CuCo2O4 nanocomposite films with enhanced optical, electrical, and dielectric properties. The observed improvements suggest promising applications for these materials in energy storage devices and potentially in optoelectronic devices like light-emitting diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amalgamation of sustainable practises throughout the fabrication process with advanced material engineering holds promise not only for eco-conscious manufacturing but also for promoting technological advancements in versatile material design and application. Moreover, technological innovation serves as a catalyst for sustainability initiatives, driving innovation and enabling the adoption of greener practises across industries. This study investigates redefining the production protocol of pressure spinning to produce core–sheath polymer fibres, deepening sustainable practises. It aims to explore innovative approaches such as modifying spinning parameters, optimising polymer solvent configurations and understanding fluid behaviour to curtail material wastage and maintain minimal energy consumption without compromising production efficiency. Utilising Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for the core and Polyethylene oxide (PEO) for the sheath, production rates of up to 64 g/h were achieved with a fibre diameter range of 3.2 ± 1.7 µm to 4.6 ± 2.0 µm. Energy consumption per mass of fibres produced showed a decreasing trend overall with increasing applied gas pressure. These findings highlight the potential for the efficient and scalable production of core–sheath fibres with applications in various advanced materials fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new high performance PEO-based solid electrolyte was prepared by the synergistic effect of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene/PAN nanofiber and LLZTO, which exhibits high ionic conductivity, excellent mechanical properties and outstanding electrochemical stability due to the uniform dispersion of LLZTO in the electrolyte and abundant functional groups of Ti 3 C 2 T x which can accelerate Li+ migration. [Display omitted] • Three-dimensional (3D) interconnected PAN/Mxene network with antibacterial effect was firstly prepared with electrostatic spinning. • The conduction of Li+ could be accelerated by the functional group of Ti 3 C 2 T x and uniformly dispersed LLZTO in the composite solid electrolyte. • The PEO/LLZTO/PAN/Ti 3 C 2 T x CSE exhibits an excellent Li+ conductivity (2.17 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 ℃) and high cycling stability at −2 ℃. • This work provides a new strategy for the preparation of high-performance solidelectrolytes and recyclable antimicrobial materials. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have been considered the most promising separators for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) due to their ease of processing and low cost. However, the practical applications of SPEs in ASSLMBs are limited by their low ionic conductivities and mechanical strength. Herein, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x) network and Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 12 (LLZTO) particles synergistically reinforced polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based SPE, where the association of Li+ with ether-oxygen in PEO could be significantly weakened through the Lewis acid-base interactions between the electron-absorbing group (Ti–F, −O–) of Ti 3 C 2 T x and Li+. Besides, the TFSI− in lithium salts could be immobilized by hydrogen bonds from the Ti–OH of Ti 3 C 2 T x. The 3D interconnected Ti 3 C 2 T x network not only alleviated the agglomeration of inorganic fillers (LLZTO), but also improved the mechanical strength of composite solid electrolyte (CSE). Consequently, the assembled Li||CSE||Li symmetric battery showed excellent cycling stability at 35 ℃ (stable cycling over 3000 h at 0.1 mA cm−2, 0.1 mAh cm−2) and −2 ℃ (stable cycling over 2500 h at 0.05 mA cm−2, 0.05 mAh cm−2). Impressively, the LiFePO 4 ||CSE||Li battery showed a high discharge capacity of 145.3 mAh/g at 0.3 C after 300 cycles at 35 ℃. This rational structural design provided a new strategy for the preparation of high-performance solid-state electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer solid composite electrolyte (PSCE) has gained significant attention due to its superior ion conductivity and compatibility with electrodes compared to inorganic solid-state electrolytes, as well as its better safety compared to liquid electrolytes. In this study, Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 (NZSP) nanoparticles are synthesized with polyethylene oxide (PEO) and sodium percarbonate (SPC)-based PSCE. The resulting material is evaluated for its application performances in all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries (ASSBs). The addition of Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 filler reduces the polymer matrix's crystallinity and decreases the formation of sodium dendrites. As a result, the PSCE delivers an enlarged electrochemical window stability of 4.8 V and improved ion conductivity that can reach as high as 2.6 × 10−4 SCm−1. When applied in ASSBs, the resulting PSCE shows a high first discharge capacity of 75.4 mAh g−1 at 0.2C and a promising faradaic efficiency of 97% (for 100 cycles). These results indicate that PEO−SPC−NZSP based PSCE can be significantly improved by adding Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 filler, thus enabling its practical application as a form of energy storage. • Sodium percarbonate (SPC) - a solid hydrogen peroxide, was used as an electrolyte. • Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 (NZSP) filler was synthesized using sol-gel method. • The PEO/SPC/NZSP electrolyte was prepared by Stokes' solution casting process. • A good ionic conductivity, electrochemical and thermal stability is achieved. • The PEO/SPC/NZSP solid electrolyte is a smart choice for the production of ASSBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to superior energy density and safety, all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLBs) are considered to be the perfect substitute for lithium-ion batteries. As the most important component of ASSLBs, solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are an important part of promoting the commercial development of ASSLBs. However, low ionic conductivity and poor oxidation stability of SSEs are the main obstacles to their industrial preparation. Here, we chose garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 ceramics to prepare a three-dimensional (3D) rebar-like structure nanofiber framework by electrospinning, and infiltrating a polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer matrix to form the reinforced concrete-like composite solid electrolytes (3D RC-CSEs). The regularly arranged and interconnected framework endows the 3D RC-CSEs with a fast ion transport channel (ion conductivity is 0.23 mS cm−1 at 30 ℃), the lithium-ion transference number is up to 0.47 and electrochemical stability window of 4.9 V (vs. Li+/Li). The Li|3D RC-CSEs|Li battery can achieve a stable cycle for 3200 h at 0.2 mA cm−2. The LFP|3D RC-CSEs|Li battery shows an excellent rate performance (discharge specific capacity of 123.1 mAh g−1 at 3 C) and great cycling performance (discharge specific capacity of 123.1 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles at 1 C) at 60 ℃. In addition, the 3D RC-CSEs showed that Young's modulus is 9.6 times of the PEO-LiTFSI. The unique structural design provides a practical strategy for commercial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated with a polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based quasi-solid (gel) electrolyte consisting of the ionic liquid 1-hexil-3-methylimidazoliym iodide (HMII), and tetrapropyl ammonium iodide (Pr4N+I−) as the two iodide salts with two dissimilar cations. Titanium dioxide powder (TiO2) (P-25) was added to the polymer electrolyte to enhance the iodide ion conductivity further by the nanofiller effect. The electrolyte and the solar cells were characterized by ionic conductivity and impedance measurements, DC polarization test, and current-voltage measurements. The maximum ionic conductivity of 6.95 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 30 °C was exhibited by the electrolyte composition with a 5 wt% TiO2 nanofiller concentration, and the activation energy of this electrolyte was 0.181 eV. The solar cell with this conductivity-optimized gel electrolyte had the highest short-circuit photocurrent of 8.72 mA cm−2 and the highest efficiency of 4.04% with an open-circuit voltage of 685.4 V and a fill factor of 67.6%. The addition of TiO2 nanofiller to the PEO-based gel polymer electrolyte has increased the electron recombination lifetime in the TiO2 photoanode from 2.23 ms for the TiO2 nanofiller-free electrolyte to 33.84 ms for the filler-added electrolyte. The enhancement of the solar cell efficiency is attributed to the mixed cation effect and the diffusion-mediated ionic conductivity increase due to the presence of the TiO2 nanofiller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibres in the micro- and nanometre scale are suited to a broad range of applications, including drug delivery and tissue engineering. Electrospinning is the manufacturing method of choice, but it has some limitations. Novel pressure-driven fibre-forming techniques, like pressurised gyration (PG), overcome these limitations; however, the compatibility of PG with biological materials has not yet been evaluated in detail. For the first time, this limitation of PG was investigated by optimising PG for microbial cell processing and incorporating bacterial cultures into fibrous polymeric scaffolds for sustained release. Multiple polymer–solvent systems were trialled, including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) 25% w/v, polyethylene oxide (PEO)/PBS 20% w/v, and PVP/ethanol 20% w/v. Rheological studies revealed the surface tension of the PVP/PBS, PEO/PBS, and PVP/ethanol polymer–solvent systems to be 73.2, 73.9, and 22.6 mN/m, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed the median fibre diameters to be between 9.8 μm and 26.1 μm, with PVP producing larger fibres. Overnight Bacillus subtilis cultures were then incorporated into the chosen polymeric solutions and processed into fibres using PG. The produced cell-loaded fibres were incubated in LB broth to assess the cell viability of the encapsulated cells. Colony counts post-incubation showed the PVP/PBS 25% fibres resulted in 60% bacterial growth, and PEO/PBS 20% fibres led to 47% bacterial growth, whereas PVP/ethanol 20% fibres did not lead to any bacterial growth. Based on the results gathered during this study, it can be concluded that PG offers a promising way of encapsulating cells and other sensitive biological products while having many notable advantages compared to electrospinning. This research demonstrates proof of concept research-based evidence and showcases the potential of pressurised gyration as a key disruptive innovation in probiotic delivery system design and manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is an essential oil- containing medicinal plant used worldwide. The aim of this study was to gain knowledge of the phytochemical composition and the analgesic and soporific activity of Matricaria chamomilla L. (German chamomile) flower extract and its amino acid preparations, to predict the mechanisms of their effects by molecular docking and to develop aqueous printing gels and novel 3D-printed oral dosage forms for the flower extracts. In total, 22 polyphenolic compounds and 14 amino acids were identified and quantified in the M. chamomilla extracts. In vivo animal studies with rodents showed that the oral administration of such extracts revealed the potential for treating of sleep disorders and diseases accompanied by pain. Amino acids were found to potentiate these effects. Glycine enhanced the analgesic activity the most, while lysine and β-alanine improved the soporific activity. The molecular docking analysis revealed a high probability of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism and 5-lipoxygenase (LOX-5) inhibition by the extracts. A polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based gel composition with the M. chamomilla extracts was proposed for preparing a novel 3D-printed dosage form for oral administration. These 3D-printed extract preparations can be used, for example, in dietary supplement applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of the ion beam on the properties of composite PEO/NiO, which was fabricated using the solution casting method and applied in advanced dielectric applications. The samples were exposed to ion beam at different fluencies (5 × 1016, 10 × 1016, and 15 × 1016 ions/cm2) using cold cathode ion source. The structure of the pure and treated PEO/NiO films was studied using the XRD technique, which demonstrated the successful fabrication of the composite PEO/NiO. Moreover, the morphological changes were analyzed by SEM, which indicates the homogeneous distribution of NiO in PEO. Furthermore, the dielectric characteristics of PEO/NiO films were tested at a frequency range of 40–106 Hz. The dielectric constant enhanced from 22.8 for PEO/NiO to 128.5 for the irradiated 15 × 1016 ions/cm2, and the energy density enhanced from 1.1x10−4 to 5.6x10−4 J/m3. The results demonstrate that the irradiated PEO/NiO composite exhibits novel dielectric properties, allowing the use of the irradiated PEO/NiO composite in different devices as super-capacitors and batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the effect of liquid elasticity on the transient cavitation bubbles confined in a tube both experimentally and theoretically. In experiments, the tube-arrest apparatus is used to generate cavitation bubbles near the tube bottom with various polyethylene oxide solutions. Our experiments show that bubble dynamics, particularly the maximum bubble length, are significantly influenced by liquid elasticity. We establish a double oscillator model for the liquid column to explain the experimental results and predict the bubble dynamics over a broader range. Finally, we propose that the reciprocal of the cavitation number C a 2 and p r R / k determine the regimes of the liquid column separation, where p r is the reference pressure, R is tube radius, and k is the "stiffness coefficient" of the liquid column. Our work provides a quantitative scaling of the dynamics of large cylindrical cavitation bubbles in viscoelastic liquids during the transient process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid state nanochannels provide significant practical advantages in many fields due to their interesting properties, such as controllable shape and size, robustness, ion selectivity. But their complex preparation processes severely limit their application. In this study, a simple cost‐effective method to fabricate single nanochannel by embedding a single polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofiber is presented. Firstly, PEO nanofibers are prepared by electrospinning, and then a single PEO nanofiber are precisely transferred to the target sample using a micromanipulation platform. Then, PDMS is used for embedding, and finally, the PEO nanofiber is dissolved to obtain a single nanochannel. Unlike other methods of preparing nanochannels by embedding nanofibers, this method can prepare single nanochannel. The diameter of nanochannel can be as fine as 100 nm, and the length can reach several micrometers. The power generation between two potassium chloride solutions with various combinations of concentrations was investigated using the nanochannel. This low‐cost flexible nanochannel can also be used in various applications, including DNA sequencing and biomimetic ion channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study evaluated the use of a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) composite material to prevent adhesions following orthopedic surgery in dogs. Ten purpose-bred laboratory Beagle dogs were allocated consecutively into two groups—one received the anti-adhesion material during an ulna osteotomy, while the other group did not. The results showed no significant differences between the groups in terms of surgical site size, lameness, or bone healing on imaging evaluation. The group that received the anti-adhesion material had significantly lower adhesion and better healing scores based on macroscopic and histopathologic evaluation. These findings suggest the CMC/PEO composite is a safe and potentially effective way to prevent post-surgical adhesions in canine orthopedic patients, without compromising bone healing. Further research is needed to fully characterize the clinical benefits of this approach. The formation of adhesions is a common complication following traumatic injuries and surgical procedures, often resulting in pain, stiffness, and loss of function. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using a composite material comprising of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and calcium chloride, for preventing adhesions between muscle and bone during the healing stage, as well as its effect on the bone healing process. Ten healthy purpose-bred laboratory Beagle dogs were randomly subjected to two consecutive operations with a 6-month interval, alternating between left and right forelimbs. On the left forelimb an osteotomy at the ulna was performed, while on the right forelimb the same procedure was supplemented by the application of the anti-adhesion agent in the osteotomy site prior to closure. Clinical, diagnostic imaging, macroscopic, and histological evaluations were performed at various time points. The results showed no significant differences in surgical site perimeter (p = 0.558), lameness (p = 0.227), and radiographic bone healing (p = 0.379) between the two groups. However, the macroscopic (p = 0.006) and histological assessments revealed significantly lower adhesion scores (p = 0.0049) and better healing (p = 0.0102) in the group that received the anti-adhesion agent. These findings suggest that the CMC/PEO composite material is a safe and potentially effective intervention for preventing post-traumatic and post-surgical adhesions in canine patients without compromising bone healing. Further research is warranted to fully characterize the clinical benefits of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]