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Synthetic textile materials are noted as one of the major contributors to microfiber release from household laundry. The higher usage of synthetic textiles was noted as one of the major reasons for the leaching of microfibers into the aquatic system. Though few laundry aids are available to control the release of microfiber from laundry, no successful methods were developed to control it in the fabric itself. Hence, this research aimed to analyze the effectiveness of surface modification of polyester fabric using lipase enzyme and its impact on microfiber shedding. Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array was adopted to optimize the enzyme treatment process parameters to reduce microfiber shedding. The results showed that enzyme concentration was the major influencing factor with a contribution of 35.56%, followed by treatment pH (35.247%), treatment time (17.46%), and treatment temperature (11.74%). The optimization with S/N ratio showed minimum microfiber shedding at an enzyme concentration of 0.5 gram per liter (gpl), treatment temperature of 55°C, 6.5 pH, and a treatment time of 45 minutes. Knitted polyester fabric treated with the optimized enzyme treatment condition showed a significant reduction (p<0.05) in microfiber shedding (count—79.11% and mass—85.68%). The surface changes and the interaction of the enzyme on the fabric were confirmed by hydrolytic activity and FTIR analysis. The optimized treatment on different knit structures and fabric with different grams per square meter (GSM) indicated the versatility of the treatment irrespective of fabric parameters. The repeated laundry process (20 washing cycles) showed that the enzyme-treated samples had a significant level (p<0.05) of reduction in shedding than the control sample. The difference in shedding after 20 washes supports the efficiency and longevity of the enzyme treatment process in reducing microfiber shedding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we developed a micro-scale smart gas sensor based on polypyrrole-ZnO (PPy-ZnO) fiber for the detection of some volatile compounds that were added as adulterants in milk samples. The PPy-ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized via a chemical polymerization method on polyester textile fiber, in which ZnO nanoparticles as dopant and FeCl3 as an oxidizing agent were used in nanocomposite polymerization. The structure and morphology of PPy-ZnO nanocomposite (30-100 nm) was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The designed PPy-ZnO fiber was used as a micro-scale gas sensor for rapid and simultaneous detection of adulterants added to milk samples. Adulterants in this study included NaClO, H2CO3, citric acid and NaHCO3. Central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effects of NaClO, H2CO3, citric acid and NaHCO3 concentration on the sensor responses to determine the adulteration in milk samples. Milk samples with different concentrations of adulterants (0-10 parts per thousand (g/L)) were prepared, and their volatile compounds, separated by the headspace method, were injected into the sensor. The PPy-ZnO sensor responses to volatile compounds of milk samples were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that NaClO, H2CO3, citric acid and NaHCO3concentration affected the PPy-ZnO sensor responses, and there was a good linear relationship between the concentration of the adulterants and the sensor responses. The presented micro-scale smart gas sensor could detect adulteration by these chemicals in milk. The detection procedure was simple and rapid, and could be completed in 3 min following a 4 min sample preparation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Micro/nanostructure rough polyester textile with superhydrophobic and superoleophilic properties was prepared by CVD of DMDCS under certain conditions and then tested in different ways for water-oil separation application. Abstract Oil–water separation is an important concept because of the growing effluents of industrial oily wastewater and frequent oil spills. Recently, oil–water separation routes have been developed by changing the wettability of membranes via surface modifications. Herein, a facile, handmade and rapid chemical vapor deposition method to make a PVC-top-coated textile for separating oil from oil–water mixtures is reported by using DMDCS as the coating. The tuning of the CVD process parameters (efficient reaction time and DMDCS concentration) enables the textile surface to have superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity properties. These properties were evaluated by the contact angle measurement and practical tests. The FESEM, EDAX, ATR, TGA, and AFM analyses were also presented to characterize the coated textile. The successful separation of a 20 mL oil–water solution, without any external force, in 4 min was achieved. Results from the study also reveal that the coated textile has self-cleaning, high reusability, and an average intrusion pressure of 1.36 kPa features. The fabrication of silicone layer on the surface of the textile with silanes proved to be a simple route for the preparation of the superhydrophobic membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigestible fractions of dry matter (iDM) and neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) in the feed of ruminants are mainly estimated by in situ incubation time with regard to particle size and textile types. Samples of alfafa, ground into three particle sizes, were analyzed. Samples, processed in a Willey mill with 1.0; 2.0 and 3.0 mm sieve pores, were conditioned in F57 (Ankon®), nonwoven (100 g m-2) and polyester textile bags measuring 4 x 5 cm. Material was divided into 13 incubation periods and 8 replications, and incubated in the rumen of two multiparous cows adapted to a 70:30 diet, roughage:concentrate, respectively, for 288h. iDM and iNDF rates were evaluated sequentially for non-digested percentage and data underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA p < 0.05); means were compared by tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Particle size and material employed for incubation affected iDM and iFDN at the initial periods of incubation (p < 0.05).

The development of innovative technologies to modify natural textiles holds an important impact for medical applications, including the prevention of contamination with microorganisms, particularly in the hospital environment. In our study, Fe and N co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles have been obtained via the hydrothermal route, at moderate temperature, followed by short thermal annealing at 400 °C. These particles were used to impregnate polyester (PES) materials which have been evaluated for their morphology, photocatalytic performance, antimicrobial activity against bacterial reference strains, and in vitro biocompatibility on human skin fibroblasts. Microscopic examination and quantitative assays have been used to evaluate the cellular morphology and viability, cell membrane integrity, and inflammatory response. All treated PES materials specifically inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacilli strains after 15 min of contact, being particularly active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PES fabrics treated with photocatalysts did not affect cell membrane integrity nor induce inflammatory processes, proving good biocompatibility. These results demonstrate that the treatment of PES materials with TiO2-1% Fe-N particles could provide novel biocompatible fabrics with short term protection against microbial colonization, demonstrating their potential for the development of innovative textiles that could be used in biomedical applications for preventing patients' accidental contamination with microorganisms from the hospital environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The development of innovative technologies to modify natural textiles holds an important impact for medical applications, including the prevention of contamination with microorganisms, particularly in the hospital environment. In our study, Fe and N co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles have been obtained via the hydrothermal route, at moderate temperature, followed by short thermal annealing at 400 °C. These particles were used to impregnate polyester (PES) materials which have been evaluated for their morphology, photocatalytic performance, antimicrobial activity against bacterial reference strains, and in vitro biocompatibility on human skin fibroblasts. Microscopic examination and quantitative assays have been used to evaluate the cellular morphology and viability, cell membrane integrity, and inflammatory response. All treated PES materials specifically inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacilli strains after 15 min of contact, being particularly active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PES fabrics treated with photocatalysts did not affect cell membrane integrity nor induce inflammatory processes, proving good biocompatibility. These results demonstrate that the treatment of PES materials with TiO2-1% Fe–N particles could provide novel biocompatible fabrics with short term protection against microbial colonization, demonstrating their potential for the development of innovative textiles that could be used in biomedical applications for preventing patients’ accidental contamination with microorganisms from the hospital environment.

In the present work, the authors have studied conductive surfaces on polyester fabrics by using two types of commercially available conductive polymers; polyaniline and poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly (styrenesulphonate) (PEDOT: PSS) with 100 nm aluminium thin film evaporated on top of the polymer so the fabric becomes a conductive substrate for inorganic thin film solar cells. Conductive polymer surfaces on woven polyester fabrics were obtained by knife‐over‐table coating technique. Surface resistivities for polyaniline and PEDOT: PSS coated fabrics were measured and found in the range of 400 × 103 and 1 × 103 Ω/□, respectively. Thermal stability tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of specific periods of heal treatment at different elevated temperatures on resistance of polymer coated conducting textiles. PEDOT: PSS exhibited better stability than panipol. According to long term tests, PEDOT: PSS coated samples showed improvement in conductivity over 3 days whereas panipol showed the opposite. Transmission Line Model tests were performed to measure aluminium/polymer contact resistances which were found to be 120 × 103 Ω for polyaniline and about 46.3 Ω for PEDOT: PSS. Mechanical bending tests for aluminium/PEDOT: PSS/fabric samples showed that the polymer can maintain the conductivity of samples by bridging micro‐cracks in the metal film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A copper sulfide layer has been prepared on the surface of polyester textile by using a solution of elemental rhombic (α) sulfur in carbon disulfide and copper (II/I) salt solution. The influence of sulfur concentration in carbon disulfide, the temperature of the solutions and the time of treatment on sulfur and copper concentrations in samples was studied. Conducting copper sulfide layers were obtained when the polyester textile was sulfurized in a 3 mol/dm³ solution of sulfur in carbon disulfide at a temperature of 20 °C and when the duration of sulfurization was 1-3 min. CuxS layers of the minimal surface resistance 10²-104Ω on polyester textile were formed when this sulfurized polymeric material was treated with copper(II/I) salt solution at a temperature of 80 °C. By X-ray diffraction studies it has been shown that copper sulfide layers on the surface of polyester textile consist of two phases: yarrowite and digenite. Non-reacted elemental sulfur is present on polyester textile, too. A simple way of obtaining copper sulfides on polyester textile is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flame retardant aluminum 2-carboxyethyl-phenyl-phosphinate (CPA-Al) was synthesized through the salification reaction. The molecular structure of CPA-Al and thermal stability were characterized by solid nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Subsequently, CPA-Al mixed in polyurethane was coated on polyester textile to obtain flame-retardant samples. The addition of 14.7 wt.% CPA-Al in textile sample can bring a limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 24.5%, 0 s after flame time, and the vertical burning B1 rating. Meanwhile, the incorporated CPA-Al reduced the peak heat release rate, total heat release, average effective heat of combustion, and increased the charring capacity of polyester textiles in contrast to the samples without CPA-Al. CPA-Al exerted not only its flame inhibition effect in gas phase, but also the charring and barrier effect in the condensed phase. Besides, with an increasing CPA-Al ratio in polyester textile, the contact angle gradually decreased from 123.6° to 75.6°, indicating that the surficial property of coating from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, thereby increasing the moisture permeability of polyester textile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]