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A novel epoxy plasticizer (HCEP) with a hyperbranched polyglycerol structure was synthesized using reduced glycerol and cashew phenol as raw materials. Then it was grafted onto poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) through click reaction to form self‐plasticized PVC. The structure of the product was characterized with various methods. The effects of the degree of internal plasticizer substitution on the properties of PVC were tested through dynamic mechanical, mechanical property, and thermogravimetric analyses. The amorphous dendritic structure of HCEP effectively enhances the free volume of grafted PVC, leading to a reduction in the glass transition temperature and a significant enhancement in flexibility at room temperature. The maximum elongation at break is 289.89%. The grafting of plasticizers onto PVC avoids the leaching of plasticizers during usage, providing a viable solution for reducing reliance on phthalate‐based plasticizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) blends are popular in rubber product manufacturing for their flexibility, strength, oil resistance, and durability. Their combination enhances mechanical properties, thermal stability, and chemical resistance, making them ideal for industrial uses like hoses, seals, and insulation. This research work aims to interpret the mechanical properties and interfacial interaction of the NBR/PVC blend with graphene as a reinforcing filler. The morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of 50/50 and 70/30 (w/w) NBR/PVC blend vulcanizates revealed an uniform mixing. In X-ray diffraction studies, an increase in interlayer spacing was evident up to 5 phr graphene. The dynamic viscoelastic properties were used to report the activation energy and α-relaxation of NBR-PVC 70/30, 50/50 neat and graphene filled vulcanizates. The α-relaxation frequency of the filled compositions exhibited a gradual decline as the graphene content increased, while concurrently witnessing a reduction in the breadth of the loss factor peak. The storage modulus increased with increasing the graphene content. The interaction parameter of all compositions was determined by a theoretical expression based on the storage modulus at 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 Hz. The 50/50 blend of NBR and PVC was seen to have a greater interaction parameter than the 70/30 blend. However, among the NBR-PVC 70/30 blend compositions, the interaction was highest for 5 phr graphene, and reduced with further incorporation of graphene. Many studies lack information on the interaction of graphene with the rubber matrix. Hence, this research could enhance the understanding of how graphene disperses within the rubber matrix, its influence on mechanical and viscoelastic properties of NBR/PVC rubbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties and structure of flexible PVC by incorporating zinc borate (ZB)‐modified diantimony trioxide (Sb2O3) were investigated. The results of flame retardancy and smoke suppression testing indicate that there was an obvious maximum Limited oxygen index (LOI) value of PVC/20 wt.% ZB–Sb2O3 composites reached 37.5% and passed the UL 94 V‐0 rating. An obvious synergistic effect between ZB and Sb2O3 was observed by LOI, SDR, and TG. Moreover, remarkable decreases in the smoke density were observed when ZB–Sb2O3 was incorporated into PVC. In addition, the tensile strength and elongation at break of PVC/ZB–Sb2O3 composites was higher than PVC/Sb2O3 composites, and this ameliorative effect was mainly arising from the ZB–Sb2O3 nanoparticles, which reduced the degree of fatal defects on PVC. The addition of ZB and Sb2O3 greatly increased the amount of residual char and apparently improved the mechanical properties of PVC composites. According to scanning electron microscopy photographs of residual char, after thermal decomposition, there were many fragments linked to the condensed phase and the compact char layer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows the residues char was composed of benzene ring, the flame retardants occurred and the condensed phase with significant interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the history, production and sales data of foreign poly (vinyl chloride), the current situation of domestic poly (vinyl chloride) plastics, the current situation and requirements of domestic building energy consumption, the contribution of plastic building materials to carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, and the prospect of plastic building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the abundant and cost‐effective oleic acid and isosorbide with excellent properties as raw materials, the plasticizers of isosorbide di‐oleate (IDO) and isosorbide di‐epoxidized oleate (IDEO) with good plasticizing effect, low cost and green safety were synthesized by esterification and epoxidation reaction. The molecular structure of the synthesized plasticizers was characterized by FT‐IR and 1H NMR. The PVC shows better flexibility when IDEO or IDO plasticizer is used than commercial DOP. In particular, IDEO‐40 has 34% higher tensile strength and 17% higher elongation at break than DOP‐40. The introduction of epoxy groups on the carbon–carbon double bond of fatty acids meets the high thermal stability of plasticized film. The residual amount of IDEO‐40 is 7.01%, and at a high temperature of 180 °C, it can maintain high heat resistance for more than 220 min and transmittance of over 86%. Moreover, IDEO demonstrates excellent resistance to migration and volatilization. However, PVC films plasticized with IDO display reduced mechanical properties, cold resistance, and resistance to volatilization and migration due to the presence of non‐rotating carbon–carbon double bonds. The results indicate that these bio‐based plasticizers hold promise for practical applications in PVC products, offering improved environmental sustainability and performance characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents research on the thermal decomposition of individual ingredients and compositions that are physical mixtures of emulsion poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), cadmium yellow, and stearic acid. The results of the tests were TG, DTA, and DTG graphs. From their course, the initial decomposition temperatures, maximum decomposition rate, and final temperatures were determined, and changes in the mass of samples and the values of thermal effects were calculated. The influence of pigment and stearic acid on the thermal decomposition of PVC was investigated. Cadmium yellow, modified in an alkaline medium and containing hydroxyl groups, was also used for the tests. It was found that the presence of both pigment and stearic acid had a retarding effect on the initiation of thermal decomposition of PVC. The addition of CdS modified in an alkaline environment had a more or less similar effect on the initial decomposition temperature of PVC. Depending on the composition of the polymer and the value of the final temperature, different values of thermal effects and the amount of products formed were indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalic plasticizer plays an important role in processing and manufacturing one of the universal polymer materials, poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), which has been widely applied in every aspect of our lives. However, there still exists the intrinsic problem in migration resistance of phthalic plasticizer in long‐term use. In this work, we take a facile and convenient approach by incorporating commercial graphene oxide (GO) into PVC matrix to prepare polyvinyl chloride/graphene oxide (PVC/GO) composites, forming a sheet structure for improving the migration resistance of phthalic plasticizer. The advantages of GO that has abundant oxygen‐containing groups on its surface, including carboxyl groups at the sheet edges, epoxy groups, and hydroxyl groups on its basal planes. Especially, these oxygen‐containing groups in GO are beneficial to blend with long molecular chain of PVC and the sheet structure of GO can prevent phthalic plasticizer migrating from interior PVC. Addition of GO not only effectively enhanced the mechanical properties of PVC/GO composites but also improve their migration resistance due to the sheet structure. This strategy provides an attractive way to solve the problem of migration of plasticizer with simple incorporation GO into the matrix of PVC, reinforcing the composite properties and broadening its applied fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rigid polyurethane foam (PUr) is a common residue from the footwear industry that seeks a sustainable disposal alternative. A flexible composite incorporating PUr that could be used in this same industry is an exciting solution. Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) were tested as possible matrixes for flexible composites containing 20%, 35%, and 50% of PUr produced by two different processes, extrusion and injection molding. PVB/PUr and PVC/PUr were compared considering the morphology observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), density, degradation during processing, and dynamical mechanical properties. PVC was severely degraded when processed with PUr and showed a low adhesion to PUr particles resulting in decreased storage modules and increased glass transition temperature. PVB is a better matrix for PUr flexible composites since it showed no sign of degradation and formed a stronger interface with PUr particles resulting in PVB/PUr composites with higher storage modulus.

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research work deals with fibrous composites obtained by using treated and untreated areca sheath (AS) fibers reinforced in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by injection molding process. Surface treatments of fibers have been carried out to have a better compatibility with PVC matrix. The tensile and flexural strength have been found to increase at the early stage with the increase in treated areca fiber content till optimum (18 wt% of fiber) fiber loading thereafter declines. At optimum fiber loading, the tensile strength, flexural strength and young’s modulus values are 42.38 MPa, 18.22 MPa and 2.38 GPa, respectively, which give maximum values in comparison to other fiber loadings. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), biodegradability tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used for analysis. The TGA inferred that the thermal stability of the composites increased as compared to neat PVC matrix. Further, the composites exhibit excellent biodegradability property and their biodegradability increases with the increase of areca fiber content. From the properties obtained at optimum fiber loading (18 wt% of fiber), the composite can be suitable for automotive dashboard and door panel applications.

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Matériaux et Techniques is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Diethylene glycol ether maleate(MD)was prepared using maleic anhydride and diethylene glycol ether as raw materials without a catalyst, and its molecular structure was determined to be ester groups, ether bonds, and carbon-carbon double bonds. This intermediate product was respectively reacted with calcium acetate and zinc acetate to prepare di-ethylene glycol ether maleate calcium/zinc salt(MD-Ca/Zn). The structure of the resultant product was further analyzed with FTIR spectroscopy, indicating that its molecule contains ether bond, ester group, carbon-carbon double bond, and carboxylate structure. This indicated that it could be used as a heat stabilizer for PVC. The thermal stabilizing effect of the MD-Ca/Zn was verified through the Congo red, thermal aging, thermogravimetry, electrical conductance measurements as well as the comparation the commercially available calcium/zinc stearate. Its thermal stabilization mechanism was analyzed and explored. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of the MD-Ca/Zn with an auxiliary heat stabilizer, β-diketone(stearoyl benzoyl methane), was investigated. The results indicated that the PVC compound exhibited an optimal thermal stability at an MD-Ca/Zn mass ratio of 2:1, and its initial whiteness and static stabilization time reached 40 min and 35 min, respectively. The thermal stability could be further improved by combination with 10 % β-diketone in the total amount of heat stabilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condition of oligo-micelle formation of sodium di-isodecyl sulfosuccinate (SDIDS) emulsifier in hydroalcoholic solutions is used to study particle formation of vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization in a batch reactor. The change on micellization behavior was investigated by critical micelle concentration (CMC) and zeta potential parameters. To detect the occurrence of secondary nucleation or particle aggregation, or both the particle size and number of particles were investigated as a criterion for the particle nucleation and growth process. The results showed that the alcohol (co-solvent) content had a strong effect on the oligo-micelles formation and emulsion polymerization performance. Namely, decreasing the alcohol content and increasing the anion content in the SDIDS samples increased the overall reaction rate and latex stability. This also decreased the chain growth rate, the particle size, and the coarse particle formation. Also, the results showed that different condition of oligo-micelle formation would lead to different particle growth history

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The thermal treatment of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) during plastic waste management can result in undesirable chlorine-based compounds. Dechlorination (de-Cl) of PVC waste by ball milling in NaOH/ethylene glycol solvent can be an effective method for recycling chlorine and valorizing the hydrocarbons present. The de-Cl behavior versus reaction time can be well fitted by a shrinking core model for a single treatment under certain conditions. However, the change of the fitted kinetic parameters have not clear law under various mechanical conditions so that the reaction cannot be predicted, especially for the PVC particles in heterogeneous shape. To optimize the de-Cl process for highly heterogeneous waste with a complex composition, we developed a novel discrete element reaction model based on machine learning for predicting the de-Cl behavior of PVC. First, the fundamental experiments for generating the training and validation data resulted in up to 99% of de-Cl degree for PVC pellets with 300 1.27-cm balls at 30 rpm. The model can make predictions regarding the de-Cl reaction based on the ball-to-sample impact energy. The model parameters were successfully optimized by the training data, and the model predictions during verification were in keeping with the experimental data, especially for the high prediction accuracy fixing the rotation speed at 30 rpm. The model suggested that the generation of additional reactive area by sufficient ball-to-sample impact energy (>0.5 × 10−1 J/s in this study) is vital for the enhancement of the de-Cl efficiency. Thus, the proposed method should be suitable for integration with industrial de-Cl processes.

A novel environmental friendly plasticizer (TPE) derived from tung oil fatty acid with long fatty acid chain and high degree of branching was synthesized. Chemical structure of the obtained TPE was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 1H NMR. TPE was used to prepare plasticized PVC blends as main plasticizer. Thermal stability, mechanical properties and migration resistance of poly (vinyl chloride) plasticized with TPE were investigated. The results showed that torque data of plasticized PVC blends reached 12.4 N·m when the mass of the TPE was 50 wt.%. TPE improved the thermal stability of PVC blends obviously than dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The leaching tests showed that PVC plasticized with TPE were with higher migration resistance than that of DOP. The excellent thermal stability and high migration resistance of PVC blends showed high application value for TPE.

The role of the end-groups of three oligophenylene vinylene (OPV) and the solvents on the hybrid materials from poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and the OPV are examined. The gelation of the three organogel OPVs and of the hybrid materials in bromobenzene and benzyl alcohol was characterized. The morphology, as well as the thermodynamic properties, of these OPV and hybrid materials showed that they depended mostly on the solvent and very little on the different end-groups located on the OPV backbones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Binary mixtures of anionic double-chain sulfonate emulsifiers, sodium di-isodecyl sulfosuccinate and sodium pentadecan-sulfonate (SPS) were employed in batch reactor at different combination ratios and concentration for vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization. Reaction performances were evaluated by monitoring conversion rate and molecular weight by K-value parameter. Particle size and its distribution were investigated as a criterion for particle nucleation and the growing process by calculating the number of latex particles and the average number of growing chains per particle, respectively. The final latexes were evaluated by means of the coarse matter content as a qualitative character of the latex. The results showed that the overall reaction rate increases by high amount of SPS. Also, by increasing SPS content in binary mixture, coarse particle formation decreased and latex stability and particle size distribution increased. Furthermore, it has been found that the particle size was nonlinearly dependent on the combined ratio and amount of emulsifier and has shown a minimum within the scope of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, shape memory polymers (SMPs) based on thermoplastic polyurethane/ poly(vinylchloride)/ graphen nanoplatelet (TPU/PVC/GNP) were produced via solution method using tetrahydrofuran(THF) solvent. Blend ratio of the all samples was 60/40 (w/w) and GNP concentration were 0.5, 1 and 2 W.t% from neat and functionalized GNP. In order to get better dispersion of GNP and inhibit from their agglomeration, functionalization with polycaprolactam was accomplished. At first, nanoparticles were treated with nitric acid and in the next step acylation was done using tionylcholride and finally polycaprolactam was grafted on the surface of nano platelet graphen. The functionaliztion reactions were tracked using fourier transfer infra red (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and ultraviolet chromatography.The results of these tests showed the successful reaction has been occurred and polycaprolactam was grafted on the surface of GNP. The presence of new peaks in FTIR spectra at 1165 and cm-1 and the loss weight in TGA by 10 and 30wt. % for modified nanoparticles in comparison to pristine one revealed the successful occurrence of modifications reaction reactions.Morphology of the samples was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the results depicted that a fine dispersion of graphen nanoplatelet was obtained in comparison to samples including unfunctionalized nanoparticles. Shape memory induction and the measurement of shape fixity and shape recovery were done using thermal-mechanical analyzer (TMA). The results showed that the shape fixity was increased from 76.8 to 83% and shape recovery was increased from 81.5 to 86.7% for the sample containing modified GNp due to better dispersion of the nanoparticles.

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A totally new theory of "two-step stabilization mechanism" for triazole-based zinc-containing complex (abbreviated as [Zn(ttr)(OAc)]) was proposed through several designed experiments. [Zn(ttr)(OAc)] strongly absorbed HCl at the beginning, and then broke down into 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole which could further stabilized PVC. The structure of [Zn(ttr)(OAc)] was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and SEM. Then, Congo red tests and discoloration tests verified [Zn(ttr)(OAc)] could absorb HCl effectively, but PVC showed poor initial whiteness, which further proved above-mentioned stabilization mechanism. Moreover, [Zn(ttr)(OAc)] combined with ZnSt 2 and dibenzoyl methane (DBM) effectively improved the initial color of PVC samples and provided PVC with shorter plasticizing time and longer dynamic thermal stability time than commercial stabilizer 1086F, confirmed by discoloration tests and dynamic thermal stability analysis. We believe [Zn(ttr)(OAc)]/ZnSt 2 /DBM stabilizer system can be used as a commercial stabilizer and the stabilization mechanism of [Zn(ttr)(OAc)] may provide a new way to stabilize PVC. • A new theory of the "two-step stabilization mechanism" of [Zn(ttr)(OAc)] for PVC was proposed and proved. • A novel kind of triazole-based zinc-containing complex with 2D layered frameworks was successfully synthesized. • [Zn(ttr)(OAc)] could strongly absorb HCl and prolong the long-term stability of PVC. • [Zn(ttr)(OAc)]/ZnSt 2 /DBM showed excellent stabilization effect, even compared with commercial stabilizer 1086F. • [Zn(ttr)(OAc)] firstly absorbed HCl and then released 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole which could still stabilize PVC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a series of novel bio-based plasticizers, including ethoxylated esters, methylated esters, and glycidyl esters, originated from waste frying oil (WFO), were prepared, characterized, and used as primary plasticizers for Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). The glass transition temperature, mechanical properties, transparency, UV resistance, thermal stability and migration resistance of plasticized PVC were investigated and compared with that of the PVC sample plasticized by the commercial dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP). It is found that all of those properties are significantly depended on the structures of ester groups. In particular, the esters bearing ethyoxyl units show better plasticization than that having methyl or glycidyl groups. In addition, the plasticizing efficiencies of WFO-derived ethoxylated esters are proportional to the number of ethyoxyl units in their structures. Among them, the anti-ultraviolet PVC sample plasticized by WFO-derived polyacid (triethylene glycol monomethyl ether) esters (WFOPA-3, "3" refers to the number of ethylene glycerol units in the feedstock of triethylene glycol monomethyl ether) with maximum ethyoxyl units exhibited the best plasticization, thermal stability, and transparency than the properties of other samples plasticized by WFO-based plasticizers, as well as petro-based DOTP. The results suggest WFOPA-3 is an attractive potential as alternative to DOTP. Image 1 • New waste frying oil-based plasticizers with different ester groups were designed. • The plasticization of plasticizer for PVC is depended on its ester group. • The ethyloxyl unit endows the excellent plasticization for plasticizer. • The ester with maximum ethyloxyl units shows better overall performances than DOTP. • The study opens a new way of using waste vegetable oil to produce cleaner product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (vinyl chloride)/graphene composites with different graphene concentrations were prepared by wet spinning and spin-coating methods. The thermal properties of the poly (vinyl chloride)/graphene composites are investigated through the analysis of the activation energy by using Kissinger and Friedman-Reich-Levi methods. The activation energy of poly (vinyl chloride)/graphene composites obtained by the two methods is consistent and it can be estimated from the non-isothermal kinetic results. In addition, the activation energy value of poly (vinyl chloride)/graphene composites is higher than that of the pure poly (vinyl chloride) fiber, indicating that the addition of graphene can significantly improve the thermal stability of poly (vinyl chloride). Moreover, the activation energy values of 9 wt% poly (vinyl chloride)/graphene composite obtained by Kissinger and Friedman-Reich-Levi methods are highest at 114.90 kJ/mol and 145.00 kJ/mol, respectively, and the result reveals that poly (vinyl chloride)/graphene composite with 9 wt% concentration of graphene has the best thermal stabilities. The prepared graphene-based poly (vinyl chloride) composites with good thermal properties have a promising application in the thermal protective materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel ion-pair of a quaternary ammonium compound; malachite green (MG), and an anionic drug sulphadimethoxine sodium (SDM) was prepared. The developed ion pair was incorporated into poly (vinyl chloride)-based membrane sensors for the dual quantification of sulphadimethoxine (sensor 1) and malachite green (sensor 2) in aquatic environment. Linear responses of SDM and MG were obtained within a concentration range of 10−5–10−2 and 10−5–10−3 M, respectively. The slopes of −29.8 ± 0.31 and 35.5 ± 0.20 mV/decade were obtained over pH range of 6–8 and 4–8 using sensors 1 and 2, in order. The proposed sensors displayed useful analytical characteristics for determination of SDM in its pharmaceutical formulation and in aquatic environment with average recoveries of 100.92 ± 0.19 and 102.47 ± 4.63, respectively. The recovery of MG in aquatic environment was 101.32 ± 3.64.

The use of natural resources in composite materials becomes more frequently, as they are low-cost and lightweight materials. In addition, industrial trends tend towards Eco-products, hence the importance of integrating natural products that are recyclable and easily degradable. Aim of this study is prepared polymer composites of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) using palm fibers at different loading (10 and 30 % by weight). Improving the interfacial adhesion between matrix- filler interfaces using chemical modification of date palm fibers (DPF) by two types of treatments (acetylation, alkali). The effect of chemical treatment and fiber content on morphological, thermal, mechanical and water absorption properties of composites have been studies. It was found that the use of treated fibers in PVC composites improves the mechanical properties and decomposition temperature, and reduce water absorption of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research on halogen free flame retardant has achieved great progress, its practical application is restricted due to high additive amount and low efficency. To solve this problem, multilayers microcapsule [melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF)/silicon dioxide (SiO2)/zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS)] was prepared through a two-step method. Moreover, when 16.40 wt% SiO2/ZHS microcapsules was mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix, the obtained PVC composites exhibited a high limited oxygen index (LOI) of 32.5%, showing its excellent flame retardancy. Furthermore, for the compatibility between MF/SiO2/ZHS microcapsules and PVC to be improved, MF was coated to SiO2/ZHS microcapsules by in situ polymerization. When 16.40 wt% MF/SiO2/ZHS microcapsules were mixed with PVC matrix, the obtained PVC composites exhibited a high LOI of 35.5%, showing its high flame retardancy. Therefore, this easily prepared multilayers microcapsule with sufficient flame retardancy in this work, it could have a potential for engineering applications.Taking advantage of microencapsulation strategy to fabricate MF/SiO2/ZHS microcapsules for fire-retardant PVC materials [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low-cost PVC/bentonite ultrafiltration membranes are prepared by phase inversion method using different coagulation baths involving de-mineralized water and aqueous saturated solution of NH 4 Cl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 . Effect of coagulation bath on membrane performance is investigated by evaluating ternary-phase diagram, membrane morphology, hydrophilicity, porosity, mean pore size, pore density, pure water flux and antifouling behavior using oilfield produced water. Better performing membrane with 5% bentonite loading is obtained from KCl-coagulation bath with pure water permeance-467.5 L m −2 h −1 atm −1 . Response surface method based on central composite design is employed to enhance the ultrafiltration membrane performance using the optimum design of experiments through maximizing permeate flux as well as oil rejection separately considering following decision variables: PVC and bentonite loading in casting solution, membrane thickness, pH and trans-membrane pressure (TMP). The maximum permeation flux of 421.3 L m −2 h −1 is achieved using PVC-loading-15.01 g, bentonite-loading-1.37 g, membrane thickness-100 µm, pH-9 and TMP-250 kPa, while maximum oil rejection is 98.6% at PVC-loading-18.0 g, bentonite-loading-0.0 g, membrane thickness-250 µm, pH-5.1 and TMP-54.4 kPa. Due to conflicting nature of permeation and oil rejection, a multi-objective optimization problem is formulated and solved using an elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), resulting the Pareto-optimal solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Raman and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy were used to study the vibrational spectra in commercial polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flexible films. In order to have insights of the PVC and the plasticizer structures, density functional theory calculations were conducted via B3LYP hybrid functional. The infrared and Raman calculations took into account geometry optimization of the PVC film, the plasticizer DEHA and the convolution of both. The convoluted spectra were then compared with the experimental data. Finally, the thermal stability of the PVC films was checked through one-hour thermal treatment of the samples comprising temperatures ranges from 50 to 200 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Phthalates are used as plasticizers in the manufacturing of plastics to increase their flexibility. Phthalates are endocrine disruptors and given their potential toxicity and widespread use, many countries have implemented strict regulations on their usage. A rapid gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) analytical method was developed for the determination and quantification of six regulated phthalates. Three extraction methods were investigated including two standard techniques; a dissolution method and a Soxhlet method (EN 14372:2004E). These two standard methods were compared to a simpler ultrasonic extraction method. The recoveries and accuracy of the measurements were assessed by analyzing a polypropylene (PP) certified reference material (matrix CRM) and spiked polyvinyl chloride (PVC) samples. The ultrasonic extraction method resulted in better recoveries (>80%) when compared to the dissolution method. The results obtained from extracting the CRM using the ultrasonic, dissolution and Soxhlet extraction methods were within the certified ranges. The dissolution method occasionally retains the phthalates during precipitation, leading to lower recoveries and inconsistent performance. The ultrasonic extraction method is simpler, uses less solvent and is less time consuming when compared to the conventional Soxhlet extraction method. The ultrasonic extraction method can confidently be used for the accurate quantification of the regulated phthalates in plastics at concentration levels ten times below the European Union regulated limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) paste resins produced with different production methods were used to prepare a series of PVC plastisols, and the rheological properties of these plastisols were investigated by using rotational rheometer at a constant heating rate. The particulate morphology, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of PVC paste resins were investigated by scanning electron microscope, laser particle analyzer and gel permeation chromatography correspondingly, and the relationship between the rheological properties of PVC plastisols and the characteristic parameters of paste resins were established. The results show that, with the increase of temperature, the rheological curves of PVC plastisols including energy-storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity tended to show a non-normal distribution. These curves demonstrated a four-stage variation in rheological parameters; (I) decrease, (II) slow rise, (III) rapid rise and maximization (IV) decrease. In the first three stages, the viscosity was mainly affected by the particulate morphology. However, with the gradual decrease of rheological parameters in the fourth stage, the viscosity was mainly affected by the molecular weight and its distribution of PVC paste resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel kinds of bis-uracil derivative based organic stabilizer with different length of alkyl chains to provide outstanding compatibility with poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) were designed and synthesized in this paper, which exhibited high efficient thermal stability and could get super transparency PVC composites. After confirming the structures of 6,6′-diamino-1,1′,3,3′- tetramethyl-5,5´-(octylidene)bis[pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] (OSU) and 6,6′-diamino-1,1′,3,3′-tetramethyl −5,5´-(hendecylidene)bis[pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] (USU) by Fourier infrared spectrum (FT-IR) and Mass spectra, 2 phr of each was introduced into PVC respectively to verify that bis-uracil derivatives could absorb HCl released by PVC to enhance the thermal stability, confirmed through discoloration and Congo red tests, but the initial whiteness was not satisfied. In addition, epoxy soybean oil (ESBO) and phosphite ester showed excellent synergistic effects with OSU and USU that could effectively further improve the initial whiteness, thermal stability and transparency of PVC samples, proved by discoloration tests, UV vis spectrophotometer and transmittance/haze tests. We believe that such complex stabilizers without any metallic elements may widen the applications of the resultant soft transparent PVC in artificial leather, wire and cable, packing materials and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of non-ortho-phthalate plasticizers in poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) packaging materials and medical devices has been in increasing demand due to worldwide regulatory trends to minimize or eliminate phthalate plasticizers (particularly di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) or dioctyl phthalate (DOP)) in the PVC industry. This study evaluates the dry-blending cycle time of a suspension grade PVC formulated with various non-DOP plasticizers, di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT or DOTP), tris (2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM or TOTM) and alkyl sulphonic phenyl ester (ASE), and compares them with the DOP standard. A design of experiments was also conducted to study the critical dry-blending parameters for optimization of PVC formulated with only DEHT. Effects of PVC temperature (measured during plasticizer addition to the blender), plasticizer pre-heat temperature, plasticizer and lubricant concentrations and the method of plasticizer addition on the dry-blending cycle time and peak amperage of the blender were studied. The blending cycle time is shown to be related to the resultant plasticizer efficiency and the peak amperage is related to the power consumption (the energy required to mix the PVC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borrachas nitrílicas para utilização em misturas com PVC são fornecidas em forma de pó, que são recobertas com um agente de partição para evitar compactação do produto no transporte e armazenamento, além de garantir alta fluidez e livre escoamento. Neste trabalho, buscou-se estudar a influência do tipo de agente de partição da borracha nitrílica (resina de PVC e CaCO3) na obtenção de blendas PVC/NBR. As propriedades mecânicas das blendas foram avaliadas por ensaios de tração, rasgo e dureza. As blendas com NBR com agente de partição de PVC apresentaram maior tensão na ruptura e módulo elástico que as blendas em que utilizaram NBR com agente de partição de CaCO3. A morfologia foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura sendo bastante afetada pelo tipo de agente de partição.Nitrile rubbers used in mixture with PVC resin are supplied in powder. This kind of nitrile rubber has a partitioning agent to avoid agglomeration in the particles during the transport and storage. In this study, the influence of the partitioning agent on the preparation of PVC/NBR blends was investigated. The mechanical properties of the blends were evaluated by tensile properties, tear strength and hardness. The PVC/NBR blends with partitioning agent of PVC showed an increase in the tensile stress and Young's modulus compared to the PVC/NBR blends with partitioning agent of CaCO3. The morphology of the blends examined by scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the influence of the partitioning agent.

Vulcanização dinâmica é o processo de vulcanização de um elastômero durante a mistura no estado fundido com um termoplástico. Por este processo, o elastômero adquire resistência mecânica através do aumento do módulo de elasticidade, dureza, resistência à fadiga e abrasão. Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar as propriedades físico-mecânicas e as características morfológicas de blendas poliméricas constituídas de Poli(cloreto de Vinila) e borracha nitrílica, PVC/NBR, obtidas por processamento reativo. A vulcanização dinâmica melhorou o desempenho mecânico destas blendas, notadamente pelo aumento da rigidez desses sistemas, sendo obtido um aumento de 205% no módulo elástico de blendas vulcanizadas com 10% em massa de NBR em comparação com blendas convencionais. Através de análises de MEV, revelou-se uma morfologia bifásica, sendo que a formação de ligações cruzadas deve ocorrer preferencialmente no interior das partículas do elastômero, contribuindo para o aumento na resistência mecânica final das blendas obtidas por processamento reativo.Dynamic vulcanization is a process of vulcanization of an elastomer during melt mixing with a thermoplastic. This process increases the mechanical resistance of elastomers through the increase of elastic modulus, hardness and abrasion/fatigue resistance. In this study, it was evaluated the physical-mechanical and morphological behaviors of the PVC/NBR blends obtained by reactive processing. The dynamic vulcanized blends have a better performance compared to the similar conventional ones. It was observed an increase of 205% in the elastic modulus to the dynamic vulcanized blend PVC/NBR (90/10) compared with the conventional blends. The morphology of the blends examined by scanning electron microscopy evidenced the crosslinking formation only in the elastomeric phase. The vulcanized rubber particles are responsible by the increase of stiffness and consequently displayed better mechanical properties.

Unsaturated triglyceride oil sunflower was epoxidized and characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Epoxidized sunflower oil (ESO) was used as an organic thermal co-stabilizer for rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in the presence of tricalcium dicitrate (Ca3(C6H5O7)2) and mercury (II) acetate (Hg(CH3COO)2). The thermo-oxidative degradation of PVC was studied in the presence of these ternary stabilizer systems at 170, 180, 190 and 200°C in N2 atmosphere. The effects of metal carboxylate combination Ca/Hg in the absence and in the presence of epoxidized sunflower oil on static heat treatment of PVC have been studied. The formation of polyene sequences was investigated by UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy and by comparing viscosity data obtained in the presence and in the absence of the additives. It was found that the additives retard the rate of degradation and reduce the extent of polymer chain scission associated with the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride). Synergistic effects were found when stabilizer was blended in 50:50 weight ratios with either. It was found that ESO exerted a stabilizing effect on the degradation of PVC. The activation energy for degraded PVC in absence of stabilizers was 38.6 kJ•mol–1 and in the presence of Ca/Hg and Ca/Hg/ESO were 53.3 and 64.7 kJ•mol–1 respectively. In order of compare the efficiency of the epoxidized sunflower oil with these metal soap stabilizers, thermal stabilities were evaluated on the basis of evolved hydrogen chloride determined by conductometry technique and degree of discoloration are discussed.

Este artigo apresenta o estudo da incorporação de fibra de vidro curta em composto rígido de poli(cloreto de vinila) - PVC - por meio de técnicas de processamento convencionais da indústria brasileira. Foram avaliadas as influências de: a) tamanho de fibra de vidro (tipo E); b) dosagem de fibra de vidro; c) dosagem de dióxido de titânio (TiO2); e d) a temperatura de processamento nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas e na adesão entre a matriz polimérica e a fibra de vidro (Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura - MEV). O custo-benefício dos compósitos foi calculado por meio de Índices de Mérito para os modos de carregamento mecânico encontrados nos tubos pressurizados para água fria (Cilindro com Pressão Interna) e perfis rígidos utilizados em construção civil (Barra em Flexão), devido ao grande uso de PVC nestas aplicações. Entre os resultados obtidos, destaca-se o aumento de 45% no módulo de elasticidade para os compósitos com 20% de fibra de vidro moída que, para algumas aplicações, pode apresentar uma relação custo-benefício bastante favorável.This article presents the impact of the short glass fiber incorporation in rigid PVC compound through conventional processing techniques currently employed in the Brazilian industry. It were studied the influences of a) glass fiber geometry (E type); b) glass fiber content; c) titanium dioxide content; and d) processing temperature in the physical and mechanical properties. The adhesion conditions between polymeric matrix and glass fiber was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cost-benefit relation of composites was evaluated using materials index technique for mechanical conditions found in pressurized water pipes (cylinder with internal pressure) and in building construction profiles (beam loaded in bending). The results attained suggested that, in some cases, the mechanical properties enhancement (such as the increase of 45% in the modulus of elasticity for composites containing 20% of glass fiber) and the processing techniques required to produce it can present an interesting cost-benefit relation.

En esta investigación se realizaron mezclas de dos tipos comerciales de policloruro de vinilo con polietilenos lineales de baja densidad (PELBD) y polietilenos de alta densidad (PEAD) puros y funcionalizados. Para la funcionalización de los polietilenos se emplearon diferentes proporciones de iniciador (dicumilperóxido) y 10 ppc de agente funcionalizante (dietilmaleato). Las mezclas fueron preparadas en una extrusora de doble tornillo en una proporción PVC/PE de 65/35. El grado de funcionalización de los polietilenos fue determinado por espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Las mezclas fueron caracterizadas mediante calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC) y propiedades mecánicas de tracción e impacto y su morfología fue determinada mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB). La funcionalización de los polietilenos mejoró la procesabilidad de las mezclas de éstos con el PVC. En las mezclas preparadas con el PVC de menor valor K y con el PELBD de más bajo peso molecular, funcionalizado, no se encontraron variaciones significativas en la resistencia al impacto, se obtuvo traslucidez y se observó, en las micrografías, una reducción en el tamaño de las estructuras en la fase dispersa. Este resultado parece estar íntimamente relacionado con la relación de viscosidades de los componentes de estas mezclas y el grado de funcionalización obtenido. En las propiedades tensiles se encontró una reducción en el módulo de Young y en la resistencia y elongación hasta la ruptura en todas las mezclas estudiadas.In this research, blends of commercial poly(vinyl chloride) with linear low density polyethylenes (LLDPE) and high density polyethylenes (HDPE) pure and functionalized were evaluated. Different proportions of initiator (dicumyl peroxide-DCP) and 10 phr of a functionalizing agent (diethyl maleate-DEM) were used in order to accomplish the functionalization of polyethylenes. The compounds were prepared in a twin screw extruder with a PVC/PE blend ratio of 65/35. The functionalization degree was determined by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Blends were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by mechanical testing (tensile and impact strength); the morphology of the blends was also determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results obtained indicate that the functionalization of polyethylenes improves the processability of their blends with PVC. For the blends of PVC with lower K value and grafted LLDPE with lower molecular weigth, not variation on the impact strength was obtained; samples more translucent were observed, as well as a reduction in the size of the structures in the disperse phase seen on the micrographs. This result seems to be closely related to the viscosity ratio of the components of these blends. Concerning tensile properties a reduction in Young’s modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break was found for all blends studied.