Search

Copyright of Horyzonty Wychowania is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Celem artykułu jest analiza postaw i motywacji 100 litewskich Polaków, pochodzących głównie z homogenicznych kulturowo polskich rodzin, w zakresie oceny zapisu i zmian w zapisie nazw osobowych. Badanie ilościowe opiera się na analizie kwestionariusza świadomościowego przeprowadzonego wśród litewskich Polaków w wieku 34-70 lat. Niniejszy artykuł nie tylko nakreśla istniejące ramy prawne dotyczące tej kwestii, ale także wyjaśnia dominujące postawy mniejszości polskiej w odniesieniu do perspektywy zapisu nazwisk i imion litewskich mniejszości narodowych zgodnie z oryginalnym brzmieniem fonetycznym, aczkolwiek bez włączania znaków diakrytycznych. Analiza ankiet wykazała, że 57% respondentów wyraziło chęć do skorzystania z możliwości, jakie dają proponowane zmiany legislacyjne, podczas gdy 25% było przeciwnych zmianom. Wśród motywów skłaniających do zmian dominuje dążenie do zachowania i kultywowania języka polskiego. Niniejszy artykuł przyczynia się do głębszego zrozumienia dynamiki zmian tożsamościowych w społeczeństwach wielokulturowych ze względu na stosunek do kwestii językowych.

Copyright of Res Historica is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Silbo gomero is a whistled language used by inhabitants of La Gomera (Canary Islands) and created before the arrival of Spanish settlers to overcome communication problems resulting from the deep ravines and narrow valleys that radiate through the island. The language, commonly used in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, declined in the 1950s-1980s due to economic migration, the growth of tourism and technological developments e.g. the telephone. Since the language was endangered in the late 1990s, revitalization efforts were generated at both community and governmental level. Nowadays, tourism is not a threat to silbo gomero; it's seen as a great opportunity and as a generator of both employment and income. Unlike other islands in the archipelago, La Gomera focuses on natural resource-based tourism and cultural tourism and silbo gomero seems to be an ideal magnet for tourists looking for something more than the beach and the sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artykuł przedstawia zmiany w funkcjonowaniu i statusie języka ukraińskiego w Polsce od czasu rozpoczęcia inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę w lutym 2022 roku. Punktem odniesienia jest autorski artykuł opublikowany w roku 2021 w "Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives" o obecności języka ukraińskiego w polskiej przestrzeni publicznej. Artykuł przedstawia zmiany w edukacji, medycynie, informacji, rozrywce i innych sferach. Ponadto zawiera wyniki badań socjolingwistycznych przeprowadzonych wśród migrantów na temat obecności języka ukraińskiego w Polsce.

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE STATUS IN POST-SOVIET SPACE: LEGAL STATE – THREATS – PROSPECTS – CHALLENGES For many years of the existence of the Soviet Union, the status of the Russian language was semi-official, although it played a large role in the public space. Only the act on the Languages of the Nations of the USSR of 1990 approved its status as an official language in the entire territory of the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, its former republics began to shape their own language policies, guided by national interests, considering the current linguistic situation and historical conditions. The effect of these activities was the diversified status of the Russian language (as state, official, inter-ethnic communication, national minority or foreign). The main purpose of the article is to present the differences in the status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet countries, primarily in the formal and legal aspect. An additional question was whether the legal status of the Russian language reflected its actual position in public and social life in the individual countries. The problem continues to be relevant, especially in the context of the foreign policy goals pursued by the Russian Federation and security threats.

For many years of the existence of the Soviet Union, the status of the Russian language was semi-official, although it played a large role in the public space. Only the act on the Languages of the Nations of the USSR of 1990 approved its status as an official language in the entire territory of the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, its former republics began to shape their own language policies, guided by national interests, considering the current linguistic situation and historical conditions. The effect of these activities was the diversified status of the Russian language (as state, official, inter-ethnic communication, national minority or foreign). The main purpose of the article is to present the differences in the status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet countries, primarily in the formal and legal aspect. An additional question was whether the legal status of the Russian language reflected its actual position in public and social life in the individual countries. The problem continues to be relevant, especially in the context of the foreign policy goals pursued by the Russian Federation and security threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Warmińskie is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Slowianskiej is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polonica is the property of Instytut Jezyka Polskiego PAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLISH LANGUAGE IN CHINA The main issue of the paper is the analysis of the key factors which affect the development of the Polish language in China. Each of these factors has been discussed in this article against the background of language policy and power of Polish language in mainland China. The author, starting with a review of important concepts on this subject, tries to indicate the factors determining the creation of new Polish studies faculties and Polish studies centres in mainland China. Political and economic factors, the task-oriented approach of Chinese institutions in combination with a far-reaching profit planning strategy, factors related to regional cooperation between Poland and China, as well as sentimental and historical ones are considered to be the most significant aspects. The author tries to find a common denominator for the actions of Polish public diplomacy and often arbitrary decisions of the Chinese authorities in promoting Polish language in China. He points out some challenges and threats related to the dynamic development of Polish in China.

The main issue of the paper is the analysis of the key factors which affect the development of the Polish language in China. Each of these factors has been discussed in this article against the background of language policy and power of Polish language in mainland China. The author, starting with a review of important concepts on this subject, tries to indicate the factors determining the creation of new Polish studies faculties and Polish studies centres in mainland China. Political and economic factors, the task-oriented approach of Chinese institutions in combination with a far-reaching profit planning strategy, factors related to regional cooperation between Poland and China, as well as sentimental and historical ones are considered to be the most significant aspects. The author tries to find a common denominator for the actions of Polish public diplomacy and often arbitrary decisions of the Chinese authorities in promoting Polish language in China. He points out some challenges and threats related to the dynamic development of Polish in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Studies: Interdisciplinary Political & Cultural Journal is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wortfolge. Szyk Słów is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Białostockie Archiwum Językowe is the property of University of Bialystok and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Slowianskiej is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Colloquia Humanistica is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adeptus is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tekst i Dyskurs is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wspólny europejski system opisu kształcenia językowego – ESOKJ – służy społeczności językowej w Europie i poza nią już od ponad dwudziestu lat. Dokument opublikowany przez Wydział Polityki Językowej Rady Europy w wersji roboczej w 1998 r., a w wersji końcowej, angielskiej i francuskiej w 2001 r., szybko uzyskał status standardowego europejskiego punktu odniesienia w zakresie uczenia się, nauczania i oceniania znajomości języków obcych. Przetłumaczony do tej pory (maj 2021 r.) na ponad 40 języków ESOKJ spotkał się z dużym zainteresowaniem i jest obecnie używany na całym świecie przy kształtowaniu polityki językowej, tworzeniu programów nauczania i projektowaniu materiałów dydaktycznych, a najczęściej jako standardowe odniesienie w testowaniu i certyfikacji znajomości języków obcych. W roku 2014 Rada Europy zleciła grupie ekspertów dokonanie przeglądu i uzupełnienie oryginalnej publikacji z 2001 roku, w oparciu o doświadczenia zebrane w ciągu kilkunastu lat jej użytkowania. W niniejszym artykule pokrótce przedstawiam i komentuję wyniki ich pracy, z zamiarem wskazania i podkreślenia tych aspektów nowego „oblicza” ESOKJ, które ujawniają szerszy potencjał edukacyjny jego podejścia, sięgający moim zdaniem poza oryginalnie założony zakres uczenia się, nauczania i oceniania znajomości języków obcych.

Praca analizuje dwa pochodzące ze współczesnych czasów przykłady literatur tworzonych w językach mniejszościowych, niemających oficjalnego statusu na całym Półwyspie Iberyjskim, a mianowicie literatury arańskiej i asturleońskiej. Przedstawiona w artykule analiza została przeprowadzona na podstawie teorii polisystemu, która pozwoliła na wykazanie niskiego stopnia autonomii obu literatur – z nieidentycznych powodów – wobec mocniejszych systemów współfunkcjonujących na tym samym obszarze. Omawiana przez nas literatura przedstawiona zostanie w świetle polityki językowej stosowanej w Val d’Aran, Asturii i Leónie, przy szczegółowym zarysowaniu kontekstu politycznego i kulturowego tych regionów. Zaprezentowana zostanie również krytyczna panorama sytuacji socjolingwistycznej panującej w tych regionach, która to sytuacja związana jest oczywiście z dynamiką gospodarki oraz wpływów politycznych. W stosunku do instytucji administracyjnych i rynku wydawniczego analizuje się stan organów promujących język i literaturę arańską i asturleońską oraz produkcję książek jako wskaźnika słabości tych systemów literackich. Omawiane są także aspekty tożsamościowe – związane z obrazem tych terytoriów w zbiorowym wyobrażeniu wypływającym z ich usytuowania geograficznego – w zestawieniu z rodzajem literatury pisanej w arańskim i asturleońskim. Z powyższego wynika, że literatura asturleońska i literatura arańska posiadają dzisiaj niski stopień realnej autonomii wobec innych, silniejszych systemów literackich obecnych w ich obszarach autochtonicznych, czyli hiszpańskiego i częściowo galicyjskiego w przypadku literatury asturleońskiej oraz katalońskiego i hiszpańskiego w przypadku literatury arańskiej.

Copyright of Postscriptum Polonistyczne is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Language Policy in Poland in the Context of the Impact of English on Polish The paper examines the way and the extent to which language policies have affected the development of the Polish language. However, the purpose of the present paper is to highlight the change in attitude towards the increasing impact of English on Polish. The influence of English became more prominent in Poland after the change in the political system in 1989, and has for the most part been in the area of lexical borrowings. However, the influence of English is not only restricted to the inflow of English loanwords, but also extends to their relatively high frequency of usage. In addition, there is evidence of other types of influence that are non-lexical. However, the impact of English on Polish has not been as extensive as is claimed by some Polish linguists who since the early 1990s have lamented over the decline of the Polish language caused by the ”flood” of British and American English borrowings. Indeed, the status of English as a lingua franca was considered itself to be a threat to Polish, with even the possibility of the extinction of the tongue. This concern about language purity led to the creation of the Polish Language Council in 1996, whose aim has been to advise on and describe (rather than prescribe) linguistic behaviours among Polish language users. This legislative body was behind the Polish Language Act passed in 1999. Its purpose, however, has been to protect Polish rather than to purify it and to minimize the foreign influences (which mainly refer to English) rather than to eradicate them. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Polish linguists’ attitude towards the ”Anglicization” of the Polish language has changed dramatically and it is now believed that the influence of English makes Polish richer and more globalized.

Copyright of Studia Warmińskie is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Teaching a foreign language at pre-primary level has been officially introduced in Poland in 2015 as a follow-up to European policy guidelines (European Commission 2011b). Teachers are agents of any language policy as it is them who have to warrant its implementation through pedagogical practice. While most of the studies conducted on policy implementation focus on teacher beliefs and multilingual practices (e.g., Haukås 2016; Lundberg 2019), the following paper concentrates on implementing European language policy guidelines in respect of early foreign language education and pluralistic approaches. It describes a quantitative study of early education in-service teachers who attended a 3-semester preparation course for language teaching. The data analysis revealed that 'supporting the linguistic development of children with other first languages than Polish' gained the least support among the respondents, despite a significant course module devoted to this issue. Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn that the teachers will be able to raise interest in language learning by very young learners, by drawing on their experience as Early Childhood Educators, yet it will be difficult to foster plurilingualism and attitudes of intercultural interest by teachers who often lack intercultural experience and plurilingual awareness themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socjolingwistyka is the property of Instytut Jezyka Polskiego PAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper examines the way and the extent to which language policies have affected the development of the Polish language. However, the purpose of the present paper is to highlight the change in attitude towards the increasing impact of English on Polish. The influence of English became more prominent in Poland after the change in the political system in 1989, and has for the most part been in the area of lexical borrowings. However, the influence of English is not only restricted to the inflow of English loanwords, but also extends to their relatively high frequency of usage. In addition, there is evidence of other types of influence that are non-lexical. However, the impact of English on Polish has not been as extensive as is claimed by some Polish linguists who since the early 1990s have lamented over the decline of the Polish language caused by the "flood" of British and American English borrowings. Indeed, the status of English as a lingua franca was considered itself to be a threat to Polish, with even the possibility of the extinction of the tongue. This concern about language purity led to the creation of the Polish Language Council in 1996, whose aim has been to advise on and describe (rather than prescribe) linguistic behaviours among Polish language users. This legislative body was behind the Polish Language Act passed in 1999. Its purpose, however, has been to protect Polish rather than to purify it and to minimize the foreign influences (which mainly refer to English) rather than to eradicate them. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Polish linguists' attitude towards the "Anglicization" of the Polish language has changed dramatically and it is now believed that the influence of English makes Polish richer and more globalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Socjolingwistyka is the property of Instytut Jezyka Polskiego PAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Socjolingwistyka is the property of Instytut Jezyka Polskiego PAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adeptus is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article contains preliminary considerations on the principles of the standardization of geographical names in Poland, in particular the names of physiographic objects. The notion of a country's language policy has been referred to as one of its tools is the standardization of geographical names. The general objectives of the Polish language policy were listed as such: the assertion of legal status of the Polish language as the first language in Poland; the assertion of conditions for the development of national and ethnic minority languages in the country; the construction of a Polish-language national and state community. Legal acts concerning Polish language and geographical nomenclature were indicated. It was stated that the assumed effect of political and linguistic actions should be to develop a nomenclature in correct Polish, one which is pragmatically effective, rooted in tradition and, as a result of this study, one should expect to achieve an optimal course of the language communication process in each communicative community. Then, the criteria of the linguistic correctness of geographical names applied to date were discussed and similarities indicated in the standardization procedure with regards to geonyms and specialist terms. The rules of the detailed standardization procedure will be presented in the second part of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thesis: 1) The situation of the Sorbian language in the educational systems of Brandenburg and Sachsen has generally been poor over the last 200 years. 2) The insufficient presence of the Sorbian language in education has negatively influenced the overall situation of the said language. Discussed concepts: This paper is based on the sodolinguistic notions of language planning, status planning and acquisition planning, as defined by Robert L. Cooper (1989). While analysing the evolving position of Sorbian in education, the author examines the decisions of German authorities and actions taken by the Sorbian national movement; they are presented as conscious efforts intended to limit or to promote the use of Sorbian, not only in education, but also in other domains of social life. Results and conclusions: The results confirm the preliminary hypothesis about the poor status of Sorbian in education over the last 200 years. Despite some positive actions taken in the 1950s, the damage inflicted earlier by deliberate imposition of the German language has failed to be reversed. The hypothesis that the insufficient presence of Sorbian in education had an adverse effect on the overall situation of the language has also been confirmed, but only partly, as other equally important factors leading to the decline of Sorbian have also been found. Originality/Cognitive (educational) value: This analysis may be useful as a summary of research conducted so far in the field of Sorbian, as popularization of knowledge about minority languages and as an inspiration for more detailed empirical research on the situation of the Sorbian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Colloquia Humanistica is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Socjolingwistyka is the property of Instytut Jezyka Polskiego PAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to report on and discuss the results of a pilot survey concerning the attitude of language users towards the process of avoiding the use of flexional noun forms in the names of companies, products and brands in advertising and crypto-commercial discourse. The material used in the study derives from a survey conducted among students from various fields of studies. The results obtained show that the level of acceptance of incorrect expressions containing non-inflected nominal forms, frequently and flagrantly misused by the media, is significant. The theoretical methods and concepts of language policy were found to be the most effective tool of analysis for examining this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the results of a survey conducted among students of humanities, science and technology studies in Cracow, Gliwice and Wrocław. Young people have been polled in order to find out their opinion on the status of Polish in the world. They were asked various questions: about the position of Polish in the ranking of EU languages, learning Polish as a foreign language, state certificate examinations and issues of language policy in Poland. The survey showed not only the knowledge and opinion of students but also revealed the scope of linguistic consciousness demonstrated in evaluating or undervaluing the potential of their language. The research examined the permanence of stereotypes as well, such as the threat of negative influence of foreign languages or the idea that Polish is a very difficult language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of the article is the issue of language policy on its international, national and regional levels, discussed in the context of the multicultural and multilingual region of Catalonia, Spain. In this district, regional languages have a stronger position than the dominant language of the country – Spanish (Castilian). Cultural identity of ethnic Catalans may be characterized by a clearly dominant linguistic identity, centered around so-called regional languages. The text is based on both literature and ethnographic fieldwork that had been conducted between 2010–2012. Formal and informal aspects of language policy, as well as beliefs and attitudes of the inhabitants Catalonia with respect to multilingualism are being analyzed. Results of the field study are presented using the anthropology of language planning and policy approach.

Educational language competence in the action-oriented approach of the Council of Europe Democracy, human rights, rule of law, social cohesion, protection and promotion of cultural heritage, intercultural dialogue, and economic growth – all these areas of activity of intergovernmental organizations such as the European Union or the Council of Europe, depend on education. Which, in turn, relies on language competence defined as the ability to conduct linguistic activities necessary to achieve specific educational goals or tasks. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the key importance of linguistic competence for education, by discussing selected works and projects of the Council of Europe, and by applying an action-oriented approach – on which these works and projects are based – to selected educational programmes in Poland.

The article presents the accomplishments of the Council for the Polish Language at the Presidium of the Polish Academy of Sciences during its twenty years of existence. The most important people in the Council's history are portrayed, together with essential facts about this institution. An overview is provided of the most significant areas of activities, such as the organization of the Forum on the Culture of the Word, book publishing, cooperation with the international organization EFNIL, the training of European Union translators, cooperation with major state authorities and institutions. The daily activities of the Council are also described (e.g. extensive correspondence carried out with institutions and individuals). The article concludes with a reflection on the role of the Council in developing policies on the modern usage of the Polish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kwestia językowa to zjawiska wynikające z kontaktu dwu lub więcej języków na tym samym terytorium lub w tej samej społeczności. Przejawem kwestii językowej jest koegzystencja i/lub konflikty na tle językowym oraz polityka językowa państw, władz regionalnych i ruchów społecznych zmierzająca do utrwalenia lub zmiany sytuacji językowej. Najważniejsze zagadnienia związane z kwestią językową we współczesnym świecie to: 1) dominacja języka angielskiego jako języka międzynarodowego, wspomagana przez procesy globalizacji i ułatwiająca globalizację, która stawia w nierównej sytuacji ludność świata i wywołuje opór ze strony ludności nieangielskojęzycznej; 2) wymieranie języków w wyniku asymilacji małych grup etnojęzykowych. Zjawisko to wywołuje zaniepokojenie niektórych kręgów społecznych i naukowych; 3) bariera językowa utrudniająca rozwój oświaty, gospodarki i demokracji w wielu częściach świata, zwłaszcza w krajach postkolonialnych; 4) migracje międzynarodowe. Stawiają one wobec samych migrantów oraz władz i społeczeństw krajów przyjmujących problem stosunku do zachowania tożsamości kulturowo-językowej imigrantów, różnie rozwiązywany w różnych krajach i okresach historycznych.