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В статье рассматривается понятие двусмысленности и потенциал ее использования в речи. Двусмысленность, относящаяся к явлениям речи, разграничивается со смежными понятиями языка. Двусмысленность представлена как явление амбивалентное, которое может быть не только затруднением речи, то есть ошибкой, но и служить основой для создания стилистических приемов двусмысленности. Приведенные соображения носят общий характер и могут быть использованы при рассмотрении двусмысленности в других языках. The article examines the notion of ambiguity and it’s discursive potential. Ambiguity as a speech phenomenon delimited with the closely-related concepts of language. Ambiguity is treated as an ambivalent phenomenon, which is not only impediment of speech, AS an error, but also can be used as a base of creation of some stilistical devices. Gived considerations are general and will be used for ambiguity treatment in others languages. В статье рассматривается понятие двусмысленности и потенциал ее использования в речи. Двусмысленность, относящаяся к явлениям речи, разграничивается со смежными понятиями языка. Двусмысленность представлена как явление амбивалентное, которое может быть не только затруднением речи, то есть ошибкой, но и служить основой для создания стилистических приемов двусмысленности. Приведенные соображения носят общий характер и могут быть использованы при рассмотрении двусмысленности в других языках.

Deseterački dvostisi Slavka Jankovića i Luke Lukića vjerodostojni su prikaz života, kulture i običaja na području Slavonije, Baranje i Srijema do sredine 20. stoljeća. Ta vrijedna ostavština s oko 8.000 dvostiha pruža relevantan uvid u leksik toga vremena te pokazuje zastupljenost stranojezičnih elemenata i njegov utjecaj na autohtoni leksički sloj. U disertaciji se istražuju leksičke značajke dvostiha iz prikupljenoga korpusa s osobitim obzirom na polisemičnost, homonimičnost i sinonimičnost te propituje utjecaj posuđenica iz njemačkoga i turskoga jezika na sadržaj i strukturu dvostiha. Posebna je pozornost usmjerena problematici međujezičnih dodira, jezičnom posuđivanju, prilagodbi posuđenica na fonološkoj i morfološkoj, a poglavito na semantičkoj i leksičkoj razini. Prikupljeni korpus čine Jankovićevi tiskani zapisi dvostiha te neistražena i jezično neopisana rukopisna ostavština Luke Lukića čineći tako iznimno bogatstvo gotovo zaboravljenoga pučkog govora Brodskoga Posavlja. Decasyllabic couplets by Slavko Janković and Luka Lukić are an authentic portrait of life, culture and customs in Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem up to the middle of the 20th century. This valuable legacy, which includes around 8,000 couplets, offers a relevant insight into the lexicon of that time and shows the representation of foreign language elements and its effect on the indigenous lexical layer. This dissertation will explore the lexical significance of couplets from the collected corpus with regards to polysemy, homonymy and synonymy, and examine the influence of loan-words from German and Turkish languages on the contents and structure of the couplet. Special attention will be given to the issue of interlingual contacts, linguistic borrowing, adaptation of loan-words on a phonological, morphological, semantic and lexical level. The collected corpus is comprised of Janković’s printed couples and the unexplored and linguistically undescribed handwritten legacy of Luka Lukić, which form the unique treasure of the almost forgotten folk discourse of Brodsko Posavlje. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is an exhaustive overview, description and analysis of the influence of Turkish and German loan-words on the formation of decasyllabic couplets in Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem, with special consideration of the semantic potential of lexemes, and regards to homonymy, synonymy and polysemy in the collected corpus. Likewise, the aim of the dissertation was to use comparative analysis to contrast the writings of the two authors and to describe particular orthographical, grammatical, i.e. phonological, morphological, word-formational, syntactical and lexical features. The first hypothesis argues that the comparison of the two corpora up to the middle of the 20th century shows that polysemy is more widespread than homonymy, and homonymy that synonymy. The second hypothesis argues that Turkish loan-words are more widespread than German loan-words in decasyllabic couplets, from culinary lexicon to clothes and house inventory, botany and gardening and many other agricultural sectors and crafts, and insults, nicknames and characteristics, human relations and emotions. The hypotheses of this dissertation will be tested on the collected corpus comprised of 8,000 couplets from the works of Slavko Janković, one of the most famous Croatian ethnomusicologists of his time, and of the manuscripts of Luka Lukić, the most significant ethnographer, melographer and folklore researcher in Slavonija from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century (Blaževac-Pajkov 2016). This two corpora are differently formed. While Janković's writings are printed in three song-books (Janković 1967, 1970, 1974) and are easily accesible, Lukić's couplets are a part of a manuscript legacy which is kept in The Museum of Brodsko Posavlje at the Etnographic Department in Slavonski Brod. Janković's and Lukić's decasyllabic couplets have not yet been the subject of linguistic study and assessment, therefore detailed analysis, verification and evaluation is needed. The dissertation explores lexical and semantic relationships of lexemes with a particular overview of synonymy, homonymy and polysemy, analyses and determines the cultural and historic framework of languages in contact, the relationships between domestic and loan-words, their absorption and adaptation on a phonological, morphological, semantic and lexical level, and ascertains the level of influence of loan-words on the language of decasyllabic couplets and the semantic areas where they are documented. Through the studied manuscript legacy of Luka Lukić and printed writings of Slavko Janković, the dissertation also implements an analysis of orthography and grammar of traditional discourses and describes particular orthographical, grammar, i.e. phonological, morphological, word-formational, syntactical and lexical features. The couplets are formed spontaneously “alongside life occasions: rituals and customs, work, leisure, jest and momentary elations, weddings, births and deaths...” (Botica 1995), that is, in every circumstance and situation that were a part of everyday traditional life of a Šokac. Since the nature of the couplet is characterized both by being documented and being informative, which therefore provides the ability to reconstruct objective facts, place and date of the action, certain information about history, historic events (Barišić 2016a), politics and political situation, the economy, current economic situation and existing societal issues, it is expected that we find a presence of loan-words in the various lexicon which primarily refers to culinary domain, clothes, decorations, jewelry and textiles, house inventory, garden, botany, agriculture, crafts, military, but also names, human relations and emotions. The initial phase of the research will explore in detail the recent foreign and domestic literature which primarily studies linguistical contacts and complexities of lexical-semantic relationships. Subsequently, from the collected database, which is comprised of printed writings of Slavko Janković and the manuscript legacy of Luka Lukić, a corpus of decasyllabic couplets will be formed. The corpus, comprised of “these small couplets, which melt all the original local, all the lines of force that form local identification” (Botica 2013), will become the backbone of the database study from a linguistic point of view. The dissertation also brings a detailed description and analysis of up to this time unexplored manuscript legacy of couplets of Luka Lukić. The central part of the research will be dedicated to the corpus analysis. Comparative method will be primarily used to describe decasyllabic couplets, and the above-mentioned hypotheses will be verified by an inductive-deductive method. First, the theoretical starting points will be determined and decasyllabic couplets defined, and lexical-semantic relationships with a special overview of synonymy, homonymy and polysemy within the collected corpus will be analyzed. Preliminary research indicates that there are not many synonymous and homonymous lexemes in the body of decasyllabic couplets, while the polysemous lexemes are abundantly represented, and there is large number of those that are not registered in Croatian lexicographic handbooks. An important part of the work will include the linguistics of language contacts as per theoretical points of reference of Croatian contactological literature. Next, the history of Croatian-Ottoman and Croatian-German linguistic contacts will be explored, linguistic borrowing analyzed, its causes, the adaptation of loan-words and their influence on the lexicon of decasyllabic couplets. Finally, main insights and the verification of hypotheses will be synthesized, and considering the unexplored segments of the corpus within the stated areas of lexicology, documentation of lexemes that can be used for supplementation of dictionary description of the Croatian language can be anticipated. Decasyllabic couplets as a kind of lyrical form are most common in Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem and are “an indicator of abundance of Croatian folk treasure” (Botica 1996) and promotors of centuries-long tradition and culture. Because they “have a specific melodic, morphologic, syntactic and semantic recognizability” (Botica 2013) they require a unique approach of particular sciences. While, from an ethnomusicological standpoint, decasyllabic couplets have been described in detail, and there is a certain diversity of approach, subjects of research and scientific engagement with couplets, from a literary theory standpoint, decasyllabic couplets are mostly limited to bećarac (Slavonian humorous-ribald folk song). Several monographies unify them as printed writings, the Josip Užarević monography (2012) classifies them within the literary minimalist genre, Pšihistal (2008) analyses the coding of love in the collection Šokačke pismice Slavka Jankovića, Dragić (2008) briefly defines bećarac while in his magazine article Užarević (2009) discusses the poetics of bećarac and its characteristics. Within this bibliography bećarac is determined as a rhymed decasyllabic couplet, folk vocalinstrumental minimal chant of Slavonija-Baranja-Srijem (Užarević 2009: 111). Bošković-Stulli (1978: 305) suggests that it originated in the second half of the 19th century, and Leskovac (1968: 107) points out that bećarac is situated regionally (from Srijem, Banat and Bačka and Baranja to Slavonija and Šokadija to Kordun and Lika) placing it in an even broader location than it is done in this dissertation. While Botica (2013) considers short decasyllabic chants and rhymes, including bećarac, to be a special and very prolific kind of lyrical chants, according to Dragić (2008: 127) many of the bećaracs belong to folk literature and do not have an aesthetic function. That it is more than merely a folk form of having fun is demonstrated by the fact that Republic of Croatia Ministry of Culture has included it in the List of Protected Cultural Treasures in 2007, and in 2011 it was included in the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Subsequently, it is unclear why decasyllabic couplets have not been the subject-matter of linguistic interest or more detailed research. There are few references about the lexical layer of decasyllabic couplets in the recent linguistical and philological literature. It is therefore necessary to conduct the required research within lexicology. The corpus of decasyllabic couplets in this dissertation consolidates printed writings from collections Šokačke pismice Slavka Jankovića (1967, 1970, 1974) and the unpublished manuscript of Luka Lukić - a total of 8,000 decasyllabic couplets of bećarac, drumarac, svatovac, pokladarac and other minimalistic forms of spoken folk expression. Preliminary research confirms some similarities and differences of those sources. Lukić’s manuscript is older in origin, and considering that Janković analyzed Lukić’s Popijevke iz okolice Slavonskog Broda (1919), it is not surprising that his song-book repeats many of those couplets. Lukić registered couplets of Brodsko Posavlje, including Oprisavci, Varoš, Kaniža, Klakar, Ruščica and Donja Bebrina, and Janković described and collected couplets from certain places in Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem. In addition to the collected couplets, both record music notes for particular couplets. Janković termed all the couplets as pismice, that is, decasyllable couplets, while Lukić categorized them as priskočnice or chants. Literary historians accept the suggested terminology, identifying pismice with “decasyllabic couplets” (Bošković-Stulli 1978: 305). This paper accepts the term decasyllabic couplets while not limiting it exclusively to bećarac or other individual kinds, because the couplets differentiate only in the occasion for which they are written or the lyrical subject that is producing them. All forms of decasyllabic couplets are characterized by the same structure, minimalism, intermediality, rhyme, humorous context and out-singing, and therefore it cannot be justified to single out just one form. As the paper is focused primarily on lexical characteristics, relationships between words and loan-words within the decasyllabic couplets structure will primarily be analyzed. Decasyllabic couplets abound in the latter, as shown in preliminary research. German and Turkish loan-words comprise approximately 70% of the corpus and their analyses will constitute a majority of the paper. When defining loan-words, this paper will incline towards the term Turkish loan-words, rather than Oriental loan-words, and the statement by Hanka Glibanović-Vajzović (1986: 141) that “Turkish loan-words are all words of Oriental and other origin received through Turkish language agency, regardless of their deeper etymology”. After initial research, it has been established that the area of Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem has been subjected to German and Turkish influence during its long and prolific history, which has left trace in Croatian language as well. The reasons for this can be found in long-term presence of Ottomans in the Slavonian area since the 14th century when Croatian language came into contact with the Ottoman influence, and later when the Ottomans were forced out in the 18th century in the establishment of the Military Border (Vojna krajina) which served as a military-police district for the defense from the Ottomans (Moačanin and Valentić 1981). It was then that one language was substituted for another, German (Žepić 1996). As a result of age-long historical events and political changes, German loan-words have, because of certain cultural, political and other reasons, become a language necessity among the members of immigrant German people and the native population. Their usage improved mutual understanding, but also the need to vocally express new elements of extra-linguistic reality which were introduced by interlocking the two cultures (Kordić 2006). Considering these facts, German and Turkish loan-words will be analyzed on a phonological, morphological, semantic and lexical level, using primarily the principles of contact linguistics (Filipović 1979, Filipović 1986, Dabo-Denegri 1998, Sočanac 2004, Stojić 2008). In order to make the analysis more complete, phonological and morphological systems of contact languages will be compared and it will be determined how a loan-word, when being integrated in the receiving language system, shaped its meanings, and how those meanings relate to the meanings in the model of the donor language, the changes that occurred in the adaptation process and why those changes occurred. The best way to detect the effect of language contacts of two languages and to determine which part of the lexicon was significantly influenced by loan-words is by analyzing the lexical level of language structure (Barišić 2016b). The dissertation will research in detail the lexical-semantic relationships of lexemes with special regards to synonymy, homonymy and polysemy. As opposed to synonymy (Melvinger 1984, Petrović 2005) and polysemy (Raffaelli 2015, Tafra 2017) for which there is extensive recent literature, the phenomenon of homonymy (Samardžija 1989, Dobričević 2000, Tafra 2016) has not yet received adequate attention within the Croatian language, and therefore polysemy has not even been unambiguously defined (Hudeček, Mihaljević 2009), which leaves enough space to more thoroughly and systematically analyze homonymy in this dissertation. The paper is expected to note new meanings conditioned by existing decasyllabic couplets which could complete the lexical database and thereby contribute to the semantic description of lexemes in the lexicographic descriptions of the Croatian language.

En las últimas décadas se ha puesto de manifiesto que las categorías semánticas son flexibles y que están en constante evolución. El objetivo del presente estudio es explorar cómo se estructura la polisemia del verbo llevar. Para ello, nos basamos los parámetros la semántica diacrónica de prototipos que propone Geeraerts (1997), quien sitúa en la diacronía las claves para explicar la configuración de la polisemia léxica. Por este motivo, hemos llevado a cabo un estudio histórico del verbo llevar gracias al análisis de un corpus extraído del CORDE. Los resultados se analizan, por un lado, desde un punto de vista cuantitativo, revelando así la antigüedad y la frecuencia de cada uno de los significados del verbo llevar. Por otro lado, se describe, desde un punto de vista cualitativo, cada uno de los cambios semánticos que el verbo experimenta a lo largo de su historia, partiendo de ejemplos de nuestro corpus. Para llevar a cabo la descripción de los cambios semánticos, nos apoyamos además en otras herramientas que ofrece de la semántica cognitiva, como la proyección de esquemas de imagen o la metáfora conceptual. Con todo esto, probaremos que la polisemia actual de llevar es el resultado de un proceso histórico de expansión semasiológica a partir de un significado central o prototípico. In the last decades, it has been revealed that semantic categories are flexible and that they evolve constantly. The aim of this paper is to explore how the polisemy of the verb llevar is structured. For this purpose, our study is based on the parameters of the diachronic prototype semantics proposed by Geeraerts (1997), who place the keys to explain the configuration of lexical polisemy in the diachrony. Therefore, we have carried out a historical study of the verb llevar thanks to the analysis of a corpus taken from the CORDE. The results are analysed, on one hand, from a quantitative perspective, in order to show the age and the frequency of each meaning of the verb llevar. On the other hand, from a qualitative perspective, each semantic change that llevar has experienced throughout its history are described on the basis of the examples of our corpus. In order to describe the semantic changes, we will also use other tools from cognitive semantics, such us the image schema theory and the conceptual metaphor theory. All this leads to demonstrate that the current polisemy of llevar is the result of a historical process of semasiological expansion from one central or prototypical meaning.

Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na przejawiającą się w twórczości Pawła Jarońskiego zabawę foniczną warstwą języka: odnajdywanie przez autora nowych znaczeń zarówno w pojedynczych leksemach, jak i w utartych połączeniach wyrazowych. Jaroński posługuje się obrazem dla unaocznienia dodatkowych sensów, często niemożliwych do wychwycenia w codziennych sytuacjach komunikacyjnych. Publikacja dofinansowana ze środków rektorskich na działalność kół naukowych

This study aims at describing the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) that explain themeaning of words in detail. This paper describes the meaning of “to bring” in Lio language,as one of languages in Flores. The verb tu “to bring” explains something to be brought ofhead to hand. The verb tu with polysemy composition act, namely do and move to the entitypart and loacted at a place on certain part of human body.

У раду се говори о статичној и динамичној полисемији, дефинише се платисемија, широкозначност, као облик статичне полисемије, и си мили семија као један од типова динамичне полисемије. Даље се ове појаве разграничавају и међу собом, и од сродних појава у полисемантичким структурама различитих лексема. Platysemy or broad-meaning is a special type of multiple meaning. It is static, but not developing polysemy. Platysemy relates to neither lexemes where, neither from historical nor sometimes from contemporary perspective, we can suppose, neither chain-like nor radial semantic spreading from some historical primary focus. Irena Grickat gives an example of broadmeaning of velik (big) lexeme. Similisemy (similar meaning) is the capability of a lexeme from the lexical-semantic group man, parts of the human body, its characteristics, actions and states to give name and denote, in its basic function, two very similar referents – one referring to a man and the other referring to an animal. For example, head of a man/head of an animal.

U ovom radu ispitani su različiti modeli za vektorsku reprezentaciju riječi na više skupova za učenje na hrvatskom jeziku. Dobiveni vektori evaluirani su na dva ispitna skupa odabira sinonima te analogija. Također ispitan je i model ekstrakcije značenja iz vektora pomoću algoritma k-SVD te njegova primjena na određivanje značenja riječi. In this paper different models for word representations have been tested on multiple training corpora for Croatian language. Result vectors have been evaluated on two different test sets which consisted of synonym choices and analogies. Another task was to extract meanings from the vectors through k-SVD algorithm and it's application to word sense disambiguation.

El objetivo que nos proponemos en este estudio será el de presentar el fenómeno de la polisemia desde el punto de vista de la didáctica de las lenguas extranjeras. El análisis de voces polisémicas y el hecho de que el número de sentidos de una lexía en una lengua determinada rara vez sea igual a la cantidad de sentidos del vocablo equivalente en otra lengua, puede ofrecer al profesor una oportunidad para introducir, de manera sencilla y natural, actividades para profundizar en esta cuestión. El detectar diferencias de esta índole -que aparecen en distintos registros y en todos los niveles- puede dar pie a que los alumnos se percaten de la inexactitud semántica entre las lenguas que emplean, lo cual influye positivamente en su proceso de aprendizaje y potencialmente contribuirá a incrementar el interés de estos por la lengua que desean aprender. Palabras clave: polisemia, palabras polisémicas, contenido semántico, contexto lingüístico. Polysemy: natural source of activities for Spanish classes Abstact: Our objective with this study is to present the phenomenon of polysemy from the point of view of foreign language teaching. The analysis of polysemous words and the fact that the number of meanings of a word in a certain language is hardly ever the same as the amount of meanings of an equivalent word in another can offer the teacher the chance to simply and naturally introduce activities to delve deeper into this matter. Detecting differences of this sort which appear in different settings and at all levels allows students to discover the semantic inaccuracy between languages that they use which positively influences students’ learning process and helps increase their interest in the language they aim to learn. Keywords: polysemy, polysemous words, semantic contents, linguistic context.

Financial news must be translated by journalists in order to be understood by ordinary people. Specially when they are dealing with unusual issues like risk premium. This article examines the language used in those pieces of information from a semantic point of view, related to other text components. La información económica en general y la relacionada con la prima de riesgo, en particular, requieren un especial esfuerzo de traducción por parte de los profesionales que se dedican al periodismo económico. Este artículo se aproxima al estudio del lenguaje de este tipo de textos desde una perspectiva semántica, relacionada con otros elementos periodísticos que ayudan a la configuración del texto.

Lietuvių kalbos vardažodžio kilmininkas yra sudėtingos semantikos kategorija, kurią sudaro daug tarpusavyje susipynusių reikšmių: posesyvumo, kiekio, tikslo, medžiagos ir daugelis kitų. Tačiau lietuvių kalbotyroje nėra sistemingo ir nuoseklaus, vienais teoriniais principais pagrįsto šio linksnio aprašo. Todėl straipsnio tikslas yra apžvelgti jau atliktus lietuvių kalbos kilmininko linksnio tyrimus, palyginti skirtingų tyrėjų darbuose esančius kilmininko reikšmių aprašus ir atsižvelgiant į svarbiausius kognityvinės gramatikos teiginius pateikti kritinių įžvalgų, kodėl būtų aktualu ir reikšminga šį linksnį ištirti pagal kognityvinės gramatikos principus, kurie pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais aktyviai taikomi užsienio lingvistų darbuose. The Lithuanian genitive case is a category of complex semantics that consists of many interrelated meanings: possession, quantity, goal, material and many others. However, the present explorations of the Lithuanian genitive case have been carried out according to different theories, thus now Lithuanian linguistics lacks a comprehensive and consistent analysis. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review the findings of the existing Lithuanian genitive case researches, compare meaning descriptions of the Lithuanian genitive case provided therein and, having regard to the most important Cognitive Grammar principles, to provide critical insights why it would be important and significant to explore the genitive case according to the Cognitive Grammar principles, which have been being actively applied in foreign linguistics for the last two decades.

В статье рассматривается понятие двусмысленности и потенциал ее использования в речи. Двусмысленность, относящаяся к явлениям речи, разграничивается со смежными понятиями языка. Двусмысленность представлена как явление амбивалентное, которое может быть не только затруднением речи, то есть ошибкой, но и служить основой для создания стилистических приемов двусмысленности. Приведенные соображения носят общий характер и могут быть использованы при рассмотрении двусмысленности в других языках., The article examines the notion of ambiguity and it’s discursive potential. Ambiguity as a speech phenomenon delimited with the closely-related concepts of language. Ambiguity is treated as an ambivalent phenomenon, which is not only impediment of speech, AS an error, but also can be used as a base of creation of some stilistical devices. Gived considerations are general and will be used for ambiguity treatment in others languages.

The author speaks about language but not about fishing. „I would call brave those lexicographers who are trying to research and write about peculiarities of live language despite of pressure of scientistic understanding of scholarship".

New Voices in Translation Studies, 6, 1,

El presente artículo, siguiendo la corriente investigadora de la Sociolingüística feminista en América del Norte (EE.UU., Québec y Montréal), estudia, desde el lenguaje de género, el sexismo lingüístico, tanto sintáctico como léxico, su caracterización gramatical, y aporta como novedad el estudio del sexismo semántico aplicado a cinco variantes discursivas, con estrechos lazos culturales entre ambas orillas (española; atlántica: argentina, panameña, mexicana; y mediterránea: marroquí), con el fin de ver cuáles son los universales antropológicos que el análisis pragmático y textual ofrece a través de tres principios semánticos: 1. el significado implícito por inferencia; 2. la oposición de antónimos explícitos: sintagmáticos y paradigmáticos; 3. el contraste o antítesis de términos homónimos y polísemos. El procedimiento de reconstrucción de significado que se ha seguido es el siguiente: a. significado implícito inferencial -› b. oposición de antónimos explícitos sintagmáticos -› c. contraste o antítesis entre diferentes significados de términos homónimos -› d. contraste o antítesis entre diferentes acepciones de términos polísemos -› e. oposición de antónimos explícitos paradigmáticos ., The present work follows in the wake of North‐ American (USA, Québec and Montréal), feminist Sociolinguistic studies. We approach sexism in language from the perspective of gender language, analysing the sexist usage of language and more specifically, the asymmetrical use of the syntax, lexicon and grammatical characterization in Spanish. The novelty of the present research lies in its application to five varieties of Spanish and its analysis of the corresponding discourse variants as well as its treatment of the close cultural links found among both shores (The Spanish‐Atlantic one, as regards Argentinian, Panamanian and Mexican Spanish, and the Mediterranean one, as it applies to Moroccan Spanish). Through the ongoing research it is possible to find out the anthropologic universals on which our pragmatic and textual analysis relies; for that, we operate with the help of three semantic principles: 1. implicit meaning / inference; 2. the opposition of explicit –syntagmatic vs. paradigmatic– antonyms; 3. the contrast or antithesis of homonymous and polisemic terms, through the following chain: a. inferential implicit meaning → b. opposition of explicit syntagmatic antonyms → c. contrast or antithesis among different meanings of homonymous terms → d. contrast or antithesis among different senses of polisemic terms → e. opposition of explicit paradigmatic antonyms.

En este artículo se propone una secuencia didáctica a partir del estudio de las preconcepciones que tienen los estudiantes de ciencias e ingeniería acerca del concepto de flujo eléctrico. Dicha propuesta se realizó a partir de los resultados obtenidos de la revisión bibliográfica de textos universitarios de física, utilizando técnicas de análisis de contenido, así como también mediante la aplicación de un instrumento de concepciones alternativas a 50 estudiantes de ingeniería. Los resultados arrojaron que los textos no poseen un lenguaje aclaratorio de la polisemia del término flujo; y una parte significativa de la muestra asocia flujo eléctrico con movimiento y no con líneas de fuerza. Tales resultados podrían generar posibles concepciones erróneas del término flujo en electromagnetismo. Esta propuesta deberá ser validada en futuras investigaciones. In this article, a didactical sequence is proposed from the study of the preconceptions science and engineering students have about the concept of electrical flow. Such proposal was made from the results obtained from the biliogrpahical revision of university texts in physics, using content analysis techniques, as well as the application of an instrument of alternative conceptions to 50 engineering students. The results showed that the texts do not have a clear language on the polisemy of the term flow; and a significant part of the sample associates electrical flow with movement and not with force lines. Such results could generate possible wrong conceptions of the term flow in electromagnetism. This proposal should be validated in future research. 539-550 ealoma@usb.ve isabelmartins@cantv.net

En este artículo se propone una secuencia didáctica a partir del estudio de las preconcepciones que tienen los estudiantes de ciencias e ingeniería acerca del concepto de flujo eléctrico. Dicha propuesta se realizó a partir de los resultados obtenidos de la revisión bibliográfica de textos universitarios de física, utilizando técnicas de análisis de contenido, así como también mediante la aplicación de un instrumento de concepciones alternativas a 50 estudiantes de ingeniería. Los resultados arrojaron que los textos no poseen un lenguaje aclaratorio de la polisemia del término flujo; y una parte significativa de la muestra asocia flujo eléctrico con movimiento y no con líneas de fuerza. Tales resultados podrían generar posibles concepciones erróneas del término flujo en electromagnetismo. Esta propuesta deberá ser validada en futuras investigaciones. In this article, a didactical sequence is proposed from the study of the preconceptions science and engineering students have about the concept of electrical flow. Such proposal was made from the results obtained from the biliogrpahical revision of university texts in physics, using content analysis techniques, as well as the application of an instrument of alternative conceptions to 50 engineering students. The results showed that the texts do not have a clear language on the polisemy of the term flow; and a significant part of the sample associates electrical flow with movement and not with force lines. Such results could generate possible wrong conceptions of the term flow in electromagnetism. This proposal should be validated in future research.

U radu je obrađena struktura rječničkoga članka na primjerima natuknica iz dvadeset čakavskih rječnika s obzirom na naglasak, morfološku odrednicu, egzemplifikaciju, etimologiju i značenje. Posebna je pozornost posvećena razlikovanju homonimije od polisemije pri sastavljanju rječničkih članaka u dijalektalnoj čakavskoj leksikografiji., Nel presente lavoro è stata analizzata la struttura degli articoli nella lessicografia dialettale čakava. Sugli esempi di voci tratte da 20 dizionari dialettali čakavi è stato comparato il modo di composizione degli articoli guardando se gli autori hanno tenuto conto dell’accentuazione degli esponenti, della loro qualifica grammaticale, del significato denotativo e di quelli connotativi, dell’esemplificazione degli usi della parola e dell’etimologia. Una particolare attenzione è stata rivolta al problema dell’omonimia e della polisemia nella composizione degli articoli lessicografici.

O foco deste trabalho são as relações de sentido existentes entre os diversos usos de MAS no português atual. Os manuais tradicionais apresentam grande dificuldade no tratamento da referida conjunção. O modelo que Sweetser (1991) emprega na análise de but (inglês) mostra-se eficiente na descrição de usos de MAS e indica que os diversos sentidos atribuídos ao item relacionam-se através de uma rede polissêmica que se forma através de motivação metafórica. This paper focuses on the meaningful relationships that are established among the diverse uses of MAS in the nowadays Portuguese. The traditional perspective presents a great difficulty in treating the mentioned conjunction. The model of analysis that Sweetser (1991) uses to work with the conjunction “but” seems to be efficient in the description of the diverse uses of MAS and points out that the diverse meanings attributed to the item are linked by a polisemic net that is formed through metaphorical motivation.

Straipsnyje analizuojama nusikaltimų ir bausmių terminija Pirmajame Lietuvos Statute, kuris atspindi vieną iš teisinės terminijos raidos etapų. Kilmės požiūriu – tai žodžiai, atsiradę iš kelių šaltinių: senovinės rusų kalbos, senosios baltarusių kalbos ir lenkų kalbos skoliniai, patekę į ją iš vokiečių, lotynų kalbų. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į teisinės leksikos daugiareikšmiškumą, sinonimiškumą ir variantiškumą The article looks at the terminology of crime and punishment in the First Statute of Lithuania which reflects one of the stages in the development of legal terminology. In terms of origin, these are words that originated from the following several sources: the ancient Russian language, the ancient Belarusian language and borrowings in the Polish language from the German and Latin languages. Focus is on polysemy, synonymy and variability of the legal lexis.