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To evaluate the immunogencity and safety for three immunization schedules of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) for providing a basis for further optimization of the polio sequential immunization schedule. To obtain immunogenicity data and to active surveillance the occurrence of adverse events following immunization (AEFI), healthy infants ≥ 2 months of age were randomly chosen in Hebei Province, and were divided into three groups to be vaccinated with IPV-bOPV-bOPV(Group a), IPV-IPV-bOPV(Group b) and IPV-IPV-IPV(Group c) at 2, 3 and 4 months of age respectively. AEFI cases related to poliomyelitis vaccines in Hebei province by passive surveillance from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2022 were obtained from national adverse event following immunization surveillance system (NAEFISS). After basic immunization with polio vaccine, the positive conversion rate of neutralizing antibodies of types I, II and III were all > 97.00% and the positive rates were all > 98.00%, the geometric mean titer (GMT) was significantly higher than that before basic immunization, the GMT level of neutralizing poliovirus antibody after basic immunization was the highest in type I, followed by type III, and the lowest in type II. A total of 16 AEFI cases (2.52%) were reported by active surveillance, and 2903 AEFI cases (1.40%) were reported by passive surveillance. AEFI reported by both monitoring modalities were dominated by fever of common vaccine reactions. No rare serious adverse reactions like VAPP etc. were monitored and the overall regression was positive. All three immunization schedules for polio vaccine have demonstrated good immunogenicity and safety when administered to healthy populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study aims to measure the effects of different types vaccines (polio, and BCG) and aluminum nanoparticles (AL NPs) at different concentrations (0.5 and 1M) on eight hematological parameters: White blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (HGB), platelets (PLT), monocytes (MONO), granulocytes (GRANUL), hematocrit (HCT) and lymphocytes (LYMPHO). In the experimental twelve male rabbits in vivo non-randomized control trials were divided into four groups. Group control (n-6) and three groups injected with AL NPs (n-6) at different doses, BCG vaccine (n-6), and polio vaccine (n-6). The results after injected with AL NPs, BCG, and Polio vaccines with different doses and study the CBC analysis of all parameters are significant statistical analysis except for PLT values are non-significant. It seems from the results that the AL NPs has highly affected on the blood components and also, the both polio and BCG vaccines which have some percentage of nanoparticles of aluminum. The results of CBC analysis of blood mentioned the parameters analyzed are abnormal values that affected on the immune system of the animal. It can be concluded that the nanoparticles have been affected on the blood parameters, was long-duration more harmful and effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues that vaccines could be viewed as artifacts which communicate various social messages and are used as instruments for fulfilling different sociopolitical goals besides meeting public health needs. It further suggests that such social, cultural and political influences may have real effects on the choices of vaccine technologies or vaccine production, and aims to demonstrate their importance in the area which is normally seen as the domain of objective science. This is demonstrated by using the example of the locally produced oral polio vaccine (OPV) in Serbia during the socialist and post-socialist periods in the country’s history.

Objective To investigate the correlation between HLA-DM gene polymorphism and antibody response induced by poliomyelitis vaccine. Methods 355 healthy infants aged 2 to 3 months in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were selected as the study objects, and 10 SNPs of DMA exon 3 and DMB exon 2/3 were genotyped by Sanger sequencing. The correlation between DMA and DMB genes and poliomyelitis vaccine-induced antibody response was analyzed at allele, genotype and haplotype levels. Results In the type I antibody response induced by polio vaccine, the frequencies of DMA*01:02, DMB*01:01, DMB*01:01/DMB*01:01 and DMA*01:02-DMB*01:01 were higher in the non-seroconversion group than in the seroconversion group (P < 0.05). In the polio type II antibody response, the frequencies of DMA*01:02, DMA*01:02/DMA*01:02, DMB*01:01/ DMB*01:01 and DMA*01:02-DMB*01:01 were higher in the non-seroconversion group than in the seroconversion group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Alleles DMA*01:02 and DMB*01:01 may be associated with type I and type II antibody responses induced by poliomyelitis vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the incidence of suspected abnormal vaccination reaction (AEFI) after polio vaccination in Shaanxi Province from 2020 to 2022. Methods The surveillance data of polio vaccine in Shaanxi Province from 2020 to 2022 were collected by AEFI surveillance information management system and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods. Results A total of 474 cases of polio vaccine AEFI were reported in Shaanxi Province from 2020 to 2022, the sex ratio of male to female was 1.13:1 (251/223)，the reported incidence was 10.73/100 000, the general reaction accounted for 95.99% (455/474)，and the reported incidence was 1030/100 000, mainly with fever, swelling and induration. Abnormal reaction occurred in 11 cases 2.32% (11/474), and the reported incidence was 0.25/100 000, mainly with allergic rash. No severe AEFI cases were reported. In total 99.16% of the AEFI cases were cured or improved (470/474). The overall outcome was good. Conclusion The safety of polio vaccine in Shaanxi Province is good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases （ERAP） gene polymorphisms and serum polio antibodies induced by sequential polio vaccine immunization. Methods A total of 243 Zhuang individuals were selected from the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region who received two doses of inactivated polio vaccine and one dose of bivalent oral polio vaccine. Polio-neutralizing antibodies types I, II and III were tested from pre-immunization and 28 days after immunizations, and six ERAP1 and two ERAP2 SNPs were genotyped using TaqMan probe genotyping. The allele frequency and genotype frequency were calculated for each SNP, and the association between the SNPs and the polio antibody response was analyzed. Results It was found that individuals carrying the rs2549782-G andrs2248374-A allele of the ERAP1 gene had lower levels of type I polio-neutralizing antibodies compared to those carrying the T and G alleles, respectively （both of 11.590±1.979 vs 11.950±1.895, Padj = 0.031）. In addition, it was observed that GT and AG genotypes of rs2549782 of rs2248374 exhibited lower GMT type I polio-neutralizing antibodies than those of TT and GG genotypes （both of 11.741±0.141 vs 12.378±0.157, Padj = 0.045）. Conclusion Polio vaccine-induced antibody responses may be associated with ERAP2 gene polymorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Vaccines are one of the most effective medicines available to prevent infectious diseases and their complications. Vaccination coverage information can provide evidence of the success of immunization program as well as the areas where coverage needs to be improved. This study aims to determine the immunization coverage for vaccine-preventable diseases in Iran over a period of 10 years compared to the level recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Methods: This is a systematic review. A structured search for finding related studies from 2011 to 2021 was conducted in two national databases (SID, Irandoc) and four international databases (WOS, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar ). Immunization coverage in Iran was compared with the level set in the Immunization Agenda 2030. Results: Initial search yielded 148 articles. After removing duplicates, 68 articles remained. After screening based on the inclusion criteria, 7 eligible articles were finally selected for the review. The results of the studies showed that the lowest overall immunization coverage was 96.8% and the highest overall immunization coverage was 98.6%. Except for the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine whose coverage was 84.7%, the coverage of all types of vaccines was above 90% Conclusion: The immunization coverage for vaccine-preventable diseases in Iran is optimal and even higher than the level recommended by the WHO. Currently, vaccination coverage in Iran is within the scope of the goals set in the Immunization Agenda 2030.

Recently, misinformation and disinformation, as well as fake news, have become global threats to public health owing to their role in spreading viral health hazard information. The growing explosive religious fatalistic views presented on social media and widespread misinformation, disinformation, and fake news can result in detrimental outcomes in adopting protective behavior. The moderating implications of misinformation and religious fatalism can be severe, leading to adverse effects on polio vaccine acceptance. Consequently, this research provides brief empirical evidence on the efficacy of risk communication strategies to address polio vaccine reluctance in a digital age landscape, an area that remains understudied. This research argues that the spread of misinformation, disinformation, fake news, and religious fatalism is not solely the bane of the polio vaccine, but rather represents the absence of risk communication strategies. The study opines that polio vaccine acceptance can be improved using risk communication strategies. Recognizing these risk factors and counter-risk communication strategies, this research tested a theoretical model using the cross-sectional survey design. Overall, data was collected from 2160 parents with children aged below five years. The results, based on structural equation modeling, revealed that public service advertisements are an effective tool to counter the inverse impacts of misinformation, disinformation, fake news, and religious fatalism. Furthermore, the inverse moderating role of misinformation, disinformation, fake news, and religious fatalism has been verified to potentially diminish polio vaccine acceptance. These results suggest that healthcare providers must identify and address all forms of digitally disseminated information that encumbers public health behaviors. Accordingly, this research recognized the utilization of evidence-based strategic communication campaigns to cultivate and encourage the literacy necessary to counter health hazard information, including misinformation. This study's findings will benefit health and other concerned authorities in utilizing strategic communication on different media platforms to reduce or eradicate the polio endemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the use of public funds in the development and manufacturing of COVID-19 vaccines, COVID-19 vaccine patents should be waived and the technology should be shared to ensure the generic production and equitable global distribution of vaccines. For example, Incepta Pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh produces several complex vaccines including recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine, influenza vaccine, measles, and rubella vaccines, and others. Keywords: Vaccine equity; SARS-CoV-2; mRNA vaccines; COVAX; polio vaccine; Jonas Salk; COVID-19 vaccines; vaccine apartheid; intellectual property rights; TRIPs EN Vaccine equity SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines COVAX polio vaccine Jonas Salk COVID-19 vaccines vaccine apartheid intellectual property rights TRIPs 427 430 4 03/31/22 20220401 NES 220401 In less than a year, researchers have been able to successfully develop safe and effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, a truly monumental accomplishment. [Extracted from the article]

COVID-19 has created an unprecedented crisis worldwide in every sector. There currently is no approved drug available against this disease. The development of a vaccine is also a complex and long process that is often completed in 10-15 years. Recently, several vaccines for COVID-19 have received emergency approval for use but few experts deem that currently approved COVID-19 vaccines might provide a temporary boost to the immune system but they are dubious for their long-term effect and safety. This article sheds light on polio vaccine as a possibility on COVID-19 prophylaxis because this vaccine was developed through a rigorous process of the various phases of development. The polio vaccine could provide another option to combat COVID-19 and if we have more options, we can fight more effectively against the pandemic. The polio vaccine is utilized globally with a highly satisfactory retort and very good immune responses. By seeing a satisfactory cross-protective immune response, the polio vaccination could be repurposed and offered against COVID-19 for an effective immuno-prophylaxis and protection. This article focusses on the repurposing of vaccines/drugs for COVID-19 and discusses the scientific rationale behind the suggestive use of the polio vaccine against COVID-19 because the polio vaccine is FDA-approved less expensive, readily available, easy to administer, and highly safe.

Dr. Thomas Francis Jr. was an American physician, virologist, and epidemiologist who was a professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigan from 1941 to 1969. He focused on studying infectious diseases, particularly pneumonia, influenza, and poliomyelitis, and developing vaccines and clinical trials. He earned his medical degree from Yale University in 1925. In 1941, the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board (AFEB) appointed him as the Director of the Commission on Influenza. This prestigious role underscored his expertise and leadership in combating infectious diseases and successfully developing field trials and evaluations of protective influenza vaccines. In 1954, he spearheaded the largest and most comprehensive clinical trial of the Salk polio vaccine at the University of Michigan Vaccine Evaluation Center, with vital support from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP). He received the Medal of Freedom in 1946, the Lasker Award in 1947, and the Medal in Global Public Health in 2005., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Jali et al.)

COVID-19 has created an unprecedented crisis worldwide in every sector. There currently is no approved drug available against this disease. The development of a vaccine is also a complex and long process that is often completed in 10-15 years. Recently, several vaccines for COVID-19 have received emergency approval for use but few experts deem that currently approved COVID-19 vaccines might provide a temporary boost to the immune system, but they are dubious for their long-term effect and safety. This article sheds light on polio vaccine as a possibility on COVID-19 prophylaxis because this vaccine was developed through a rigorous process of the various phases of development. The polio vaccine could provide another option to combat COVID-19 and if we have more options, we can fight more effectively against the pandemic. The polio vaccine is utilized globally with a highly satisfactory retort and very good immune responses. By seeing a satisfactory cross-protective immune response, the polio vaccination could be repurposed and offered against COVID-19 for an effective immuno-prophylaxis and protection. This article focusses on the repurposing of vaccines/drugs for COVID-19 and discusses the scientific rationale behind the suggestive use of the polio vaccine against COVID-19 because the polio vaccine is FDA-approved less expensive, readily available, easy to administer, and highly safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, misinformation and disinformation, as well as fake news, have become global threats to public health owing to their role in spreading viral health hazard information. The growing explosive religious fatalistic views presented on social media and widespread misinformation, disinformation, and fake news can result in detrimental outcomes in adopting protective behavior. The moderating implications of misinformation and religious fatalism can be severe, leading to adverse effects on polio vaccine acceptance. Consequently, this research provides brief empirical evidence on the efficacy of risk communication strategies to address polio vaccine reluctance in a digital age landscape, an area that remains understudied. This research argues that the spread of misinformation, disinformation, fake news, and religious fatalism is not solely the bane of the polio vaccine, but rather represents the absence of risk communication strategies. The study opines that polio vaccine acceptance can be improved using risk communication strategies. Recognizing these risk factors and counter-risk communication strategies, this research tested a theoretical model using the cross-sectional survey design. Overall, data was collected from 2160 parents with children aged below five years. The results, based on structural equation modeling, revealed that public service advertisements are an effective tool to counter the inverse impacts of misinformation, disinformation, fake news, and religious fatalism. Furthermore, the inverse moderating role of misinformation, disinformation, fake news, and religious fatalism has been verified to potentially diminish polio vaccine acceptance. These results suggest that healthcare providers must identify and address all forms of digitally disseminated information that encumbers public health behaviors. Accordingly, this research recognized the utilization of evidence-based strategic communication campaigns to cultivate and encourage the literacy necessary to counter health hazard information, including misinformation. This study’s findings will benefit health and other concerned authorities in utilizing strategic communication on different media platforms to reduce or eradicate the polio endemic.

Jonas Salk (October 28, 1914 - June 23, 1995) was an American medical researcher celebrated for his pioneering work in virology, particularly the development of the first successful polio vaccine. This review highlights Salk's multifaceted talent and contributions. His research on the poliovirus led to the creation of the inactivated polio vaccine, proving that it could prevent the disease. In 1955, the discovery of the polio vaccine was a pivotal moment in the fight against poliomyelitis. Salk's contributions are celebrated in the record of medical history, highlighting his impact on modern medicine and public health. As a professor of bacteriology, preventive medicine, and experimental medicine, Salk's scientific journey, from his innovative methods to the creation and widespread use of the inactivated polio vaccine, helped eradicate polio from various parts of the world. His contributions beyond polio, such as his work on the influenza vaccine and the founding of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, are also well known. By exploring Salk's legacy, this review examines how his work and dedication continue to influence modern medicine, public health, and science, impacting humanity., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Sahu et al.)

Pakistan is one of only three poliomyelitis-endemic countries in the world. Twelve wild poliovirus (WPV) cases were recorded in the country in 2018. Even though resistance to oral polio vaccine (OPV) has decreased over time, there are still pockets of communities, mostly ethnic Pakhtun living in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, that resist OPV. Although local journalists may be important sources of health information, past studies have overlooked their role in this context. The purpose of this study was to examine Pakhtun health journalists' beliefs regarding OPV and their views of the barriers and facilitators that influence OPV acceptance or hesitancy in their communities. We recruited and interviewed 33 Pakhtun journalists covering health issues for diverse media outlets in high-risk districts for WPV of the KP province. The semi-structured interviews were translated, transcribed, and analyzed for themes. The participants strongly supported OPV and advocated that children in their own families and communities get vaccinated against polio. At the same time, they felt that their communities faced more urgent health needs that were not addressed by the government. They identified barriers at the media organizational level operating against accurate coverage of OPV, including financial and time constraints, a lack of checks and balances, and limited health literacy. They regarded press releases issued by the officials associated with OPV campaigns as the main facilitators in the coverage of OPV. The participants perceived lack of community trust in the government, security concerns, and community members' religious beliefs as the major impediments to increase in uptake of OPV. Pakhtun health journalists have the potential to be important partners in national polio eradication initiatives. They should receive culturally sensitive training in local languages at appropriate literacy levels. We also suggest direct involvement of journalists in community mobilization efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depending on the epidemiological context of each country, three vaccines are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be administered as soon as possible after birth (birth vaccines); namely, BCG, zero dose of oral polio vaccine (OPV0), and birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB-BD). The timely administration of these vaccines immediately after birth might pose significant challenges in sub-Saharan Africa, where about half of childbirths occur outside health facilities. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the coverage rate of these vaccines at a specific timing in neonates in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science for studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa and published up to March 31, 2017, which provided a coverage rate of the birth vaccines at any specific time points within 28 days after birth. Two investigators independently screened the titles and abstracts and extracted data from the eligible full-text articles. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42017071269). Results: Of 7283 articles identified, we finally included 31 studies with 204,111 infants in the meta-analysis. The pooled coverage rates at day 0–1 after birth were 14.2% (95% CI: 10.1–18.9) for BCG and 1.3% (0.0–4.5) for HepB-BD. No data were available for OPV0 at day 0–1. The coverage at day 28 was 71.7% (63.7–79.2) for BCG, 60.8% (45.8–74.7) for HepB-BD, and 76.1% (67.1–84.0) for OPV0. No significant difference in the vaccine coverage was observed between infants born in healthcare facilities and those born outside facilities. Conclusions: The rates of vaccine coverage immediately after birth were very low for BCG and HepB-BD, and no data for OPV0. We need additional data to better define barriers and facilitators for the timely administration of the birth vaccines in sub-Saharan Africa, since the delay in its provision may increase the burden of these vaccine-preventable diseases.

Background: At the same dosage, the new generation of Sabin‐inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) is less immunogenic than the traditional oral polio vaccine (OPV) dosage in China. The useful adjuvant might be a necessary strategy to strengthen the immune protective effects. Methods: In this study, we produced an adjuvant compound (named KML05) that could promote immunogenicity and fractional doses of sIPV with a long duration of protection in a rat model. The compound adjuvant had both advantages and a function of MF59 and carbopol971P. Results: The effect seroconversion of experimental animals immunized with KML05 could be extended to one‐eighth of the dose. According to the result of the geometric mean titers (GMTs), KML05 adjuvant could save eight times the amount of sIPV D‐antigen usage, but aluminum hydroxide adjuvant could save twice at the same titers. Additionally, it was found that there was a significant difference in the GMT titer of poliovirus type 2 between animals immunized by KML05 and alum adjuvant (P < 0.05). At 12th‐month postvaccination, the neutralization titers stimulated by IPV‐KML05 were maintained over a longer time period in immunized animals. Conclusion: Our research team developed KML05 adjuvant, which combined carbopol971P with MF59, increased antibody responses to sIPV for a longer duration of protection in a rat model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop a stable spray dried formulation, containing the three serotypes of Sabin inactivated polio vaccine (sIPV), aiming for minimal loss of native conformation (D-antigen) during drying and subsequent storage. The influence of atomization and drying stress during spray drying on trivalent sIPV was investigated. This was followed by excipient screening, in which monovalent sIPV was formulated and spray dried. Excipient combinations and concentrations were tailored to maximize both the antigen recovery of respective sIPV serotypes after spray drying and storage (T = 40 °C and t = 7 days). Furthermore, a fractional factorial design was developed around the most promising formulations to elucidate the contribution of each excipient in stabilizing D-antigen during drying. Serotype 1 and 2 could be dried with 98% and 97% recovery, respectively. When subsequently stored at 40 °C for 7 days, the D-antigenicity of serotype 1 was fully retained. For serotype 2 the D-antigenicity dropped to 71%. Serotype 3 was more challenging to stabilize and a recovery of 56% was attained after drying, followed by a further loss of 37% after storage at 40 °C for 7 days. Further studies using a design of experiments approach demonstrated that trehalose/monosodium glutamate and maltodextrin/arginine combinations were crucial for stabilizing serotype 1 and 2, respectively. For sIPV serotype 3, the best formulation contained Medium199, glutathione and maltodextrin. For the trivalent vaccine it is therefore probably necessary to spray dry the different serotypes separately and mix the dry powders afterwards to obtain the trivalent vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: polio eradication is now feasible after removal of Nigeria from the list of endemic countries and global reduction of cases of wild polio virus in 2015 by more than 80%. However, all countries must remain focused to achieve eradication. In August 2015, the Catholic bishops in Kenya called for boycott of a polio vaccination campaign citing safety concerns with the polio vaccine. We conducted a survey to establish if the coverage was affected by the boycott. METHODS: a cross sectional survey was conducted in all the 32 counties that participated in the campaign. A total of 90,157 children and 37,732 parents/guardians were sampled to determine the vaccination coverage and reasons for missed vaccination. RESULTS: the national vaccination coverage was 93% compared to 94% in the November 2014 campaign. The proportion of parents/guardians that belonged to Catholic Church was 31% compared to 7% of the children who were missed. Reasons for missed vaccination included house not being visited (44%), children not being at home at time of visit (38%), refusal by parents (12%), children being as leep (1%), and various other reasons (5%). Compared to the November 2014 campaign, the proportion of children who were not vaccinated due to parent's refusal significantly increased from 6% to 12% in August 2015. CONCLUSION: the call for boycott did not affect the campaign significantly. However, if the call for boycott is repeated in future it could have some significant negative implication to polio eradication. It is therefore important to ensure that any vaccine safety issues are addressed accordingly.

Poliomyelitis, an acute viral infectious disease caused by poliovirus, still remains a public health problem in developing countries. Despite the global effort to eradicate polio, continuing the polio immunization with a potent and safe vaccine is essential. For accurate vaccine evaluation, three types of cell lines including Hela, Hep2C and Vero were evaluated and compared using two methods of polio vaccine potency tests (micro & macro). For cells comparison, five different batches from polio vaccines were tested and to develop the test, five variables including viruses, cells, serum, media and Co2 were studied. For validation, the titer of which has been well established as a working reference preparation (WRP) was applied to control the accuracy and reproducibility of the testing system. Multiple comparisons were performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tokey HDS and LSD. No significant differences were found between the potency of vaccine batches and between macro and micro methods. Reduction in cells sensitivity and potency of vaccines was found with increasing passage number. Significant differences were found between the sensitivity of the cell lines. The highest potency of polio vaccines was obtained using Hela cells (GMT in macro and micro test = 10 6.35); Hep2C cells were afterwards (GMT in macro= 10 6.01 and in micro test= 10 5.94); Vero cells were lowest (GMT in macro= 10 5.78 and in micro test= 10 5.72). So, the sensitivity and accuracy of the potency test for evaluation of the polio vaccine in immunization program in Iran will be assured using the Hela cell line with low passage number in macro and micro methods.

Australia, along with 36 other countries in the Western Pacific Region, was declared free of poliomyelitis by the World Health Organization in October 2000. Yet, the persistence of wild poliovirus in the 4 remaining polio-endemic countries—Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan—poses a risk for its importation into all countries declared polio free. We describe the public health response and outcomes resulting from the importation of a wild poliovirus infection in Melbourne, Australia, in July 2007. This response, based on an assessment of the risk for transmission, included offering vaccination with inactivated polio vaccine to the contacts and placing the index patient in isolation and the household contacts in quarantine until consecutive fecal specimens were negative for poliovirus by culture. The experience gained from the polio importation event in Australia may assist other polio-free countries to prepare for, and respond to, a similar event. No secondary clinical cases resulted from this importation.

Résumé L’Initiative mondiale pour l’éradication de la poliomyélite met tout en œuvre pour lutter contre la transmission de cette maladie infectieuse. La vaccination a permis une nette amélioration de la situation épidémiologique et, à ce jour, seuls trois pays d’endémie subsistent. Le dernier plan pour l’éradication de la poliomyélite a été publié en 2013. Un certain nombre de contraintes rendent les actions insuffisantes. Summary The global initiative for the eradication of polio strives to fight against the transmission of this infectious disease. Immunisation has brought about significant improvements in the epidemiological situation and the disease is currently endemic in only three countries. The latest plan for the eradication of polio was published in 2013. A certain number of constraints means the actions undertaken are insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has seen significant progress since it began in 1988, largely due to the worldwide use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). In order to achieve polio eradication the global cessation of OPV is necessary because OPV contains live attenuated poliovirus, which in rare circumstances could re-gain wild poliovirus (WPV) characteristics with potential to establish transmission. The GPEI endgame strategy for the period 2013–2018 recommends the globally synchronised sequential cessation of the Sabin strains contained in the OPV, starting with type 2 Sabin. The withdrawal of Sabin type 2 took place in April 2016, with the introduction of at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) as a risk mitigation strategy. The introduction of IPV into 126 countries since 2013 has required a rapid scale-up of IPV production by the two manufacturers supplying the global public sector market. This scale-up has been fraught with challenges, resulting in reductions of 40–50% of initial supply commitments. Consequently, 22 countries will not be supplied until 2018, and another 23 countries will experience serious stock-outs. In the last decade repeated calls-for-action were made to the global community to invigorate their vision and investment in developing “new poliovirus vaccines” including the development of IPV from less-virulent strains, such as Sabin-IPV (S-IPV). The conventional Salk-IPV production is limited to high-income industrialized-country manufacturers due to the containment requirements (i.e., high sanitation, low force-of-poliovirus-infection, and high population immunity). The use of Sabin strains in the production of S-IPV carries a lower biosafety risk, and was determined to be suitable for production in developing countries, expanding the manufacturing base and making IPV more affordable and accessible in the long term. Significant progress in the S-IPV has been made since 2006. S-IPV is now licensed as S-IPV in Japan and as standalone S-IPV in China, demonstrating the feasibility of this vaccine. In addition, production process improvements can further reduce the cost of production. The latter are critical to the economic success of this vaccine in the global market. We summarize the progress made to date in S-IPV technology, the scientific data and economic evidence in support of S-IPV development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Polio eradication is now feasible after removal of Nigeria from the list of endemic countries and global reduction of cases of wild polio virus in 2015 by more than 80%. However, all countries must remain focused to achieve eradication. In August 2015, the Catholic bishops in Kenya called for boycott of a polio vaccination campaign citing safety concerns with the polio vaccine. We conducted a survey to establish if the coverage was affected by the boycott. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted in all the 32 counties that participated in the campaign. A total of 90,157 children and 37,732 parents/guardians were sampled to determine the vaccination coverage and reasons for missed vaccination. Results: The national vaccination coverage was 93% compared to 94% in the November 2014 campaign. The proportion of parents/guardians that belonged to Catholic Church was 31% compared to 7% of the children who were missed. Reasons for missed vaccination included house not being visited (44%), children not being at home at time of visit (38%), refusal by parents (12%), children being as leep (1%), and various other reasons (5%). Compared to the November 2014 campaign, the proportion of children who were not vaccinated due to parent's refusal significantly increased from 6% to 12% in August 2015. Conclusion: The call for boycott did not affect the campaign significantly. However, if the call for boycott is repeated in future it could have some significant negative implication to polio eradication. It is therefore important to ensure that any vaccine safety issues are addressed accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]