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High-quality development enhances economic quality and resource allocation efficiency through various effective and sustainable means, with particularly notable results in the manufacturing sector. Quality policies, through establishing standards, norms, and incentive measures, aim to foster technological innovation, efficient resource utilization, and quality improvement in manufacturing, thereby supporting its high-quality development. This study explores the impact of quality policies on high-quality development in manufacturing and their configurational pathways, providing theoretical foundations and practical guidance for optimizing policy combinations and promoting sustainable development. This analysis is based on quality policies released from 2013 to 2022 and sample data from 30 Chinese provinces. The findings reveal that quality policies significantly promote high-quality development in manufacturing, particularly through incentive, capacity building, and system changing instruments, while command instruments may exert certain pressures on high-quality development. Configuration analysis further indicates that a single instrument is insufficient to support high-quality development in manufacturing fully; the synergistic effect of multiple policy instruments is essential, and regions should optimize policy combinations according to their characteristics. This study provides valuable insights for sustainable development, offering a deeper understanding of the complex causal relationship between quality policies and high-quality development in manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an effective means of sea development and utilization, high-intensity coastal reclamation activities lead to increasingly prominent ecological problems. The accurate implementation of policies is paramount in managing and controlling coastal reclamation. We reviewed China's coastal reclamation management and control policies from 1978 to 2022. Utilizing content analysis and social network analysis, we constructed a policy network to explore the evolution of intergovernmental relations and the habitual combination of policy tools in coastal reclamation management and control. The study shows that (1) The intergovernmental relations of reclamation management and control agencies have evolved from simple to complex, with key departments becoming increasingly prominent; (2) Environmental considerations form the mainstay of policy tools for reclamation control, highlighting an imbalance between supplyside and demand-side approaches; (3) Since 1999, the interactive network between intergovernmental relations and policy tools has begun to exhibit a distinct core-periphery structure, and the social circle has gradually expanded to form a social circle consisting of 23 administrative departments and most departmental policy tools, while there are also some independent working factions at different stages; (4) Policy sustainability is currently inadequate, and in the later stages of management and control, there is a noticeable conflict within the policy texts. The study shows that, China's coastal reclamation management and controlstill faces challenges, It is necessary to continue to explore the policy visualization methods used in coastal reclamation to help balance policy tools and build efficient intergovernmental relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qatar has experienced a remarkable surge in all four components of gross domestic product (GDP)—consumption, government spending, investment, and net exports as well as significant growth in population over the past thirty years. Despite a potential link between increasing production and consumption and a corresponding rise in CO2 emissions in Qatar, there exists a significant gap in the literature addressing this linkage. Using sectoral data, this article investigates the long-term trends of GDP growth and expenditure and their nexus with CO2 emissions in Qatar. Least square regression analysis (multiple regression approach) and Granger Causality tests have been used to examine the long-term association between GDP-expenditure and its components and CO2 emission patterns. Additionally, the study discusses the environmental implications and the necessity for effective natural resource management in climate policy. Our analysis reveals consistent average annual increases in Qatar over the past three decades: 4.8% in total expenditure, 5.4% in GDP, 4% in government spending, 4.7% in household consumption, and 1.77% in CO2 emissions. During this period, production- and consumption-based emissions surged by 700%, while consumption-based emissions rose by 500%. The energy sector alone accounts for 86% of Qatar's total CO2 emissions. Significant Granger causality was found between CO2 emissions and various economic growth and GDP components, suggesting a potential inverted U-shaped Kuznets Curve, indicating a possible decline in CO2 emissions in future. However, achieving this decline in CO2 emissions in accordance with UN SDG Goal 12 requires additional policy measures focussed on carbon capture and storage, circular economy practices, carbon pricing, and complementary climate policies. Specific policy actions include establishing CO2 observatories, promoting clean energy initiatives, and engaging the private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Resources Development & Market is the property of Sichuan Resource Development & Market Magazine Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Combing through Chinese energy-related policy texts and exploring the development path of energy restructuring are significant steps towards a better understanding of the history of energy restructuring in the process of building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects. To explore the various paths driving the transformation of China's energy structure, the energy policies promulgated at the national level from 2001 to 2020 in China were systematically compiled. Based on the policy tool perspective, a theoretical framework for influencing China's energy structure transition was proposed in three dimensions: objectives, tools, and intensity. A total of 39 national energy policy texts were analyzed using a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method. The results show that (1) the consistency levels of individual preconditions were all below 0.9, which does not constitute a necessary condition for the transformation of China's energy structure; (2) the sufficiency analysis identified three paths of China's energy structure transformation, which can be described as models driven by "multiple objectives + information", "single objective + information", and "single objective"; (3) energy restructuring is a goal-oriented process; the clarity and certainty of the efficient and green objectives of energy policies have a facilitating effect on energy restructuring, and the support of information technology provides an important guarantee for energy restructuring; (4) compared with European and American countries, it was found that China's energy policy tools were characterized by an emphasis on macro-planning, insufficient connectivity, and marked tendencies in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze and evaluate the prevention and control policies for thalassemia, identify the usage and distribution of policy tools, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the policies, and propose improvement suggestions. Methods From the perspective of policy instruments, an analytical framework of "policy tools-stakeholders" has been constructed. Utilizing the Policy Modeling Consistency (PMC) index model, a quantitative evaluation was conducted. The characteristics of policy tool usage were identified, problems in the policies were discovered, and strategies for policy optimization were explored. Results The study found that the overall quality of Guangxi's thalassemia prevention and control policies is relatively high, but there are also issues such as fewer joint documents issued by multiple departments, lack of demand-oriented policy tools (18.46%), slightly vague policy nature, and difficulty in balancing long-term and short-term policy effectiveness. Conclusion The prevention and treatment policy for Mediterranean anemia should start by enhancing the utilization of demand-driven tools, taking into account the short-term and long-term effectiveness of the policy, and mobilizing the participation of multiple stakeholders to improve policy quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Resources Development & Market is the property of Sichuan Resource Development & Market Magazine Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

That collaboration has always been the foundation of human development as well as the coping strategy of some animal species is a view widely shared by scholars. In fact, no individual, organization or nation can produce everything it needs without collaboration. Therefore, nations and organizations use the concept of the triple helix as a collaborative tool to find solutions for commercial and social challenges. However, the main challenge of the model when applied has always been how to ensure its sustainability and its outcomes. Central to this challenge is the rationalist paradigm adopted in its conception and implementation, especially in an African context where communal and collectivist values are features of the society. Therefore, this paper advances a different model of collaboration. The African philosophy of Ubuntu is used as the framework for the conception and application of the triple helix. Our approach is grounded on the assumption that "culture" is one of the key determining success factors in sustainable collaboration. The approach requires a change in mindset and organizational structure and culture. Our practical approach to addressing the needed change is supported by renowned scholars in management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Publishing Journal is the property of Wuhan University, School of Information Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Qatar has experienced a remarkable surge in all four components of gross domestic product (GDP)—consumption, government spending, investment, and net exports as well as significant growth in population over the past thirty years. Despite a potential link between increasing production and consumption and a corresponding rise in CO2 emissions in Qatar, there exists a significant gap in the literature addressing this linkage. Using sectoral data, this article investigates the long-term trends of GDP growth and expenditure and their nexus with CO2 emissions in Qatar. Least square regression analysis (multiple regression approach) and Granger Causality tests have been used to examine the long-term association between GDP-expenditure and its components and CO2 emission patterns. Additionally, the study discusses the environmental implications and the necessity for effective natural resource management in climate policy. Our analysis reveals consistent average annual increases in Qatar over the past three decades: 4.8% in total expenditure, 5.4% in GDP, 4% in government spending, 4.7% in household consumption, and 1.77% in CO2 emissions. During this period, production- and consumption-based emissions surged by 700%, while consumption-based emissions rose by 500%. The energy sector alone accounts for 86% of Qatar's total CO2 emissions. Significant Granger causality was found between CO2 emissions and various economic growth and GDP components, suggesting a potential inverted U-shaped Kuznets Curve, indicating a possible decline in CO2 emissions in future. However, achieving this decline in CO2 emissions in accordance with UN SDG Goal 12 requires additional policy measures focussed on carbon capture and storage, circular economy practices, carbon pricing, and complementary climate policies. Specific policy actions include establishing CO2 observatories, promoting clean energy initiatives, and engaging the private sector.

Background After being completely promoted for less than seven years, China's contracted family doctor service work still faces a number of development problems. The primary obstacle impeding the work of contracted family doctor service is an inadequate guarantee mechanism. There is an urgent need for scientific and reasonable policies on contracted family doctor service to guarantee the effective development of the work. Objective To quantitatively analyze the textual content of China's contracted family doctor service policies, to explore the focus and shortcomings of the existing policies, and to provide the basis and reference for the development and optimization of the subsequent contracted family doctor service policies. Methods Policy texts were collected by visiting the official websites of the China government and the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China on 2023-01-10, and 15 policy texts on contracted family doctor service from 2015—2022 were selected to construct a three-dimensional analytical framework of policy tools-stakeholders-policy strength, to categorize, code, and analyze the policy documents. Results Supply-based, demand-based, and environment-based tools accounted for 30.5% (69/226), 19.0% (43/226), and 50.5% (114/226) of the policy tool dimension. Family doctors, contractors, non-contractors, primary medical and health care institutions, hospitals (secondary and above), and the government accounted for 29.2% (123/422), 14.7% (62/422), 9.2% (39/422), 21.3% (90/422), 13.3% (56/422), and 12.3% (52/422) of the stakeholder dimension. The average strength of China's contracted family doctor service policies was 2.2 points. In the cross-dimension of policy tools-stakeholders, the distribution of stakeholders in supply-based and environment-based tools was relatively poor. There were some sub-tools that were absent from the policy tools. In the cross-dimension of policy tools-policy strength, environment-oriented policy instruments were used more often as policy strength increased. In the cross-dimension of stakeholders-policy strength, there were large differences of the policy strength matching scores among various stakeholders. Family doctors had the highest score (311 points) with non-contractors the lowest score (90 points) . Conclusion From the perspective of policy tools, policy tools should be allocated rationally, with the weight of use continuously adjusted, the internal structure optimized, and the rationality of the distribution of policy tools among stakeholders improved. From the stakeholder's perspective, all stakeholders should be taken into account, their respective positions need to be clarified, and the demand of the non-contractors should be emphasized. From the perspective of policy strength, the policy supervision and management capacity ought to be strengthened to continuously improve the implementation of the policy of contracted family doctor service.

The transformative impact of disruptive technologies on the restructuring of the times has attracted widespread global attention. This study aims to analyze the characteristics and shortcomings of China’s artificial intelligence (AI) disruptive technology policy, and to put forward suggestions for optimizing China’s AI disruptive technology policy.

Disruptive technology (DT) has the power to reshape markets and societal structures, necessitating both protection and regulation. This paper aims to examine DT protection and regulation strategies at both micro and macro levels through policy texts. We construct an analysis framework integrating Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) principles, innovation theory, and DT growth process. Key measures are extracted by content analysis, and dynamic topic model is used to discover evolving policy focuses. The framework is applied to analyze DT policy files of major powers. The results indicate that supply-side policy tools are employed to promote sustainable development in DT innovation, while environmental tools are utilised for early governance to preempt potential risks and innovation damage. The focuses of DT policies exhibit three evolution trends: attenuation, reinforcement, and fluctuation. Protective policies show concentration and coherence, while regulatory policies demonstrate integration and correlation. This study broadens existing perspectives and analytical frameworks, providing valuable insights for DT development and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy security constitutes a pivotal determinant in safeguarding the seamless functioning of economies. This research endeavours to shed light on the underlying predilections and potential scopes for enhancement within China's provincial energy security policies. By delving into an array of policy documents procured from the esteemed Legal Information Network of Peking University, it offers a meticulous exploration. Employing sophisticated text analysis methodologies, the study constructs a two‐tier analytical framework, meticulously encapsulating both the policy instruments employed and the intricate processes of their execution. Leveraging the power of Nvivo 12 Plus software, pertinent policy contents are systematically coded, with those aligning with the defined analytical dimensions aggregated for frequency computations. Furthermore, a Policy Measurement and Categorization (PMC) index model is devised, harnessing word frequency statistical data to assign a quantitative assessment to the policies under scrutiny. The empirical results demonstrate a noteworthy disparity in the adoption of policy tools among various provinces, with command‐and‐control mechanisms, economic incentive structures, and societal engagement strategies emerging as the most recurrent policy types. Among the energy security policies scrutinized, approximately 84.85% were categorized as effective, while a smaller yet significant portion, 6.06%, was classified as outstanding. Despite the overall robustness of China's provincial energy security policies, the investigation identifies several avenues for further refinement. The study suggests that the government could bolster these measures through intensified focus on transformative adjustments to energy structures, augmentation of green loan guarantee systems, and fostering enhanced inter‐sectoral collaboration. These strategic enhancements may serve as key levers to propel China's provincial energy security policies towards even greater effectiveness and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building technological capabilities is influenced by different factors, notably policies. This paper explains the co-evolution of policies, i.e. policy tools, on the technological capabilities in Iran's biopharmaceutical sector from 1995 to 2022. By adopting a qualitative research method, we gathered primary data through thirty-nine semi-structured as well as secondary data from reports and statistics. This paper explains technological capabilities enhancement from operational capabilities to innovative capabilities based on our proposed framework, which includes six levels. While the lack of an efficient policy tools, until the mid-2000s, was decisive in the inertia of biopharmaceutical sector capabilities, a proactive policy tools in recent years led to considerable promising results in terms of manufacturing and exporting advanced biosimilar products. Our findings shed light on the role of government support in the acceleration and directionality of technological capabilities building. Achieving advanced levels of technological capabilities requires learning, international collaboration, and export-oriented policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chengdu University (Social Science) is the property of Journal of Chengdu University (Social Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, as an emerging industry, prepared dishes have gradually entered people's vision, with rapidly growing market share and gradually increasing government support. This paper investigates the structure of the prefabricated dishes policy from the perspective of policy tools by constructing a two-dimensional analysis framework of "policy tools-policy themes" and analysing the content of 59 policy texts that are strongly related to the prefabricated dishes policy using NVivo12. The results found that the published policy documents have the problems of irrational overall structure of policy tools, imperfect distribution of policy themes, and poor adaptability of policy tools and policy themes. Based on this analysis, it is proposed that policy support be improved by optimising the proportional structure of policy tools, improving the release of policy documents for each theme, and improving the degree of matching between policy themes and policy tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy tools have become widespread in education, which indicates efforts to standardise content and professional practices. However, such standardisation might be in contrast to Nordic early childhood education and care (ECEC) traditions of diversity and local variation. We therefore study the distributors and enactment of policy tools in ECEC in light of content regulations and calls for evidence-based practices in ECEC through comparative case studies of 14 Norwegian centres. We identify the tools that are used in ECEC centres and analyse how they are enacted by staff. The material consists of documents from ECEC centres and semi-structured interviews with heads and staff. By employing a theoretical framework based on discursive institutionalism, we find that efforts are being made to standardise didactical practices. The tools are distributed by a range of actors, but our analysis reveals that staff shape and develop tools through coordinative discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of qualitative research on academic inbreeding in Czech higher education, the first of its kind. Its focus is on exploring the significance of academic inbreeding, its types, practices, and possible solutions. The research for this paper was done among academic staff at eight institutions of higher education in the Czech Republic. It was conceptually informed by ideas about different types of inbred employees (immobile, mobile, silver-corded, and adherent) and available policy tools. The results show that academic inbreeding has long flown under the radar as an issue. Its impact is perceived ambivalently, as both positive and negative, by academics and experts alike. Generally, its avoidance has not been taken into account in staff recruitment, which has allowed it to become widespread among Czech higher education institutions. The policy tools for combatting academic inbreeding include nodality (open recruitment), reorganization of recruitment procedures, capacity-building (including stays abroad), and hortatory proclamations (paying attention to the issue). Overall, the evidence gathered in the course of research suggests that some progress has been made in limiting academic inbreeding at some workplaces, and that what we would call purely immobile inbred employees are giving way to mobile and "silver-corded" inbred academic staff. Finally, Czech higher education institutions register few cases of pseudo-inbreeding, combining work at the same institution where a PhD was taken with an academically relevant position in a state research institute or the Academy of Sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the the current status and deficiencies of the county medical community construction policy and proposes policy recommendations to optimize the construction of the county medical community. Methods Based on the perspective of policy tools, a three -dimensional analysis framework was constructed combining policy evolution and stakeholder dimensions, and content analysis was used to quantitatively analyze the policy text in three dimensions. Results A total of 29 policy documents were included after screening. The overall utilization of policy tools showed an imbalance, with the utilization of capacity-type policy tools as high as 35.38%： but sub-tools such as financial investment (3.07%) and technical support (2.83%) were less used. Incentive-type policy tools were the least used, accounting for only 8.96%, with sub-tools such as price adjustment and promotion further education accounting for only 0.71% and 0.47%： respectively. The distribution of stakeholders was uneven, with primary medical and health institutions and county hospitals being the main targets, accounting for 27.77% and 25.52%, respectively. With the evolution of policies, the number and variety of policy tools used showed a rapid increase, but capacity-type policy tools still dominated, and there was an imbalance in the internal structure of policy tools. Additionally, the involvement of two key stakeholders including medical personnel and the public, was relatively low. Conclusion There is significant differentiation in the utilization of policy tools, with insufficient use of symbolic, incentive-type policy tools. It is suggested to improve the internal structure of policy elements, enhance the balance of policy tool utilization, continuously optimize policy tools, increase the use of incentive-type and symbolic policy tools, and strengthen the participation of two key stakeholders: medical personnel and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how users respond to 'public lands' of different underlying good characteristics, as shaped by various management policy tools. Using a survey experiment that varies the imposition of fees and quotas in hypothetical scenarios, we analyze U.S. rock climbers' resistance or receptiveness to visiting public lands climbing destinations. Experimental results show that participants are most resistant to management tools that impose financial burdens without promising benefits in return. User receptiveness increases, however, when exclusive public land benefits can be secured. We further show that land management policy tool resistance/receptiveness is conditioned by household income and desire for solitude in recreation. The study's primary contribution is illustrating the theoretical utility of accounting for institutionally contingent shifts in resource good types, while also raising concerns regarding the exclusionary potential of land management policies, particularly in regards to lower-income users. Our study offers guidance for land managers and policymakers aiming to balance conservation, recreational access, and use by shedding light on the interplay between management policies, user characteristics, and types of goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy design studies typically focus on broad policy goals and the types of tools that governments use to realize them. There is however limited scholarly understanding of how these goals and tools are operationalized “on-the-ground.” In this paper, we apply Capano and Howlett’s 2024 Framework on the Micro-Dimensions of Policy Design to understand how universal health coverage goals in the United States, Singapore, and Thailand are operationalized. The framework unpacks the “nuts and bolts” of policy design particularly the specification of policy targets and tools. A comparative analysis of three programs (Obamacare in the US, Medisave in Singapore, and Universal Coverage Scheme in Thailand) demonstrates how similar high-level policy goals are pursued through different tools and settings. Studying these micro dimensions provides insights into the actual operational ways in which high-level objectives are translated into impacts at the ground level. From an applied point of view, a comparative focus on the dimensions of the micro level of policy design is useful for generating evidence and informing health policy debates about what works or does not work on-the-ground.

Strokosch and Osborne and others have recently argued the essence of effective service delivery in and by government increasingly involves the re-orientation of top-down service delivery toward enhanced co-design and co-creation. This new emphasis on what Strokosch and Osborne term designing and managing “for” services is seen to be increasingly replacing or augmenting an older emphasis on these tasks in the design “of” services. Analyzing and managing service design and delivery in this way, however, requires a steady eye to be maintained on the different ways in which “public value” is generated through each service process and upon the different kinds of policy tools useful in each activity. This paper expands and develops this thinking and the research and practice agenda around this emergent “designing for service” paradigm. It does so by focusing on the nature and types of substantive and procedural policy tools used in these efforts and especially upon a shift in emphasis toward the better understanding of the micro-level specifications of the procedural instruments used in management and design “for” services.

ObjectiveTo analyze the status of policy tools for health management of children aged 0 – 6 in Shanghai city, and to provide reference for improving the policy system of children's health management in Shanghai city. MethodsWe retrieved 36 official policy documents on child health management published on the websites of Shanghai Municipal Government, Shanghai People's Congress, Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, and other administrative agencies from 2009 to 2023. Based on the classification of policy instruments into mandatory/optional/mixed categories and combined with the field of child health management, we formed a two-dimensional analysis framework. Content analysis was used to extract and encode policy texts, and composition ratios were used to describe the distribution of different policy instruments for different objects. ResultsOf the 36 documents retrieved, the most frequently mentioned topic was the prevention and treatment of childhood diseases (32 documents), followed by guidance on child nutrition (26 documents), and the least frequently mentioned topic was the prevention of childhood injuries (18 documents). Regarding the dimension of the policy category, the most used policy terms were the mandatory type (139 terms, 80.8%), followed by the mixed type (27 terms, 15.7%), and the least used was the optional type (6 terms, 3.5%). For the health dimension, the most common policy terms were those related to the prevention and treatment of childhood diseases (78 terms, 45.3%), followed by those related to child nutrition (53 terms, 30.8%), and the least common was that related to the prevention of child injuries (41 terms, 23.8%). ConclusionThe tilt of Shanghai's child health management policy is uneven, and the field of child injury prevention is relatively weak.

The public‐elite policy feedback mechanism of the Social Construction Framework (SCF) postulates that the public rewards policymakers for the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens to target populations. In this article we test a key part of this dynamic by examining public receptivity to policy design features as a function of target population choice. We conduct a national survey experiment of approximately 3350 Americans. Our instrument asks respondents to indicate support or opposition to a range of policy tools in a suite of six climate change policies, but varies who would be responsible for options based upon Schneider and Ingram's idealized types. Our research design tests the independent effects of deservingness and power foundational to the construction of target populations in the SCF. We find, in general, deservingness to be a stronger predictor of support for policy tools than notions of power. We also identify situations where deservingness acts independently of power in ways not anticipated by the SCF—notably public favor for burdens on powerful groups. Our findings offer implications for theoretical and empirical development of the SCF regarding the influence of policymakers' perceptions of public acceptance of policy design in crafting public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extended diamond model of green building was constructed to clarify the key elements of green building industry development and the core effectiveness of government. On this basis, a two-dimensional analysis framework of green building with policy tools and life cycle was further developed, and 62 policy texts were coded and analyzed by using Nvivo12 software. It is found that the existing policy tools have limited impact on demand conditions, production factors, enterprise strategies and supporting industries. According to the results, this paper provides the following advice: expand the use of policies in the operation and maintenance phase, increase incentives on the demand side, improve the supply capacity and quality of production factors, pay attention to talent training and enterprise capacity building, improve the overall process precision control system, increase financial incentives for enterprises, implement technological innovation support, and improve the policy system of the whole industry chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Policy studies have addressed many issues on the topic of policy change, generally following the ideas about policy composition set out by Hall and others. These typically view 'significant' policy change as related to alterations in the macro elements of policies, namely policy paradigms and governance preferences. These studies have also examined the roles of meso-level policy objectives and policy instrument preferences in these dynamics but see these as subsequent or subordinate to more macro-level changes. In contrast, the role of changes in policy specifications and tool calibrations at the micro-level of policies remain under-investigated and under-theorized despite growing recognition of their sometimes transformative role in policy dynamics. This paper re-examines foundational work on policy change in order to develop a clearer understanding of the content and significance of both calibrations and policy specifications. The significance of these insights is illustrated through a case study of recent healthcare policy reform efforts in South Korea after 1988 which highlights the role that micro-level policy changes played in shaping broader and deeper policy changes over the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soochow University Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition is the property of Soochow University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BackgroundThe coordinated development of ethnic medicine is a basic necessity for steady construction of a healthy China. This process includes closely following domestic and foreign policies, including changes, through the optimization of policies; shaping the new direction of the development of national medicine; and achieving comprehensive technological and industrial upgrades. As such, ensuring the all-round development of national medicine in China remains a great challenge.MethodsThis paper takes the relevant policies of national and local ethnic medicine issued by the government as the research object, and, through the full interpretation of the policy-issuing body, policy content, and policy effectiveness, deeply analyzes the current situation of the policy’s role in ethnic medicine and explores the distribution of policy types, subject-cooperation modes, and scoring levels in various dimensions.ResultsThis study found that, in the new era of pharmaceutical reform, the State lacks a variety of special policies on ethnomedicine, and there is also an imbalance in the use of policy tools at both the central and local levels as well as synergies in the implementation of policies that need to be further strengthened.DiscussionThere remains a need to continue to improve the policy-evaluation system, optimize the structure for the use of policy tools, and improve the rates of application and implementation of the national medicine policy by strengthening cross-provincial and multisectoral cooperation to promote the revitalization of the national medicine industry in China.

Governments use policy interventions to mitigate food safety risks. Despite its crucial role, empirical studies evaluating the effectiveness of China's food safety policy tools are scarce. Drawing on a dataset encompassing 11,236 food safety policy texts from 2005 to 2021 and the incidence of problematic food products in the Eastern, Central, and Western regions of China, this study employs Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models to facilitate the classification of policy tools and forecast the effectiveness of policy combinations. The study reveals that (1) local governments have gradually become an important supplementary maker of food safety policies, and have issued an increasing number of policy tools year by year. (2) Mandatory policy tools are predominant in number and have the highest legal hierarchy and authority levels, followed successively by guiding policy and voluntary policy tools. (3) Mandatory policy tools demonstrated the most effective intervention results, followed successively by guiding policy and voluntary policy tools. (4) The forecast analysis reveals that combinations of policies within high-growth frameworks and those driven by mandatory regulations emerge as the most effective. Therefore, the balance of policy tools in terms of type, effectiveness, and quantity, as well as their applicability in different situations, should all be taken into account.

[Objective] The purpose of implementing active agricultural water conservation policies is to improve the utilization efficiency of water resources, alleviate the conflict between water resource supply and demand, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. Correspondingly, active agricultural water conservation policies are an important way to achieve these goals. Exploring the effects of the policies is of great theoretical and practical significance for the scientific formulation and improvement of China’s agricultural water conservation policy. [Methods] Based on the agricultural water conservation policies promulgated by the Chinese government from 2011 to 2021, this study used the method of quantitative analysis of policy texts to measure the policy effectiveness in five dimensions: policy strength, objectives, measures, supervision, and feedback, and established a multiple regression model to assess the implementation effects of different policy tools. [Results] The results show that: (1) The overall effectiveness of the policies showed a fluctuating trend, but the average effectiveness of the policies in each year was generally low; (2) Among the five dimensions of policy effectiveness, there are many measures, but the intensity is low, the objectives are not specific enough, and the supervision and feedback are insufficient; (3) Among the policy tools, command-and-control and capacity-building policy tools had higher total and average effectiveness than economic-incentive and persuasive policy tools; (4) Each policy tool in the policy text had a lagged effect on the effective utilization coefficient of irrigation water, and the use of command-and-control and economic-incentive policy tools had a significant positive effect on the improvement of the effective utilization coefficient of irrigation water, while the role of persuasive and capacity-building policy tools needs to be further improved. [Conclusion] Therefore, first, China’s agricultural water conservation policies should be formulated in a way that strengthens top-level design and inter-sectoral coordination. Second, content effectiveness should be further improved and the specific content of the policy dimensions should be continuously enriched. Third, the four types of policy tools should be used in a synergistic manner to promote policies that produce good results.

Background Falls among older adults will cause a heavy burden on society and families. The development of effective falls prevention intervention policies for community-dwelling older adults is an important initiative to address this global public health problem. Objective To analyze and compare the content composition, key initiatives and implementation strategies of current falls prevention intervention policies for community-dwelling older adults in different countries from the perspective of policy tools. Methods Six countries in Asia, North America, and Europe, including Japan, Singapore, Thailand, the United States, Germany, and Russia, were selected as sample countries according to the degree of population aging and economic income level. Refer to the websites of relevant government departments such as the Ministry of Health, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and directly affiliated institutions, as well as websites of nongovernmental organizations, such as Prevention of Falls Network Europe, National Council On Aging, U.S., Association of Fall Prevention, Japan, and National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds, Germany, the national policy documents of prevention interventions for community-dwelling older adults from January 2010 to June 2022 were searched by using "older adults" "fall/drop/accidental injuries" "prevention" as keywords. The text analysis was performed from the dimensions of policy tools such as demand-side type, supply-side type and environmental-side type, and injury prevention strategies such as education prevention strategies and evaluation strategies. Results Among the 24 policy documents, there were 212 coded targets in the dimension of policy tools, with environmental-side type, supply-side type and demand-side type policy tools accounting for 45.3% (96/212), 40.6% (86/212) and 14.1% (30/212), respectively. Among high-income countries, the public service tools under supply-side type policy tools were mostly applied in the United States and Germany, accounting for 40.5% (17/42) and 13.8% (8/58) ; the infrastructure construction tools under supply-side type policy tools were focused in Singapore〔24.1% (7/29) 〕. Among low and middle income countries, the environmental-side type policy tools were mostly applied in Russia and Thailand, accounting for 51.3% (20/39) and 55.6% (10/18), respectively. Public service was mostly applied among the supply-side type policy tools, accounting for 17.5% (37/212) ; technical standard was mostly applied among the environmental-side type policy tools, accounting for 10.8% (23/212) ; medicare payment was mostly applied among the demand-side type policy tools, accounting for 4.7% (10/212). In addition, there were 105 coded targets in the dimension of injury prevention strategies, with the education prevention strategies accounting for the highest proportion of 31.4% (33/105), the engineering strategy accounting for the lowest proportion of 5.7% (6/105). High-income countries are at the stage of multi-sectoral collaborative policy implementation, low and middle income countries are at the stage of policy implementation by the Ministry of Health stage. Conclusion Six countries focus on public service and infrastructure development under supply-side type policy tools; the application of demand-side type policy tools can be summarized as intervention services managed by medical insurance, intervention projects supported by financial funds, service purchases attracted by price subsidies, planning, organization, advocacy, and standard setting of environmental-side type policy tools. In combination with the priorities and specific measures of the six countries, it is suggested to learn from advanced experience in improving public services, strengthening evidence-based projects, standardizing technical standards, supporting financial incentives, expanding medical insurance programs, and providing price subsidies, thus further optimizing falls prevention intervention policies for community-dwelling older adults.

Achieving the goals of "carbon peaking" and "carbon neutrality" becomes one of the important elements of the ecological civilization strategy in China. Based on the strong balanced panel data of 281 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2019, we investigate the impact of Low-carbon city pilot policy (LCCP policy) on FDI inflows by using the multi-period DID model and intermediary model. After that, we discuss the heterogenous impact in terms of both policy tools and geographic locations. Furthermore, we investigate the spillover effects of the LCCP policy on the FDI inflows of surrounding cities using the Spatial Dubin DID model. The results show that (1) the LCCP policy can significantly attract FDI through reducing compliance costs and promoting technological innovation, and the Bacon decomposition and the placebo test show that the estimation error is small and the regression result is relatively stable; (2) command-mandatory tools have negative effects on FDI, while market-oriented tools can effectively attract FDI in pilot cities, but voluntary tools have no significant effect on FDI in pilot cities; (3) the LCCP policy can significantly promote the inflows of FDI in the eastern and western regions, but it does not significantly promote the FDI in central regions; (4) there is a positive spillover effect on FDI inflows to surrounding cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirements of the current world, including the necessity of citizens' participation, the lack of direct will of governments and the advancement of goals by influencing the interests and preferences of citizens, make it necessary to adopt a soft governance approach. In this regard, soft governance tools have been proposed and used in recent years. Soft tools are non-binding, interpretable, flexible and include a high degree of delegation in formation and formulation, and in this way, increase the quality of policies. The aim of the current research is to identify and typify soft policy-making tools in order to prepare a soft governance toolbox in the national policy-making system. The present research, by combining existing studies, identified 30 soft tools in the policy-making system, and with the aim of facilitating the use of these tools, with the focus group method, a classification based on two dimensions of the level of effectiveness of the tool (including: people / context and context)) and the purpose of using the tool (including: encouraging and persuading/accelerating and facilitating/improving quality/localizing/regulating/obstructing and deterring). Also, with the aim of smart implementation, it is necessary to consider the necessary platform in the use of each of the soft tools, and this category of tools should be used as a supplement and facilitator along with hard tools such as legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of state-centered childcare policies on women's labor market participation. It applies the fuzzy-set qualitative method to OECD member countries and classifies countries into seven types based on the mix of childcare policy tools in terms of the state's directness of funding, directness of service creation, and coerciveness of service quality regulation. This helped identify an effective combination of childcare policy tools for increasing women's labor market participation. Thus, providing childcare services that policy consumers can trust by increasing the government's enforcement of qualitative regulations on childcare services is critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of occupational disease prevention and control policy in China, and to provide reference for the construction of occupational disease prevention policy system in China. Methods From the perspective of policy tools, 86 policy texts published since 2000 were quantitatively analyzed by constructing a two-dimensional analysis framework of "policy objectives-policy tools". Results From the perspective of policy objectives, the policy tools aimed at strengthening the prevention and control management of industries and employers (accounting for 36.45%) and improving the prevention, and control level of government departments (accounting for 27.82%) were widely used. The application of policy tools aimed at improving the prevention and control environment and supporting facilities (accounting for 18.60%) and protecting the health rights and interests of workers (accounting for 17.13%) was less used. From the perspective of policy tools, the proportion of environmental, supply, and demand tools were 51.54%, 32.65%, and 15.81%, respectively, and the use of policy tools was uneven. There were excessive environmental tools, lack of demand tools, and imbalance in the internal structure of supply tools. Conclusion The prevention and control of occupational diseases in China should focus on protecting the health rights and interests of workers on the basis of perfecting the multiple policy objective system, increase the intensity of the use of demand-based tools to strengthen the demand pull, properly adjust the environment-oriented tools to maintain the influence of the tools, and optimize the internal structure of supply-oriented tools to improve the factor-driven mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]