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Half of all finance and insurance firms in Norway report that they are exposed to economic crime, particularly fraud, every year. On the other hand, only eighteen percent in public administration and defense perceive similar exposure to economic crime. However, the estimated fraction of unreported, non-registered economic crime in the country is ninety-four percent. These numbers are some of the results from surveys conducted in Norway in 2005, 2010, and 2023. This article applies the main economic crime categories of fraud, theft, manipulation, and corruption as used by scholars to study the survey results. The corruption category shows the largest gap between perceived exposure and police statistics. Comparison to white-collar crime research indicates higher frequency of theft at the street level and higher frequency of manipulation at the upper echelon. Comparison to future surveys in other countries is encouraged.

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This article presents the issue of crimes committed by immigrants in Poland and the issue of their victimization based on police statistics. Authors describe the etiology of victimization of immigrants and show the problems and the achievements related to the study of this phenomenon. The article presents the possible causes for committing crimes by immigrants. In the main part, based on police statistics, authors present the size and structure of crimes committed by immigrants and analyze who are the offenders. They also show the size of crime victimization on the immigrants in Poland and data about victims.

Studies are showing evidence of the effect of changes in routine activities due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic on crime levels in many cities worldwide. This study evaluates the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on temporal and spatial patterns of crime in three major cities under very different national contexts. Each of the three countries and cities experienced different levels of pandemic restrictions and societal closure. The cities of New York (the United States), São Paulo (Brazil), and Stockholm (Sweden) were selected as cases. Temporal quantitative methods, spatial statistics techniques, and Geographical Information System (GIS) underlie the methodology used in this study. Findings show that there is a statistically significant break in the trend in crime levels after the stay-at-home orders were implemented in New York City, São Paulo, and Stockholm in the first months of 2020; the only exception was for murder. Such an impact varies by crime type and city context, but increases again after a few months, indicating how fast crime and criminals adapt. Residential burglary decreased, whereas nonresidential burglary increased overall. Changes in the levels and geography of vehicle thefts were observed, with an overall increase of significant cold spots but, in several cases, also solidification of existing crime concentrations in known crime attractors and in some deprived areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis comes from a descriptive exercise of the criminal administration records obtained by the National Police of Colombia. Crimes of the country are characterized during 2017 and the main changes at subnational level are indicated, especially homicide. This crime continues the decreasing trend to one of the lowest rates in the country’s history, 25 per 100,000 population. The operational activity of the National Police is described as an outcome of the fight against crime in containment and disruption logic of crime. Similarly, the result of the National Police Code implementation is indicated through regulation and the improvement for citizen coexistence with regard to the contradictory behaviors to this issue. Finally, 38 tables are annexed that provide the reader with a national, regional and local overview of the National Police records to study crime.

The COVID-19 outbreak and the far-reaching lockdown measures are having direct and indirect effects on complex social domains, including opportunities for crime offline and online. This paper presents preliminary analyses about the short-term effect of COVID-19 and lockdown measures on cyber-dependent crime and online fraud in the UK. Time series analyses from data about crimes known to police between May 2019 and May 2020 are used to explore the extent to which cybercrime has been affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. More specifically, we examine whether cybercrime has suffered an increase during the months with the strictest lockdown restrictions, as an effect of the displacement of crime opportunities from physical to online environments. Results indicate that reports of cybercrime have increased during the COVID-19 outbreak, and these were remarkably large during the two months with the strictest lockdown policies and measures. In particular, the number of frauds associated with online shopping and auctions, and the hacking of social media and email, which are the two most common cybercrime categories in the UK, have seen the largest increases in the number of incidents. The increase in cyber-dependent crimes has mainly been experienced by individual victims rather than organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Macedonian Journal for Criminal Law & Criminology is the property of Macedonian Association for Criminal Law & Criminology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La criminalidad que ocurre en Colombia suele conocerse en todo el territorio nacional, en primera instancia, por la Policía Nacional; por tanto, los registros administrativos para conocer la criminalidad del país se organizan en el Sistema de Información Estadístico Delincuencial, Contravencional y Operativo (SIEDCO), y desde allí se realizan los análisis criminológicos y reportes estadísticos que sirven de insumo para interpretar los cambios del crimen en los ámbitos temporal y territorial. Este artículo presenta la descripción de los delitos por títulos penales y agrupaciones criminológicas en el período comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre del año 2015, comparando los datos con el año anterior. Asimismo, describe los resultados operativos de la Policía Nacional en la lucha contra la criminalidad y las contravenciones aplicadas a los ciudadanos de acuerdo con el Código de Policía vigente para el país. Adicionalmente, se presenta un análisis del delito de homicidio, por considerarse como una de las más importantes manifestaciones de la violencia en una sociedad. Entre las principales conclusiones se identifican: el cambio en las dinámicas del delito, las variaciones hacia los delitos que afectan la seguridad ciudadana y la disminución de la violencia homicida.

This study explores the trends in police-recorded crimes in Europe and in individual countries. The offender characteristics such as gender and age of perpetrators are also considered. In addition, the analysis discusses factors behind the changes in the crime trends. Data were collected for the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics by means of an electronic questionnaire, with the help of national correspondents. The dataset comprises metadata and crime rates (crimes/100,000 population) for 21 offense types. This article focuses on the results from the years 2000-2011. The overview of European crime trends is based on an analysis of the average annual change in homicide, assault, rape, burglary, car theft, robbery, and drug offenses. The trends in different crime categories vary: homicide has decreased in all European countries, and the decrease has been more rapid in those countries with a high homicide rate. However, the development of all violent crime seems contradictory, because assault and rape rates have increased in many countries. Property crimes, such as robbery, burglary and car theft, have decreased, but drug crimes show an increase. Overall, the findings suggest that property is currently better secured now than at the beginning of the century, but the situation in respect of violent crimes (excluding homicide) and drug crimes has not improved. In the future, efforts should be made to collect Europe-wide victimization survey data to supplement and deepen the understanding of the development of crime. In spite of the limitations, for the moment police trends are especially important, because up-to-date European victimization survey figures are not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes recent suicide trends in Greece. It relies on two separate databases, vital statistics and police records, the latter never having been explored before. Those datasets present a different picture about the suicide rates and trends, confirming the crucial importance of data reliability and consistency in time trend analysis. Frequencies and ratios were calculated and compared using paired sample t-tests. Overtime trend changes were detected applying segment regression analysis on both data collections. Our findings suggest that there are important differences between vital and police statistics on suicides. At national level, over the period 1990–2013, vital statistics reported an average of 7 percent more suicides, annually. Differences were more pronounced among women and younger ages. Both datasets confirm a change in total suicide trends during recent recession, but police data analysis supports that increases are less impressive than vital statistics claim.

From a human rights perspective, the present work aims to provide a critical analysis of the approaches used by the police and of the ways in which officers respond to male rape victims in England. Examining police attitudes towards, and responses to, male rape victims can help widen our understanding of policing male rape and the voids that need filling. I draw on primary data, which was collected through the use of semi-structured interviews and qualitative questionnaires, to make sense of the issues involved with policing male rape. The data consist of police officers and voluntary agency practitioners (N= 70). The findings suggest that the police do not see themselves as a support provider, so that justifies their lack of support for male rape victims; their rights are being ignored or unmet. By not providing support to male rape victims, some police officers may not take the issue of male rape seriously, which may embolden them to under-record male rape allegations while discouraging male rape victims from reporting and engaging with the police. Finally, the limitations of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 mean that some officers may not enforce the law appropriately, partly because they misunderstand the law. The findings have serious implications for the ways in which the police serve male rape victims, such as bringing about secondary victimisation and providing a distorted view of male rape through police statistics, which give a false impression of male rape across police forces in England. I suggest ways in which to improve policy and practice that can help fulfil the rights of male rape victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to discuss the trends and nature of rural violence in Brazil. Assuming the hypothesis of an increase in violence rates, urban–rural violence rates are compared at three geographical levels: national (Brazil), state (São Paulo), and municipal (Rio Claro). The study combines the analyses of official statistics with newspaper reports, videos, and articles published by the national media. Findings indicate an increase in violence in rural areas in recent decades but such a rise is far from homogenous across the country; it shows links to patterns of population change, economic expansion, and organized crime. Although violence has long being an inherent characteristic of rural Brazil—a place of conflicts and struggles—it is argued here that the more recent rise in violence is distinct from the past, at least in its portrayal by the media. The article finalizes by suggesting a research agenda to improve the understanding of the dynamics of violence in the Brazilian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A data acquisition from the medical sector may give one important view of the burden on the society caused by vehicle related injuries. The official police-reported statistics may only reflect a part of all vehicle-related injured seeking medical attention. The aim is to provide a comprehensive picture of the burden of vehicle related injuries on the medical sector (2013), and to compare with official police-reported statistics and the development year 2000-2013. Methods: The data set includes 1085 injured from the Injury Data Base at Umeå University Hospital's catchment area with 148,500 inhabitants in 2013. Results: Bicyclists were the most frequently injured (54%). One-third had non-minor (MAIS2+) injuries, and bicyclists accounted for 58% of the 1071 hospital bed days for all vehicle-related injuries. Car occupants represented 23% of all injured, and only 9% had MAIS2+ injuries. They accounted for 17% of the hospital bed days. Motorized two wheel vehicle riders represented 11% of the injured and 39% had MAIS2+ injuries and they occupied 11% of the hospital bed days. Of the 1085 medically treated persons, 767 were injured in public traffic areas, and, therefore, should be included in the official police statistics; however, only a third (232) of them were reported by the police. The annual injury rate had not changed during 2000-2013 for bicyclists, motor-cycle riders, pedestrians or snowmobile riders. However, for passenger car occupants a decrease was observed after 2008, and for mopedists the injury rate was halved after 2009 when a licensing regulation was introduced. Conclusion: The Swedish traffic injury reducing strategy Vision Zero, may have contributed to the reduction of injured car occupants and moped riders. The official police-reported statistics was a biased data source for vehicle related injuries and the total number medically treated was in total five times higher. Bicyclists caused the heaviest burden on the medical sector; consequently, they need to be prioritized in future safety work, as recently declared in the Government plan Vision Zero 2.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of this paper is the evaluation of data related to alcohol (ethanol, ethyl alcohol) and drugs in deceased active participants of traffic accidents for the years 2016-2021 obtained from the National Registry of Autopsies and Toxicological Examinations performed at the Department of Forensic Medicine and their comparison with the data of the Police Presidium of the Czech Republic. The sample included 2,715 deceased active road users, and their required data is available in both these sources. Only 72% of them were tested for alcohol, of whom 24% were found to have a blood alcohol concentration higher than 0.2 g/kg. Toxicological testing for substances other than alcohol was carried out in only 49% of the whole research file. Some substance from the list of addictive substances was detected in 120 deceased active road users (9% of those toxicologically examined). The concentration of these substances reached values affecting the ability to drive safely in 7 persons and excluding the ability to drive safely in 11 persons. The low percentage of toxicological tests carried out may be partly explained by the fact that in some cases the persons concerned may have survived for a certain period of time when toxicological testing was no longer considered relevant. Since there were no persons in our cohort who died more than 24 hours after death, we consider such reasoning to be not entirely correct. Therefore, we believe that the low number of examinations is mainly due to an attempt to save funds when toxicological examination was not required by the Police of the Czech Republic (if a forensic autopsy was ordered at all). The Police of the Czech Republic does not keep statistics on the presence of alcohol or other addictive substances in road accident deaths, but only in those who are at fault in road accidents. Data from the Police Presidium of the Czech Republic show that in 2016-2021, 57 persons were killed in traffic accidents where drugs were detected in the culprit in the accident. However, in our cohort, narcotic and psychotropic substances were detected in the blood (blood serum) of 120 deceased active participants of traffic accidents. This could be explained by the fact that at least 63 deceased active road users who were found to have narcotic and psychotropic substances were not at fault for the accident in which they died. However, a much more likely explanation is that the statistics of the Police Presidium of the Czech Republic are far from recording all culprits in the accident who are under the influence of drugs. This will especially apply to drivers who died in an accident that they were at fault for and when the police often did not order a forensic autopsy and thus a toxicological examination. In practice, toxicological examination of deceased active participants in traffic accidents applied only selectively means a significant distortion of statistical data on the presence of alcohol or addictive substances in the deceased, which may affect not only the actions of executive power (especially the Police of the Czech Republic) towards road transport participants, but also the policy of the legislature in the Czech Republic in matters of drugs specifically in transport, but also in general. Insurance companies should also have an interest in compulsory testing for the presence of alcohol and addictive substances. The insurer has the right to reduce the insurance payment if the injury is the result of alcohol or substance abuse. In particular, the basis for whether the insurer should reduce the benefit and to what extent is the sending of a final decision by a law enforcement agency. However, if that authority does not order a toxicological examination and does not know the result, it shall inform the insurer that no alcohol or addictive substances have been detected and the insurer shall pay in full.

Crime statistics, despite numerous criticisms and shortcomings, are an important source of data on crime as a mass phenomenon. In addition, police statistics as evidence of the reported crime, in terms of the type and characteristics of recorded criminal behavior and characteristics of perpetrators, provide an insight into the nearest real picture of crime, both at national and international level. The aim of the paper is to present the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice as a unified collection of data on crime and criminal justice at the European level. After presenting the background and methodological characteristics of this way of collecting and presenting the data, the statistical data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Serbia for the period from 2007th till 2011th as an example of the kind of data that were collected for the fifth edition of the European sourcebook of crime and criminal justice will be presented. In conclusion it was emphasized the importance of European sourcebook for improvement of the recording and public presentation of data on crime and criminal justice in our country, as well as for comparison with the situation in other countries and for planning strategies to prevent and suppress crime in Serbia.

Przedmiotem artykułu jest próba charakterystyki i wyjaśnienia specyfiki przestępczości przeciwko mieniu w Polsce na podstawie analizy danych zbieranych i publikowanych przez polską policję w latach 1924 – 2005. W artykule przedstawione zostały charakterystyczne etapy badań nad przestępczością przeciwko mieniu. Autor rozpoczyna swoje rozważania od analizy przestępczości przeciwko mieniu w PRL w latach 1955 – 1970 podkreślając znaczenie dla analizy czasu tzw. odwilży październikowej w 1956 roku i „małej stabilizacji”, następnie omawia lata 1971–1980 i dekadę okresu gierkowskiego oraz sytuację w latach 1981–1989 uznając je za schyłkowy okres systemu socjalistycznego związanego z politycznym i ekonomicznym załamaniem. W tekście podkreślone zostało, iż ważną cechą mającą wpływ na spadek przestępczości przeciwko mieniu w omawianym okresie były zmiany legislacyjne i próby przekwalifikowywania drobnych przestępstw. W artykule wyjaśnione zostaje także dlaczego ogólne tendencje dynamiki grupy przestępstw przeciwko mieniu mogą różnić się w stosunku do analogicznych tendencji dotyczących trzech najważniejszych czynów – kradzieży, włamania i rozboju, których nasilenie i osłabienie nie jest tożsame w poszczególnych etapach analizy. Podsumowując swoje rozważania K. Krajewski podkreśla, że obraz ujawnionej przestępczości przeciwko mieniu w Polsce w świetle statystyk policyjnych uległ licznym przeobrażeniom.

This paper analyzes recent suicide trends in Greece. It relies on two separate databases, vital statistics and police records, the latter never having been explored before. Those datasets present a different picture about the suicide rates and trends, confirming the crucial importance of data reliability and consistency in time trend analysis. Frequencies and ratios were calculated and compared using paired sample t-tests. Overtime trend changes were detected applying segment regression analysis on both data collections. Our findings suggest that there are important differences between vital and police statistics on suicides. At national level, over the period 1990-2013, vital statistics reported an average of 7 percent more suicides, annually. Differences were more pronounced among women and younger ages. Both datasets confirm a change in total suicide trends during recent recession, but police data analysis supports that increases are less impressive than vital statistics claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many people are afraid of falling prey to crime. The present report investigates the extent to which this fear is in line with the actual regional crime rates. This analysis is based on data from a comprehensive database on the fear of crime, combined with police crime statistics (specifically, adjusted crime statistics which factor in the "dark figure" of unreported crime). No evidence was found to support the (occasionally voiced) contention that the fear of falling prey to crime is irrational in many cases and not representative of the actual level of safety within a given region. In fact, our data shows a clear statistical correlation between regional crime rates and the fear of crime, both of which are more pronounced in the north of Germany than in the south, for instance. The inclusion of cybercrime in crime statistics, however, has meant that the former, higher crime rates and greater fear of crime often recorded in urban areas as opposed to rural regions are no longer as pronounced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Suicide victims have various distresses or motives. There are few studies on how these motives toward suicide relate with each other. We used network analyses to extract the structures of correlations among the motives for suicide. Methods We obtained datasets of suicide victims from 2007-2009 in Japan in cooperation with Ibaraki Prefectural Police Headquarters. The data were analyzed by network centrality measures and a structural analysis by block modeling. Results Among the motives, depression and physical illness showed relatively high scores of 'degree centrality', whereas depression and unemployment showed relatively high scores of 'betweenness centrality'. Structural analysis by block modeling resulted in eight blocks. The most important block comprised eight motives, including conflict between parent and child, marital conflict, economic hardship, and overloaded with debt. Conclusion Depression and physical illness were important and priority areas for completed suicides, although these two motives had different influences on suicide behaviors. Furthermore, structural analysis revealed the important role of a block, including some familial and financial motives, which induced hopelessness. Our results suggest that it might be useful to consider the common ways in which motivations for suicide are tied together when suicide intervention is launched from a social model point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaching a high conformity of reported data for different offence groups with the standard definitions provided for these offences is a crucial issue in order to improve comparability of crime and criminal justice data from official sources between countries. Based on data and metadata collected for the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics (ESB), this article takes a close look at the offence definitions used in the 4th edition Sourcebook. After an overview on ESB methodology, namely on questionnaire design and data validation procedures, the general structure of offence definitions in the ESB context is shown and changes compared to earlier editions are explained. Afterwards, ESB data and definition metadata are used to check the quality of the definitions used. Overall and item conformity rates for each offence definition are calculated and assessed. Missing data rates as another indicator for quality problems of definitions are also evaluated. Then, variation coefficients for the different offence groups are compared and critically assessed. The final part of the article contains a view on the distribution of conformity with definitions across Europe. Altogether, offence definitions in the ESB turn out to work very well. Conformity rates tend to be high and variation coefficients are mostly quite uniform for the different offence categories. However, some problematic offence definitions can be identified. As a result of regional analysis it can be shown that conformity rates across Europe do not vary randomly, but follow a certain pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Combining data from police statistics and crime victim surveys, this article analyses the evolution of crime in Western Europe from 1988 to 2007. The results show that there is no general drop in crime. Property offences and homicide have been decreasing since the mid 1990s, while violent and drug offences have increased during the period under study. These trends highlight the limits of the explanations to the crime drop in the United States, which are based on the premise of a correlation in the evolution of all offences. The drop in property offences seems related to changes in the socioeconomic situation in Europe as well as to increases in security measures in households, and the reinforcement of private security. The increase in violent offences can be explained by the combination of several factors, including changes in youth's free time provoked by the development of the Internet, changing demographics, and the rise of episodic heavy alcohol consumption and street gangs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at recorded Stop and Search activity in a southern English county from April 2003 to March 2006. The discussion explores the distribution of Stops and Searches and arrests made by police officers in the county, followed by an analysis of the demographic characteristics. The analysis of police recorded statistics offers the opportunity to identify patterns and trends in the police tactic which can influence and inform policing policy. It can identify whether the power falls unequally against certain sections of the population and/or whether the patterns are because of the deployment of resources based on the crime control strategy of the southern English police service area. These factors have implications for the service delivery role of police officers in the southern English county. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the issue of violence in Slovene society. The authors begin by focussing on societal attitudes toward violence. They then address the issue of the relationship between intolerance and violence. In the following sections this paper presents different statistical data regarding violent behaviour: official police statistics for minor offences, criminal offences, and official judicial statistics. in addition to this, the authors also briefly present results of a victimisation study conducted in 1997 and 2001. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to analyse different forms of violence in Slovene society and try to find some explanations for the increase of violent crimes in the last 10 years. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research used secondary analysis of official police and judicial statistics and data from victimisation studies. Findings: Statistical data show that the number of crimes in general, as well crimes connected to violence, has been increasing in the last ten years. In the search for explanations for this increase there are a few different approaches: the first explanation could be that this increase is the result of more punitively oriented society compared to the past; the second explanation could be that criminal justice institutions (Police, Courts etc.) changed their performance and operating system; finally, one of possible explanations could also be that there have been some important changes in Slovene society, and that there are some factors that have an influence on our behaviour in general. Research limitations/implications: The results of research are limited to Slovene society, although the conclusions and explanations can be re-evaluated also in other societies, especially those that went through transition from communist/socialist to capitalist socio-political system. Practical implications: Study can be used for evaluation of conditions in society and as a starting point for people working in the field of crime prevention as well as for policy making process. Originality/value: This paper presents a broader view on violence and relations in Slovene society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kriminologisches Journal is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents an attempt to compare the International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS) data and the police statistics for a sample of industrialized and post-socialist countries in Europe. The information base consists of the ICVS results from two sweeps and the crime data collected by the European Sourcebook and the Home Office. The method of comparison is based on the regression between ICVS and police crime rates. Police data between countries differ because of dissimilarities in penal systems, registration systems, definition of statistical units, etc. The ICVS responses are based on the description of criminal acts, unified across countries and independent of the legal definitions and legal consequences. Therefore, ICVS data is less biased than police data. The main result of the paper is the proposal of a method for contrasting ICVS and police data on crime in Europe. It gives the possibility to indicate statistical discrepancies of rates for a single country on the basis of the entire sample. The method also allows us to identify the outlier countries with regard to differences between ICVS data and police data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the evolution of police recorded crime rates for nine offences (intentional homicide, assault, rape, robbery, theft, vehicle theft, burglary, domestic burglary, and drug offences) over the period 1990-2000 in 16 Western European Countries. The analysis shows that there was an increase in drug and violent offences, while property offences reached a peak at the beginning of the 1990s and started decreasing afterwards. The evolution of property offences can be related to the emergence of a large black market for stolen goods in Central and Eastern Europe at the beginning of the time series, while by the end of it that market was saturated and there had also been a reinforcement of police measures in the frontiers and of security measures in Western European households.

The article concentrates on a representation of some trends of crime in Central and Eastern European countries. A main source of information about crime are official crime statistics collected according to the methodological rules worked out by the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics. In the case of homicide, police data are confronted with vital statistics gathered by the World Heath Organization (WHO). The statistics on assault and robbery were compared, as much as possible, with the victimization data from the International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS). The socio-economic context of the crime, the main circumstances of the crime statistics, which affected the interpretation of the crime trends for Central and Eastern European Countries, is presented.

Copyright of Sociologie du Travail is the property of Association pour le Developpement de la Sociologie du Travail and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)