24 results on '"poliakrilamid"'
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2. INVESTIGATION OF MASS GRADIENT OF CONCRETE FILLED WITH POLYACRYLAMIDE/Fe3O4 MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES İN CASPIAN SEA AND FORMATION WATER MEDIUM.
- Author
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Humbatova, S. F., Tapdyqov, Sh. Z., Guliyeva, J. E., Gulamirov, A. M., Malikov, E. Y., Mammadova, S. M., Fariz, A. A., and Kazimova, S. Sh.
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SEAWATER , *MAGNETITE , *POLYACRYLAMIDE , *CONCRETE , *NANOPARTICLES , *WEIGHT gain - Abstract
In the study, changes in the mass of concrete filled with polyacrylamide/Fe3O4 nanoparticles in an amount of 1–2% of the cement mass in sea and formation water were studied. Besides, by performing IR and X-ray characterization of the prepared samples, the chemical state of the polyacrylamide (PAA) and the nanoparticles in the structure was also determined. Changes in mass of concrete samples containing PAA/Fe3O4 nanoparticles in highly mineralized seawater were shown to be highly dependent on the amount of nanoparticles compared to PAA. It revealed that at 2% PAA-Fe3O4/concrete, the ion penetration was limited and there was a lower weight gain as compared to the control concrete. IR spectroscopic analyses proved that the polymer was in a coordination band with cement and magnetite nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction studies showed a slight increase in the crystallinity of the concrete filled with up to 2% PAA/Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. An Assessment of Chromium (VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Gelatin/PAAm-based IPN Hydrogels
- Author
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Gülen Oytun Akalın
- Subjects
poliakrilamid ,jelatin ,hidrojel ,adsorpsiyon ,krom (vi) ,metal uzaklaştırma ,polyacrylamide ,gelatin ,hydrogel ,adsorption ,chromium (vi) ,metal removal ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Science ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
In this work, gelatin (G)-polyacrylamide (PAAm)-based interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels involving maleic acid (MA) was prepared using by radical polymerization. Full-IPN and semi-IPN hydrogels were synthesized by using glutaraldehyde and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a crosslinker. The water absorbency of hydrogels was investigated, and the values increased with MA and G. The chemical structures of full-IPN and semi-IPN hydrogels were tested by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Morphological test was done by using Scanning Electron Microscope/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Thermal properties were examined with Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analyzer and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mechanical analysis was performed with Zwick Universal Testing Machine. Thermal and mechanical stabilities of full-IPN hydrogel was higher than semi-IPN. The efficiency of adsorption parameters (contact time, initial feed concentration, and pH) on Chromium (VI) ion adsorbing property of Full-IPN hydrogel was also determined. Isotherms were explained with the Langmuir or Freundlich equations. According to the results of both isotherms, it can be said that the hydrogel surface was homogeneous, and the adsorption of Chromium (VI) occurred in a monolayer.
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- 2023
- Full Text
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4. An Assessment of Chromium (VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Gelatin/PAAm-based IPN Hydrogels.
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AKALIN, Gülen Oytun
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CHROMIUM ,AQUEOUS solutions ,HYDROGELS ,POLYACRYLAMIDE ,MALEIC acid - Abstract
Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Mechanical and Tribological Analysis of Polyacrylamide/Alginate Hybrid Hydrogels for Potential Cartilage Treatment.
- Author
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KANCA, Yusuf, AVCIOĞLU, Emir, HOPKINS, Lynne, and BİLGE, Ercan
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POLYACRYLAMIDE ,ALGINATES ,THERAPEUTIC use of cartilage ,TRIBOLOGY ,HYDROGELS - Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Biyokömür ve Poliakrilamid’in Donma ve Çözünme Döngüsünde Toprakların Agregat Stabilitesi ve Su Tutma Kapasitesi Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi.
- Author
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GÖÇÜK, Muhittin and DEMİR, Yasin
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SOIL freezing ,SOIL formation ,FROZEN ground ,SOILS ,POLYACRYLAMIDE ,BIOCHAR - Abstract
Copyright of Düzce University Journal of Forestry / Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi is the property of Duzce University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
7. Çift Ağlı Hidrojellerin Basma Yükü Altında Gerilme Gevşemesi Davranışı.
- Author
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Düşünceli, Necmi
- Subjects
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CALCIUM chloride , *COMPRESSION loads , *YIELD stress , *HYDROGELS , *POLYACRYLAMIDE , *ACRYLAMIDE , *ALGINATES - Abstract
Because of moderate stretchable properties of acrylamide (AAM), it is used as double network hydrogel with alginates (AAL). We prepared AAM-ALG hydrogels containing various amount of crosslinker (BIS) and concentration of calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution. A series of uniaxial compression loading tests were performed on five different AAM-ALG specimens. The specimens are loaded up to 20% strain and hold at the same strain level for 300 seconds. Concentration of CaCl2 solution dependency is clear; increasing molarity of CaCl2 yields an increase in the stress level. On the other hand, effect of amount of BIS is not dominant on mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Comparing of the Effects of Liquated Humic Substance (LHS), Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) on Runoff and Soil Losses.
- Author
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HOUNDONOUGBO, Marius H. and YÖNTER, Gökçen
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HUMUS ,SOIL erosion ,RAINFALL simulators ,RUNOFF ,POLYACRYLAMIDE - Abstract
Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Assessment of acrylamide toxicity using a battery of standardised bioassays / Procjena toksičnosti akrilamida pomoću standardiziranih biotestova.
- Author
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Cvetković, Želimira, Bošnir, Jasna, Šikić, Sandra, Zovko, Mira, and Vidaković-Cifrek, Željka
- Subjects
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PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of acrylamide , *BIOLOGICAL assay , *TOXINS , *FRESHWATER organisms , *TOXICOLOGY , *POLYACRYLAMIDE , *DAPHNIA magna , *LEMNA minor , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Acrylamide is a monomer widely used as an intermediate in the production of organic chemicals, e.g. polyacrylamides (PAMs). Since PAMs are low cost chemicals with applications in various industries and waste- and drinking water treatment, a certain amount of non-polymerised acrylamide is expected to end up in waterways. PAMs are non-toxic but acrylamide induces neurotoxic effects in humans and genotoxic, reproductive, and carcinogenic effects in laboratory animals. In order to evaluate the effect of acrylamide on freshwater organisms, bioassays were conducted on four species: algae Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, duckweed Lemna minor and water flea Daphnia magna according to ISO (International Organization for Standardisation) standardised methods. This approach ensures the evaluation of acrylamide toxicity on organisms with different levels of organisation and the comparability of results, and it examines the value of using a battery of low-cost standardised bioassays in the monitoring of pollution and contamination of aquatic ecosystems. These results showed that EC50 values were lower for Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata than for Daphnia magna and Lemna minor, which suggests an increased sensitivity of algae to acrylamide. According to the toxic unit approach, the values estimated by the Lemna minor and Daphnia magna bioassays, classify acrylamide as slightly toxic (TU=0-1; Class 1). The results obtained from algal bioassays (Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) revealed the toxic effect of acrylamide (TU=1-10; Class 2) on these organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Optimizacija elektroforetskih postupaka za analitiku kiselih mukopolisaharida
- Author
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Kiurski, Mihailo M. and Kiurski, Mihailo M.
- Abstract
U okviru ovog rada, pokušali smo da modifikujemo papirnu elektroforezu, agaroznu gel-elektroforezu i PAGE tako da se uz pomoć njih može precizno raditi analiza kiselih mukopolisaharida. Dobijeni uzorak je nanošen u različitim koncentracijama na medijum (papir ili neki od gelova) i elektroforeza je raĎena prema pažljivo adaptiranom protokolu. Finalni ishod je pokazao da je papirna elektroforeza nedovoljno rezolutivna tehnika za analitiku kiselih mukopolisaharida. Agarozna gel-elektroforeza je znatno rezolutivnija od papirne, meĎutim je zbog fragilnosti gela i polisaharidne prirode samog gela manje zahvalna za analitiku MPS, za razliku od PAGE koja je pokazala izuzetan potencijal za analitiku kiselih MPS.
- Published
- 2020
11. Stress relaxation behavior of double network hydrogels under compressive loading
- Author
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Düşünceli, Necmi and Mühendislik Fakültesi
- Subjects
Relaxation ,Polyacrylamide ,Double Network Hydrogel ,Alginate ,Aljinat ,Mekanik Özellikler ,Gevşeme ,Mechanical Properties ,Poliakrilamid ,Çift Ağlı Hidrojel - Abstract
Akrilamid (AAM) zayıf mekanik özellikleri dolayı, biyodoku iskeleleri ve yumuşak doku aktüatörleri gibi biyomedikal uygulamalarda istenilen özellikleri sergileyememektedir. Bu nedenle Aljinat (ALG) kullanı-larak çift ağa sahip hidrojel şeklinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada AAM-ALG hidrojelindeki kovalent çapraz bağlayıcı (BIS) ve iyonik çapraz bağlayıcı (CaCl2) miktarının mekanik özellikler etkisini araştırmak üzere beş farklı hidrojel üretilmiştir. Silindirik basma numuneleri %20 gerinim seviyesine kadar yüklenmiş, daha sonra 300 saniye süre ile gevşeme testi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar iyonik çarpaz bağlayıcı miktarının me-kanik özelliklere etkisinin çok güçlü olduğunu göstermiştir. Kovalent çapraz bağlayıcı miktarının ise belli bir kritik seviyenin üzerinde etkili olduğu gözlemlenmiştir., Because of moderate stretchable properties of acrylamide (AAM), it is used as double network hydrogel with alginates (AAL). We prepared AAM-ALG hydrogels containing various amount of crosslinker (BIS) and concentration of calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution. A series of uniaxial compression loading tests were performed on five different AAM-ALG specimens. The specimens are loaded up to 20% strain and hold at the same strain level for 300 seconds. Concentration of CaCl2 solution dependency is clear; increasing molarity of CaCl2 yields an increase in the stress level. On the other hand, effect of amount of BIS is not dominant on mechanical properties.
- Published
- 2021
12. OPTIMIZATION OF PARAMETERS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN REAL WATER TREATMENT
- Author
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Crepulja, Antonela, Petković Didović, Mirna, Tota, Marin, Broznić, Dalibor, and Klepac, Damir
- Subjects
proces koagulacije/flokulacije ,željezov(III) klorid ,JAR test ,settling velocity ,BIOMEDICINA I ZDRAVSTVO. Temeljne medicinske znanosti. Medicinska biokemija ,turbidity ,coagulation/flocculation process ,BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE. Basic Medical Sciences. Medical Biochemistry ,iron chloride ,brzina taloženja ,poliakrilamid ,polyacrylamide ,turbiditet - Abstract
Sve veća količina industrije u svijetu te posljedično i stvaranje velike količine otpada i otpadnih voda, problem su koji se mora sustavno riješavati. Stoga se kao cilj ovog rada nametnulo ispitivanje djelotvornosti željezovog(III) klorida i poliakrilamida (PAM) u procesima koagulacije i flokulacije, određivanje njihove optimalne doze te ispitivanje utjecaja pH vrijednosti i temperature vodenog sustava na procese taloženja. Ispitivanje je izvršeno na uzorku otpadne vode iz rafinerije nafte u Urinju pomoću metode JAR testa. Optimalna doza željezovog(III) klorida i poliakrilamida utvrđena je mjerenjem brzine taloženja formiranih flokula. Usporedbom rezultata brzine taloženja flokula u ovisnosti o dodatku 0,90, 1,35 i 1,80 ml željezovog(III) klorida, zaključeno je da je optimalna doza željezovog(III) klorida 1,35 ml. Među uzorcima u kojima je dodano 10, 15 i 20 ml poliakrilamida, najbolji rezultati postignuti su pri dodatku 15 ml PAM. pH vrijednost sustava regulirana je dodatkom 0, 0,25, 0,50 i 1,0 ml dušične kiseline,a rezultati su pokazali da snižavanje pH vodenog medija usporava procese taloženja.Ovisnost brzine taloženja ispitana je na temperaturi od 22 ℃ i 4 ℃ te je pokazano da niska temperatura ne pogoduje procesima taloženja.Kvaliteta otpadne vode ispitana je mjerenjem turbiditeta pomoću menzure i secchi diska prije i poslije njene obrade. Početni turbiditet iznosio je 151,86 NTU. Nakon obrade, gotovo svi uzorci pokazali su se potpuno bistrima. Ipak, u dva uzorka na temperaturi od 4 ℃ zamućenje nije u potpunosti uklonjeno.Razlog je vjerojatno u neodgovarajućoj dozi upotrebljenih kemikalija čija je djelotvornost dodatno umanjena pri niskim temperaturama. Optimizacija fizikalno kemijskih parametara nužno je i svakodnevno, ali i moćno sredstvo u obradi realnih otpadnih voda., The increasing amount of industry in the world and the consequent production of waste and wastewater treatment is a problem that needs to be solved sistematically. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of iron chloride and polyacrylamide (PAM) in coagulation and flocculation processes, to determine optimal dosages and to find out the influence of pH value and temperature of water medium on sedimentation processes. The examination was carried out on sample of wastewater from oil rafinery in Urinje using JAR test. The optimal dosage of iron chloride and polyacrylamide has been established by measuring the settling velocity of formed flocs.By comparing the results of settling velocity in dependence on addition of 0,90, 1,35 and 1,80 ml of iron chloride, it was concluded that 1,35 ml is the optimal dose of iron chloride. Among the samples in which was added 10, 15 and 20 ml of polyacrylamide, the best results were achieved at 15 ml of PAM.The pH value was regulated by the addition of 0, 0,25, 0,50 and 1,0 ml of nitric acid. Results showed that sedimentation processes are slowed down by lowering the pH value. Dependence of settling velocity of formed flocs on temperatures of 22 ℃ and 4 ℃ was also investigated and it was shown that low temperature does not improve sedimentation processes. The quality of wastewater was determined by measuring turbidity with measuring cylinder and secchi disk. Turbidity of untreated wastewater was 151,86 NTU. After treatment,almost all samples were completly transparent. However, in two samples treated on temperature of 4 ℃ cloudliness wasn't completly reduced which is probably due to innapropriate dosage of treating chemicals whose effectiveness is further reduced at low temperatures. Optimization of physicochemical parameters is nessesary, daily but also a powerful tool in real wastewater treatment.
- Published
- 2018
13. Removal of Cationic Dye in Aquatic Medium by Using a New Composite Material
- Author
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Selçuk Şimşek, Zeynep Mine Hasdemir, and Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi
- Subjects
adsorpsiyon ,kompozit ,Mühendislik ,metilen mavisi ,diatomite ,adsorption ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,methylene blue ,lcsh:Q ,Ortak Disiplinler ,composite ,polyacrylamide ,poliakrilamid ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,lcsh:Science ,lcsh:Science (General) ,diyatomit ,lcsh:Q1-390 - Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Poliakrilamid (PAA) ve diatomit (D) içeren yeni bir kompozit materyal sentezlendi ve bir katyonik boya olan metilen mavisinin (MB) sulu ortamdaki gideriminde kullanıldı. Elde edilen yeni kompozit, pliakrilamid-diatomit (PAA-D) sıfır yük noktası (SYN), FTIR analizleriyle karakterize edildi. Yeni kompozit materyalin adsorpsiyon özellikleri kapsamlı olarak ve deneysel değişkenler derişim, pH, sıcaklık, zaman ve iyonik şiddet gibi optimize edilerek araştırılmıştır. Deneysel veriler teorik adsorpsiyon modelleri kullanılarak hesaplandı. Kompozit materyalin adsorpsiyon kapasitesi Langmiur eşitliğinden 0.019 mol kg-1 olarak hesaplandı. Freundlich ve DR modellerinden hesaplanan sabitler 0.075 ve 0.034 olarak bulundu. Adsorpsiyon kinetiği yalanci ikinci derece kinetik ve parçacık içi difüzyon modelleriyle de açıklandı. Deneysel çalışmalar adsorpsiyonun endotermik olduğunu ve kendiliğinden meydana geldiğini gösterdi. Yeni geliştirilen materyal çeşitli ortamlardan atık sular gibi, metilen mavisi katyonik boyasını gidermek için potansiyel bir adsorban olarak kullanılabilir, In this study, a new composite material containing polyacrylamide (PAA) and diatomite (D) was developed and characterized for effective removal of Methylene Blue (MB) dye in aquatic medium. The obtained new composite material,polyacrylamide-diatomite (PAA-D) was characterized by point zero charge (PZC), FTIR analysis. The adsorption properties of new composite material were investigated comprehensively and experimental variables were optimized such as concentration, pH, temperature, time and ionic strength. Experimental data were evaluated by using theoretical adsorption models. The maximum adsorption capacity of material was calculated as 0.019 mol kg?1 by considering Langmuir equation. The constants calculated from Freundlich and DR model were found as 0.075 and 0.034, respectively. Adsorption kinetic was also explained with pseudo second order and intra particular diffusion models. Experimental studies were showed that adsorption was endothermic and occurred spontaneously. New developed material can be used as potential adsorbent in order to removal of methylene blue from various medium such as wastewater
- Published
- 2018
14. Cross-linked porous poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) from high internal phase emulsions: preparation and functionalisation
- Author
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Majer, Janja and Krajnc, Peter
- Subjects
high internal phase emulsion ,polyacrylic acid ,porozni monoliti ,copolymers ,plyHIPE ,porous monoliths ,emulzija z visokim deležem notranje faze ,udc:547.1.057:678.6 ,polyacrylamide ,poliakrilna kislina ,poliakrilamid ,kopolimeri - Abstract
By using emulsions with high volume fractions of internal phase as polymerisation media porous copolymers of acrylic acid and acrylamide, cross-linked by methylenebisacrylamide, were prepared. The ratio of acrylic acid to acrylamide were varied (molar ratios 70:30, 50:50, 30:70) in order to yield polymers with various loading of acidic functional groups. Porous polymers with an open-cellular architecture were obtained with void diameters between 2.8 μm and 3.9 μm and with interconnecting pores approx. 0.3 μm in diameter. The chemical composition of the polymers influenced the conversion degrees during the process of functionalisation of acidic groups to acid chloride, being the highest in the case of polymer with the lowest content of acrilyc acid. Pripravili smo porozne netopne kopolimere med akrilno kislino in akrilamidom (delež akrilamida med 30 in 70 odstotki), zamrežene z metilenbisakrilamidom, pri čemer smo kot polimerizacijski medij uporabili emulzije z visokim deležem notranje faze. Nastali so visoko porozni polimeri z odprto celično strukturo s premerom praznin med 2.8 μm in 3.9 μm in s povezovalnimi porami s premeri okoli 0.3 μm. Kemijska sestava polimerov je vplivala na stopnje pretvorbe pri funkcionalizaciji do kislinskega klorida najvišjo stopnjo pretvorbe smo opazili pri najvišjem deležu akrilamida v polimeru.
- Published
- 2017
15. Procjena toksičnosti akrilamida pomoću standardiziranih biotestova
- Author
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Mira Zovko, Željka Vidaković-Cifrek, Želimira Cvetković, Jasna Bošnir, and Sandra Šikić
- Subjects
“baterija’’ bioloških testova ,Daphnia magna ,Desmodesmus subspicatus ,ISO standardi ,Lemna minor ,poliakrilamid ,Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata ,battery of bioassays ,ISO standards ,polyacrylamide ,reproductive and urinary physiology - Abstract
Acrylamide is a monomer widely used as an intermediate in the production of organic chemicals, e.g. polyacrylamides (PAMs). Since PAMs are low cost chemicals with applications in various industries and waste- and drinking water treatment, a certain amount of non-polymerised acrylamide is expected to end up in waterways. PAMs are non-toxic but acrylamide induces neurotoxic effects in humans and genotoxic, reproductive, and carcinogenic effects in laboratory animals. In order to evaluate the effect of acrylamide on freshwater organisms, bioassays were conducted on four species: algae Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, duckweed Lemna minor and water flea Daphnia magna according to ISO (International Organization for Standardisation) standardised methods. This approach ensures the evaluation of acrylamide toxicity on organisms with different levels of organisation and the comparability of results, and it examines the value of using a battery of low-cost standardised bioassays in the monitoring of pollution and contamination of aquatic ecosystems. These results showed that EC50 values were lower for Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata than for Daphnia magna and Lemna minor, which suggests an increased sensitivity of algae to acrylamide. According to the toxic unit approach, the values estimated by the Lemna minor and Daphnia magna bioassays, classify acrylamide as slightly toxic (TU=0-1; Class 1). The results obtained from algal bioassays (Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) revealed the toxic effect of acrylamide (TU=1-10; Class 2) on these organisms., Akrilamid je monomer koji se koristi kao intermedijer u proizvodnji organskih kemikalija, npr. poliakrilamida (PAM-a). PAM se primjenjuje u različitim industrijama te u obradi otpadnih voda i tretmanu vode za piće, a prihvatljiv je i zbog niske cijene. Široka upotreba PAM-a u spomenute svrhe predstavlja rizik od toga da određena količina nepolimeriziranog akrilamida dospije u vodene ekosustave. PAM je netoksičan, ali akrilamid ima neurotoksične učinke u ljudi te je također dokazana njegova genotoksičnost, kancerogenost i štetan utjecaj na reprodukcijski sustav u laboratorijskih životinja. U cilju procjene toksičnosti akrilamida provedeni su biotestovi na četirima vrstama slatkovodnih organizama: na zelenim algama Desmodesmus subspicatus i Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, vodenoj leći Lemna minor i vodenbuhi Daphnia magna. Biotestovi su provedeni prema standardiziranim ISO metodama, što osigurava procjenu toksičnosti akrilamida na organizme različitog stupnja organizacije, usporedivost rezultata i procjenu pogodnosti korištenja niza standardiziranih biotestova prihvatljive cijene za praćenje zagađenja i onečišćenja vodnih ekosustava. Rezultati su pokazali da su EC50 vrijednosti niže nakon izlaganja zelenih algi Desmodesmus subspicatus i Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata akrilamidu u odnosu na vrijednosti dobivene za vodenu leću Lemna minor i vodenbuhu Daphnia magna, što pokazuje veću osjetljivost algi. S obzirom na klasifikacijski sustav za izražavanje stupnja toksičnosti, a na temelju vrijednosti utvrđenih za vodenu leću Lemna minor i vodenbuhu Daphnia magna, akrilamid se može klasificirati kao slabo toksičan (TU=0-1; razred 1). Rezultati dobiveni testovima na algama (Desmodesmus subspicatus i Pseudokirchneriella subspicata) dokazuju toksičan učinak akrilamida na tim organizmima (TU=1-10; razred 2).
- Published
- 2015
16. Semi-interpenetrirajuće mreže na bazi poliakrilamida i poli(itakonske kiseline)
- Author
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Jovanka M. Filipović, Biljana Nikolić, and Melina T. Kalagasidis-Krušić
- Subjects
Polyacrylamide ,General Chemical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,lcsh:Chemical technology ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Polymer chemistry ,Semi-inetrepentrating polymer networks ,medicine ,Bubrenje ,lcsh:TP1-1185 ,Itaconic acid ,Poly(itaconic acid) ,Poliakrilamid ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Hydrogen bond ,Chemistry ,Swelling ratio ,General Chemistry ,Buffer solution ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Monomer ,Polymerization ,13. Climate action ,Semi-interpenetrirajuće mreže • Kompleksacija ,Complexation ,Swelling ,medicine.symptom ,0210 nano-technology ,Poli(itakonska kiselina) - Abstract
The effect of pH and temperature on the equilibrium swelling properties of PIA/PAAm semi-IPNs were investigated.Semi-IPNs based on polyacrylamide (PAAm) and poly(itaconic acid) (PIA) were prepared by two different techniques, by polymerizing itaconic acid in the presence of polyacrylamide gel (Semi-IPNs-l) and by making the polyacrylamide gel in the presence of previously synthesized poly(itaconic acid) (Semi-IPNs-ll), with different PIA/PAAm mass ratios. The equilibrium swelling degree of an ionic network depends very much on the concentration of ionisable groups. The addition of a small amount of itaconic acid dramatically changes the swelling behavior of PAAm. Increase of the ionic monomer (IA) produces swelling degrees that increase to a high extent when the pH of the buffer solution is higher than the nominal pKa values of the acid groups. Gels with higher IA content swell less than PAAm gels in low pH buffers. At low pH, when complexation due to hydrogen bonding occurs between the carboxylic groups and amide groups of acrylamide, the polymer network collapses and the swelling ratio is low. The presence of hydrogen bonds in the complexes causes additional constraints in the network, acting as a physical crosslinking and makes the network less hydrophilic, because the carboxylic groups on the PIA are occupied in the complexes. As opposed to this, the equilibrium swelling degrees change very little with pH of the solution in nonionic PAAm gel.Hydrogels exhibit continuous changes in water content as a function of temperature. The swelling degree increases with increasing temperature due to gel expansion upon warming. U ovom radu sintetisane su semi-interpenetrirajuće mreže (semi-IPM) na bazi poliakrilamida (PAAm) i poli(itakonske kiseline) (PIK). Korišćene su dve različite tehnike sinteze sa različtim masenim odnosom komponenata u polaznoj smeši. Mreže su karakterisane merenjem ravnotežnog stepena bubrenja u puferskim rastvorima različite pH vrednosti, od 2.24 do 8.09, kao i na različitim temperaturama, pri čemu je temperatura varirana od 10 do 54°C. Povećanjem koncentracije itakonske kiseline u mreži povećava se sadržaj karboksilnih grupa i bubrenje pri višim pH vrednostima, dokje pri nižim pH bubrenje semi-IPM mart je u odnosu na cist PAAm gel. Poredenjem vrednosti ravnotežnih stepena bubrenja uočava se da u kiseloj sredini semi-IPM-l vise bubre u odnosu na semi-IPM-ll, dok je u baznoj sredini uočeno suprotno ponašanje. Pri porastu temperature semi-IPM dolazi do porasta stepena bubrenja.
- Published
- 2003
17. SERAMİK FABRİKASI MASSE SIR ATIK ÇAMURUNUN ÇÖKTÜRME YÖNTEMİYLE ARITIMI
- Author
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İSRAİL, Lina, KÖSEOĞLU, Kemal, and CENGİZLER, Hakan
- Subjects
Poliakrilamid ,flokülasyon ,serbest çökme ,bulanıklık ,Polyacrylamide,flocculation,natural sedimentation,turbidity - Abstract
In this study, the settling behaviour of ceramic factory sludge containing suspended solid particles was investigated both by natural sedimentation and PAM flocculation. By natural sedimentation, the variation of time by interface height and turbidity were searched while by flocculation of PAM, the variation of time by sludge concentration, polymer dosage, turbidity, the change in molecular weight and charge were studied. Four anionic (4032, 4041, 4045, 4046), one cationic and one nonionic PAM were used for flocculation experiments. 10 mg/L polymer concentration, % 5 v/v sludge dosage and usage of low anionic PAM were determined to be the optimum conditions. Turbidity test showed that solid-liquid phase separation can be done with greater efficiency by PAM flocculation and therefore more clean water can be collected, Bu çalışmada askıda katı tanecik içeren seramik fabrikası atık çamurunun çökelme davranışı hem serbest olarak hem de poliakrilamid (PAM) flokülasyonu ile incelenmiştir. Serbest çökmenin zamanla olan değişimi arayüzey yüksekliği ve bulanıklık testleriyle; PAM flokülasyonun zamanla olan değişimi, atık derişimi, polimer dozajı, bulanıklık, polimerin molekül ağırlığı ve yük değişimi testleriyle araştırılmıştır. Flokülasyon denemeleri için dört anyonik (4032, 4041, 4045, 4046), bir katyonik ve bir iyonik olmayan PAM kullanılmıştır. Optimum koşullar 10 mg/L polimer derişimi, % 5 v/v atık dozajı ve düşük anyonik PAM kullanımı olarak tayin edilmiştir. Bulanıklık testleri, PAM flokülasyonu ile katı-sıvı faz ayrımının daha iyi bir verimle yapılabildiğini ve neticede daha berrak su toplanabildiğini göstermiştir. 
- Published
- 2014
18. Farklı yapıdaki poliakrilamid polimerlerin flokülan olarak değerlendirilmesi
- Author
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Aldemir, Sündüs, Yüksel, G. Yıldız, Kimya Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Kimya Mühendisliği, and Chemical Engineering
- Subjects
Polyacrylamide ,Polimerizasyon ,Flocculation ,Tinkal Cevheri ,Chemical Engineering ,Kimya Mühendisliği ,Borax decahydrate ,Polymerization ,Flokülasyon ,Redoks Polimerizasyonu ,Polyacrylate ,Borax ,Tincal ,Tincal Ore ,Polyethylene oxide ,Poliakrilamid ,Flocculant ,Redox Polymerization - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2010, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2010, Türkiye, dünyanın en büyük tinkal cevheri yataklarına sahiptir. Tinkal cevheri, suda çözünmeyen safsızlıklar içerir. Tinkalden boraks dekahidrat ve boraks pentahidrat üretimlerinde, bu safsızlıkların boraks çözeltilerinden ayrılması flokülasyon işlemi ile yürütülmektedir. Bu amaçla flokülan olarak poliakrilamid ve polietilen oksit polimerler kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, farklı kimyasal yapı ve molekül ağırlığındaki poliakrilamid polimerlerin sentezi gliserin-Ce(IV), etilen glikol-Ce(IV), isopropanol-Ce(IV) ve aseton gliserol-Ce(IV) redoks çiftleri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Sentezlenen polimerler hidroliz edilerek, çeşitli anyoniklik derecesine sahip polimerler elde edilmiştir. Tüm polimerler, tinkal cevherinin içerdiği safsızlıkların flokülasyonunda kullanılmıştır. Deneyler jar-test cihazı kullanılarak yürütülmüş, polimerlerin flokülasyon davranışları hem kendi aralarında hem de ticari polimerler ile kıyaslanmıştır. Flokülasyona, flokülanın yapısı, yük yoğunluğu, flokülasyon sıcaklığı, süspansiyonun boraks konsantrasyonu ve süspansiyonun katı içeriği gibi değişkenlerin etkisi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca sentezlenen poliakrilamid polimerlerin polietilen oksit ile birlikte kullanımı incelenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre sıcaklığın artması flokülasyon işlemi üzerinde olumsuz etki gösterirken, süspansiyonun katı içeriğinin ve boraks konsantrasyonunun artması flokülasyonu iyileştirmiştir. Yüksek sıcaklık, boraks konsantrasyonu ve katı içeriğinde lineer polimerler daha etkin olmuştur ancak farklı deney koşullarında farklı sonuçlar gözlenmiştir., Türkiye has the largest tincal ore deposit of the world. Tincal ore contains water insoluble materials. In the production of borax decahydrate and pentahydrate, seperation of these impurities from borax solutions is done by flocculation operation. For this purpose, polyacrylamide and polyethylene oxide polymers are used as flocculants. In this study, polyacrylamide polymers with different chemical structure and molecular weight were synthesized by using glycerol-Ce(IV), ethylene glycol-Ce(IV), isopropanol-Ce(IV) and acetonglycerol-Ce(IV) redox pairs. By hydrolysis of synthesized polymers, polymers with varying anionicity were obtained. All polymers were used on the flocculation of water insoluble materials in tincal ore. Flocculation behaviours of polymers were compared with each other and commercial polymers by using jar-test device. The effect of flocculant structure, charge density, flocculation temperature, borax concentration and solid content on flocculation were investigated. Also, the use of synthesized polyacrylamide polymers with polyethylene oxide was investigated. According to the results, increase in the solid content and borax concentration of the suspension, enhance the flocculation while increase in the temperature causes adverse effects. At high temperature, solid content and borax concentration, linear polymers are the most effective flocculants, but different results were observed at different experimential conditions., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2010
19. The synthesis and characterization of crosslinked anionic polyacrylamide hydrogels and investigation of their interactions with a dye material
- Author
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Boztepe, Cihangir, Kabasakal, Osman Sermet, Sölener, Musa, ESOGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Kimya Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Şölener, Musa, and Kimya Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Akrilamid/2-akrilamido-2-metil-1-propansülfonik asit kopolimeri ,Chemical Engineering ,Kimya Mühendisliği ,Poliakrilamid ,Anyonik Polimerler ,Hidrojeller - Abstract
Bu çalışmada akrilamid momomeri (AAm) ile birlikte yardımcı monomer 2-akrilamido-2-metil-1-propansülfonik asit (AMPS) kullanılarak, kimyasal çapraz bağlı polimerlerin sentezi, karakterizasyonu ve yüzeye soğurum özelliklerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çapraz bağlı polimerler sulu çözeltide serbest radikalik polimerleşme tepkimesiyle hazırlanmıştır. Tepkimede N,N'?metilenbisakrilamit (MBA) çapraz bağlayıcı, potasyum persülfat başlatıcı ve N,N,N',N'-tetrametiletilendiamin (TEMED) hızlandırıcı olarak kullanılmıştır.Sentezlenen çapraz bağlı polimerlerin yapısal karakterizasyonu Fourier Transform İnfrared Spektroskopisi (FT-IR) ile yapılmıştır. PAAm ve PAAm/AMPS polimerlerine 25 0C' de dinamik şişme testleri uygulanmıştır. Şişme kinetiği ile ilgili parametreler, şişme çalışmaları verileri kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır.Çapraz bağlı polimerlerin adsorpsiyon özelliklerini araştırmak için boyar madde içeren çözeltiler kullanılmıştır. Boyar madde olarak endüstride oldukça geniş uygulama alanına sahip metilen mavisi tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmada adsorpsiyon kinetiği incelenmiştir. In this study, the aim was to perform the synthesis and characterization of chemically crosslinked polymers by using acrylamide (AAm) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) as monomers. The interactions of the obtained polymers with a dye material (methylene blue) was also investigated. The chemically crosslinked AAm/AMPS polymers were prepared by free radical polymerization in aqueous solution at +4 0C by using N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker, potassium persulfate (KPS) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as the initiator and accelerator, respectively.The surface characterization of both PAAm and PAAm/AMPS polymers was performed by using the FT-IR technique. Dynamic swelling tests were applied to chemically crosslinked AAm/AMPS polymers at 25 0C for swelling characterization. Parameters about swelling kinetics were calculated by using the results of swelling studies.Adsorption properties of the crosslinked polymers were investigated in dye containing solutions. Methylene blue was chosen as target dye because of its common usage in industry. In the adsorption studies, the adsorption kinetic models was investigated. 79
- Published
- 2010
20. Bazı metal yüzeylerin kendiliğinden polimerik jelle kaplanması ve kaplama kinetiğinin eş zamanlı olarak takibi
- Author
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Uzun, Nadide Münevver, Yılmaz, Yaşar, Fizik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Fizik Mühendisliği, and Physics Engineering
- Subjects
Kendiliğinden kaplanma ,Polyacrylamide ,Fluorescence technique ,Fizik ve Fizik Mühendisliği ,Metal kaplama ,Metal coating ,Floresan teknik ,Physics and Physics Engineering ,Spontaneous coating ,Poliakrilamid - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007, Bu çalışmada monomer (polimeri oluşturan en küçük birim) olarak akrilamit (AAm), çapraz bağlayıcı olarak N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (BIS) ve polimerleşmeyi başlatıcı molekül olarak amonyum persülfat (APS) ve çözücü olarak saf su kullanarak çelik yüzeyi üzerine jel kaplama işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kaplama işlemi bugüne kadar bilinen yöntemlerin dışında oldukça kolay ve hiçbir işleme gerek kalmadan jelin metal yüzeyine kendiliğinden kaplanması şeklinde olmaktadır. Jelleşme işlemi metal yüzeylerden başlayarak çelik etrafını bir kılıf gibi sarmakta ve jelleşme miktarı zamana bağlı olarak artmaktadır. Kullanılan deneysel metot; sadece kaplanan metallerin toplam kütlesinin farklı zaman aralıklarında hassas bir terazi aracılığıyla ölçülmesine dayanmaktadır. Kaplamanın gerçekleştirilmesi için metal bir malzeme, hassas bir terazi ve yukarıda bahsedilen kimyasal malzemeler (AAm, BIS, APS ve su) yeterli olmaktadır. Metal yüzey dışında (çözelti kabı içerisinde) polimerleşmenin olup olmadığı ise jel çözeltisi içerisine katılan floresans özelliğe sahip moleküller aracılığıyla (izleme molekülleri) kontrol edilmiştir. Polimere dönüşen monomer miktarının zamanın fonksiyonu olarak ölçülebilmesi polimerleşme kinetiğinin neredeyse eşzamanlı olarak takibi için yeni bir teknik imkanı sunmaktadır. Bu yöntemle, değişen parametrelere göre polimerleşme hızı ve kompozit hız sabiti gibi bazı kinetik parametrelerin polimerleşme süresince büyük bir doğrulukla ölçülebilmesi ve mevcut teorilerin test edilmesi mümkün olmaktadır. Metal yüzeylerin bu yolla ince polimer filmleri şeklinde de kaplanması mümkün gözükmektedir. Ortalama kaplama kalınlığınınn zamanın fonksiyonu olarak kontrol edilebileceği öngörülmekle birlikte homojen kaplama konusunda henüz istenilen seviyeye ulaşılamamıştır. Oluşan kimyasal jel hiçbir çözücüde çözünmemekte, ancak su içerisinde şişme özeliğine sahip olmaktadır. Bu yüzden su dışındaki organik çözücüler (mesela; metanol, etanol, toluen) içerisinde bulunan metal yüzeylerinin korunmasında etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir., In this study, the steel surfaces were coated with gel by using (acrylamide) AAm as a monomer which is the smallest part of the polymer, N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (BIS) as a cross-linker, ammonium per sulphate (APS) as an initiator and distilled water as solvent. This coating process that is easy, covers the metal surface spontaneously without another operation other than well-known methods. Gelation process begins from metal surfaces and adsorbes on it tightly and the amount of gelation increases as a function of time. Experimental method used is based on measuring only the total mass of the coated metal in different time intervals by using an assay-balance. A metal, an assay-balance and the chemical materials (AAm, BIS, APS and distilled water) mentioned above are sufficient to obtain the coating. The trace amount of fluorescence molecules (probes) are added to the pre-polymerization solution to control whether the polymerization occurs in the solution or not. Measuring the amount of the polymer deposited on the metal surface as a function of time, enables us to observe the polymerization kinetics in a new technique. Using this method makes it possible to measure the polimerization rates and composite rate constants with respect to varying parameters in accuracy and to test the actual theories. This method also makes it possible to coat the metal surfaces as thin films. It is foreseen that the average thickness of the coating can be controlled as a function of time but the homogenity of the coating can not be controlled as intended. The obtained chemical gel can not be dissolved in any solvent, but it has the propertiy of swelling only in water. Because of this, to protect the metal surfaces against organic solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, toluene, this coating technique can be used efficiently., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2007
21. Preparation Of Polyacrylamide-clay Nanocomposites By Redox Polymerization
- Author
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Önses, Mustafa Serdar, Erciyes, A. Tuncer, Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği, and Material Science and Engineering
- Subjects
Redox ,Polymer-clay nanocomposites ,Ce(IV) ,Polimer-kil nanokompozitleri ,Polyacrylamide ,Poliakrilamid - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2006, Bu çalışmada poliakrilamid-kil nanokompozitleri, akrilamidin Ce(IV)-gliserin redoks çifti ile başlatılan yerinde polimerizasyonu ile hazırlanmıştır. Kilin organik olarak modifiye edilmesinde; biri ticari, uzun alkil zincirli hekzadesiltrimetilamonyum klorür (HDTMA) ve diğeri monomerin kendisi, akrilamid, olmak üzere iki farklı tip yüzey aktif madde kullanılmıştır. Kil içeriği % 1 ile % 5 arasında değiştirilerek her bir yüzey aktif madde ile iki seri poliakrilamid-kil nanokompoziti hazırlanmıştır. HDTMA’nın tabakalar arasındaki mesafede ciddi bir artış sağladığı, akrilamidin ise tabakaların açılmasındaki etkisinin sınırlı olduğu gösterilmiştir. XRD sonuçları; akrilamidin “intercalating” ajanı olarak kullanılmasıyla hazırlanan poliakrilamid-kil nanokompozitlerinde (PAAM-ACLAY), tüm kil yüzdeleri için, “exfoliated” tipi bir yapıya işaret etmektedir. HDTMA ile modifiye edilen organofilik kille üretilen poliakrilamid-kil nanokompozitleri (PAAM-OCLAY) de yine “exfoliated” tipi bir yapı göstermektedir, fakat kil miktarı % 1’i aştığında kismi “intercalated” yapıların varlığı XRD ile ortaya konmuştur. Bütün nanokompozitler, saf polimerden daha yüksek camsı geçiş sıcaklıkları göstermiştir. Artışlar PAAM-OCLAY nanokompozitleri için daha yüksek bulunmuştur. PAAM-ACLAY nanokompozitleri için dönüşümün kil miktarıyla arttığı bulunurken, PAAM-OCLAY nanokompozitleri için ilişkinin tam tersine olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlar ışığında, akrilamidin “intercalating” ajanı olarak kullanılmasının, HDTMA gibi bilinen yüzey aktif maddelerin polimerizasyon reaksiyonu üzerindeki sınırlayıcı etkilerini ortadan kaldırdığı vargısına ulaşılmıştır., In this study, polyacrylamide-clay nanocomposites were prepared by in-situ polymerization of acrylamide initited by redox pair of Ce(IV)-glycerine. Two types of surfactants; a commercial long alkyl chained hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HDTMA) and acrylamide monomer itself were used in the organically modification of clay. Two series of polyacrylamide-clay nanocomposites with each surfactant were prepared by varying the clay loading between 1 % and 5 %. It was shown that, while HDTMA results in a considerable increase in the interlayer distances, acrylamide has limited effect on expanding of the clay gallery. XRD results suggested exfoliated type structure for all clay loadings in polyacrylamide-clay (PAAM-ACLAY) nanocomposites prepared with the acrylamide as an intercalating agent. Polyacrylamide-clay nanocomposites (PAAM-OCLAY) synthesized with the organophilic clay modified with HDTMA, also showed exfoliated structure, but with the increase of clay loading above 1 %, some intercalated structure was evidenced by XRD. All nanocomposites displayed higher glass transition temperatures than the pure polyacrylamide. Increments were higher for PAAM-OCLAY nanocomposites. For PAAM-ACLAY nanocomposites conversion was found to increase with the clay loading, while relation is in an opposite manner for PAAM-OCLAY nanocomposites. With the light of these results, it can be inferred that use of acrylamide as an intercalating agent removes the restrictive effects of known surfactants like HDTMA on the polymerization reaction., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2006
22. Investigation Of The Spatial Inhomogeneity In Poly(acrylamide) (paam) Gels By Static Light Scattering Technique
- Author
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Kızılay, Mine Yener, Okay, Oğuz, Kimyagerlik, and Chemistry
- Subjects
İnhomojenite ,Işık Saçınımı ,Static Light Scattering ,Poliakrilamid ,Inhomogeneity ,Poly(acrylamide) gels - Abstract
Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006, Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2006, Poliakrilamid (PAAm) jellerinde ışık saçınım tekniği ile yapısal inhomojenitenin nasıl değiştiği incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde PAAm jellerinde başlangıç monomer konsantrasyonu sabit tutularak, sadece çapraz bağlayıcı konsantrasyonu değiştirilmiştir. Işık saçınım ölçüm sonuçlarından polimer çözeltilerinin jellerden daima daha az ışığı saçtığı bulunmuştur. Jellerde gözlenen bu fazla saçınım intensitesi çapraz bağlayıcı konsantrasyonu arttıkça belirgin bir şekilde artmaktadır. Bu ölçülen fazla saçınım intensitesi değeri yapısal inhomojenitenin ölçüm parametrisi olduğundan çapraz bağlayıcı konsantrasyonu artıkça jellerdeki inhomojenite derecesinin arttığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Işık saçınım intensitelerinden Debye Bueche teorisi yardımıyla inhomojen bölgelerin boyutları ve konsantrasyon dalgalanmalarının kareleri ortalaması değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde amonyum persülfat – N,N,N ,N -tetrametilendiamin (TEMED) redoks başlatıcı sistemi ile sentezlenen PAAm jelleri sentezlenmiş ve bekleme süresi ile saçınım intensiteleri takip edilmiştir. PAAmm jellerinin zamanla saçınım intensitelerinin azalarak jellerin daha homojen hale geldiği gözlenmiştir. PAAm jellerinde hızlandırıcı olarak kullanılan TEMED in PAAm jellerinde inhomojeniyi azaltıcı etkisi olduğu Debye Bueche teorisi ve termodinamik bir model yardımıyla açıklanmıştır. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde ise çapraz bağlayıcı konsantrasyonu sabit tutularak farklı başlangıç konsantrasyonlarında hazırlanan PAAm jellerinde sentez sonrası ve şişmede dengeye geldikten sonra yapısal inhomojenileri incelenmiş ve inhomojenite derecesinin maksimum olduğu kritik bir konsantrasyonun varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar Debye Bueche teorisi yardımı ile açıklanarak nedenleri tartışılmıştır, The spatial inhomogeneity in poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) gels has been investigated with the static light scattering technique. In the first section , the gels were prepared using N,N’-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BAAm) as a crosslinker at a fixed initial monomer concentration but at various crosslink densities. Light scattering measurements show that the excess scattering from gels increases with increasing BAAm content. Since the excess scattering Rex(q) is a measure of the spatial inhomogeneity in a gel, this indicates that the PAAm gel becomes more inhomogeneous with increasing BAAm concentration. The size of the inhomogeneous regins in gels as well as the mean square fluctuations in the reflactive index were calculated using the light scattering data of gels togetter with the Debye- bueche theory.In the second section ammonium persulfate - N,N,N ,N -tetramethylethylenediamine redox initiator system was used to initiate the polymerization reactions and to follow up scattering intensities as a function of time of aging gels in the synthesis reactor The scattered light intensities from aged gels were interpreted using the Debye-Bueche analysis and a thermodynamic model was developed. In the third section PAAm gels were prepared at a fixed chemical crosslink density but at various initial monomer concentrations. A critical polymer network concentration was found where the degree of the inhomogeneity in PAAm gels attains a maximum value. The light scattering data were also analyzed within the framework of the Debye-Bueche theory., Doktora, PhD
- Published
- 2006
23. Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyacrylamide and poly(itaconic acid)
- Author
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Kalagasidis-Krušić, Melina, Nikolić, Biljana, Filipović, Jovanka M., Kalagasidis-Krušić, Melina, Nikolić, Biljana, and Filipović, Jovanka M.
- Abstract
The effect of pH and temperature on the equilibrium swelling properties of PIA/PAAm semi-IPNs were investigated.Semi-IPNs based on polyacrylamide (PAAm) and poly(itaconic acid) (PIA) were prepared by two different techniques, by polymerizing itaconic acid in the presence of polyacrylamide gel (Semi-IPNs-l) and by making the polyacrylamide gel in the presence of previously synthesized poly(itaconic acid) (Semi-IPNs-ll), with different PIA/PAAm mass ratios. The equilibrium swelling degree of an ionic network depends very much on the concentration of ionisable groups. The addition of a small amount of itaconic acid dramatically changes the swelling behavior of PAAm. Increase of the ionic monomer (IA) produces swelling degrees that increase to a high extent when the pH of the buffer solution is higher than the nominal pKa values of the acid groups. Gels with higher IA content swell less than PAAm gels in low pH buffers. At low pH, when complexation due to hydrogen bonding occurs between the carboxylic groups and amide groups of acrylamide, the polymer network collapses and the swelling ratio is low. The presence of hydrogen bonds in the complexes causes additional constraints in the network, acting as a physical crosslinking and makes the network less hydrophilic, because the carboxylic groups on the PIA are occupied in the complexes. As opposed to this, the equilibrium swelling degrees change very little with pH of the solution in nonionic PAAm gel.Hydrogels exhibit continuous changes in water content as a function of temperature. The swelling degree increases with increasing temperature due to gel expansion upon warming., U ovom radu sintetisane su semi-interpenetrirajuće mreže (semi-IPM) na bazi poliakrilamida (PAAm) i poli(itakonske kiseline) (PIK). Korišćene su dve različite tehnike sinteze sa različtim masenim odnosom komponenata u polaznoj smeši. Mreže su karakterisane merenjem ravnotežnog stepena bubrenja u puferskim rastvorima različite pH vrednosti, od 2.24 do 8.09, kao i na različitim temperaturama, pri čemu je temperatura varirana od 10 do 54°C. Povećanjem koncentracije itakonske kiseline u mreži povećava se sadržaj karboksilnih grupa i bubrenje pri višim pH vrednostima, dokje pri nižim pH bubrenje semi-IPM mart je u odnosu na cist PAAm gel. Poredenjem vrednosti ravnotežnih stepena bubrenja uočava se da u kiseloj sredini semi-IPM-l vise bubre u odnosu na semi-IPM-ll, dok je u baznoj sredini uočeno suprotno ponašanje. Pri porastu temperature semi-IPM dolazi do porasta stepena bubrenja.
- Published
- 2003
24. Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyacrylamide and poly(itaconic acid)
- Author
-
Kalagasidis Krušić, Melina, Nikolić, Biljana, Filipović, Jovanka M., Kalagasidis Krušić, Melina, Nikolić, Biljana, and Filipović, Jovanka M.
- Abstract
The effect of pH and temperature on the equilibrium swelling properties of PIA/PAAm semi-IPNs were investigated.Semi-IPNs based on polyacrylamide (PAAm) and poly(itaconic acid) (PIA) were prepared by two different techniques, by polymerizing itaconic acid in the presence of polyacrylamide gel (Semi-IPNs-l) and by making the polyacrylamide gel in the presence of previously synthesized poly(itaconic acid) (Semi-IPNs-ll), with different PIA/PAAm mass ratios. The equilibrium swelling degree of an ionic network depends very much on the concentration of ionisable groups. The addition of a small amount of itaconic acid dramatically changes the swelling behavior of PAAm. Increase of the ionic monomer (IA) produces swelling degrees that increase to a high extent when the pH of the buffer solution is higher than the nominal pKa values of the acid groups. Gels with higher IA content swell less than PAAm gels in low pH buffers. At low pH, when complexation due to hydrogen bonding occurs between the carboxylic groups and amide groups of acrylamide, the polymer network collapses and the swelling ratio is low. The presence of hydrogen bonds in the complexes causes additional constraints in the network, acting as a physical crosslinking and makes the network less hydrophilic, because the carboxylic groups on the PIA are occupied in the complexes. As opposed to this, the equilibrium swelling degrees change very little with pH of the solution in nonionic PAAm gel.Hydrogels exhibit continuous changes in water content as a function of temperature. The swelling degree increases with increasing temperature due to gel expansion upon warming., U ovom radu sintetisane su semi-interpenetrirajuće mreže (semi-IPM) na bazi poliakrilamida (PAAm) i poli(itakonske kiseline) (PIK). Korišćene su dve različite tehnike sinteze sa različtim masenim odnosom komponenata u polaznoj smeši. Mreže su karakterisane merenjem ravnotežnog stepena bubrenja u puferskim rastvorima različite pH vrednosti, od 2.24 do 8.09, kao i na različitim temperaturama, pri čemu je temperatura varirana od 10 do 54°C. Povećanjem koncentracije itakonske kiseline u mreži povećava se sadržaj karboksilnih grupa i bubrenje pri višim pH vrednostima, dokje pri nižim pH bubrenje semi-IPM mart je u odnosu na cist PAAm gel. Poredenjem vrednosti ravnotežnih stepena bubrenja uočava se da u kiseloj sredini semi-IPM-l vise bubre u odnosu na semi-IPM-ll, dok je u baznoj sredini uočeno suprotno ponašanje. Pri porastu temperature semi-IPM dolazi do porasta stepena bubrenja.
- Published
- 2003
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