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This essay makes a case for identifying the 'late court-Poet' to whom Milton alludes in both editions of The Readie and Easie Way to Establish a Free Common-wealth as the royalist poet John Cleveland, who died in 1658. Beginning with the difficulties critics and editors have previously encountered in identifying possible referents for Milton's allusion, it proposes a new interpretative framework for the reference which is consistent with Milton's polemical strategies, and which supports the suggestion that Cleveland might well have been his target. Drawing on new archival and textual evidence, as well as on recent scholarship, it sets out reasons for considering Cleveland a rival and enemy of interest for Milton from the 1630s onwards, and especially in the fraught moments of early 1660 when a restoration of the Stuart monarchy seemed – to Milton's evident horror and despair – increasingly likely. In doing so, it revises familiar perceptions of Cleveland's writings, readership, reputation and networks, offering a fresh view which illuminates a key aspect of Milton's polemical focus in early 1660. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article describes an interpretive shift that occurred in Roman Palestine during the amoraic period (ca. 200–650 CE). It argues that rabbis of this era and in this region began to identify parts of Psalm 45 in light of Abraham as a form of anti-Christian polemic, a way to present Abraham as the Jewish response to Christ. It then shows that this exegetical framework, which originated as a polemic, developed a life of its own. As late antiquity slowly transitioned into the early Middle Ages, some Jews read other parts of the psalm—and then the entire psalm—as pertaining to Abraham. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversations regarding moral values are increasingly becoming a pivotal dimension of public discourse. This paper presents a new approach to unacceptable discourse. Drawing on René Girard's cultural anthropology and Luciano Elizalde's dissent management theory, this work develops a scale of situations of dissent, such as controversy, polemic and public discourse scandal. It offers a detailed study of the polemic raised by the book Marry Him and Be Submissive, a process of dissent which was generated in Spain in November 2013 on the occasion of the publication of this Italian bestseller and lasted until January 2014. The book was written by the Italian journalist Costanza Miriano and translated and edited by the Archdiocese of Granada. The case study uses a triangular approach to discourse analysis, which aims to comprehend the enunciator's legitimacy and social positioning, the communication context in which the debate takes place, and the characteristics of the public discourse. A central element regards how reactions are organized around the signifier 'submissive' and the different frames of interpretation assigned to this word, in what will be called 'feminist' and 'post-feminist' paradigms. Mechanisms of dissent and consensus are explained, and takeaways and actors' strategies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractConversations regarding moral values are increasingly becoming a pivotal dimension of public discourse. This paper presents a new approach to unacceptable discourse. Drawing on René Girard’s cultural anthropology and Luciano Elizalde’s dissent management theory, this work develops a scale of situations of dissent, such as controversy, polemic and public discourse scandal. It offers a detailed study of the polemic raised by the book Marry Him and Be Submissive, a process of dissent which was generated in Spain in November 2013 on the occasion of the publication of this Italian bestseller and lasted until January 2014. The book was written by the Italian journalist Costanza Miriano and translated and edited by the Archdiocese of Granada. The case study uses a triangular approach to discourse analysis, which aims to comprehend the enunciator’s legitimacy and social positioning, the communication context in which the debate takes place, and the characteristics of the public discourse. A central element regards how reactions are organized around the signifier 'submissive’ and the different frames of interpretation assigned to this word, in what will be called 'feminist’ and 'post-feminist’ paradigms. Mechanisms of dissent and consensus are explained, and takeaways and actors’ strategies are discussed.

The article is devoted to the problem of two editions of the finale of L.N. Tolstoy’s short story “Candle” (1885–1886), written specifically for the people’s book publishing house “Intermediary.” The purpose of the article is to clarify and concretize the facts known in the circle of specialists related to the history of the publication of the Tolstoy’s text. The task of the work was to study and comprehend new archival materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time: letters of P.I. Biryukov to L.N. Tolstoy and V.G. Chertkov, letters of V.G. Chertkov to L.N. Tolstoy published with significant bills, letters of A.M. Kalmykova to V.G. Chertkov, as well as the unpublished correspondence of L.N. Tolstoy and P.I. Biryukov, prepared for publication by the latter. Archival materials (OR GMT, RGALI) contribute to a deep and comprehensive study of the “program” of the “Intermediary” publishing house, organized at the end of 1884, and identification of the basic principles of its work, the nature of relationships between employees and methods of selecting texts for publication. The article shows that without this information an objective assessment of Tolstoy’s place and importance in the publishing house as a whole is impossible. It also clarifies the writer’s predicament in connection with the need to change the ending of the “Candle.” The author of the article comes to the conclusions that P.I. Biryukov initiated the question of the end of the “Candle”; that the controversy that unfolded around the story entailed a violation of the author’s intention; that L.N. Tolstoy’s talent overcame the narrow limits of the given “program.” These conclusions will form the basis of a historical and literary commentary on the story of L.N. Tolstoy “Candle” for volume 13 of the Complete Works of L.N. Tolstoy in 100 vols.

Ultimately unsuccessful attempts to organize a public dispute with the Jesuits from Poznań in 1574--1575 forced Jakub Niemojewski (d. 1586), a vigorous reformer and talented orator, to write and publish "diatribe or friendly discussion" ("diatribe albo kolacyja przyjacielska") in 1577. Due to a Jesuit intervention, to whom the first pages of the printed text were given, the publication was immediately suspended. They had the printer's workshop destroyed, he was sentenced to whipping in the pillory, and the books were finally burnt. Despite the fact that only over a dozen pages of the text have survived, it may be interesting for historians of rhetoric for at least two reasons. Firstly, it is associated with the beginnings of anti-Jesuit literature in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, written to confine increasing influences of this expansive religious order. Secondly, it may be treated as an intriguing case of debate on the art of debate or negotiating the initial conditions for public dispute, which reveal significant differences in the understanding of its nature, form, and purpose. Taking into account this meta-rhetorical dimension of Niemojewski's polemic, the paper aims at specifying the meaning of the title term "discussion" ("kolacyja") as a semantic equivalent of "diatribe" in three interrelated contexts: art of argumentation (collatio argumentorum), Erasmian model of polemic on theological questions (collatio Erasmiana), and a topos of "friendly" discourse (collatio amica). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although most accounts of Christian encounters with Muslims in the period between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries pay particular attention to conflict and violence, a body of hagiographical texts emanating from monastic circles points to a different kind of approach. In this article I foreground three examples of Italo-Greek saints' lives from the tenth and early eleventh centuries in which the saints in question treat Muslims whom they encounter as potential converts, and explain to them the tenets of Christian theology. These texts are examined as precursors of the Cluniac 'dossier' compiled about Abbot Maiolus's encounter with Muslims in the 990s. Two of the three saints' lives were translated from Greek into Latin, one in the late eleventh, the other in the late twelfth century. The motives for and circumstances of these translations are discussed in light of growing hostility towards the Islamic world during the period of the crusades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Üsküdar Universitiy Journal of Social Sciences is the property of Uskudar University Journal of Social Sciences (JOSOC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to Shaw et.al. (2018) the constitutional court is one of the forces behind the revival of comparative studies of constitutional law in the last two decades. The establishment of a constitutional court as the main feature of constitutional reform in new democracies. The purpose of this research is to find out the form of the decision Number 49/Puu-IX/2011 regarding the abolition of Article 59 paragraph 2 of Law Number 7 of 2020, and to find out the impact of Number 49/Puu-IX/2011 concerning the abolition of Article 59 paragraph 2 of the Law. - Law number 7 of 2020?. The method used is normative juridical because it discusses a decision of Law number 7 of 2020 concerning article 59 paragraph 2 which is deleted. The results of the study show 1) Decision Number 49/Puu-IX/2011 which deletes the Manuscript Law 7/2020 Article 59 paragraph (2). 2) The provisions in Article 59 Paragraph (2) were deleted in the results of the revision of the Constitutional Court Law or Law Number 7 of 2020 which was ratified by the DPR. This decision has a polemic impact on the community because it is considered a scenario for the DPR and the President to submit the Constitutional Court's decision, so that the DPR and the President no longer have an assessment of the Constitutional Court. The public considers that this decision is related to the work copyright law because with the abolition of article 59th paragraph 2 it can allow everything that is abolished in the work copyright law to be in vain because it is still under the authority of the president and the DPR.

Village administration is the spearhead of national economic development and resilience. In its history, the Village has received recognition by passing Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. Before the existence of the Village Law, the basis for recognition by the Village Government was only found in Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This article tries to find out the forms of community participation in changing laws and regulations regarding Villages. In addition, it also examines the polemic over demands for an additional term of office for the Village Head, which has become the public spotlight from the perspective of Indonesian constitutional law. The type of research used in the preparation of this article is normative juridical with a statute approach and library research, by searching data and sources, which after that did a review and analysis until finally it was put in the form of writing of this article. Considering that Indonesia is a democratic country and not a communist country, where the communist government system seems authoritarian, and the term of office is long, the Village Law contains regulations regarding village authority and the term of office of the Village Head.

Of all academic fields of study, few encounter as much difficulty with issues of assessment than the fine arts. Yet despite calls for greater transparency and accountability at the post-secondary level, the majority of relevant research and literature focuses on primary and secondary school instruction; post-secondary instructors are essentially abandoned to wrestle with the apparently irreconcilable goals of quantifiable measures of assessment, on the one hand, and the chaotic nature of the creative process, on the other. Given the above, the goal of the present research is to add to the understanding of the pedagogy of post-secondary studio instruction by examining how instructors go about the problematic exercise of assessing their students. Findings indicated a strong sense of confusion amongst participants and a need for teaching institutions to invest more in instructor training and support in order to increase dialogue amongst faculty and the dissemination of best practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lituanistica is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Broadly considered, the popular pamphlets written against Martin Marprelate in the months encompassing 1589–1591 are treated as pale imitations of their adversary, whose rhetorical and argumentative virtuosity earned him great notoriety. Considered as strenuous attempts to both counter Martinist aggression and also solve the rhetorical problems he presented, the aggressive Pasquil tracts (1589–1590) reveal how the adoption of an established satirical persona and mode allows a writer defending the Elizabethan bishops to both adopt and condemn the dangerous speech marking the Marprelate program. The tracts thus exhibit the self-generative and popular appeal characteristic of early print and pamphlet culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a contribution to the concept of media dialogical network (DN), which is applied here to historical data. The paper is based on previous research on DNs in the Czechoslovak media in the years 1948–1989, here I focus on the period immediately preceding the Prague Spring. The aim is to describe how DNs are constructed in the relevant period and the subject of the analysis are two DNs that developed in the Czechoslovak media in 1966–1967. Both of them resemble the DNs of the 1990s in some respects and contrast with, for example, the DNs of 1952, which developed during the period of centralisation of state power and in media that were subject to censorship. The socio-political situation can therefore be considered, alongside the state of development of the technologies used in journalism, as one of the factors that influence the shape of DNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the unpublished Syriac text of an anonymous anti-Jewish dialogue preserved fragmentarily in the manuscript SyrHT 94 [T II B 50 = 1682] from the Berlin Turfan-Collection. The dialogue, which combines scriptural and rational polemical arguments, is an important witness to the development of the adversus Judaeos literary tradition among Syriac Christians during the Islamic period. The text is accompanied by an English translation and a brief discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With this article, we aim to present the controversy opened by Iorgu Iordan at the publication, by Cicerone Poghirc, of the monographic study dedicated to Hasdeu. Belonging to different schools, often in dispute, the two linguists estabilish an exchange of ideas that seems to revive the polemical dialogue waged decades ago by their predecessors. Situated in the scientific lineage of such scholars as Alexandru Philippide and B. P. Hasdeu, the young linguists inherited from their ancestors, along with doctrine and linguistic conception, the animosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taḥrīf is one of the most fundamental Islamic arguments against the Jews and Christians for falsifying their Scriptures and one of the most critical issues discussed in the polemical tradition. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350) is one of the leading polemicists of the Islamic world in the Middle Ages. One of the issues that he examined in his work, Hidāyat al-Ḥayārā fī Ajwibat al-Yahūd wal-Naṣārā, which he wrote as a refutation to Jews and Christians, is the distortion of the Tanah and the New Testament. This article examines and analyzes Ibn Qayyim's views on taḥrīf and biblical criticism to determine its place and importance in the Islamic refutation tradition. For this purpose, his understanding of taḥrīf and his opinions in his polemic have been analyzed and revealed by descriptive and comparative methods. His views influenced the falsification conception in the Islamic tradition and scholars after him, which was also reflected in tradition. Based on Islamic sources and the Jewish and Christian scriptures, Ibn Qayyim concluded that most of the authentic texts of the Jewish and Christian scriptures had been distorted textually (taḥrīf al-lafẓ/al-nass) and interpretively (taḥrīf al-maʿnā). And he revealed his claims with theological and rational proofs in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this contribution, we would like to study the discourse held on a collective identity through the phrase “Nous sommes amazighes” as it unfolds in the discourses of the Algerian media sphere. We propose to revisit how this sentence mobilizes work on the consolidation and re-definition of an Amazigh identity. Our study is to highlight a semantics of the meaning of the sentence studied through the linguistic categories identified, notably in terms of enunciation, and the processes of disfiguring, pre-construction and nominalization to study the nature of identity discourse. By studying the trajectory of this sentence, we can identify the foundations of a denominational exercise in relation to the requirements of a context(s) of use of this sentence.

Female circumcision remains a social issue in Muslim society, along with the rise of gender-based violence cases in Indonesia. It has became rather a polemic after regional policy on that matter was issued inconsistently. This study aimed to determine the polemic of female circumcision in Garut Regency based on cultural and regional policy analysis. The study utilized qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. The data taken were based on primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques used were interviews and literature that supports the research. The results obtained in this study are that the polemic about female circumcision occurs because of differences in views based on fatwa so that society constructs female circumcision subjectively. Differences in the belief in the concept of female circumcision, which has become a culture in society, and the different techniques or processes for implementing female circumcision have resulted in the development of perceptions of female circumcision. The inconsistency of the policies of the Minister of Health Regulations makes the community have a bias towards pros and cons by the paradigm of religious leaders, parents, gender activists, and health workers.

Following the practice of Greek and Roman poets, Martial employs polemic as a means of expressing his literary views, particularly with respect to his chosen genre and his place within that genre. In order to elevate the status of epigram within the generic hierarchy, he attacks the higher forms of poetry as stale and irrelevant to real life, dismissing their apologists in highly personal and aggressive terms. He often engages in an argumentative to-and-fro with a supposed critic of his poetry or of his opinions, summarily dismissing his opponent in a typically epigrammatic put-down that brands him as vacuous, deluded or merely inept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polybius (c. 200-118 BC) is a notoriously combative historian, gleefully attacking his fellow historians for their moral failings and intellectual crimes, and their works for their misleading errors and grave distortions. But Polybius sometimes appears guilty himself of some of the same faults he finds in others. This paper aims to assess Polybius' quality and reliability as a writer of history on his own terms, that is, according to the strict standards he sets for other historians, with the ultimate aim of determining whether his Histories marks a return to the high historiographical standards set by Polybius' famous predecessor Thucydides, or perpetrates the same historiographical high crimes and misdemeanours he accuses his contemporary historical writers of committing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livy is not generally described as a polemicist, and the annalistic tradition tends to be described in terms of continuity rather than innovation. This paper aims to show, however, that there is significant polemic in Livy, including ad hominem polemic. Even if the latter falls short of Hellenistic levels, it is worth making the point that Livy wrote a highly competitive narrative, so that the degree to which he deliberately took on and surpassed rival authorities has probably been underestimated. Despite his obvious respect for some basic traditions and interpretations, he was indeed trying to surge past his rivals in innovative ways that would leave him as the pre-eminent authority. Polemic was one of the competitive strategies employed for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth-century CE Ecclesiastical History of Socrates of Constantinople has long been one of the foundational texts for reconstructing ecclesiastical affairs following the Council of Nicaea. Interwoven throughout its accounts of intra-Christian conflict are polemical episodes recounting Jewish violence. One vignette in particular, that of the crucifixion of a Christian boy, has been frequently cited in modern historiography on blood libel narratives. This article examines the role of this episode within Socrates' polemic and its modern reception, focusing specifically on how anti-Jewish propaganda extracts the episode from its source and leverages it to support blood libel accusations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When attacking their enemies late Roman and Byzantine intellectuals recognized that words could be effective and sometimes deadly weapons. These authors have left some memorable polemics. Of these, the most famous and widely read today is the sixth-century Anecdota or Secret History by Procopius. This article examines the role polemic plays in the Secret History and particularly Procopius' hostile portrait of his former superior, the general Belisarius. Capitalizing upon recent advancements made in our understanding of the possible literary and political context behind the Secret History, I suggest that Procopius' seeming turn against Belisarius in this work, which inverts the historian's heroic characterization of Belisarius from his De bellis or On the Wars, is best seen as a calculated piece of political manoeuvring rather than as evidence of the historian's 'true' animosity towards the general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have tended to emphasize distinctions within late antique historiography, breaking it up into categories of ecclesiastical/'pagan', orthodox/heretical, Greek/Latin, narrative/chronicle, and others. The division of ecclesiastical historians into orthodox/heretical has led to designating non-Nicene history writing as polemical. I hope to show that drawing a stark line between the ecclesiastical historians discounts the significant connections between them. Philostorgius, Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret serve as a good starting point for the reintegration of these historians into the literary culture of which they were a part. I examine these histories to demonstrate their commonalities while simultaneously showing their distinctiveness. Specifically, I focus on how these historians presented the imperial role in the destruction of religious property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the writings of the Emperor Julian show that he was engaged in sustained polemic with a number of opponents: Cynic philosophers, the people of Antioch, Christian teachers who criticized Hellenic religion, a Roman senator posing as an outspoken philosopher, and even, posthumously, with members of his own family (especially Constantine and Constantius). In this war of words, Julian employed his considerable erudition, which ranged from the Homeric epics and the interpretation of myth to Classical and Neoplatonic philosophy, in an attempt to refute his enemies and to halt what he perceived as an erosion of Hellenic literature, philosophy, and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Malalas' account of the career of Alexander of Macedon is marked by numerous deviations from the standard historical record. One such error, Alexander crossing over to Asia at the Bosporus rather than the Hellespont, however, seems to point to Dio Cassius' story of a δαίμων in the guise of Alexander crossing from Byzantium to Chalcedon. The association of references to Alexander and the activity of demons, in turn, draws into the ambit of Malalas' allusions an array of Christian rhetorical assaults on the Emperor Julian. Julian is revealed as the real subject, or target, of Malalas' account of Alexander and its apparent errors are shown to be references to matters that recur in the Christian critique of Julian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appian of Alexandria wrote in a time of peace long after the end of the Roman civil wars. How does he approach the polemical elements included in his sources in more fractious periods by many more partisan authors? By examining his treatment of M. Tullius Cicero (about whom everyone else had a strong opinion), this paper exposes Appian's unwillingness to engage in polemic even while he consistently displays his preference for monarchic government and his belief that the 'happy' outcome for Rome was the result of divine guidance and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast with his predecessors in ancient historiography such as Polybius or Livy, Tacitus avoids attacks on named predecessors. He does claim superiority for his own writings in his prefaces, but on the grounds that he was free from the influences that distorted earlier efforts, such as concern about political disfavour or apparent flattery in a contemporary context. The desire for vengeful self-justification after an emperor, now seen as a tyrant, had died also called into question authors' impartiality. While the critique of imperial activities has often been taken as the basis of Tacitus' writing, this paper argues that the most important feature of his histories is the emphasis on the behaviour of the ruling class, the historian's senatorial peers. The social etiquette of this group is a strong influence on the nature of Tacitus' criticism and reflects the continuing difficulties in writing about the past even under 'good' emperors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although neither Herodotus nor Thucydides is known for ad hominem attacks, it should not be concluded that they avoid polemic or aim for uncontroversial expression or somehow precede an age of polemic. They certainly reflect polemical debates on a variety of issues and hold sharp views of their own on numerous matters, including the particular topic of how to write history (Thucydides often seems to tilt at Herodotus). Polemic, then, is a fundamental and complex feature of their work, with a range of literary, political, and historiographical factors underpinning its operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polemic in ancient philosophy must be understood in terms of the evolution of critical rationality from the Presocratics until the Hellenistic schools. I argue that it takes three forms, of varying importance at different times, that both helped to define philosophy as a distinct social practice and methodologically drove its internal evolution. These forms are criticism of non-philosophical ignorance, attacks on alternative cultural practices, and technical criticisms of other philosophers and schools of thought. Technical criticisms only become more prominent than polemic against ignorance and alternative sources of expertise with the evolution of oral dialectic, while subsequently in the imperial era a textual approach to philosophy subordinated criticisms of other schools to the common rhetorical norms of literary and historiographical polemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present some aspects considered of interest about the literary history and criticism concerns which the linguist Alexandru Philippide exhibited in a few articles published during his youth period in "Convorbiri literare" and "Viaţa românească", along with the Romanian scholar's opinion about poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational research papers that explored Covid-19 have naturally focused on the problems of distance learning implementation but also underscores its severe impacts. This study aims to demonstrate the polemic against Covid-19 distance learning policies within news media outlet. The method of this qualitative study is a literature review on 5 newspaper media and 10 online media to obtain data of news items on Covid-19 distance learning that were published from April to December 2020 (9 months). This study tracked 82 news items from newspaper media and 191 news items from online media and determined three trends across all of the news items: obstacles, impact and policies of distance learning. Results showed that the implementation of distance learning is still far from expectations due to the lack of communication between the government and the school, the lack of human resources and supporting facilities, and the non-existent supervision towards schools that ignore the policies. This paper contributed in delivering the obstacles that arise from and because of distance education policies that news media report to the public.

This opinion paper puts forward arguments that reflect how science’s most elite prize, the Nobel Prize may be, despite its grand stature, somewhat out of touch with the functionality of grassroots science. There is a disconnect between limited fields of study to which the prize is awarded and the interdisciplinary nature of complex research. This is the first weakness. The second limitation is the focus on a single individual, occasionally on two or three when the prize is divided, even though much research is frequently collaborative. This is particularly true in the biomedical and natural sciences, which tend to involve individuals with multiple skills, each or all of whom may be equally deserving of the Nobel Prize, given their collective participation. The Nobel Prize also tends to display poor cultural, linguistic and gender representation and/or bias. Finally, retractions of papers by select Nobel Prize laureates suggest that even these elite academics are not immune to the ills of science and academic publishing and that affect all scientists in a complex global web.

Following up another article published in the Scottish Literary Review in Spring/Summer 2020, this short essay offers some further considerations on Thomas Carlyle's reading and appropriation of the ancient Syrian satirist Lucian of Samosata. Having read Lucian in 1849, Carlyle referred to him explicitly in two manuscripts entitled 'Scavenger Age' and 'Leave it Alone; Time Will Mend It'. Indeed, an awareness of Carlyle's reading of Lucian enables us to date both of these manuscripts to late 1849, a fact that has eluded previous scholars. Furthermore, the article suggests that Lucian's 'The Life's-End of Peregrinus' provided a model for Carlyle's notorious denunciation of Ignatius of Loyola in 'Jesuitism' (1 August 1850), the last of his Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reacting sharply against the whiggish thesis that religious tolerance was a heritage of the Enlightenment, revisionist scholars have pointed to the many pragmatic concessions people made to tolerate those of other faiths prior to the eighteenth century. While they have underscored the contingent relationship of tolerance with neighbourliness in many important case studies, the historiography portrays early modern London as an essentially intolerant society for the city's Catholics and a church on the margins. Through an examination of London's embassy chapels reflected in vicious anti-Catholic polemic, this article argues that tolerance was not lacking in Jacobean London. It additionally shows how ambassadors' chapels sustained a vibrant and visible form of Counter-Reformation Catholicism in the capital. Finally, it assesses how contemporaries connected both of these issues to tensions surrounding the 'king's two bodies' and the execution of the royal prerogative. While this places London's Catholics at the heart and centre of Jacobean religio-political tensions, the article concludes that it is ultimately the circular relationship between tolerance and intolerance that is key to understanding why a contested form of corporate Catholicism survived in the very heart of England's Protestant kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controversial issues are a basic topic nowadays, through this essay it is aimed to prove their didactic possibilities like a educative resource that bring closer the student’s reality to the educative scenario and stimulate their emotional and motivational development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Indonesia has experienced a rapid expansion in oil palm plantations. About 4,783 villages depend on the palm oil industry for their daily living. This study determines the various polemics in the implementation of CSR by palm oil companies in Indonesia. The authors have used a descriptive qualitative approach and collected data through a literature study. They analyzed two palm oil companies that claimed to implement CSR programs and tested them against the three basic CSR principles - sustainability, transparency, and accountability. The collected data were analyzed based on the literature studies. The results indicated that none of the companies met the basic principles of CSR. Therefore, this study offers the implementation of corporate diplomacy as an alternative strategy for palm oil companies in realizing a more targeted CSR program. This type of diplomacy will focus heavily on the company's role in communicating with community groups or farmers around the company, so the approach applied is bottom-up. The study shows that corporate diplomacy can be a new alternative for companies to implement CSR programs based on the basic principles of CSR and are more effective and on target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to illustrate how a pervasively invective mode of communication was pivotal for early Reformation disputes. For this purpose, it explores, first, specific techniques of polemical comparison used in invective communication. Second, it analyses the relation between a broader transregional public discourse and debates at the local level. Some of the sources examined in this article, for instance a handwritten pasquinade whose anonymous author fiercely criticized a Franciscan preacher, as well as a creatively adapted letter of indulgence, are new to Reformation research. The objective here is to outline decisive and entangled aspects of (semi-)public communication between 1520 and 1524. In order to do so, I focus on the beginning of early Reformation conflicts, their ongoing volatility, and their performative zenith, along the border of two of the most important German territories at the time—the Ernestine Electorate and the Albertine Duchy of Saxony.

African countries continue to import the same agricultural products that they produce locally. Africa's dependence on food aid or importation is often a challenge to understand, considering the immense potential of its land and favorable climate for agriculture. This paper investigates whether China's agricultural support generates positive effects on Africa despite controversial narratives. China's agricultural assistance in Africa has aroused hope and mistrust in African peoples. Most projects that were initiated in Africa flourished at the beginning, only to collapse after the withdrawal of Chinese partners. In addition, China's agricultural aid in Africa is perceived differently inside and outside of China. Western donors accuse China of having hidden motives behind financial aid and donations. African countries consider China's agricultural assistance in Africa to be mutually beneficial. The international collaboration of African agriculture should prioritize sustainable impacts.