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Simple Summary: Plants measure day length (photoperiod) to regulate seasonal growth and flowering. Photoperiodic flowering has been well studied, but less is known about how the photoperiod affects reproductive growth after flowering. In this study, we investigated the effects of the photoperiod on pod formation during soybean (Glycine max) development. Compared to short-day conditions, long-day conditions extended the time from flowering to pod formation and led to the abscission of the first wave of flowers. However, transferring plants from long-day to short-day conditions can reverse the phenotypes of delayed pod formation and flower abscission caused by long days. Hormone levels and transcriptome data indicated that hormones, reactive oxygen species signaling pathways, and sucrose application all influenced flower organ abscission. This research provides new insights into how the photoperiod regulates reproductive development in soybeans, which has significant social value for improving agricultural production efficiency and optimizing soybean cultivation. The development of soybean (Glycine max) is regulated by the photoperiod, with genes related to photoperiod sensitivity primarily focused on the flowering time. However, their roles in post-flowering reproductive development and the mechanisms by which the photoperiod affects them are not yet determined. In this study, we found that pod formation is sensitive to the photoperiod. Long-day conditions tended to extend the time from flowering to pod formation, and the first wave of flowers tended to fall off. Additionally, the photoperiod affected the pistil morphology; under short-day conditions, the stigma had a curved hook-like structure that facilitated better interaction with the filaments when pollen was released, ultimately influencing the timing of pod formation. Photoperiod-insensitive mutants, lacking E1 family and Evening Complex (EC) genes, showed no difference in the pod formation time under long-day or short-day conditions. Hormone content analysis and transcriptome data analysis indicated that various hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst pathway signals, and the application of sucrose solution in vitro might influence floral organ abscission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of soybean (Glycine max) is regulated by the photoperiod, with genes related to photoperiod sensitivity primarily focused on the flowering time. However, their roles in post-flowering reproductive development and the mechanisms by which the photoperiod affects them are not yet determined. In this study, we found that pod formation is sensitive to the photoperiod. Long-day conditions tended to extend the time from flowering to pod formation, and the first wave of flowers tended to fall off. Additionally, the photoperiod affected the pistil morphology; under short-day conditions, the stigma had a curved hook-like structure that facilitated better interaction with the filaments when pollen was released, ultimately influencing the timing of pod formation. Photoperiod-insensitive mutants, lacking E1 family and Evening Complex (EC) genes, showed no difference in the pod formation time under long-day or short-day conditions. Hormone content analysis and transcriptome data analysis indicated that various hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst pathway signals, and the application of sucrose solution in vitro might influence floral organ abscission.

Soybean is a short-day plant and is highly sensitive to photoperiod. How photoperiod regulates soybean flowering is well known, whereas how it regulates pod setting is poorly known. In this study, short-day treatment decreased the number of days from flowering to pod setting. The duration of short-day treatment and the number of days from flowering to pod setting were negatively correlated. Additionally, short-day treatment of flowers after flowering did not promote pod setting, whereas that of leaves significantly shortened the period from flowering to pod setting. Vascular tissue of the two stems of Y-shaped plants was not connected at the stem junction, and short-day treatment of leaves on one of the two stems did not promote pod setting on the other stem. It is likely that a signal produced in leaves under short-day condition moves to the nodes and promotes pod setting after flowering.

Introduction Population growth and low protein content of cereals has attracted the attention of peoples to pulse crops. Pulses has important role in contributing to food and nutritional security and replenishing soil nutrients having a huge potential in addressing needs like future global food security, nutrition and environmental sustainability needs. These plants can fix nitrogen in their roots and are effectiveness in soil fertility. After harvesting of these plants, large amounts of nitrogen will be added to the soil that next plant can use them. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an annual plant with indeterminate growth habit. It is one of the most important food legumes. Generally, legumes are highly sensitive to water deficit stress in flowering stage. In different crops as well as chickpea, differential genotypic response to drought stress as a result of variation in physiological parameters has been reported. Drought stress is the most important challenges in production of chickpea in Golestan province. On time using of water in the most sensitive stage of plant growth will result in higher production of seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on some quantity and quality traits of Adel chickpea cultivar in Gonbad Kavous conditions. Materials & Methods In order to study the effects of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on quality and quantity of Adel variety of chickpea, an experiment as factorial based on RCBD in three replications was carried out in farm of Gonbad Kavous University in 2015-2016. Two factors was nitrogen in 3 levels of none consumption, consumption of 25 and 50 Kg nitrogen/ha and supplemental irrigation in 3 levels of none irrigation, irrigation in flowering stage and irrigation in flowering+seed filling stage. Traits that were measured included number of lateral branch, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, plant dry weight, seeds weight per plant, harvest index, grain yield, protein percent and protein yield. Seed planting was done during the third week of December 2015. Row spacing was 25 cm. 50% of urea was applied during sowing and the rest was side banded when the chickpea plants were at seed filling stage. Weed control was performed manually. Harvesting date was first week of June. Data were analyzed by using of SAS Ver. 9.1 software. For comparison of means, LSD at level of 5% was used. Results & Discussion The results showed that effects of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on all traits except 100-seed weight and protein content were significant. Number of pods per plant in the treatment of 50 and 25 Kg N/ha with 29.36 and 27.76 were more than treatment of non consumption of nitrogen with 21.13. Irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages produced the maximum of pods per plant that was not significantly different from irrigation at flowering stage. The maximum grain yield was obtained from consumption of 50 Kg N/ha with 3287 Kg/ha. Seed yield in none application of nitrogen was 2243 Kg/ha. The maximum grain yield was obtained from treatment of irrigation in flowering and seed filling stage with 3218 Kg/ha. The maximum and minimum protein yield belonged to consumption of 50 Kg N/ha and non consumption of nitrogen, respectively. The maximum protein yield with 743 Kg/ha belonged to treatment of irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages and the minimum protein yield with 581 Kg/ha was obtained from non irrigation treatment. Conclusions Based on this experiment results, nitrogen and supplemental irrigation was affected all traits except 100-seed weight and protein percent. The maximum amounts of traits were obtained from consumption of 50 and then 25 Kg N/ha. Irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages produced maximum seed yield that has not significant different with irrigation in flowering stage. In general, it seems that for suitable production of chickpea, it is necessary to irrigate it for two times and applicate 25 Kg N /ha.

The aim of this study was to reduce the length of the breeding cycle for faba bean by accelerating seed setting. We examined the mode and time of exogenous 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP) (cytokinin) application, and cold treatments and their combinations in two faba bean genotypes. Acropetal node number of pod and seed set and pollen viability were recorded during the experiments. Application of BAP improved pollen germination. The application of 10–5 M BAP 4 days after flowering increased seed set at the lower nodes. Cold treatment (8/4°C day/night for 2 days) after the onset of flowering induced the formation of more pods and faster pod set compared to the non‐cold treatment. The time to first seed was significantly reduced, and pollen viability was increased in plants exposed to cold treatment. Increased pollen viability also showed a significant positive correlation with seed setting. The combinations of 10–5 BAP and cold treatment together had similar and independent effects. These results will accelerate plant breeding in faba bean by providing additional tools for reducing generation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean is a short-day plant and is highly sensitive to photoperiod. How photoperiod regulates soybean flowering is well known, whereas how it regulates pod setting is poorly known. In this study, short-day treatment decreased the number of days from flowering to pod setting. The duration of short-day treatment and the number of days from flowering to pod setting were negatively correlated. Additionally, short-day treatment of flowers after flowering did not promote pod setting, whereas that of leaves significantly shortened the period from flowering to pod setting. Vascular tissue of the two stems of Y-shaped plants was not connected at the stem junction, and short-day treatment of leaves on one of the two stems did not promote pod setting on the other stem. It is likely that a signal produced in leaves under short-day condition moves to the nodes and promotes pod setting after flowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Uniconazole (S3307) and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA‐6) are known plant growth regulators (PGRs). However, it is unknown if their regulation of sucrose and starch content can affect pod setting and yield in soybean. Herein, S3307 and DA‐6 were foliar sprayed on soybean Hefeng50 and Kangxian6 at the beginning of the bloom cycle in field tests conducted over two years. RESULTS: PGRs promoted the accumulation and distribution of plant biomass and significantly improved leaf photosynthetic rates. Sucrose and starch content increased after PGR treatment across organs and varieties. Accumulation and allocation of sucrose and starch content in soybean source organs are enhanced by PGRs, which supply high levels of assimilate to sink organs. Moreover, sucrose and starch contents in source and sink organs are positively correlated. S3307 and DA‐6 also significantly increased pod setting rates and reduced flower and pod abscission rates, leading to increased yield. CONCLUSION: S3307 and DA‐6 promoted the accumulation and availability of sucrose and starch content in source organs and increased sucrose and starch content in flowers and pods or seeds, thereby maintaining the balance between source and sink organs and contributing to increased pod setting rates and soybean yield. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field experiment in 2003-2004 years 5 yellowpods and 2 greenpods cultivars of snap bean in unheated high tunnel were cultivated. The sowing date in tunnel was 16 April, and 24 or 26 April in the field when soil of nonwoven PP 17 were cover. Flowering of plants periods in tunnel were 25-32 days and in the field - 31-37 days. Snap bean plants in differentiated condition of cultivations in tunnel as well as in the field created a similar number of inflorescence and flowers in inflorescence. However pod setting were differentiated. Number of pods per plant in tunnel condition in relation to of cultivars were 13-22 and in the field were twice more in the range as mean 24.5-35.5.

The association of leaf water content with yield-attributes such as pod setting and number of pods/plant and seed yield in cowpea was examined using midday drop of leaf relative water content (RWC) determined from morning (800 h) and midday (1330 h) measurements of RWC. Midday drop of RWC was significantly correlated to pod setting ratio (R2 = 0.80, P < 0.01), number of pods/plant (R2 = 0.87, P < 0.01) and seed yield (R2 = 0.37, P < 0.05). There was a significant genotypic variation for leaf water potential (LWP) at 800 and 1330 h and for RWC at 1330 h. Significant genotypic differences were also observed in pod setting ratio, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 1000-seed weight, biomass and seed yield. Pod setting ratio was significantly and positively correlated with number of pods/plant (R2 = 0.80, P < 0.01) and seed yield (R2 = 0.38, P < 0.05). These results showed that the genotypes with a smaller reduction in midday drop of RWC produced a larger number of pods/plant and consequently had higher seed yield as compared with a larger midday drop of RWC. The results also showed that there was a large genotypic variation in the midday drop of RWC, which was correlated with yield-attributes and seed yield. It may therefore be possible to use midday drop of RWC as a screening and selection trait for drought tolerance of cowpea genotypes.

Soil water deficits may affect the location and pattern of flower and pod production on different stem axes of a bean plant. The objective of this study was to understand the effect of drought stress on the distribution of flowers and pods on the main stem and on branches of bean plants. The experiment was conducted in a shelter field facility. Water stress was imposed from the end of the vegetative stage to physiological maturity and soil water was measured with a neutron probe every two weeks. Formation of flowers at each node of the main stem was monitored at 44 days after planting (DAP) and formation of pods at 55DAP and 65 DAP. Dry weight of stems and leaves as well leaf area were measured during the middle of the pod filling stage (55DAP). The total number of flowers reached maxima of 32 and 44 flowers per plant for the drought and irrigated treatments, respectively. Number of flowers on branches decreased 50% in the stress treatment when compared to the control. Pod setting was also reduced on the branches of the lower nodes of the main stems. Under drought, the leaf area diminished by 60.1% and 10.4% on branches and main stem, respectively. The field drought conditions of this experiment had a greater effect on the vegetative and reproductive growth of branches as compared to the main stem affecting the final yield.Défices de água no solo podem afetar a localização e o padrão de produção de flores e vagens em diferentes ramos de uma planta de feijão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de compreender o efeito do stress hídrico na distribuição de flores e de vagens no tronco principal e nos ramos de plantas de feijão. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente controlado. O Stress hídrico foi imposto a partir do fim do estágio vegetativo até a maturidade fisiológica e a umidade do solo foi medida por meio de sondas de nêutrons à cada duas semanas. A formação de flores em cada nó do ramo principal foi monitorada aos 44 dias após semeadura (DAP), na formação de vagens aos 55 DAP e a 65 DAP. Mediu-se o peso seco de ramos e folhas, bem como área foliar, no estádio de enchimento de grãos (55 DAP). O número total de flores alcançou os máximos de 32 e 44 flores por planta para os tratamentos com stress e irrigado, respectivamente. O número de flores em ramos decresceu de 50% no tratamento de stress, em relação ao controle. O pegamento de vagens foi também reduzido nos ramos dos nós mais baixos do tronco central. Sob falta d'água a área foliar diminuiu de 60.1% a 10.4% em ramos e tronco principal, respectivamente. As condições de stress hídrico neste experimento tiveram um efeito maior nos crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo dos ramos, em comparação com o tronco principal, afetando a produção final.

Two varieties of mungbean (Vigna radiataL.), BARImug 2 (M2) and BARImug 3 (M3) were grown under 1) 12-h light at 700„molm-2 s”1 (HL) at 30°C/12-h darkness at 25”C (HL + LT), 2) 12-h HL at 40°C (HT)/12 -h darkness at 25°C (HL + HT) and 3) 12-h light at 200 jumolm^s-1 (LL) at HT/12-h darkness at 25°C (LL + HT), and their growth, yield and photosynthetic activities were analyzed. The plants grown under LL+HT were the tallest followed by those grown under HL+HT and HL+LT, in this order. The leaf area was the largest under HL+ LT followed by LL+HT and HL+HT. In general, the plants grown under HT had lower biomass compared with those grown at LT. Grain yield was zero (no pod setting) under HL + HT in both varieties, but that under LL + HT was 30-40% of that under HL+LT. M3 produced higher grain yield as well as higher biomass than M2 under both HL + LT and LL + HT. The yield reduction under LL + HT was primarily due to the substantial reduction in the number of pods per plant as well as number of seeds per pod. HT decreased the photosynthetic 0O2 assimilation rate (Pn), and the plant under HL + HT had lower Pn than those under HL + LT. The heat acclimation of photosynthetic apparatus was considered to proceed more easily under HL than under LL, because the photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and quantum yield of PSII electron transport (FA/F’m) after heat shock at 50°C were greatly higher in the plants grown under HL + HT than those under HL + LT. It was concluded that HL at HT inhibited pod setting but accelerated the heat acclimation of photosynthetic apparatus of mungbean.

The application of synthetic cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine, BA) to racemes of soybean genotype IX93-100 at 7 days after anthesis (DAA) enhanced pod-set percentage of the florets at the 5th position and above (numbered from the base on rachis). The endogenous cytokinin (trans-zeatin riboside) content of individual florets was measured at the 1, 3, 5, 7th position every 3 days after anthesis. Cytokinin was detected only from the florets at 9 DAA, and the content was higher in the more proximal florets while it became negligible in the 7th floret. These results suggest that an increase in the amount of cytokinin in individual florets might enhance the pod setting of the florets positioned at the middle or distal part within the raceme.

The plants of field bean var. Nadwiślański were detopped after about 1 month since the beginning of flowering and after that all flower buds were removed from some plants. The effect of a change in the trophic balance on the setting and subsequent growth of root nodules was studied. The removal of pods had the greater effect on the increase in the weight of the remaining organs than the detopping of plants Detopping retarded the ageing of the plants and delayed the phase of the greatest reduction of the number of pods. The detopping of plants revealed their considerable compensative possibilities in terms of production of the pod weight and the potential of leaves for biomass production. The data obtained indicate that plant detopping may disturb the root--bacteria exchange of signals, necessary to initiate the nodule development, while the further growth of nodules depends, above all, on the amount of available photosynthates. A very high correlation between the dry weight of the whole plant to the dry weight of leaves ratio and the weight of nodules was observed. It proves the importance of the trophic balance of the plant for the root nodule weight production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]