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W artykule przedstawiono możliwość wykorzystania technologii wirtualnej rzeczywistości jako elementu wspomagającego realizację doskonalenia zawodowego strażaków oraz innych osób związanych z zapewnieniem bezpiecznych warunków przeciwpożarowych w budynkach i obiektach. Autorzy przedstawili definicje i rodzaje wirtualnej rzeczywistości, a także zaprezentowali rozwój tej technologii począwszy od lat siedemdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku aż do współczesności. Zostały przedstawione zalety, szanse, zagrożenia i ograniczenia wykorzystania tego typu narzędzi w procesie dydaktycznym. W artykule przedstawiono także środowisko wirtualne służące doskonaleniu podejmowania decyzji w przypadku działań gaśniczych na obiektach zabytkowych. Using virtual reality in firefighter training: opportunities and threats The article presents the possibility of using virtual reality technology as an element supporting the implementation of professional development of firefighters and others associated with the provision of safe fire conditions in buildings and facilities. The authors presented definitions and types of virtual reality, as well as presented the development of this technology from the 1970s to the present. The advantages, opportunities, risks and limitations of using such tools in the teaching process were presented. The article also presents a virtual environment for improving decision-making in the case of firefighting operations on historic sites.

Povzetek V diplomskem delu pišem o sistemih avtomatskega gašenja in izdelavi projektne naloge gašenja strežniškega centra. Začetek diplomskega dela sem namenil predstavitvi požara in osnovam gorenja. Opisani so najpogostejši vzroki za nastanek požara, ter razvoj požara v posameznih fazah in kaj se v posamezni fazi požara dogaja. Sledi predstavitev sistema avtomatskega gašenja, kjer podrobneje razložim razlike med konvencionalno in naslovljivo tehnologijo požarnih javljalnikov, različne tipe javljalnikov in njihovo področje uporabe. V nadaljevanju naštejem najpogostejša gasilna sredstva in njihove gasilne lastnosti. V projektnem delu je prestavljena tehnična rešitev avtomatskega gašenja izbranega strežniškega centra. Električni del projekta obsega načrtovanje sistema javljanja požara, električnih inštalacij in izbiro ustrezne opreme za javljanje požara. V strojnem delu projekta sem izbral gasilno sredstvo NOVEC 1230 in izdelal izometrično shemo gasilnega cevovoda z lokacijami razpršilnih šob. Uporabil sem Siemensovo orodje za hidravlični izračun gasilnega sistema in z njim pridobil podatke o razpršilnih šobah, presekih cevi, količini gasilnega sredstva in nadtlačni razbremenitvi. Abstract In my thesis I am writing about automatic fire extinguishing systems and the creation of a project assignment for fire extinguishing of a server centre. I start the thesis with an introduction to fire and the basics of combustion. The most common causes of fire are described, as well as the development of the fire in the different phases along with explanations of each phase of the fire. This is followed by an introduction to automatic fire extinguishing systems, where I in detail explain the differences between conventional and addressable fire detector technology, the different types of detectors and their scope of application. Followed with list of most common extinguishing agents and their extinguishing properties. In the project part, the technical solution for automatic fire extinguishing of the selected server centre is presented. The electrical part of the project comprises the design of the fire detection system, the electrical installations, and the selection of the appropriate fire detection equipment. In the mechanical part of the project, I have selected the NOVEC 1230 fire extinguishing agent and drawn up an isometric diagram of the extinguishing pipeline with the locations of the nozzles. I also used the Siemens hydraulic calculation tool for the extinguishing system to obtain data on nozzles, pipe cross-sections, extinguishing agent quantity and overpressure relief.

U ovom završnom radu opisana je suhomontažna gradnja i načini izvođenja iste na uređenju interijera. Ideja rada je prikazati tipove pregradnih zidova i spuštenih stropova s obzirom na zvučnu zaštitu, požarnu zaštitu i zaštitu od vlage. Prikazani su neki detalji proizvođača suhomontažne gradnje. Kompletan rad je podijeljen na tri poglavlja, gdje se u prvom poglavlju govori općenito o terminu suhomontažne gradnje, prednostima takve gradnje, alatima i materijalima koji se koriste. Drugo poglavlje bavi se samim pregradnim zidovima, načinima izrade i obrazloženjima utjecaja zvuka, vlage i požara na konstrukciju. U trećem poglavlju razrađeni su stropovi, načini izvođenja, utjecaj zvuka, vlage i požara na isti. Drywall construction and ways of performing it in interior design are described in this final paper. The idea of the work is to show the types of partition walls and suspended ceilings with regard to sound protection, fire protection and moisture protection. Some details of drywall construction manufacturers are shown. The complete work is divided into three chapters, where the first chapter discusses in general the term drywall construction, the advantages of such construction, the tools and materials used. The second chapter deals with partition walls themselves, methods of construction and explanations of the influence of sound, moisture and fire on the construction. In the third chapter, the ceilings, methods of execution, the influence of sound, moisture and fire on them are elaborated.

Naravne nesreče so vedno pogostejši pojav zaradi takšnih in drugačnih dejavnikov. Kaj sploh so naravne nesreče, kako se nanje pripraviti in kako ravnati, ko enkrat do njih pride, je znanje, ki ga je za take primere dobro imeti, saj se s tem lahko izognemo neželenim posledicam. Mi smo preverili, kašno je znanje Slovence s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika, ki smo ga sestavili na podlagi pregledane literature in dosedanjih podobnih raziskav. Anketni vprašalnik je bil sestavljen iz 41 vprašanj, ki so zajemala vprašanja o vrstah naravnih nesreč, pogostosti pojavljanja naravnih nesreč, vzrokih in posledicah naravnih nesreč, pripravljenosti ter ukrepanju ob pojavu naravnih nesreč in tako dalje. Dodatno pozornost smo v vprašalniku namenili požarom, poplavam in potresom. Cilj je bil s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika ugotoviti in dobiti odgovore, ki bi nam dali vpogled v to, kje ozaveščenosti o naravnih nesrečah pri Slovencih primanjkuje. Anketni vprašalnik smo objavili na spletnem mestu 1ka.si in jo delili na družbenih omrežjih. Pregled dobljenih statističnih podatkov nam je dal vpogled v to, kje ozaveščenosti o naravnih nesrečah primanjkuje. Ugotovili smo, da je ozaveščenost slaba predvsem pri poznavanju vzrokov in posledic naravnih nesreč ter znanju o tem, kako se nanje pripraviti. Podatke o tem smo po podrobnejši analizi vključili v krajšo zloženko, ki bo uporabniku služila pri pripravi na naravne nesreče ter ob primeru, ko do njih pride. Zloženka je v nasprotju z že obstoječimi zloženkami na tem področju napisana bolj kratko in jedrnato, kljub temu pa zajema informacije o več vrstah naravnih nesreč ter le podatke, o katerih so ljudje najmanj ozaveščeni. Zraven zloženke in podatkov, ki jih nudi magistrsko delo, bi lahko ozaveščenost Slovencev o naravnih nesrečah povečali s pomočjo promocijskih programov o naravnih nesrečah v medijih. Predlagali bi tudi obnavljanje znanja o naravnih nesrečah na nekaj let, podobno ali v sklopu varstva pri delu. Natural disasters are becoming more and more common due to various factors. What natural disasters are, how to prepare for them and how to act once they occur, is knowledge that is good to have for such cases, because with this we can avoid unwanted consequences. We checked the level of knowledge of Slovenians with the help of a survey questionnaire, which we compiled based on reviewed literature and previous similar research. The questionnaire consisted of 41 questions, which included questions about the types of natural disasters, the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters, the causes and consequences of natural disasters, preparedness, and action in the event of natural disasters, and so on. Additional attention was paid in the questionnaire to fires, floods, and earthquakes. With the help of a questionnaire, the goal was to find out and get answers that would give us an insight into where Slovenians lack awareness of natural disasters. We published the survey questionnaire on the 1ka.si website and shared it on social networks. A review of the obtained statistics gave us an insight into where awareness about natural disasters is lacking. We found that awareness is poor, especially when it comes to knowing the causes and consequences of natural disasters and how to prepare for them. After a more detailed analysis, we have included the information on this in a short leaflet, which will serve the user in preparing for natural disasters and if they occur. In contrast to already existing leaflets in this field, the leaflet is written more briefly and concisely, but nevertheless it contains information about several types of natural disasters and only information about which people are least aware. In addition to the leaflet and data provided by the master's thesis, the awareness of Slovenians about natural disasters could be increased with the help of promotional programs about natural disasters in the media. We would also suggest renewing knowledge about natural disasters for a few years, similar to or as part of occupational health and safety.

U radu su izložene opće odrednice zaštite od požara na temelju sačuvanih tekstova unutar titula De officio praefecti vigilum, pri čemu su detaljnije analizirane dvije povijesne etape i pitanja u vezi s pravnom regulacijom organizacije protupožarne zaštite u rimskom pravu. Nakon uvoda raščlanjen je problem identiteta triumviri nocturni u okvirima republikanskog ustroja magistratura. Zatim se obrađuju pitanja u vezi s obvezama i ovlasti praefectus vigilum i vigiles kao novog oblika organizacije vatrogasne službe u Rimu. Na kraju se iznosi rekapitulacija obrađene materije i zaključci o obrađenim pitanjima pravne regulacije borbe protiv požara u rimskom pravu., The article elaborates on the general features of fire protection services in Rome through two stages of development, as provided by texts preserved within the Digest entitled De officio praefecti vigilum, and the pertaining legal issues concerning the organization of these services. After the introductory part, the author discusses the issue of the identity of triumviri nocturni and of their separate existence within the structures of magistracies in the Republican period. He goes on to present the Augustan creation of the service of vigiles, and the considerations on the duties of praefectus vigilum as their commander and the person entrusted with legal authority to deal with the fire fighting and prevention activities. In the concluding remarks the reassessment of key issues on the legal organization of fire prevention services according to the Roman legal sources is provided.

V diplomskem delu so opisani vzroki požarov na ladji. Omenjene so različne konvencije ki se nanašajo na to temo, ki nam služijo kot protokol, da do požara ne pride ,kot tudi postopki, če do tega vseeno pride. Prav tako smo podrobneje pojasnili sisteme za gašenje požara. The thesis describes the causes of fires on the ship. Various conventions related to this topic are mentioned, which serve as a protocol to prevent a fire from occurring, as well as the procedures if it does occur, and we have explained the fire extinguishing systems in more detail.

Title: Fire attack and its significance in an emergency Objectives: The main goal of this bachelor's thesis is to summarize information about fire attack, to describe history and work of Kamenna Lhota voluntary fire figther corp and to analyze the common features of firesport and emergency. Methods: Studying and developing research of available sources. Use of own experience from firesport and description of experience gained from membership in volunteer fire fighter corp. Results: The result of the bachelor thesis is a description of fire attack, a description of the equipment needed for fire attack, a summary of information about SDH Kamenná Lhota and an explanation of the meaning of fire attack during an emergency. Keywords: firesport, emergency, volunteer fire fighter corp

Fire, as a process of uncontrolled burning, is always accompanied by a threat to human life and property. Often, this threat results in human victims. The spread of fire can vary depending on the factors and conditions in place. The location of a fire is a very important factor, and one of the most common locations of fire spreading a closed space. Most fires occur in closed spaces, particularly residential, industrial or commercial buildings. Fire can spread across virtually the entire closed space in these structures, from basements to attics. Residential buildings are among the most interesting structures in this sense, given the large number of people inside. Fire extinguishing tactics in residential buildings can vary depending on different factors, such as the function of the building in question, its interior arrangement, arrangement of communication routes, construction materials, etc. Therefore, it is very important to apply the proper tactic for fire extinguishing in closed spaces using proper fire extinguishers. This paper presents examples of extinguishing fires in closed space with proper tactics the potential use of simulation software as an important tool., Požar kao proces nekontroliranog sagorijevanja uvijek je praćen ugrožavanjem ljudskog života i štetom na materijalnim dobrima. Često je rezultat ugroze praćen ljudskim žrtama. Širenje požara može biti različito u ovisnosti od različitih faktora. Lokacija požara predstavlja veoma važan faktor. Jedna od veoma mogućih lokacija širenja požara je zatvoreni prostor. Najveći broj požara događa se u zatvorenom prostoru-stambenim objektima, industrijskim objektima, poslovnim objektima itd. Požar može zahvatiti svaki zatvoreni prostor ovih objekata, od podrumskog prostora pa do tavanskog prostora. Naravno, jedni od najinteresantnijih objekata u ovom smislu su stambene zgrade, najviše zbog velikog broja ljudi unutar njih. Taktika gašenja požara u ovom slučaju može biti različita u zavisnosti od različitih faktora, kao što su namijena zgrade, unutrašnji raspored u zgradi, raspored komunikacijskih ruta, materijala od kojih je zgrada napravljena itd. Dakle, veoma je važno izabrati odgovarajuću taktiku za gašenje požara u zatvorenom prostoru i odgovarajuća sredstva za gašenje. Ovaj rad je napisan kako bi pokazao primjere gašenje požara u zatvorenom prostoru i moguću upotrebu simulacijskog softvera kao pomoćnog alata.

Zbog sve veće potrebe za očuvanjem našeg planeta i smanjenjem emisije ugljičnog dioksida (CO2) tijekom gradnje, sve više se nameće korištenje jedinog materijala koji pohranjuje ugljik, a to je drvo. Osim zahtjeva za smanjenjem emisije štetnih plinova, javlja se potreba za što kraćim vremenom izgradnje i minimalnom upotrebom građevinskih strojeva, što je dovelo do razvoja sustava montažne gradnje. Ovaj rad se bavi inovativnim prošupljenim lijepljenim lameliranim drvenim elementima koji su namijenjeni za montažni sustav gradnje. Uspoređujući ovaj inovativni sustav s postojećim montažnim sustavima, prikazane su glavne značajke i ponašanje konstitutivnih elemenata u ambijentnim i požarnim uvjetima. Otpornost konstrukcija na požar uvelike doprinosi osjećaju sigurnosti i važan je kriterij za odabir građevnog materijala. Zapaljivost drveta jedan je od glavnih razloga zašto regulativa strogo ograničava drvo kao građevinski materijal, posebno za gradnju višekatnih objekata. Stoga, glavni preduvjet za uporabu drva u građevinama je osigurati adekvatnu požarnu otpornost, koristeći pasivne i aktivne mjere zaštite od požara. Zbog geometrije prošupljenih drvenih elemenata i tankih vertikalnih drveni stijenki između prošupljenja, djelovanje požara može dovesti do nepravilnih rezidualnih poprečnih presjeka sa većim dubinama pougljenja u usporedbi sa standardnim drvenim elemenata. Mehaničko i požarno opterećenje zajedno sa geometrijskim i materijalnim karakteristikama drvenih konstrukcija, imaju presudnu ulogu u istraživanju njihove otpornosti. Ovaj rad daje pregled mogućnosti i izazova u postizanju tog cilja vodeći se principima požarnog inženjerstva. U doktorskom radu provedena je eksperimentalna i numerička analiza utjecaja mehaničkog i požarnog opterećenja na prošupljene lijepljeno lamelirane drvene elemente, te usporedna analiza ponašanja ovog tipa elemenata sa ponašanjem za praksu uobičajenih GLT elementa. Eksperimentalno istraživanje provedeno je u dvije glavne faze. Prva faza odnosila se na istraživanje ponašanja prošupljenih uzoraka u ambijentnim uvjetima (savijanje, tlak okomito na vlakanca, posmik, vlak paralelno s vlakancima), dok se druga faza odnosila na istraživanje u požarnim uvjetima (izloženost linijskih elemenata s jedne i tri strane, nosivi zid, te spojevi). Razvijen je novi pristup numeričkog modeliranja metodom konačnih elemenata (MKE), korišten za evaluaciju debljine pougljenog sloja, te su predloženi proračunski modeli za određivanje mehaničke i požarne otpornosti prošupljenih drvenih elemenata.

The aim of diploma thesis on the topic "Use of assistive technologies in the operational and information centres of the integrated rescue system" is to evaluate the possibility of using assistive technologies in the operational and information centres of the integrated rescue system of the South Bohemian region. In my diploma thesis I first focus on the theoretical part, where basic information about the integrated rescue system and the fire brigade is summarized through professional literature, laws, and decrees. I also conducted a search of available professional sources. In the theoretical part, I also listed the most commonly used assistive technologies in the operational and information centres of the integrated rescue system. In the research part, I first focused on a survey of the opinions of the staff of the Operations and Information Centre of the Fire and Rescue Service of the South Bohemian Region on the use of assistive technologies through a questionnaire survey. Furthermore, in this part I deal with the analysis of types and subtypes of events for which it would be appropriate or inappropriate to use supporting technologies, namely, to compile an automatic technology designer. I compiled an analysis of statistics of departures and events in 2021, compiled into graphical summaries. From the evaluated answers to the given questions, it is evident that most operational technicians and officers agree with the introduction of assistive technologies. Likewise, the overall analysis shows the benefits for the use of an automatic technology designer. The contribution of this diploma thesis is the use of processed information at the operational and information centre of the Fire and Rescue Service of the South Bohemian Region.

Iako se čelik kao konstrukcijski materijal za industriju uspješno dokazuje i na tržištu južne i jugoistočne Europe, primjeri primjene u stambenoj gradnji su rijetki. Jaka tradicija gradnje ziđem i armiranim betonom još uvijek ograničava primjenu materijala poput čelika, unatoč primjerima dobre prakse iz zemalja poput Japana i SAD-a. Revizijom prednosti i nedostataka te prikazom rješenja tih nedostataka, posebno u skladu s tri osnovna sustava gradnje čelikom, može se uvidjeti da je to konkurentan i često racionalan izbor i za stambenu gradnju. Primjer proračuna stambene jedinice (vile) ilustrira prednosti i načine umanjenja nedostataka primjene čelika te na taj način zorno prikazuje mogućnosti njegove uporabe., Although structural steel for industrial use is successfully proven in the market of Southern and Southeastern Europe, examples of its use in residential construction are rare. A strong tradition of masonry and reinforced concrete construction still limits the use of materials like steel, despite examples of good practice in countries like Japan and USA. By reviewing the advantages and disadvantages and presenting the solutions to these disadvantages, especially in accordance with the three basic steel structure framing systems, it is clear that structural steel is a competitive and often rational choice for residential construction. The example of housing unit (villa) structural analysis illustrates the advantages and possibilities to reduce the disadvantages of the structural steel use, and thus clearly shows the possibilities of its use.

Title: Knowledge of the Principles of Public Behaviour in Emergencies among Ninth Grade Pupils of Primary Schools in Prague and Litoměřice Objectives: The diploma thesis aims to determine level of knowledge of principles of public behaviour in emergencies among ninth grade pupils in Prague and Litoměřice, specifically floods, chemical accident, fires and storms. Methods: compilation, survey questionnaire, analysis Results: Knowledge of the Principles of Public Behaviour in Emergencies among Ninth Grade Pupils were above average. Success rate of right answers was detected at 76 %. The knowledge of this specific field is sufficient due to overview teaching. At only three questions the answers did not exceed 50 %. As a weak spots can be indicated knowledge about general warning and principles during chamical accident. In comparation Litoměřice had better results by two percentage points than Prague. Men did less wrong answers than women by 4 %. Keywords: flood, fire, chemical accident, storm, evacuation, questionnaire

Развој заштите од пожара и нормативно уобличавање ватрогасних и превентивних пожарних мера у српској држави изграђиваној у XIX веку одвијали су се у складу са општим друштвеним приликама и степеном достигнутог државноправног развитка. Пожарна безбедност у обновљеној Србији развијала се почев од искуствене заштите од пожара, кроз учење на пропустима и уоченим грешкама током пожара, преко настојања да се контролише примена ватре у занатским процесима у првој половини XIX века, до подизања грађевина припремљених за пожарни сценарио и стварања пожарних чета осамдесетих година XIX века. Имајући у виду да је пожарна безбедност у прошлости Србије тек спорадично истраживана, њено научно истраживање чини се оправданим. Због прописаног обима рада предмет истраживања ограничен је на нормативни ниво пожарне безбедности као истраживачког проблема. У раду је анализиран правни оквир пожарне безбедности у Србији у првој половини XIX века, са посебним освртом на прописе о гашењу пожара, одредбе о превенцији пожара и одредбе којима је санкционисано нарушавање пожарне безбедности. Истраживање пожарне безбедности у прошлости Србије с циљем да се о њој стекне сређено, систематизовано и проверено сазнање, подразумевало је систематско трагање за ваљаним чињеницама, њихову анализу, интерпретацију и уопштавање у циљу извођења општих законитости. Чињенице садржане у релативно малом броју секундарних извора прове раване су упоређивањем са чињеницама прикупљеним из примарних извора, историјских докумената, применом историјског метода, док су као допунски коришћени метод анализе садржаја, догматско-правни и социолошки метод. The development of fire protection and the normative shaping of firefighting and preventive fire measures in the Serbian state built during the 19th century took place in accordance with the general social circumstances and the degree of achieved state and legal development. Fire safety in renewed Serbia has progressed from experiential fire protection, throughout learning from failures and observed errors during fires, through efforts to control the use of fire in craft processes in the first half of the 19th century to erecting buildings prepared for fire scenarios and creating fire brigades in 80s of the 19th century. The paper analyzes the legal framework of fire safety in Serbia in the first half of the 19th century, which consisted of regulations on fire extinguishing, provisions on fire prevention and provisions sanctioning violations of fire safety. During the first half of the 19th century, fire safety measures in Serbia were developed within the framework of general state and legal development and were characterized by a set of features present in all segments of state organization and its legal regulation. During the first reign of Prince Miloš, the area of fire protection, as well as the entire social life, was marked by standardization in the form of bylaws. Among them, the 1834 Decree on extinguishing fires from 1834, which would remain in force and be applied long after Miloš left Serbia, stands out in importance. During the rule of the so-called constitutionalists, based on the legal regulation of numerous issues of social and state life, progress in the field of fire protection was made by prescribing preventive fire measures and sanctions for violating fire safety. Due to its importance, even before it became the capital of the young Serbian principality in 1841, Belgarde was the subject of special attention of the state authorities in every sense, even in terms of fire protection. Both Prince Miloš Obrenović, who did not like to stay in it, and Prince Aleksandar Karadjordjević, who ruled Serbia together with the constitutionalists, aware of the increased risk of fire, prescribed protective fire-fighting measures for the implementation and supervision of which the Belgrade police was in charge. Several conclusions emerge from the performed analysis. The fire safety in Serbia in the observed period was often the subject of legal regulation. At first, the emphasis was on extinguishing fires, and later fire prevention was standardized. In accordance with such a development of fire protection standardization, sanctions for causing fires and violating preventive fire measures were also prescribed. The absence of professional firefighting is noticeable, in the sense that Serbia was behind the developed European countries by about a hundred years. However, entrusting fire safety to the competence of the police authorities was a solution characteristic of a developing country such as Serbia was in the first half of the 19th century.

This thesis is focused on emergencies and behavior during emergencies. The aim of the work was to find out whether the pupils of selected secondary schools know what emergency situations are and how they should behave during them. Based on the evaluation of the questionnaires that the students filled in, I am creating a possible lecture that could improve the students' awareness of the issue. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the definition of emergencies. I also deal with how the warning of the population, evacuation and hiding of the population in the event of an emergency occurs. I also deal with how to proceed in specific emergencies. Extraordinary situations are selected according to the probability of occurrence in our territory. The part devoted to the components of the integrated rescue system, which intervene in case of emergency situations, is also important. The theoretical part provides information important for the evaluation of questionnaires, which were used as a research tool in the practical part. In the practical part, I evaluate a total of 175 questionnaires from students from selected high schools. I summarize the results in several tables. From the questionnaires we can also read what level of study the students state as the one where they encountered the issue of...