Search

Uvod: Poznavanje prve pomoči je ključnega pomena za prepoznavo in ukrepanje pri nujnih in ne nujnih travmatoloških stanjih, zato je pomembno, da so javnosti dostopne zanesljive informacije. Zdravstveni delavci in tudi laiki morajo poznati ukrepe ob dogodkih, ki zahtevajo takojšnjo prvo pomoč, saj s tem pripomorejo k zmanjšanju negativnih posledic za zdravje poškodovanca. Namen in cilj: Namen diplomskega dela je ugotoviti prisotnost zmotnih prepričanj o prvi pomoči pri izbranih travmatoloških stanjih med laiki in študenti zdravstvenih smeri. Cilj diplomskega dela je ugotoviti, ali obstajajo statistično pomembne razlike med laiki in študenti zdravstvenih smeri glede poznavanja mitov in dejstev o prvi pomoči pri izbranih travmatoloških stanjih. Metode dela: V teoretičnem delu je bil narejen kritičen pregled znanstvene in strokovne literature. Za pripravo teoretičnih izhodišč je bila literatura iskana v mednarodnih bazah, kot so: Medline (v iskalniku PubMed), Cinahl, DiKul ter s pomočjo spletnega brskalnika Google. V empiričnem delu je bila uporabljena kvantitativno neeksperimentalna metoda dela. Podatki so bili zbrani s pomočjo odprtokodne aplikacije za izdelavo anket 1KA. Rezultati: Podatke, pridobljene z anketnim vprašalnikom, smo uredili s pomočjo Microsoftovega Excela 2019 in Microsoftovega Worda. Statistična obdelava podatkov pa je potekala s pomočjo programa SPSS verzija 26. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 466 oseb, od tega 281 študentov zdravstvene fakultete ter 185 laikov. Razprava in zaključek: Izkazalo se je, da so v večini pravilneje odgovorili študentje, razen pri treh trditvah: Če bom pomagal, me bodo tožili, če bom naredil kaj narobe Če bom poškodovanemu motoristu snel čelado, mu glava lahko pade na pol Utapljajočega moramo najprej udariti po glavi, da se onesvesti, šele potem ga rešujemo, kjer med laiki in študenti nismo ugotovili statistično pomembnih razlik. Ugotovili smo, da so v večini pravilneje odgovarjali študentje, pri čemer lahko sklepamo, da so dobro ločili med identificiranimi miti in dejstvi o prvi pomoči pri travmatoloških stanjih. Vsi, ki so kakorkoli povezani z usposabljanjem laične in strokovne javnosti o prvi pomoči, si morajo prizadevati, da ovržejo govorice in mite o ukrepih prve pomoči, ki so v nasprotju z doktrinarnimi napotki. Udeleženci usposabljanj morajo dobiti nedvoumne in jasne napotke v zvezi z nudenjem prve pomoči, saj lahko le tako odpravimo zmote in dileme oz. prispevamo k preprečitvi njihovega širjenja in nastanka novih. Introduction: Since knowledge of first aid is essential for recognising and responding to emergency and non-emergency trauma conditions, it is critical that reliable information is available to the public. Healthcare professionals and laypeople alike must be familiar with the actions to be taken in the event of an incident requiring immediate first aid, as this helps to minimise the negative consequences for the injured person's health.. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to find out if there are any misconceptions about first aid in specific trauma situations among laypeople and medical students. The aim of this thesis is to determine if there are statistically significant differences in laypeople's and medical students' knowledge of myths and facts about first aid for particular trauma conditions. Methods: The theoretical section of the paper conducts a critical review of the scientific and professional literature. To prepare the theoretical background, the literature was searched in international databases such as Medline (PubMed), Cinahl, DiKul, and Google. In the empirical section, a quantitative, non-experimental method of work was used. The data were collected using the open-source survey application 1KA. Results: The data collected from the survey questionnaire was edited in 2019 Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word. The data was statistically processed using SPSS version 26. The study included 466 subjects, 281 of whom were medical students and 185 were laypeople. Discussion and conclusion: Except for three statements: if I help, I will be sued if I do something wrong if I remove an injured motorcyclist's helmet, his skull might break in half we must first hit the drowning person on the head to knock him unconscious, then we rescue him there were no statistically significant differences between laypeople and students. We found that students were more likely to answer correctly, implying that they were adept at distinguishing between the identified myths and facts about trauma first aid. All those involved in training the lay and professional public in first aid should make every effort to dispel rumours and myths about first aid measures that contradict doctrinal guidance. Participants in training sessions must be given unambiguous and clear guidance on first aid since this is the only way to eliminate or help prevent the spread and creation of new fallacies and dilemmas.

Prirastne značilnosti, distribucija vode v drevesu, horizontalna in vertikalna električna upornost živih tkiv in odziv na mehanske poškodbe so bile proučene pri 35 posekanih in 428 rastočih jelkah (Abies alba Mill.) z dveh reprezentativnih dinarskih jelovo-bukovih rastišč (Bistra in Ravnik). Radialna rast v prsni višini se je izkazala kot najbolj občutljiv kazalec prizadetosti oz. zdravosti drevesa. Za prizadete jelke je značilna dehidracija beljave in pojav mokrin na lokaciji neobarvane jedrovine, ki radiirajo v beljavo ("patološko mokro srce"). Horizontalna (pri stoječih drevesih) in vertikalna (na prečnih prerezih kolutov) električna upornost živih tkiv senzitivno karakterizirata zdravstveno stanje ali cenotski status dreves. Reakcija dreves na poškodbe je večterna in se odraža kot (a) "fosilizacija" starejših diferencirajočih se celic v kambijevi coni, (b) v močni parenhimatizaciji zaradi sproščanja skorjinega tlaka in rastnih napetosti v lesu (nastanek barierne cone) ter (c) "juvenilizaciji" in (d) deorientaciji po poškodovanju. Growth characteristics, water distribution in stems, horizontal and vertical electrical resistance of living tissue, and response to mechanical injury were studied on 35 felled and 428 growing silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) trees from two representative Dinaric silver fir-beech stands (Bistra and Ravnik). Radial growth at breast height proved to be the most sensitive indicator of tree health. Affected silver fir trees are characterised by dehydration of the sapwood and the appearance of wet wood at the location of the uncoloured heartwood radiating into the sapwood ('pathological wet heart'). The horizontal (in standing trees) and vertical (in cross-sections of the discs) electrical resistance of living tissues is a sensitive indicator of tree health or social status. The response of trees to wounding is diverse and manifests itself in (a) 'fossilisation' of older differentiating cells in the cambium zone, (b) severe parenchymatization due to the release of bark pressure and growth stresses in the wood (formation of the barrier zone), and (c) 'juvenilisation' and (d) disorientation of cells after wounding.

Na vzorcu 80 mladih teniških igralcev in igralk, ki so bili uvrščeni na slovensko teniško lestvico v starostni kategorij do 14 in do 16 let, smo preverjali razlike v testih gibljivosti med poškodovanimi in nepoškodovanimi igralci. Primerjali smo tudi gibljivost med spoloma, gibljivost med igralci do 14 let in igralci do 16 let, gibljivost med dominanto in nedominantno stranjo in povezanost gibljivosti s količino teniškega in kondicijskega treninga. Hipoteze smo preverili z Mann Whitney U testom. Hipotezi povezanost med testi gibljivosti, količino kondicijskih in teniških treningov smo preverili s Spearmanovim korelacijskim koeficientom. Bilateralno primerjavo strani smo izvedli z Wilcoxonovim testom. Rezultati so pokazali, da obstajajo razlike med igralci s poškodbo in brez poškodbe rame v gibljivosti dorzalne fleksije zapestja dominantne in nedominantne roke. Med spoloma smo ugotovili statistično značilno razliko pri gibljivosti abdukcije kolka dominantne noge. Ko smo primerjali razlike v gibljivosti med starostnima skupinama do 14 let in do 16 let smo ugotovili statistično značilne razlike v gibljivosti fleksije komolca dominantne roke in abdukciji kolka nedominantne noge. Med dominantno in nedominantno stranjo smo ugotovili razlike v gibljivosti notranje in zunanje rotacije ramena ter dorzalni fleksiji zapestja. Pri obsegu kondicijskih treningov smo odkrili nizko in pozitivno povezanost z gibljivostjo notranje rotacije ramena dominantne roke, srednjo in negativno z gibljivostjo elevacije skozi abdukcijo ramena dominantne roke, nizko in negativno z gibljivostjo ramena nedominantne roke ter nizko in negativno z gibljivostjo fleksije komolca dominantne roke. Dobljeni rezultati so pokazali, da uporabljeni testi gibljivosti ne pokažejo razlik med poškodovanimi in nepoškodovanimi igralkami in igralci, razen pri poškodbah ramena. Looking at the sample of 80 young male and female tennis players who classified in the Slovenian tennis ranking lists in the age categories to 14 and to 16 years old, we focused on the differences in flexibility tests among injured and uninjured players. We also compared the flexibility between sexes, the flexibility between player up to 14 years old and players up to 16 years old, the flexibility between the dominant and non-dominant side, and the relationship between the flexibility and the amount of tennis and conditioning training. Hypotheses were verified with the Mann Whitney U test. The connection between flexibility tests, the amount of conditioning and tennis training was checked using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Bilateral sides comparison was checked with the Wilcoxon test. The results showed that there are differences between players with and without a shoulder injury in dorsiflexion flexibility of the dominant and non-dominant wrist. We found a statistically significant difference between the sexes in the flexibility of abduction of the hip on a dominant side. When comparing age groups up to 14 and up to 16 years, we found that there are statistically significant differences in the flexibility of flexion of the dominant elbow and in the abduction of the non-dominant hip. Comparing the dominant and non-dominant side, we found differences in the flexibility of internal and external rotation of the shoulder and the dorsiflexion of the wrist. However, we found a low and positive correlation between the amount of conditioning training per week with the flexibility of the internal rotation of the shoulder on the dominant arm, a medium and negative correlation with the flexibility of elevation through abduction of the shoulder on the dominant arm, a low and negative correlation with the flexibility of the shoulder on the non-dominant arm and a low and negative correlation with the flexibility of flexion of the elbow on the dominant arm. The obtained results showed that the flexibility tests used did not show differences between injured and uninjured female and male players, except for shoulder injuries.

Namen magistrskega dela je bil raziskati pojavnost in značilnosti poškodb, ki se pojavljajo pri tekmovalcih v ju-jitsu borbah. Cilj magistrskega dela je bil ugotoviti tip in anatomsko lokacijo poškodb, ugotoviti, katere poškodbe so značilne za vsakega od treh delov ju-jitsu borbe, raziskati timing in okoliščine poškodb ter morebiten vpliv izvajanja dodatne kondicijske priprave na incidenco poškodb. Raziskava je bila narejena s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika, v katerem je sodelovalo 118 tekmovalcev iz Slovenije in drugih evropskih držav, od tega jih je bilo 83 moškega in 35 ženskega spola. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je bil najpogostejši tip poškodbe zvin/ligamentarna poškodba (30 %), temu so sledile mišične poškodbe (16 %) ter na tretjem mestu izpahi/subluksacije (10 %). Poškodbam so bili najbolj izpostavljeni večji sklepi – koleno (25 %) rama/ključnica (15 %) in gleženj (13 %). Največ poškodb se je zgodilo v tekmovalnem obdobju (45 %) in sicer na sredini (57 %) treninga (72 %). Za najbolj izpostavljen del borbe z vidika poškodb se je izkazal drugi del borbe, kjer se je zgodilo 61 % vseh poškodb. Med izvajanjem kondicijske priprave in pojavnostjo poškodb nismo našli statistično značilne povezave. Rezultati so pokazali celo, da je večina tistih, ki so utrpeli najpogostejše poškodbe, izvajala dodatno kondicijsko pripravo. The purpose of this master's thesis was to identify incidence of injuries in ju-jitsu fighting and its characteristics. The aim was to find most common type and anatomical location of the injuries and indentify the most most common injuries that happen in each of three parts of ju-jitsu fight. We were also interested in determining the timing and circumstances of injuries and in finding an impact of additional physical preparation on injury incidence. The study was conducted using an online questionnaire, which was answered by 118 ju-jitsu competitors from Slovenia and other European countries (83 male and 35 female). The analysis showed that the most common injury tipe was sprain or ligament injury (30 %), followed by muscular injuries (16 %) and subloxations or dislocations (10 %). Larger joints were proved to be the most frequently damaged parts with knee in the first place (25 %), followed by shoulder or collarbone (15 %) and ankle injury (13 %). The most of the observed injuries happened during the competition period (45 %) in the middle (57 %) of the training (72 %). The second part of the fight turned out to be the most exposed part of the fight, where 61 % of all injuries occurred. Statistically significant relationship between performing additional physical preparation and injury incidence were not found. Opposite – majority of the injured athletes had been performing physical preparation.

The European Spongy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is an abundant species found in oak woods in Central and Southern Europe, the Near East, and North Africa and is an important economic pest. It is a voracious eater and can completely defoliate entire trees repeated severe defoliation can add to other stresses, such as weather extremes or human activities. Lymantria dispar is most destructive in its larval stage (caterpillars), stripping away foliage from a broad variety of trees (>500 species). Caterpillar infestation is an underestimated problem medical literature reports that established populations of caterpillars may cause health problems to people and animals. Inflammatory reactions may occur in most individuals after exposure to setae, independent of previous exposure. Currently, chemical and mechanical methods, natural predators, and silvicultural practices are included for the control of this species. Various insecticides have been used for its control, often through aerial sprayings, which negatively affect biodiversity, frequently fail, and are inappropriate for urban/recreational areas. However, bioinsecticides based on various microorganisms (e.g., entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi) as well as technologies such as mating disruption using sex pheromone traps have replaced insecticides for the management of L. dispar.

Uvod: V Sloveniji je vedno več športov namenjenih invalidom. Vedno več je tudi invalidov, ki so zainteresirani za šport. Za športno aktivnost na vozičkih pa je potreben za to primeren invalidski voziček. Le-ti se razlikujejo od standardnih in so prilagojeni športniku ter vrsti športa. Šport ne pomeni samo profesionalno ukvarjanje s športom, šport je tudi rehabilitacija. Z izborom primernega športa za invalida se pripomore k hitrejši rehabilitaciji, saj bolnik športa ne vzame kot terapije temveč kot zabavo in sprostitev. Različna društva skrbijo, da se v različnih športnih panogah tudi tekmuje. Organizirajo različna tekmovanja od državnih prvenstev enkrat letno do ligaških tekmovanj, ki potekajo celo leto. Del športne kariere pa so na žalost tudi poškodbe. Športniki na invalidskih vozičkih predstavljajo skupino atletov, ki imajo potencialno edinstven profil tveganosti za poškodbe povezane s športom. Kadar pri športnikih na vozičkih pride do poškodbe, je oteženo tudi njihovo vsakdanje življenje. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je na podlagi pregleda znanstvene in strokovne literature ugotoviti katere poškodbe so najpogostejše med športi za invalide na vozičkih. Ugotoviti želimo ali obstaja povezava med poškodbami v košarki, tenisu, atletiki in ragbiju na invalidskih vozičkih. Metode dela: Opravili smo pregled literature v angleškem jeziku v podatkovnih bazah Google Učenjak in PubMed z uporabo iskalnega niza šport na vozičkih in poškodbe. Rezultati: Kot primerne za naše delo smo opredelili deset člankov. Ti zajemajo različne športe na invalidskih vozičkih in poškodbe povezane z le tem. Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovili smo, da se največ poškodb zgodi pri dirkanju na vozičkih, tesno mu sledi košarka na vozičkih. Največ je poškodb mehkih tkiv in žuljev. Poškodbe zgornjega dela telesa so najbolj pogosto območje poškodb. Meti, dirkanje na vozičkih in športi z loparjem imajo ponavljajoče se gibe skozi igro, kar poveča obremenitev rok, zapestja in komolca, vse to pa vodi do poškodb kot so neravnovesje mišičnih tetiv, preobremenitvenega sindroma in odrgnin. Pri kontaktnih športih so prevladujoče poškodbe, ki so nastale zaradi fizičnega kontakta. Vsaj 50% športnikov je v času športne kariere doživelo poškodbo med igranjem športa. Med tipom invalidnosti, klasifikacijo invalidnosti in spolom ni bistvenih razlik v pogostosti poškodb. Introduction: In Slovenia, the number of sports intended for disabled people is on increase. Also, the number of disabled people interested in sports is constantly rising. However, wheelchair sports require a suitable wheelchair. These differ from regular wheelchairs and are adapted to the athlete and the requirements of the sport. Sport is not just playing sports professionally, it is also a form of rehabilitation. Choosing a suitable sport for the disabled person enhances their rehabilitation since the patient does not perceive sport as a form of therapy but as a relaxation and having fun. Different associations also offer the opportunity to compete in different sports. They organize various competitions, such as annul national championships and league competitions which are held throughout the year. Unfortunately, injuries are also unavoidable part of a sports career. Wheelchair athletes represent a group of athletes who have a potentially unique risk profile for sports-related injuries. When wheelchair athletes suffer an injury it also affects and aggravates their everyday life. Purpose: The thesis aim is to identify the most common injuries among wheelchair sportspersons. The study is based on a review of professional and scientific literature. The purpose of the work was to determine a link among sports-related injuries in wheelchair basketball, wheelchair tennis, wheelchair athletics and wheelchair rugby. Methods: A review of the relevant literature published in the English language was conducted using the databases Google Scholar and PubMed by means of search string wheelchair sports AND injuries. Results: Ten articles were selected for the review. They cover various wheelchair sports and injuries related to them. Discussion and conclusion: It was established that most injuries occur in wheelchair racing, closely followed by wheelchair basketball. Soft tissue and blister injuries are the most common. The injuries prevail in the upper body area. Throwing, wheelchair racing and racket sports require repetitive movements throughout the game, which increases the strain on the arms, wrists and elbows, causing injuries such as muscle tendon imbalances, overload syndromes and abrasions. In contact sports, injuries caused by physical contact are predominant. At least half of the participating athletes suffer injuries while playing sports during their sports career. There are no significant differences in the frequency of injuries between the types of disabilities, the classification of the disability and gender.

Za izboljšanje gospodarnosti toplega iztiskanja Al profilov je za inženirjev v praksi podaljšanje življenjske dobe orodij pomembna naloga saj ima orodje pomembno postavko pri ceni iztiskanega profila. Nastanek razpok, obraba, krušenje nitridnih plasti, plastična deformacija, lomi, itd., so najpogostejši vzroki za odpoved orodij, ki ne zagotavljajo več doseganje zahtev kupca glede kvalitete iztiskanih profilov. Katera od poškodb bo odločilno vplivala na življenjsko dobo orodja je odvisno od konstrukcije orodja, kvalitete materiala orodnega jekla, obremenitev in tehnoloških deformacijskih parametrov, izbranih parametrov nitriranja (nitridiranje), vzdrževanja, itd., i.e. gre za kompleksen problem. Izboljšanje obrabne obstojnosti drsnih površin je pomembno za podaljšanje življenjske dobe orodji pri čemer se večinoma uporablja postopek plinskega nitriranja. Ta postopek v času služenja orodja lahko tudi večkrat ponovimo. Na izbranih orodjih za toplo iztiskanje Al je bila opravljena analiza vzrokov za nastalo poškodbo ter rekonstrukcija njihovega razvoja ter tako tudi predlagane izboljšave za podaljšanje življenjskih dob analiziranih orodij. Prekomerno izločanje nitridov na kristalne meje je posledica nepravilnih parametrov nitriranja, to so čas, temperatura in potencial nitriranja. To vodi do pokanja nitridov in s tem njihovega hitrejšega adhezijskega odnašanja delov zrn z površine. Na drsnih površinah matric in trnov prevladujejo različni kontaktni pritiski, kar vodi do lokalnega povečanja obrabe na področjih maksimalnih kontaktnih pritiskov. Proces obrabe se nadaljuje z tvorbo majhnih brazd med adhezijsko odnešenimi plastmi s površine ter njihovim podaljševanjem v smeri drsenja materiala, ter tudi lateralnim širjenjem brazd oz. tvorbe žleba v lateralni smeri. Ob lateralnem dotiku dveh vzporednih brazd v smeri drsenja materiala se nam začne tvoriti žleb tudi v lateralni smeri, ki z nadalnjim razvojem obrabe vodi do tvorbe daljšega žleba po obodu drsne površine. Extending the die service time is for engineers in practice an important task for improvement the economy of hot extrusion of Al profiles since the dies have an important proportion in the price of the extruded profile. The formation of cracks, wear, crushing of nitride layers, plastic deformation, fractures, etc., are the most common causes of failure of dies, i.e. the time when used dies can not ensure the customer's requirements regarding the quality of extruded profiles, i.e. dimension tolerances, surface finish and mechanical properties. Which of the damages will be decisive at service time of dies depends on the construction of the dies (Al flow), the quality of die steels, loads and technological deformation parameters, selected parameters of nitriding, maintenance, etc., i.e. it is a complex problem. Improving the wear resistance of the sliding surfaces is important for extending the die service time whereas gas nitriding process is mostly used for improving of wear resistance of bearing surface. The process of nitriding can be repeated several times during the service lime of dies. An analysis of the causes leading to damages and a reconstruction of their development on selected dies for hot extrusion of Al were performed as well as improvements for extension of service time of the analysed dies are given. Excessive occurrence of nitrides on grain boundaries is the result of improper nitriding parameters, i.e. time, temperature and nitriding potential. This leads to the cracking of nitrides on grain boundaries and thus to accelerated adhesive removal of small parts from die bearing surface. Different contact pressures prevail around the perimeter of the bearing surface of dies and mandrels higher contact pressures leads to increase of wear, i.e. increased density of adhesive removed parts (craters) from bearing surface. The wear progress continues with the formation of small furrows between the adhesively removed craters from the surface and their lengthening in the direction of aluminium sliding, as well as the lateral expansion of the furrows or formation of the groove in the lateral direction. Upon lateral contact of two parallel furrows in the direction of sliding of the material, a groove begins to form in the lateral direction as well, which with further development of wear leads to the formation of a longer groove around the perimeter of the bearing surface.

Športno plezanje v zadnjih nekaj letih doživlja razcvet, še posebej po tem, ko je bilo umeščeno na olimpijske igre. Vedno več je plezalnih centrov, plezališč in plezalcev. Spreminja se tudi slog plezanja, plezanje samo pa postaja čedalje zahtevnejše, s čimer so tudi obremenitve na človeško telo večje. Odgovor na obremenitve pri plezanju pa so športno specifične poškodbe. V magistrskem delu so nas zanimale poškodbe ramenskega sklepa pri športnem plezanju, kaj so razlogi za njihov nastanek in kako bi jih lahko preprečili. V ta namen smo pregledali domačo in tujo literaturo, opravili sistematični pregled obstoječih znanstvenih člankov in izvedli intervjuje z naprednejšimi plezalci, ki so si v preteklosti med plezanjem poškodovali ramo. Ugotovili smo, da so poškodbe ramena čedalje pogostejše in predstavljajo povprečno 17,4 % vseh poškodb, nastalih med športnim plezanjem, ter da sta dve najpogostejši poškodbi ramena SLAP lezija in utesnitveni sindrom. Ugotovili smo tudi, da je pri plezalcih pogosto prisotna nepravilna drža, ki je posledica obremenitev pri plezanju in nastalih mišičnih neravnovesji, kar lahko predstavlja dejavnik tveganja za poškodbo. Zato smo sestavili preventivni program vadbe za ramenski sklep, ki je usmerjen v odpravljanje nepravilne drže in razvoj ustreznega mišičnega ravnovesja ter stabilnost ramena. Sport climbing has been blossoming for the last few years, especially after it became an Olympic sport. The number of climbing gyms and areas is growing, as well as the number of climbers. The style of climbing is changing and getting more difficult, leading to an increased load on the human body. The result are sport specific injuries. In Master's thesis we were interested in shoulder injuries in sport climbing, reasons for their occurrence and how we could prevent them. For that purpose, we reviewed domestic and foreign literature, carried out systematic review of existing scientific articles and interviewed advanced climbers who have recently injured their shoulder while climbing. Our finding is that shoulder injuries are becoming more common and represent averagely 17,4 % of all injuries that occur at sport climbing, of which SLAP lesion and impingement syndrome are the most frequent two. We also discovered that climbers often suffer from bad posture, which is a consequence of both physical loads present during climbing and muscle imbalances, and represents a risk factor of developing a shoulder injury. Therefore, we made a shoulder injury prevention program, oriented to fix a bad posture and develop proper muscle balance and stability of the shoulder.

Vedno več je delovnih mest pri katerih so delavci psihično in fizično preobremenjeni. Človek vse večji del življenja preživi na delovnem mestu, zato je pomembno, da delovno mesto in delovni proces na človeško telo ne vplivata negativno. Pisarniško delo po nekaterih teorijah spada med manj zahtevnejša dela, vendar pa v zadnjih letih v tej delovni panogi zdravstvene težave strmo naraščajo. V delu sem želela raziskati razloge prav iz tega vidika ter hkrati predlagati določene ukrepe za preprečitev naraščanja le-teh. V uvodu diplomskega dela sem predstavila pisarniško delo in zgornje okončine, na katere pisarniško delo vpliva. V nadaljevanju sem se posvetila vzrokom, zakaj do določenih bolečin pride. Osrednji del diplomske naloge sem namenila raziskavi vaj, ki bolečine omilijo ali odpravijo, in za konec opisala ukrepe, ki se mi zdijo smiselni za vse organizacije, v katerih je prisotno pisarniško delo. Ob upoštevanju vseh ukrepov in izvajanju vaj lahko preprečimo marsikatero zdravstveno težavo ter zagotovimo boljše delovno okolje in bolj produktivne delavce. There are more and more jobs where workers are mentally and physically overburdened. Time spent at work is increasing so it’s important that the workplace and work process itself don’t have a negative impact on the human body. According to some theories, office work is one of the least physically demanding jobs but in the recent years the health issues in this type of work have been on the rise. This is the perspective I wanted to look from and also explore different causes for various health issues while also proposing a few measures to prevent them. In the introduction I described the office work and the upper body limbs that are affected by it. Next, I focused on various causes for different kinds of pain. In the body part of my thesis I researched different exercises that should alleviate or even eliminate the pain. Towards the end I wrote about different approaches that office workers could benefit from. By keeping various measures in place, exercising dutifully and ensuring a better working environment the workers could face less health problems and be more productive.

Uvod: Prva pomoč je nudenje pomoči poškodovanim pred prihodom reševalcev, ki jo lahko izvaja kdorkoli v katerikoli situaciji. Prvi korak je, da prepoznamo, da nekdo potrebuje pomoč in klic na številko 112. Drugi korak je ustrezno znanje za nudenje prve pomoči. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti pravilne laične ukrepe prve pomoči pri motoristu, udeleženem v prometni nesreči. Poudarek bo na zbiranju informacij o ustreznem nudenju prve pomoči na mestu nesreče in drugih ukrepih. Hkrati bomo predstavili, kako zmanjšati strah in stres pri nudenju prve pomoči, da bi se za nudenje pomoči odločilo čim več posameznikov. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela. Naredili smo pregled slovenske in tuje strokovno-znanstvene literature. Literaturo smo iskali v različnih podatkovnih bazah. Vključitveni kriteriji za uporabo literature v diplomskem delu so bili: v celoti prosto dostopna vsebina na spletu za člane knjižnice Univerze v Ljubljani, slovenski ali angleški jezik, leto objave 2012 ali pozneje in recenzija, medtem ko je bil izključitveni kriterij vsebinsko neskladje literature z obravnavano temo. Zaradi relevantnosti nekatere starejše literature smo uporabili tudi literaturo, ki je starejša od 10 let. Rezultati: Razjasnili smo način pravilnega pristopa do poškodovanca, način odstranjevanja čelade in pomembnost stabilnega bočnega položaja. Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovili smo dramatični uspeh pri preprečevanju prometnih poškodb s prizadevanjem, priskrbeti pravočasno in tehnično pravilno prvo pomoč. Neuporaba zaščitne čelade je bila povezana s povečanim tveganjem za hude poškodbe. Raziskave kažejo, da motoristična čelada zmanjša tveganje za poškodba vratne hrbtenice pri nesrečah z motorjem, posebej pri tistih motoristih, ki nosijo čelado s polno pokritostjo. Z raziskavami so ovrgli prepričanje, da lahko motoristična čelada med trčenjem škoduje hrbtenici. Ugotovitve kažejo, da če ponesrečenca pravi čas namestimo v ustrezen položaj, zmanjšamo možnost zapore dihalnih poti in s tem smrt. Veliko laikov ne pozna stabilnega bočnega položaja oziroma položaj za nezavestnega, zato tudi ne ukrepajo pravilno. Introduction: First aid is the provision of assistance to the injured before the arrival of paramedics, which can be provided by anyone in any situation. The first step is to recognize that someone needs our help and call 112. The other is the appropriate knowledge to provide first aid. Purpose: The purpose of the diploma thesis is to present the correct lay first aid measures for a motorcyclist involved in a traffic accident. The focus will be on gathering information on appropriate first aid at the scene of an accident and other measures. At the same time, it will be presented how to reduce the fear and stress of providing first aid in order to make the decision to provide assistance to as many individuals as possible. Metods: In the diploma work we used a descriptive method of work. We reviewed Slovenian and foreign professional and scientific literature. We searched the literature in various databases. Inclusion criteria for the use of literature in the thesis were: fully freely available online content for members of the University of Ljubljana library, Slovenian or English, year of publication 2012 or later and review, while the exclusion criterion was substantive inconsistency of literature with the topic. . Due to the relevance of some older literature, we also used literature older than 10 years. Results: We clarified the method of the correct approach to the injury, the method of removing the helmet and the importance of a stable lateral position. Discussion and conclusion: We have found dramatic successes in preventing traffic injuries with providing timely and technically correct first aid. Failure to use a protective helmet is associated with increased magnification for severe injuries. Studies suggest that motorcycle helmets protection against CSI injuries in motorcycle accidents, especially in those who wore a helmet with full coverage. Research dispels the myth that a motorcycle helmet can damage the spine during a collision. The findings show that if the victim is placed in the right position at the right time, the possibility of airway obstruction and thus death is reduced. Many lay people do not know the stable lateral position or the position of the unconscious and therefore do not act properly.

Racket sports such as padel are characterized by the repetition of unilateral gestures, which can lead to negative adaptations like asymmetries or overuse musculoskeletal injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in ball impact positions (i.e., forward or backward of the center of gravity) in nine stroke types in a sample of forty-eight recreational male padel players. The sample included 14,478 shots corresponding to 18 matches from six tournaments. Forty-eight male padel players were classified into two groups according to their level: trained (n = 24) and novice (n = 24). Type of stroke and ball impact position were registered using a computerized motion tracking video system. The ball impact position was computed from the distance (cm) between the coordinates of the ball and the player’s center of gravity. Results show that trained players hit the ball in a more backward position (from 11 to 25 cm, compared to novice) in serve and offensive strokes (volleys, trays, and smashes) but used more forward strokes (from 7 to 32 cm, compared to novice) in defensive shots (groundstrokes, wall strokes, and lobs). Because the current differential variables are trainable and demonstrated to be of relevance for performance, the findings of this study may assist padel coaches in designing proper training plans to improve effectiveness and to prevent musculoskeletal injuries regarding the type of stroke and ball impact position. Such knowledge may constitute a very important factor affecting technique, biomechanics, and injury management in padel players of different competitive levels.

The positive effects of dance on health indices in youth are widely recognized, but participation in dance is accompanied with a certain risk of injury. This prospective study aimed to investigate injury occurrence and to evaluate the possible influences of specific predictors on the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems and injuries in adolescent dancers. Participants were 126 dancers (21 males 11–18 years), who were competitors in the urban dance, rock and roll, and standard/Latin dance genres. Predictors included sociodemographic factors, anthropometric/body build indices, sport (dance) factors, and dynamic balance. The outcome variable was injury status, and this was evaluated by the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC). Predictors were evaluated at baseline, and outcomes were continuously monitored during the study period of 3 months. During the study course, 53% of dancers reported the occurrence of a musculoskeletal problem/injury, and dancers suffered from an average of 0.72 injuries over the study period (95% CI: 0.28–1.41), giving a yearly injury rate of 280%. Gender and dance styles were not significantly related to the occurrence of injury. Higher risk for injury was evidenced in older and more experienced dancers. Dynamic balance, as measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), was a significant protective factor of injury occurrence, irrespective of age/experience in dance. Knowing the simplicity and applicability of the SEBT, continuous monitoring of dynamic balance in adolescent dancers is encouraged. In order to prevent the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems/injuries in youth dancers, we suggest the incorporation of specific interventions aimed at improving dynamic balance.

Damaging behaviors (DB) such as tail and ear biting are prevalent in pig production and reduce welfare and performance. Anecdotal reports suggest that health challenges increase the risk of tail-biting. The prevalence of tail damage and health problems show high correlations across batches within and between farms. There are many common risk factors for tail-biting and health problems, notably respiratory, enteric and locomotory diseases. These include suboptimal thermal climate, hygiene, stocking density and feed quality. The prevalence of tail damage and health problems also show high correlations across batches within and between farms. However, limited evidence supports two likely causal mechanisms for a direct link between DB and health problems. The first is that generalized poor health (e.g., enzootic pneumonia) on farm poses an increased risk of pigs performing DB. Recent studies indicate a possible causal link between an experimental inflammation and an increase in DB, and suggest a link between cytokines and tail-biting. The negative effects of poor health on the ingestion and processing of nutrients means that immune-stimulated pigs may develop specific nutrient deficiencies, increasing DB. The second causal mechanism involves tail-biting causing poor health. Indirectly, pathogens enter the body via the tail lesion and once infected, systemic spread of infection may occur. This occurs mainly via the venous route targeting the lungs, and to a lesser extent via cerebrospinal fluid and the lymphatic system. In carcasses with tail lesions, there is an increase in lung lesions, abscessation, arthritis and osteomyelitis. There is also evidence for the direct spread of pathogens between biters and victims. In summary, the literature supports the association between poor health and DB, particularly tail-biting. However, there is insufficient evidence to confirm causality in either direction. Nevertheless, the limited evidence is compelling enough to suggest that improvements to management and housing to enhance pig health will reduce DB. In the same way, improvements to housing and management designed to address DB, are likely to result in benefits to pig health. While most of the available literature relates to tail-biting, we suggest that similar mechanisms are responsible for links between health and other DB.

Uvod: Poškodbe v dimljah sodijo med ene izmed pogostejših poškodb pri športu. Pri nogometu predstavljajo od 8 % do 18 % vseh poškodb pri moških. Večino poškodb v dimljah predstavljajo poškodbe adduktornih mišic, najverjetneje zaradi velikih ekscentričnih sil, ki delujejo na te mišice med sunkovitimi gibi. Najpomembnejši dejavniki tveganja za poškodbo v dimljah so zmanjšana zmogljivost adduktornih mišic, predhodne poškodbe v dimljah, višji nivo tekmovanja in nespecifičnost vadbe glede na šport. Pri osebah z bolečinami v dimljah je bil opažen deficit v ekscentrični zmogljivosti adduktornih mišic, kar nakazuje na potencialno učinkovitost preventivnih vadbenih programov, usmerjenih v povečanje zmogljivosti teh mišic. Namen: Na podlagi pregleda literature ugotoviti učinkovitost preventivnih vadbenih programov za preprečevanje poškodb v dimljah pri nogometaših. Metode dela: Primerna literatura je bila iskana v elektronskih podatkovnih zbirkah podatkov PubMed in PEDro, v časovnem okviru od 2001 do 2021. Vključene so bile randomizirane nadzorovane raziskave o preventivnih vadbenih programih, v katerih so bili preiskovanci nogometaši in so beležili poškodbe. Raziskave so bile analizirane glede na lastnosti preiskovancev, značilnosti raziskav, merjene izide in učinkovitost vadbenih programov. Rezultati: V analizo je bilo zaradi omejene literature in zagotavljanja relativne primerljivosti vključenih le šest raziskav. Pri eni raziskavi je bila intervencija copenhagenska vaja addukcije, pri dveh set šestih vaj, pri preostalih treh pa različica FIFA 11+ programa. Vadbene programe so nogometaši izvajali eno sezono, enkrat do štirikrat tedensko. Glavna mera izida je bila število poškodb v dimljah. Le pri copenhagenski vaji addukcije so prišli do statistično značilnih rezultatov, in sicer do 41 % zmanjšanja števila poškodb v dimljah. Pri drugih raziskavah pa rezultati niso bili statistično značilni oziroma le-tega niso izračunali za dimeljske mišice. Doslednost rednega izvajanja programov je bila v večini raziskav nizka, z razponom od 32,7 % do 83,0 %. Razprava in zaključek: Na podlagi pregledane literature težko dokončno sklepamo o učinkovitosti preventivnih vadbenih programov za preprečevanje poškodb v dimljah, saj je bila dokazano učinkovita le copenhagenska vaja addukcije. Druge raziskave so imele več omejitev, ki so onemogočile postavljanje zaključkov. Eden glavnih razlogov za nespecifičnost rezultatov je gotovo neredno izvajanje programa, kar je vidno skoraj pri vseh raziskavah. Kljub vsemu rezultati večine raziskav kažejo v smer, da izvajanje preventivnih vadbenih programov zmanjša pojavnost poškodb v dimljah, vendar bodo za oprijemljive rezultate potrebne nadaljnje raziskave, v katerih bodo odpravljene izpostavljene pomanjkljivosti. Introduction: Groin injuries are one of the most common injuries in sports. They represent from 8 % to 18 % of all injuries in male football (soccer). Most of groin injuries are adductor muscles injuries, probably because of great eccentric forces that these muscles endure during quick and powerful movements. The most important groin injury risk factors are reduced adductor muscles strength, previous groin injury, higher level of play and lower levels of sport-specific training. A deficit of eccentric adductor muscles strength was observed in players with groin pain, which indicates the potential efficiency of exercise programs, which would focus to improve the strength of these muscles. Purpose: The objective was to determine the efficacy of specific exercise programs in preventing groin injuries in football players. Methods: English literature published between 2001 and 2021 was searched for in PubMed and PEDro databases. Only randomized controlled trials about exercise prevention programs, in which the subjects were footballers and injuries were reported, were included. The literature was analyzed based upon characteristics of subjects, properties of studies, outcome measures and efficacy of exercise programs. Results: Due to limited available literature and to ensure relative comparability, only six studies were included in the analysis. One of the exercise programs included Copenhagen adduction exercise, two included a specific set of six exercises and the other three used a variant of the FIFA 11+ program. The program was implemented one to four times a week for a whole season. The main outcome measure was the number of groin injuries. Only the Copenhagen adduction exercise produced statistically significant results, lowering the groin injury incidence by 41 %. The rest of the studies did not produce statistically significant results or they did not calculate the statistics for the groin injuries. Compliance with the program was low in most of the studies, ranging from 32.7 % to 83.0 %. Discussion and conclusion: Based on the current literature we cannot conclude about the efficacy of the exercise programs in preventing groin injuries, because only the Copenhagen adduction exercise was proved to be effective. The other studies had more limitations, which prevent us from drawing conclusions. One of the main reasons for the indefinite results is surely the low compliance with the programs, which is reported in most of the studies. Despite everything, the results from most of the studies do show a positive potential, that doing this exercise programs regularly can lower the groin injury incidence, though further research in which the drawbacks of these current studies will be eliminated, is required in order to acquire tangible results.

Uvod: Gasilstvo predstavlja del sistema varstva pred nevarnimi in drugimi nesrečami ter je organizirano kot javna služba za zaščito, reševanje in pomoč. Zaradi dobre pokritosti, poznavanja terena, opremljenosti in hitre odzivnosti so prostovoljni gasilci najpogosteje klicana laična skupina v primeru nudenja pomoči. Prostovoljni gasilci se pri svojem operativnem delu pogosto srečujejo tudi z nudenjem prve pomoči. Namen: Namen raziskave je oceniti znanje prve pomoči operativnih gasilcev prostovoljnih gasilskih društev v Gasilski zvezi Vrhnika. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda dela. Kot merski instrument smo uporabili spletni anketni vprašalnik, ki je nastal na osnovi pregleda literature. V statistično analizo so bili vključeni podatki, pridobljeni z anketiranjem prostovoljnih gasilcev iz Gasilske zveze Vrhnika. Anketiranje je potekalo decembra 2018 in januarja 2019. Podatke smo statistično obdelali z uporabo deskriptivne statistike, s pomočjo računalniškega programa Microsoft Excel 2016, jih opisali in grafično predstavili. Rezultati: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 89 anketirancev, od tega jih je imelo 59 opravljen tečaj za pridobljeno specialnost gasilec bolničar. Prostovoljni gasilci svoje znanje prve pomoči na lestvici od 1 (nezadostno) do 5 (odlično) ocenjujejo kot zadostno (—(x )= 2,29). Na vprašanja iz prve pomoči pa so pravilneje odgovarjali gasilci z opravljenim dopolnilnim usposabljanjem za specialnost bolničar. Anketiranci se zavedajo pomembnosti pogostega obnavljanja znanja in izvajanja rednih obnovitvenih vaj v polni delovni opremi, v simuliranem okolju iz prve pomoči. Razprava in zaključek: Gasilska organizacija je že dolgo tega prerastla svoje okvire, ki so včasih predstavljali le gašenje požarov. Razvila se je v organizacijo, ki na prostovoljni ravni nosi večji del bremena v sistemu nacionalne varnosti. Zato jo lahko opisujemo tudi kot enega izmed ključnih členov v verigi preživetja v kriznih situacijah. Pogosto prav prostovoljni gasilci brez formalnega izobraževanja iz nudenja prve pomoči predstavljajo prvi stik s ponesrečencem. Zaradi obsega svojega dela pri posredovanju na gasilskih intervencijah je pomembno, da se tudi prostovoljni gasilci zavedajo pomena rednega in pogostega obnavljanja znanj in praktičnih spretnosti prve pomoči. Kljub dobremu teoretičnemu znanju prve pomoči bi bilo potrebno v gasilskih društvih uvesti redna časovna obdobja, v katerih bi člani gasilskih društev s pomočjo ustreznih inštruktorjev osvežili in nadgradili znanja ter spretnosti. Introduction: Firefighting is a part of a system of defence against different types of threats. It is organized as a public service for protection, rescue and help. It is spread throughout Slovenia's territory. The system is well equipped and responds quickly. Therefore, firefighters are the most frequently called non-professional group. Volunteer firefighters often find themselves in the situation of providing first aid during their operational work. Purpose: The purpose of the diploma thesis is to assess the level of knowledge about first aid among the voluntary operational firefighters of the Firefighting Association Vrhnika. Method: A descriptive method was used. An online questionnaire which was prepared on the basis of a literature review, served as measurement instrument. Data obtained by surveying volunteer firefighters of the Firefighting Association Vrhnika were included in the statistical analysis. The survey was conducted between December 2018 and January 2019. Data were statistically processed with descriptive statistics by using Microsoft Excel 2016 described and graphically presented. Results: 89 respondents participated in the survey, 59 of whom had completed specialized firefighter first responder training. Volunteer firefighters have self-assessed their knowledge of first aid as sufficient (¯(x )= 2,29). The first-aid related questions were answered more correctly by those firefighters who had completed firefighter-first responder training. Volunteer firefighters are aware of the importance of regularly updating their knowledge and practising in full gear in a simulated first-aid environment. Discussion and conclusion: The firefighting organization has long outgrown its original purpose, which was solely to fight fires. It has developed into an organization that carries most of the burden of the national security system on a voluntary basis. Therefore, it can also be described as one of the most important links in the chain of survival. Often, volunteer firefighters without formal first-aid training are the first contact with the victim. Due to the scope of their work in firefighting interventions, volunteer firefighters need to be aware of the importance of regular and frequent refresher training in first-aid knowledge and skills. Despite the good knowledge of those who come into contact with first aid more often in their work, it is necessary to introduce regular refresher courses in firefighting associations.

Hip hop is a popular form of competitive and recreational sport worldwide, but studies rarely investigate injury prevalence and factors associated with injury occurrence in this sport. This study aimed to prospectively examine injury occurrence in hip hop dancers in a three-month period and to evaluate potential predictors of injury occurrence in hip hop dancers. The participants were 129 competitive hip hop dancers (114 females, 17.95 ± 4.15 years of age). Study predictors were obtained at study baseline and included sociodemographic factors, sport-related factors, previous injury status, anthropometric and body build indices (body height, mass, body mass index, and body composition variables), and dynamic balance performance (obtained by the Star Excursion Balance Test—SEBT). The outcome was injury occurrence, which was prospectively observed once a week by the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC). During the course of the study, 101 injuries occurred, equating to an annual injury incidence of 312%. On average, each dancer suffered 0.78 injuries (95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): 0.61–0.97) across a study period of three months (0.76 (95% CI: 0.60–0.95) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.75–1.13), in females and males, respectively Mann Whitney Z-value: 0.68, p = 0.52). Seventeen percent of dancers suffered multiple injuries, and 49% of all injuries were time-loss injuries. The knee was the most frequently injured body location (42% of all reported injuries), followed by the back region (32%) and the ankle (15%). Previous injury was a strong predictor of injury occurrence (Odds Ratio: 3.76, 95% CI: 1.87–4.59). Lower injury risk was evidenced among those participants who achieved better scores on several SEBT variables, irrespective of gender and previous injury status with no significant influence of anthropometric and body build variables on injury occurrence. This study highlighted a high injury rate in hip hop dancers. Dancers and coaches should be informed about the certain protective effects of dynamic balance on the prevention of musculoskeletal injury in hip hop in order to assure safe and effective practices. The usage of SEBT as a convenient and cheap testing procedure is encouraged in other dance disciplines.

Professional ballet is a highly challenging art, but studies have rarely examined factors associated with injury status in ballet professionals. This study aimed to prospectively examine gender-specific correlates of injury occurrence and time-off from injury in professional ballet dancers over a one-year period. The participants were 99 professional ballet dancers (41 males and 58 females). Variables included: (i) predictors: sociodemographic data (age, educational status), ballet-related factors (i.e., experience in ballet, ballet status), cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and consumption of illicit drugs and (ii) outcomes: injury occurrence and time-off from injury. Participants were questioned on predictors at the beginning of the season, while data on outcomes were collected continuously once per month over the study period. Dancers reported total of 196 injuries (1.9 injuries (95% CI: 1.6–2.3) per dancer in average), corresponding to 1.4 injuries per 1000 dance-hours (95% CI: 1.1–1.7). In females, cigarette smoking was a predictor of injury occurrence in females (OR: 4.33, 95% CI: 1.05–17.85). Alcohol drinking was a risk factor for absence from dance in females (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01–4.21) and males (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05–3.41). Less experienced dancers were more absent from dance as a result of injury than their more experienced peers (Mann-Whitney Z: 2.02, p < 0.04). Ballet dancers and their managers should be aware of the findings of this study to make informed decisions on their behavior (dancers) or to initiate specific programs aimed at the prevention of substance use and misuse in this profession (managers).

Zgradbe našega časa so opremljene z električno napeljavo, katere sestavni del so električni vodniki, le-ti pa so pogosto povezani tudi z nesrečami - požari. Zaradi kompleksnih pogojev prisotnih v požaru – torej med gorenjem različnih materialov nastanejo razmere, ki so lahko za vsak dogodek specifične. Prav zaradi tega, še vedno ni ustaljenih metod za določanje vloge električnih vodnikov (in drugih elementov električnega tokokroga) pri nastanku požara - ali je vodnik povzročitelj ali zgolj ¨žrtev¨ dogodkov. Prav to pa je največja ovira pri določanju izvora poškodb. Obenem pa se sprašujemo ali je vzrok nastanka požara sploh mogoče določiti? Kljub temu, da so vodniki obdani s samougasljivimi ali negorljivimi materiali, lahko pri nekaterih pogojih vseeno pride do vžiga in v skrajnih primerih tudi do požara. Poškodovani deli električne napeljave lahko ob stiku s predmeti predstavljajo močan toplotni vir, ki lahko povzroči vžig materialov v neposredni bližini. Prav tako pa lahko vir toplote (požar) povzroči poškodbe vodnikov. Za boljše razumevanje smo v sklopu diplomske naloge opravili preiskave vodnikov vpletenih v požare in v laboratoriju pripravili primerjalne vzorce poškodovanih žic. S primerjavo rezultatov analize mikrostrukture in kemijske sestave vzorcev vodnikov poškodovanih v požaru, ter vzorcev pripravljenih v laboratoriju bom skušala odgovoriti na vprašanji: zakaj pride do krhkosti pri poškodovanih vodnikih in kaj se pravzaprav dogaja na poškodovanih stikih. Electrical installation is one of key components of Buildings in our time, for that reason electrical conductors are often involved in accidents – house or other fires. Burning of different materials during the course of fire, usually creates unique circumstances. Due to complicated setting of the scene which makes use of standardized tests impossible, we are left with seemingly impossible question. What was the cause of the fire – was electrical conductor (or any other element of electrical installation) at fault or just another ¨victim¨. And yet we still wonder, is it even possible to determinate the cause? Even with modern self-extinguishing and flame-resistant materials, electrical conductors can (in the right conditions) still ignite the fire. Mostly it is due to unprotected wires under voltage which can present a powerful heat source that ignites objects and materials in near vicinity. Fires caused by electrical conductors are often traced back to damaged protective layer. For better understanding of changes in electrical conductors, we compared conductor samples from fires and those damaged in laboratory. With the help of modern technology and it's power of precision while analyzing chemical components and structure of materials I'm going to try and answer the following questions: why do electrical conductors involved in fire get fragile and what is happening on damaged contacts.

Poškodbe grodnice predstavljajo velik problem v reji kokoši nesnic po celem svetu in negativno vplivajo na dobrobit živali in proizvodne parametre. V poskusu smo skušali ugotoviti, kako v obogatenih kletkah na stopnjo poškodbe grodnice in uporabo gredi vpliva tip gredi (z ali brez gume) ter genotip nesnic (Prelux rjave, črne in grahaste nesnice). V poskus smo vključili 357 nesnic. Polovica nesnic vsakega genotipa je bila uhlevljena v kletkah, kjer so bile gredi obložene z gumo, druga polovica v kletkah z gredjo brez gume. V petih 12 dnevnih opazovalnih obdobjih (pri 25,5, 29,5, 33,5, 37,5 in 41,5 tednih) so bili zabeleženi podatki o nesnosti, zauživanju krme, telesni masi, operjenosti in poškodbah grodnice. Pri 29,5, 33,5 in 37,5 tednih starosti smo s snemanjem beležili mirovanje nesnic stoje oz. sede na gredeh oz. mrežastih tleh kletk. Ob koncu poskusa je bil izveden test plašnosti. Statistično značilno (P ⡤ 0,05) hujša stopnja poškodbe grodnice je bila zaznana pri nesnicah uhlevljenih v kletkah z gredjo z gumo. Genotip nesnic ni značilno vplival na poškodbe in mirovanje. Za zmanjšanje stopnje poškodbe grodnice ne bi priporočili te vrste in stopnje mehkobe gume na gredeh, vseeno pa bi mogoče morali premisliti o nekoliko mehkejših materialih, ki bi nudili večje udobje ob mirovanju na gredi in blažili pritisk na grodnico. Keel bone damage is one of the major welfare and health problems of commercial laying hens and is known to affect the welfare and production parameters of laying hens. The present study aims to investigate the effects of perch type (with or without rubber) and genotype (Brown, Black and Barred Prelux) of laying hens on keel bone damage. 357 laying hens were included. Half of the hens of each genotype were housed in enriched cages with perches covered with rubber, and half of the hens of each genotype were housed in cages with perches without rubber. During five 12-day periods (at 25.5, 29.5, 33.5, 37.5, and 41.5 weeks of age), we collected data on egg productivity, feed consumption, feather condition, body mass, and keel bone damage. At 29.5 and 37.5 weeks of age, we recorded duration of resting periods while sitting and standing on perches and wire floors. At the end of this study, we conducted the Tonic Immobility Test. Laying hens housed in cages with rubber perches had statistically significant (P ⡤ 0.05) more severe damage to the keel bone. Genotype had no significant effect on keel bone damage or on any form of resting. We do not recommend using this type of rubber for perches as it does not contribute to the welfare of the laying hens. However, perhaps we should consider using softer materials for perches that may provide more comfort during resting and reduce pressure on the keel bone during resting.

Uvod: Umetnostno drsanje je vse bolj popularen šport. Je zelo tehnično zahtevna spretnost, ki vključuje skoke, piruete, korake, ples in celo akrobacije na ledu. Zaradi telesnih naporov in sil na telo športnika velikokrat pride do poškodb. Umetnostno drsanje se je v preteklih letih bistveno spremenilo, drsalci izvajajo zelo zahtevne elemente in s tem še dodatno povečujejo tveganje za nastanek poškodb. Namen: Predstaviti najpogostejše poškodbe in dejavnike tveganja za njihovo pojavnost, ki se pojavljajo pri umetnostnih drsalcih vseh disciplin. Metode dela: Pregled strokovne in znanstvene literature, objavljene med letoma 2000 in 2021 v podatkovni zbirki PubMed. Rezultate smo iskali s ključnimi besedami »figure skating« AND »injuries«. Rezultati: Najbolj poškodovani deli telesa so gleženj, stopalo in koleno. Najpogostejša poškodba je zvin, temu sledijo kontuzije in zlomi. Pri drsalcih v paru in sinhronih drsalcih so pogostejše akutne poškodbe, pri drsalcih posameznikih pa preobremenitvene. Starost umetnostnega drsalca in neustrezen drsalni čevelj sta se izkazala kot dejavnika tveganja za pojavnost poškodb. Razprava in zaključek: Umetnostno drsanje je šport, pri katerem so poškodbe pogoste. Večina teh je lažjega tipa, pri katerih se tekmovalci dokaj hitro lahko vrnejo v trenažni proces. Najpogosteje sta poškodovana gleženj in stopalo, najpogostejša poškodba je zvin gležnja. Dejavniki tveganja, ki vplivajo na nastanek poškodb, so starost in telesna masa drsalca ter neustrezen drsalni čevelj. Introduction: Figure skating is an increasingly popular sport. It is a very technically demanding skill that includes jumping, pirouettes, steps, dancing and even acrobatics on ice. Due to physical exertion and forces on the athlete's body, injuries often occur. Figure skating has changed significantly in recent years, with skaters performing very demanding elements and thus further increasing the risk of injury. Purpose: To present the most common injuries and risk factors that occur to figure skaters. Methods: A review of the professional and scientific literature published between 2000-2021 in the PubMed database. We searched for the results with the keywords "figure skating" AND "injuries". Results: The most injured parts of the body were the ankle, foot and knee. The most common injury was an ankle sprain, followed by contusions and fractures. Acute injuries are more common in pair skaters and synchronized skaters, and overuse injuries in independent disciplines. The age of the figure skater and an inadequate skating shoe have proven to be a risk factor for injury. Discussion and conclusion: Figure skating is a sport in which injuries are common. Most of these are of the lighter type, where athletes can return to the training process fairly quickly. The most common injuries are to the ankle and foot, most common injury is a sprain. Risk factors that affect the occurrence of injuries are the age and weight of the skater and an inadequate skating shoe. Research should be carried out in the field of skating shoes, covering all brands of manufacturers.

Namen diplomske naloge je pregledati ter identificirati rastlinske vrste v nasadih na parkiriščih ob nakupovalnih centrih in preveriti ustreznost načrtovanja in vzdrževanja rastlin. Analizirali smo šest lokacij v Ljubljani: supermarket Spar v Štepanjskem naselju, supermarket Tuš pri Ruskem carju, market Mercator v Novih Fužinah, nakupovalno središče Aleja in hipermarket Mercator v Šiški ter center Interspar Vič. Pregledali smo vrstno sestavo nasadov, tip nasada (linijsko/soliterno/gručno sajenje dreves, grmovnic, trajnice, trata) in po pregledu literature ocenili ustreznost posameznih vrst glede na prilagodljivost in funkcionalnost za izbrana območja sajenja. Zaradi prevlade dreves in njihove funkcije je diplomska naloga osredotočena predvsem na nasade z drevesi. Grmi in trajnice se pojavijo samo pri novejših nasadih (mešani nasadi). Rastni prostor dreves, ki ga predstavljajo zatravljene površine ali drevesni kolobar, smo ovrednotili glede na priporočila DIN standarda (DIN 18916). Preverili smo prisotnost škode, ki je v večini primerov nastala kot posledica pomanjkanja vode ali pomanjkljivega varovanja rastlin. Pri novejših nasadih, kjer je drevje še v začetni fazi rastne dobe, njihova funkcionalnost še ni popolna, saj parkiranim vozilom ne morejo zagotavljati sence. V večini primerov je funkcija nasadov izrazito prostotvorna in estetska, s starostjo nasadov se okrepi tudi ekološka in tehnična funkcija dreves ter trajnic. The aim of this thesis was to examine planting at parking lots of shopping centers and to check the adequacy of the design and maintenance of the plants. Six locations were chosen in Ljubljana for the case study: The Spar supermarket in Štepanjsko naselje, the Tuš supermarket near Ruski Car, the Mercator market in Nove Fužine, the Aleja mall and Mercator hypermarket in Šiška and the Interspar Vič center. We have identified the species composition and type of plantings of the parking lots (line/solitary/clump planting of trees, shrubs and perennial plants), and after reviewing adequate literature, assessed the suitability of each species in terms of adaptability and functionality for the selected planting areas. Due to the predominance and purpose of trees, the thesis focuses on tree planting. Shrubs and perennials appear only in more recent plantings. We compared the growing space of trees, represented by grass areas or individual pits with a modular iron grate, with the DIN standard (DIN 18916). We checked for the presence of damage, which in most cases was caused by the lack of water or inadequate plant protection. By designing and maintaining the plants appropriately, their functionality is maintained. In newer plantings, where the trees are still in the early stages of their growth, their functionality is not fully effective, as they cannot provide shade to vehicles parked below, for example. These trees mainly have aesthetic and structural functions, with the ecological function being intensified as they develop.

Uvod: Ritmična gimnastika je olimpijski šport, ki združuje prvine orodne gimnastike, plesa in baleta. Za uspešnost v tem športu so pomembne dobro razvite vse motorične sposobnosti, zlasti gibljivost in koordinacija, saj morajo dekleta med izvajanjem skokov, piruet in ravnotežij, obvladati tudi manipulacijo z rekviziti, kot so kolebnica, obroč, žoga, kiji in trak. Za ritmično gimnastiko je značilna zgodnja specializacija, saj dekleta že s 15. leti postanejo članice. Od mladinske kategorije naprej povprečno trenirajo petkrat do šestkrat tedensko po 5 ur na dan. Posledično so izpostavljena visoko intenzivnim treningom že pred nastopom pubertete. Za tako visoke obremenitve je potrebna najvišja raven zmogljivosti športnika. To lahko povzroči telesno in duševno izčrpanost športnika, kar ga izpostavi povečanemu tveganju za poškodbe. Za dobro preprečevanje poškodb moramo podrobno poznati mehanizem nastanka poškodbe, vedeti, katere poškodbe se pojavljajo glede na anatomsko lokacijo, ter njihove dejavnike tveganja, saj lahko le tako delujemo preventivno. Namen: Namen diplomske naloge je s pregledom strokovne in znanstvene literature predstaviti pojavnost mišično-skeletnih poškodb v ritmični gimnastiki v Sloveniji in po svetu. Metode dela: Iskanje strokovne in znanstvene literature je potekalo preko podatkovnih baz PubMed in COBISS z izbrano kombinacijo ključnih besed. Pri iskanju smo vključili časovni okvir, in sicer od leta 2014 do 2020. Podatke za slovenske ritmičarke smo pridobili v podatkovni bazi projekta Celostna priprava športnika, ki ga letno izvaja Gimnastična zveza Slovenije. Rezultati: Na podlagi vključitvenih in izključitvenih kriterijev smo v pregled literature vključili 7 raziskav. Vključene raziskave so preučevale pojavnost poškodb pri rekreativnih ter vrhunskih tekmovalkah ritmične gimnastike. Skupno je v raziskavah sodelovalo 1470 preiskovancev. Rezultati so pokazali, da prevladujejo kronične poškodbe. Kot najbolj izpostavljen del telesa smo zabeležili trup ter spodnji ud. Najpogostejše anatomske lokacije poškodb so gleženj, koleno ter ledveni del hrbta. Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovili smo, da je pojavnost poškodb v Sloveniji in svetu dokaj podobna ter da na poškodbe v ritmični gimnastiki vplivajo različni dejavniki tveganja, na katere v večini lahko vplivamo. Preventiva ter ustrezna rehabilitacija sta ključ za zmanjšanje pojavnosti poškodb. Introduction: Rhythmic gymnastics is an Olympic sport that combines elements of artistic gymnastics, dance and ballet. In order to be successful in this sport, it is important that all motor skills are well developed, especially mobility and coordination, as girls, during jumping, pyruet and balance, also have to cope with the manipulation of props such as rope, hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon. Rhythmic gymnastics is characterised by early specialisation, as girls have become members since the age of 15. From the youth category onwards, on average, they are training five to six times a week, 5 hours a day. As a result, they are already exposed to highly intensive training prior to the onset of puberty. Such high burdens require the highest level of capacity of the athlete. This can lead to physical and mental depletion of athletes, exposing them to an increased risk of injury. To successfully prevent injuries, we need to know in detail the mechanism of injury, what injuries occur in relation to anatomical location and their risk factors, as this is the only way to make effective prevention. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to present the incidence of muscular skeletal injuries in rhythmic gymnastics in Slovenia and worldwide through a review of the expert reviews and scientific literature. Methods: The search for professional and scientific literature was conducted through the PubMed and COBISS databases, using a selected combination of keywords within a time-frame of 2014 to 2020. Data are obtained for Slovenian rhythmic gymnastics in the database of the ‘Integrated preparation of athletes’ project, which is carried out annually by the Slovenian Gymnastic Federation. Results: Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 7 surveys have been included in the literature review. Those surveys investigated the incidence of injuries in recreational and top-class rhythmic gymnastics. In total, 1470 subjects participated in the surveys. The results showed that chronic injuries predominate. The trunk and the lower limb are recorded as the most exposed part of the body. The most common anatomical locations of injuries are the ankle, the knee and the lumbar spine. Discussion and conclusion: We found that the incidence of injuries in Slovenia is quite similar to that in the world and that injuries in rhythmic gymnastics are exposed to various risk factors, most of which we can have control over. Prevention and physiotherapy aim at preventive action are key to reducing the incidence of injuries.

Odbojkarska sezona je za igralce in igralke dolga in naporna. Ko zaključijo klubsko sezono, ima večina še reprezentančne obveznosti, zato so odbojkarji in odbojkarice vse leto zelo obremenjeni in morajo skrbeti, da ostanejo zdravi in nepoškodovani. Vsi razen igralnega mesta libero naredijo različne skoke pri izvajanju servisa, bloka, podaje in napadalnih akcij. Nekaj raziskav na to temo je že bilo narejenih, vendar vsaka z različno bazo podatkov in načini merjenja. Namen naše raziskave je bil analizirati mesta poškodb ter skoke glede na igralno mesto na treningih in tekmah, na koncu pa ugotoviti povezanost skokov s poškodbami. V raziskavo smo vključili dvaindvajset igralcev japonske odbojkarske ekipe JT Thunders: dva podajalca, dva korektorja, devet sprejemalcev in devet blokerjev. Vsi igralci so na vsakem treningu nosili napravo My Vert, s katero smo zbrali podatke o številu in pogostosti skokov. Poškodbe in odsotnost igralcev iz trenažnega procesa je vso sezono beležil njihov trener in nam te podatke posredoval, mi pa smo jih obdelali in s korelacijo izračunali povezavo poškodb s skoki. Analiza je pokazala, da je incidenca poškodb v klubu nizka in da je večja incidenca poškodb na treningih kot na tekmah. Ugotovili smo, da je največ poškodb glede na anatomsko lokacijo na predelu medenice oziroma trtice, malo manj je poškodb ključnice, sledijo poškodbe kolena, komolca, gležnja, stegna ter vratu in prsnice. Največ skokov glede na igralno mesto naredijo podajalci. Na treningih naredijo največ skokov podajalci, blokerji, sprejemalci in korektorji, na tekmah pa podajalci, korektorji, blokerji in sprejemalci. S Spearmanovim koeficientom smo izračunali povezanost skokov s poškodbami in ugotovili, da le-ta ni statistično značilna, kar pomeni, da povezanosti skokov s poškodbami nismo ugotovili. Želimo si, da bi bilo v prihodnje opravljenih še več raziskav na to temo, obenem pa upamo, da bomo tudi v Sloveniji začeli uporabljati takšne naprave, ki bi trenerjem omogočile zbiranje natančnejših podatkov. Te naprave bi veliko pripomogle k načrtovanju trenažnega procesa, k spremljanju obremenitev pri posameznem igralcu na igralnem mestu ter k preprečevanju poškodb. A volleyball season is long and tiring for the female and male players. For most of the volleyball players, after the club season then continue with obligations in their national teams. The players are overwhelmed throughout the whole year and need to take extra care of themselves to stay healthy and avoid injuries. Volleyball players, except the libero, are exposed to numerous jumps when serving, blocking, setting or attacking. Various studies on this specific topic were already carried out but none with the same database and methods of measuring. The master thesis focuses on the areas of injuries, the jump load for each playing position during training sessions and matches and correlation between jumps and injuries. Our study involves twenty-two players of the Japanese volleyball team JT Thunders: two setters, two opposites, nine receivers and nine middle blockers. During each training session, all players used a MyVert device, which allowed us to obtain the exact number and frequency of jumps. By monitoring the injuries and absences of players during the season, we were able to determine the relationship between injuries and jumps. The analysis has shown that the overall injury incidence in the club is low and that the injury incidence during the training sessions is higher comparing to matches. We have concluded that most of the injuries are located in the pelvis and coccyx area, a few in the collarbone area, some in the knee, elbow, ankle and thigh areas and the least neck and sternum areas. The players with biggest number of jumps during training sessions are setters, followed by middle blockers, receivers and opposites. During the matches, setters made biggest number of jumps followed by opposites, middle blockers and receivers. We determined the relationship between jumps and injuries with Spearman's correlation coefficient and the results showed that there is no real connection between jumps and injuries. These findings can help coaches in the future to start using such devices also in Slovenia to get better view on volleyball loads and also carry out more studies on this topic in the future. Our study can help coaches for better planning of trainings and monitoring the load of each player for prevention of injuries help trainers to improve their training process and have an easier job in monitoring the workload of each player and to prevent injuries.