PROMET AMFORAMA PREMA NALAZIMA U ROVINJSKOME PODMORJU Alka STARAC Među amforama iz rovinjskoga podmorja (Tabla I) dominiraju amfore za prijevoz vina i ulja. Prijevozu vina bile su namijenjene grčko-italske amfore, amfore Lamboglia 2, Dressel 6 A, Dressel 2-4, koske, rodske i knidske amfore te amfore ravna dna. Rijetki nalazi ranih grčko-italskih amfora iz razdoblja od IV. do sredine II. st. pr. Kr. na sjevernome Jadranu odraz su političke i ekonomske razlike između južnih krajeva pod grčkim utjecajem i sjevernih, kojima su dominirali Histri i Liburni. Grčko-italske amfore počinju se redovito javljati na sjeveroistočnome Jadranu tek nakon rimskih pobjeda nad Histrima u drugoj i trećoj četvrtini II. st. pr. Kr. Amfore Lamboglia 2 proizvode se od sredine II. st. pr. Kr. do kraja I. st. pr. Kr. na zapadnoj obali Jadrana, a pretpostavljena je lokalna proizvodnja u srednjoj Dalmaciji. Ulomak amfore sa žigom DIONYSIOS pripada amfori Lamboglia 2. Taj je žig, raširen u Padanskoj nizini i na južnome Jadranu, datira u treću četvrtinu I. st. pr. Kr. Počeci proizvodnje amfora Dressel 6 A padaju u drugu polovicu I. st. pr. Kr., a njen je najveći intenzitet potrajao do sredine I. st. pos. Kr. Amfore Dressel 2-4 proizvodile su se od sredine I. st. pr. Kr. u tirenskoj Italiji, razvivši se iz rodskih i koskih prototipova. Već nekoliko desetljeća kasnije proizvodile su se i u provincijama, a povlače se s tržišta u II. st. pos. Kr. S grčkog otoka Kosa potječu amfore vinarije koje su svojim oblikom inspirirale nastanak amfora Dressel 2-4. Pod imenom rodskih amfora okupljena je skupina amfora nastalih krajem I. st. pr. Kr. u helenističkoj tradiciji. Rodske i koske amfore javljaju se u sjevernome Jadranu u malim količinama od I. st. pr. Kr. do II. st. pos. Kr. U II. i početkom III. st. u Jadranskome je moru zabilježen uvoz amfora s grčkoga otoka Knida. Amfore vinarije ravna dna izrađivane su u brojnim radioničkim centrima širom Carstva. U skupinu amfora za ulje pripadaju amfore Dressel 6 B, amfore ljevkasta otvora, Dressel 20 i afričke amfore. Počeci proizvodnje amfora Dressel 6 B padaju oko sredine I. st. pr. Kr. Posljednji žigom obilježeni primjerci tih amfora pripadaju kraju II. i početku III. st., no novi nalazi u Istri upućuju na lokalnu proizvodnju za vlastite potrebe još krajem III. i početkom IV. st. Dominacija amfora Dressel 6 B na prostoru Alpe-Jadran tijekom cijeloga I. i u prvoj polovici II. st. svjedoči o prevazi istarskoga maslinova ulja na tome tržištu. Amfore s ljevkastim otvorom, čiji sadržaj nije sa sigurnošću ustanovljen, ali uglavnom se traži u ulju, datirane su od prve polovice I. st. barem do sredine II. st. Njihova učestalost na sjevernome Jadranu ukazuje na proizvodnu zonu u Cisalpini. Okrugle hispanske olearije Dressel 20, podrijetlom iz Betike, pojavljuju se na sjevernome Jadranu u II. i III. st. U III. do IV. st. sjevernoafrička regija postaje najznačajnijim izvoznikom ulja na Mediteranu. Sjevernoafričke amfore, osobito iz Bizacene, od III. do VI. st. transportirane su Jadranom do jadranskih odredišta i do udaljenih prekoalpskih provincija. Konzervirani riblji proizvodi iz Betike cirkulirali su Jadranom u I. st. tek rijetko, a o njihovome uvozu svjedoče amfore iz grupe Dressel 7-11. Kasnoantičke amfore narebrena tijela datiraju se u V. i VI .st.; sadržaj im nije sa sigurnošću utvrđen. Količinski su u rovinjskome, kao i općenito u jadranskome podmorju najzastupljenije amfore jadranskoga podrijetla za prijevoz vina i ulja, a vladale su u razdoblju od II. st. pr. Kr. do III. st. pos. Kr. Slijede po brojnosti afričke amfore, koje su masovno uvožene od III. do V. st. Amfore vinarije podrijetlom s grčkih otoka nešto su rjeđe; one pristižu od sredine I. st. pr. Kr. do kraja II. st. Skupina hispanskih amfora za transport ulja i ribljih proizvoda iz razdoblja od I. do III. st. još je manja. Od V. do VII. st. kao konkurentna roba pojavljuju se amfore pristigle s udaljenoga istočnog Mediterana i sjeverne Afrike. Rovinjsko podmorje nalazi se na “uskome grlu” pomorskog puta kojim je morao proći teret iz sjeverne Afrike ili egejskog Mediterana namijenjen prodaji u Panoniji, Noriku ili Germaniji. Od Murtera do Tršćanskoga zaljeva, prije proširenja rimske vlasti na sjeveroistočnome Jadranu u II. st. pr. Kr., morskim putevima gospodarili su Liburni i Histri. U I st. pr. Kr., zbog rimske vojne prisutnosti u Iliriku i učestalih rimskih građanskih ratova, intenzivno se plovilo Jadranom, što je rezultiralo povećanjem prometa amfora u kojima su transportirane namirnice za snabdijevanje vojske. Stabilizirana rimska vlast u I. i II. st. omogućila je ujedinjenje pomorskoga tržišta i intenzivan promet među udaljenim provincijama, koji je nastavljen i u narednim stoljećima. Brojnost brodoloma i rasutoga brodskog tereta u južnome dijelu rovinjskog podmorja, naročito oko otočića Veštar, Polari, Sv. Ivan i Dvije Sestrice, rezultat je opasnosti razvedene obale, kao i velike frekvencije prometa u lukama rimskih vila i kasnoantičkih naselja Veštar, Polari i Gustinja., TRANSPORT OF AMPHORAE ACCORDING TO FINDS FROM THE WATERS OF ROVINJ Alka STARAC Amphorae for the transportation of wine and oil are the most numerous among the amphorae recorded in the waters of Rovinj (Table I). Greek-Italic amphorae, Lamboglia 2, Dressel 6 A, Dressel 2-4, Koan, Rhodian, Knidian amphorae, and amphorae with a flat base were used for transporting wine. The early Greek-Italic amphorae, dating from the 4th century BC to the middle of the 2nd century BC, are rare finds in the northern Adriatic. This fact reflects the political and economic differences between southern areas which were under Greek influence and northern areas dominated by the Histri and Liburni. The Greek-Italic amphorae started appearing on a regular basis in the northeastern Adriatic only after the Roman victories over the Histri in the second and the third quarter of the 2nd century BC. The Lamboglia 2 type of amphora was produced on the west Adriatic coast from the middle of the 2nd century BC to the end of the 1st century BC. It is assumed they were also produced in central Dalmatia. A fragment of a Lamboglia 2 type of amphora bearing the stamp DIONYSIOS was also recorded. This particular stamp is widespread in the valley of the River Po and in the south Adriatic area. The stamp was dated in the third quarter of the 1st century BC. The production of the Dressel 6 A type of amphora started in the second half of the 1st century BC, while the most intensive production period of this type of amphora lasted to the middle of the 1st century AD. The production of the Dressel 2-4 type of amphora began in Tyrrhenian Italy in the middle of the 1st century BC. This type was developed from the Rhodian and Koan prototypes. Just several decades later they were also produced in the provinces. They were withdrawn from the market in the 2nd century AD. The shape of wine amphorae originating from the Greek island of Kos inspired the creation of the Dressel 2-4 type of amphora. Rhodian amphorae are a group of amphorae of Hellenic tradition, emerging at the end of the 1st century BC. Rhodian and Koan amphorae appeared in small numbers in the north Adriatic area in the period from the 1st century BC to the 2nd century AD. It has been recorded that amphorae were imported from the Greek island of Knidos in the Adriatic area in the 2nd century AD and at the beginning of the 3rd century AD. Wine amphorae with a flat base were produced in many workshop centres all over the Empire. The Dressel 6 B type of amphorae, amphorae with a conical rim, Dressel 20 type of amphorae, and African amphorae are all oil amphorae. The Dressel 6 B production started somewhere in the middle of the 1st century BC. The last stamped examples of this type of amphora were dated at the end of the 2nd century AD and the beginning of the 3rd century AD. However, recent finds recorded in Istria indicate that there was local production for personal use even as late as the end of the 3rd century AD and beginning of the 4th century AD. The predominance of Dressel 6 B amphorae in the Alps-Adriatic area throughout the 1st century AD and the first half of the 2nd century AD testifies to the prevalence of Istrian olive oil in the market of that area. Amphorae with a conical rim were dated from the first half of the 1st century to at least the middle of the 2nd century AD. Their likely content has not been ascertained, although it is generally considered to have been oil. Frequent finds of this type of amphora in the north Adriatic area indicate that there was a production base in the Cisalpine area. Globular Hispanic oil amphora of the Dressel 20 type, originating in Baetica, appeared in the north Adriatic area in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. In the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, the North African region became the most important exporter of oil to the Mediterranean. From the 3rd century AD to the 4th century AD, North-African amphorae, especially those from Byzacena, were transported over the Adriatic Sea to Adriatic destinations and to the distant Transalpine provinces. Preserved fish products from Baetica circulated, although only rarely, in the Adriatic area in the 1st century AD. Proof that these products were imported is offered by amphorae belonging to the group named Dressel 7-11. Late antique amphorae with a ribbed body were dated in the 5th and 6th centuries AD. It is still not clear what their likely content would have been. Amphorae of Adriatic origin for the transportation of wine and oil are the most numerous amphorae finds recorded in the waters of Rovinj, as well as in the whole underwater Adriatic area. These were the most frequently used amphorae from the 2nd century BC to the 3rd century AD. In numbers, they are followed by African amphorae which were imported on a massive scale from the 3rd century AD to the 5th century AD. Somewhat less frequent finds are wine amphorae from the Greek islands. They arrived from the middle of the 1st century BC and continued to occur up to the end of the 2nd century AD. Finds belonging to the group of Hispanic amphorae for the transportation of oil and fish products, dating from the 1st to the 3rd centuries AD, are even less numerous. From the 5th to the 7th centuries AD, amphorae arriving from the distant East Mediterranean and from North Africa appeared as competitive goods. The waters of the Rovinj area form a bottleneck in the sea route, since all the cargo coming from North Africa or the Aegean Mediterranean had to pass there on its way to Pannonia, Noricum or Germania where it was to be sold. The Liburni and Histri ruled the sea routes from the island of Murter to the bay of Trieste, before the spread of Roman rule to the northeastern Adriatic in the 2nd century BC. In the 1st century BC, due to the Roman military presence in Illyricum and the frequent Roman civil wars, intensive navigation took place in the Adriatic. As a result, the circulation of amphorae carrying supplies for the army also increased. In the 1st and the 2nd centuries AD, Roman rule grew stable, leading to the unification of the maritime market and intense traffic between distant provinces which continued in the following centuries. There are numerous shipwrecks and dispersed cargo in the southern waters of Rovinj, especially around the islands of Veštar, Polari, Sv. Ivan, and Dvije Sestrice. These are the consequences of the dangerous, highly-indented coast and the intense sea traffic in the ports of the Roman villas and late antique settlements of Veštar, Polari and Gustinja.