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Amaç: Bu araştırma, endemik bir tür olan Adi sülün (Phasianus colchicus) plexus lumbalis ve plexus sacralis’lerinin morfolojik olarak incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada 5 adet dişi ve 5 adet erkek sülün kullanıldı. Sülünler rutin fiksasyon (%10 formalin) ve diseksiyon yöntemiyle makroskobik ve morfolojik olarak incelendi. Çalışmada isimlendirmeden kaynaklanan karışıklığın olmaması için Nomina Anatomica Avium (1993) kullanıldı. Bulgular: Plexus lumbalis ve plexus sacralis incelenirken synsacrum’un varlığı nedeniyle synsacral spinal segmentler bir bütün olarak incelendi. Genel olarak plexus lumbalis’in 2-4. synsacral spinal sinirlerin ventral dalları tarafından şekillendiği gözlendi. Plexus sacralis’in ise plexus lumbalis’in caudal’inde olduğu ve 4.- 8. synsacral spinal segmentlerin ventral kolları tarafından oluştuğu belirlendi. Öneri: Sonuç olarak Adi sülün’de (Phasianus colchicus) plexus lumbalis ve plexus sacralis’in oluşumuna katılan synsacral spinal sinirler ve bu plexus’lardan çıkan sinirler ayrıntılı olarak incelendi. Kanatlı türleri arasında şekillenen benzerlik ve farklılıklar ortaya konuldu., Aim: This research was carried out to investigate the lumbar and the sacral plexuses of the Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) is the native bird. Materials and Methods: In the study, 5 female and 5 male pheasants were used. Pheasants were examined macroscopically and morphologically by routine fixation (10% formalin) and dissection method. Nomina Anatomica Avium (1993) was used to avoid confusion arising from naming in the study. Results: The synsacral spinal segments were examined as a whole due to the presence of synsacrum, when examining the plexus lumbalis and plexus sacralis. Generally, it was observed that the plexus lumbalis was shaped by the ventral branches of the 2-4th synsacral spinal nerves. Plexus sacralis was observed to be in the caudal of the plexus lumbalis and it was determined that it consisted of the ventral branches of the 4-8th synsacral spinal segments. Conclusion: As a result, the synsacral spinal nerves involved in the formation of the plexus lumbalis and plexus sacralis in the Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and the nerves emerging from these plexuses were examined in detail. Similarities and differences between avian species were revealed.

Summary This study examined the plexus lumbalis and its branches in the sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus). Fifteen sparrowhawks were used in this study. After administering an anaesthetic to the birds, the body cavities were opened. The birds were fixed with formaldehyde after draining of the blood. The nerves of the plexus lumbalis were dissected separately and photographed. The plexus lumbalis was formed by the union of the branches of the synsacral spinal nerves, which left from the ventrolaterale of os lumbosacrale. The plexus consisted of three (2nd, 3rd and 4th) synsacral spinal nerves. The cranial and caudal nerves originating from the plexus lumbalis were the nervus cutaneous femoris, nervus coxalis cranialis, nervus femoralis, nervus saphenus and nervus obturatorius. The general macroanatomical shape of the plexus lumbalis and the distribution of the nerves originating from this plexus were similar to those of other bird species.

Can, Mehmet (Balikesir Author), Bu çalışma, Kaya kekliğinde plexus lumbalis’in araştırılması amacıyla yapıldı. Araştırmada materyal olarak 40 adet Kaya kekliği kullanıldı. Hayvanlar anesteziye alındıktan sonra vücut boşluğu açığa çıkarıldı. Materyallerin kanlarının boşaltılmasını takiben formaldehit ile tespit edildi. Plexus lumbosacralis’i oluşturan sinirler diseke edildi. Plexus lumbalis’ten; n. ilioinguinalis, n. cutaneus femoris, n. femoralis, n. coxalis cranialis, n. saphenus ve n. obturatorius’un orijin aldığı saptandı. Plexus sacralis’in ilk kolu olan n. furcalis’in plexus lumbalis’in son kolu ile bağlantılı olduğu görüldü. Plexus lumbalis’in üç adet synsacral spinal sinirin ventral dalı tarafından meydana geldiği saptandı. Sonuç olarak, plexus lumbalis’i şekillendiren spinal sinirlerin ramus ventralis’lerinin sayısı, kalınlığı, seyirleri; plexus’un oluşumu ve dallara ayrılmasında türler arasında farklılıkların olduğu belirlendi., This study was carried out to investigate the origin, distribution of plexus lumbales on the Rock partridge (Alectoris graeca). Fourty partridges were used in this study. Following the anaesthesing of the animals, cavity of the body was opened. Animals were fixed with 10% formaldehyde after draining of their bloods. The nerves constituting plexus lumbales were dissected and taken photos. Plexus lumbales had given n. ilioinguinalis, n. cutaneus femoris, n. femoralis, n. coxalis cranialis, n. saphenus and n. obturatorius in the Rock Partridges. It was observed that the last branch of lumbar plexus was connected with the first branch of plexus sacralis also known as n. furcalis. Plexus lumbales were composed of three rami ventrales of synsacral spinal nerves in Rock partridges. Finally, it was determined that there were significant differences in the number, thickness, distribution of the spinal nerves constituting the plexus lumbalis, the formation of plexus and in the separation of branches in Rock partridge.

Can, Mehmet (Balikesir Author), Bu çalışma, Kaya kekliğinde plexus sacralis’in oluşumu ve bu plexus’dan ayrılan dalların araştırılması amacıyla yapıldı. Araştırmada materyal olarak 40 adet Kaya kekliği kullanıldı. Hayvanlar anesteziye alındıktan sonra vücut boşluğu açığa çıkarıldı. Materyallerin kanlarının boşaltılmasını takiben formaldehit ile tespit edildi. Plexus sacralis’i oluşturan sinirler diseke edildi ve incelendi. Truncus cranialis’ten, n. coxalis caudalis, n. peroneus; truncus medianus’tan, n. tibialis ve truncus caudalis’ten ise n. cutaneus femoris caudalis ile rami musculares’in çıktığı tespit edildi. Plexus sacralis’in ilk kolu olan n. furcalis’in plexus lumbalis’in son kolu ile bağlantılı olduğu görüldü. Plexus sacralis’in beş adet synsacral spinal sinirin ventral dalı tarafından meydana geldiği saptandı. Sonuç olarak, plexus sacralis’i şekillendiren spinal sinirlerin ramus ventralis’lerinin sayısı, seyirleri; plexus’un oluşumu ve dallara ayrılmasında farklılıkların olduğu belirlendi., This study was carried out to investigate the origin, distribution of plexus sacrales on the Rock partridge (Alectoris graeca). Fourty partridges were used in this study. Following the anaesthesing of the animals, cavity of the body was opened. Animals were fixed with 10% formaldehyde after draining of their bloods. The nerves constituting plexus sacrales were dissected and taken photos. Truncus cranialis; n. coxalis caudalis, n. peroneus, truncus medianus; n. tibialis and truncus caudalis had given rami musculares and n. cutaneus femoris caudalis. It was observed that the last branch of lumbar plexus was connected with the first branch of plexus sacralis also known as n. furcalis. Plexus sacrales was made up of five rami ventrales of synsacral spinal nerves in Rock partridges. In conclusion, it was determined that there were significant differences in the number, distribution of the spinal nerves constituting the plexus sacralis, the formation of plexus and in the separation of branches in Rock partridge.

The arrangement of the nerve bundles at the branching point of the femoral nerve (F), the interrelations of the branches each other and toward other nerves in the anterior region of the thigh, and the patterns and the anatomical features of both the running courses and the distributions of the branches were macroscopically studied, whereby some special findings were observed and the following results were obtained: 1) The periphery of the femoral nerve was fundamentally divided into superficial-deeply arranged three-layered divisions. Including the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve (Rf) and the femoral lateral cutaneous nerve (Cfl), the nerve branches at the anterior region of the thigh were totally divided into five-layered divisions. 2) The cutaneous branches of each division including Rf or Cfl could be classified in three groups: the medial cutaneous branches (m), the anterior cutaneous branches (a), and the lateral cutaneous branches (l). Based on the above results, the branches could be described systematically. Parallelly, several accessory bundles of F penetrating the psoas major muscle were observed, and two types of accessory femoral nerves (F') could be distinguished: One was higher on the segmentation and mainly flew into the 1st division of F. While the other distributed only to the medial region of the thigh. To clarify the segmental or stratifical natures of the branches of each division, F', and the interrelations among them, analyses of the nerve fibers were undertaken under the operational microscope. Consequently, the segmental differences between the divisions were distinct, and the medial branches or F'm obviously contained ventral components. Thus, when a component originated from the higher segments, it distributed to the proximal region generally taking a superficial course; when it originated from the lower ones, it distributed to the distal region of the thigh forming the deeper division; when it belonged to the ventral stratum, it distributed to the medial region; and when it belonged to the dorsal stratum, it distributed to the lateral region. On the occasion of the fiber analysis, it was found that each root of the lumbar nerve was generally divided into two or three subsegmentally-arranged subroots that divided themselves into some fasciculi arranged micro-segmentally. A minute analysis of the segmentations of the nerves became possible because of the above characteristics.

Grundlagen: Diabetes mellitus ist eine der Hauptursachen von Polyneuropathien. Neben der vorwiegend sensomotorischen symmetrischen Polyneuropathie kommen aber auch Hirnnerven und Einzelnervenlasionen (Mononeuropathien) vor. Methodik: Anhand der Literatur wird eine Ubersicht uber die derzeitige Beurteilung und Haufigkeit von Hirnnervenausfallen und Polyneuropathien gegeben. Ergebnisse: Bei den Hirnnerven ist vorwiegend der N. oculomotorius betroffen, wahrend periphere Fazialisparesen in dieser Assoziation nicht haufiger vorkommen. Bei den Mononeuropathien sind das Karpaltunnelsyndrom, Rumpfnervenlasionen, die sogenannte „diabetische Amyotrophie“ und die Parese des N. peronaeus als wichtigste Mononeuropathien zu nennen. Schlussfolgerungen: Hirnnervenausfalle und Mononeuropathien kommen bei Patienten mit Diabetes vor, sind aber weniger haufig als angenommen. Abgesehen vom CTS, bei dem ein chronisches Kompressionssyndrom vorliegt, sind die andern Nervenlasionen vorwiegend durch abrupten, schmerzhaften Beginn gekennzeichnet, was eine vaskulare Genese vermuten lasst.

We report on an acute, severe, bilateral lesion of the lumbar plexus in a 79-year old lady which developed due to a rhabdomyolysis of both iliac muscles. Probable causes of the rhabdomyolysis were the patient's alcoholism, and a sustained stretching of the muscles by an over-extension of the hip joints. The pareses improved steadily, and the lesion in the iliac muscles as demonstrated by CAT scan resolved. The localisation of the lesions is unusual, as is the restriction of rhabdomyolysis to the iliac muscles. Wir berichten uber eine akute, schwere, beidseitige Parese der vom Plexus lumbalis versorgten Muskulatur, die sich bei einer 79jahrigen Patientin aufgrund einer Rhabdomyolyse beider Mm. iliaci entwikkelt hatte. Ursachlich kamen ein Alkoholabusus sowie eine anhaltende Uberdehnung der Muskeln durch Uberstreckung der Huftgelenke in Frage. Die Lahmungen besserten sich stetig, die im Computertomogramm nachgewiesene Lasion der Mm. iliaci ging zuruck. Die Lasionslokalisation ist ungewohnlich, ebenso auch die Beschrankung der Rhabdomyolyse auf die Mm. iliaci.