336 results on '"plasticité phénotypique"'
Search Results
2. Phenotypic plasticity of water-related traits reveals boundaries to the adaptive capacity of a dominant European grass species under increased drought
- Author
-
Cardozo, Gerónimo Agustín, Barkaoui, Karim, Hidalgo-Galvez, Maria Dolores, Volaire, Florence, Cardozo, Gerónimo Agustín, Barkaoui, Karim, Hidalgo-Galvez, Maria Dolores, and Volaire, Florence
- Abstract
The intensification of droughts due to climate change is a global concern, and many plant species face increasing water deficits. Understanding the role of phenotypic plasticity in plant adaptation to these changing conditions is crucial. This research focuses on Bromopsis erecta, a dominant perennial grass in European and Mediterranean grasslands, to predict its potential adaptation to climate change. We assessed plants from shallow and deep soils (i.e., with contrasting water reserves) of a Mediterranean rangeland in southern France, and tested the effect of six years of experimentally increased summer drought compared to the ambient conditions on plant traits, survival and abundance. In both field and common garden experiments, we measured water-related traits, including static traits under non-limiting water conditions, and dynamic traits, such as rates of trait variation during drought. Trait plasticity was determined as a reaction norm to increasing soil water stress and was tested against changes in B. erecta abundance over the past decade, including the study period. Trait plasticity was detected only for leaf dry matter content (LDMC), revealing that the resource strategy of B. erecta became more conservative over less than a decade with higher LDMC and leaf thickness according to the plant economic spectrum. No plasticity was found for osmotic potential or specific leaf area. The variability of other traits was ascribed to the possible lagging effect of previous water stress and was associated more with soil depth than with previous summer drought intensity. The abundance decline of B. erecta, which dropped from 20 % to around 5 % in shallow soils, was not associated with the plasticity of LDMC but was positively correlated with variations in leaf base membrane damage, meaning unexpectedly, that plants exposed to the most severe summer drought also had the most sensitive leaf base membranes, a possible sign of maladaptive trait plasticity in the population
- Published
- 2024
3. Variabilités morphologiques de quelques populations de Plantago albicans L. le long d'un transect nord-sud dans la région du Sud-Oranais (Ouest algérien).
- Author
-
Benhamada-Driouèche, Nacima, Aidoud-Lounis, Fatiha, Hanifi, Nadir, and Djebbar, Réda
- Subjects
PHENOTYPIC plasticity ,SANDY soils ,ENVIRONMENTAL soil science ,PHENOTYPES ,BIODIVERSITY ,PLANT capacity - Abstract
Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Tethered-flight performance of thermally-acclimated pest fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) suggests that heat waves may promote the spread of Bactrocera species
- Author
-
Malod, Kevin, Bali, Eleftheria-Maria D., Gledel, Corentin, Moquet, Laura, Bierman, Anandi, Bataka, Evmorfia, Weldon, Christopher, Karsten, Minette, Delatte, Hélène, Papadopoulos, Nikos, Terblanche, John S., Malod, Kevin, Bali, Eleftheria-Maria D., Gledel, Corentin, Moquet, Laura, Bierman, Anandi, Bataka, Evmorfia, Weldon, Christopher, Karsten, Minette, Delatte, Hélène, Papadopoulos, Nikos, and Terblanche, John S.
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Thermal history may induce phenotypic plasticity in traits that affect performance and fitness. One type of plastic response triggered by thermal history is acclimation. Because flight is linked to movement in the landscape, trapping and detection rates, and underpins the success of pest management tactics, it is particularly important to understand how thermal history may affect pest insect flight performance. We investigated the tethered-flight performance of Ceratitis capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae), acclimated for 48 hours at 20, 25 or 30°C and tested at 25°C. We recorded the total distance, average speed, number of flight events and time spent flying during 2-hour tests. We also characterized morphometric traits (body mass, wing shape and wing loading) that can affect flight performance. RESULTS: The main factor affecting most flight traits was body mass. The heaviest species, B. dorsalis, flew further, was faster and stopped less often in comparison with the two other species. Bactrocera species exhibited faster and longer flight when compared with C. capitata, which may be associated with the shape of their wings. Moreover, thermal acclimation had sex- and species-specific effects on flight performance. Flies acclimated at 20°C stopped more often, spent less time flying and, ultimately, covered shorter distances. CONCLUSION: Flight performance of B. dorsalis is greater than that of B. zonata and C. capitata. The effects of thermal acclimation are species-specific. Warmer acclimation temperatures may allow pest fruit flies to disperse further and faster.
- Published
- 2023
5. Étude du potentiel évolutif de la plasticité phénotypique chez l’hirondelle bicolore (Tachycineta bicolor)
- Author
-
Tremblay, Audrey, Garant, Dany, Tremblay, Audrey, and Garant, Dany
- Abstract
Le contexte actuel des changements environnementaux rapides met à l’épreuve la capacité d’adaptation de nombreuses populations animales. En effet, l’évolution par sélection naturelle est souvent un processus lent. Une population évoluera en réponse à des pressions de sélection constantes qui, de génération en génération, favoriseront les phénotypes et génotypes les mieux adaptés aux nouvelles conditions auxquelles cette population est exposée. Toutefois, les individus peuvent s’adapter plus rapidement aux conditions changeantes grâce à la plasticité phénotypique, processus où un trait peut s’exprimer différemment selon l’environnement pour un même génotype. D’ailleurs, la plasticité phénotypique a été désignée comme le principal mécanisme permettant aux populations faisant face aux changements environnementaux de s’adapter à court terme. De plus, la plasticité phénotypique peut être considérée comme un trait qui sera soumis à la sélection naturelle et qui évoluera. Si tel est le cas, le nombre d’individus grandement plastiques augmentera dans la population, pouvant améliorer ses chances de persistance dans le futur. La majorité des études qui se sont intéressées au potentiel évolutif de la plasticité phénotypique s’est limitée à l’étude d’un trait dans un contexte environnemental. Toutefois, l’inclusion de plusieurs traits et plusieurs variables environnementales gagne en importance afin de faire des études plus complètes de la plasticité phénotypique exprimée au sein des populations. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer le potentiel évolutif de la plasticité phénotypique de deux traits écologiques d’importance et d’évaluer si leur plasticité respective covarie dans une population d’Hirondelle bicolore (Tachycineta bicolor). Cette population, se reproduisant dans le sud du Québec au printemps, fait l’objet d’un suivi détaillé depuis 2004. Ainsi, 18 ans de données ont été utilisés (2005-2021) afin d’étudier la plasticité de la date de ponte (date de ponte du pre
- Published
- 2023
6. AraDiv: A dataset of functional traits and leaf hyperspectral reflectance of Arabidopsis thaliana
- Author
-
Przybylska, Stefania, Violle, Cyrille, Vile, Denis, Scheepens, J.F., Lacombe, Benoit, Le Roux, Xavier, Perrier, Lisa, Sales-Mabily, Lou, Laumond, Mariette, Vinyeta, Mariona, Moulin, Pierre, Beurier, Grégory, Rouan, Lauriane, Cornet, Denis, Vasseur, François, Przybylska, Stefania, Violle, Cyrille, Vile, Denis, Scheepens, J.F., Lacombe, Benoit, Le Roux, Xavier, Perrier, Lisa, Sales-Mabily, Lou, Laumond, Mariette, Vinyeta, Mariona, Moulin, Pierre, Beurier, Grégory, Rouan, Lauriane, Cornet, Denis, and Vasseur, François
- Abstract
Data from functional trait databases have been increasingly used to address questions related to plant diversity and trait-environment relationships. However, such databases provide intraspecific data that combine individual records obtained from distinct populations at different sites and, hence, environmental conditions. This prevents distinguishing sources of variation (e.g., genetic-based variation vs. phenotypic plasticity), a necessary condition to test for adaptive processes and other determinants of plant phenotypic diversity. Consequently, individual traits measured under common growing conditions and encompassing within-species variation across the occupied geographic range have the potential to leverage trait databases with valuable data for functional and evolutionary ecology. Here, we recorded 16 functional traits and leaf hyperspectral reflectance (NIRS) data for 721 widely distributed Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions grown in a common garden experiment. These data records, together with meteorological variables obtained during the experiment, were assembled to create the AraDiv dataset. AraDiv is a comprehensive dataset of A. thaliana's intraspecific variability that can be explored to address questions at the interface of genetics and ecology.
- Published
- 2023
7. Compromis, hétérogénéité individuelle et plasticité dans les traits d'histoire de vie du mouflon d'Amérique (Ovis canadensis)
- Author
-
Pelletier, Fanie, Larue, Benjamin, Festa-Bianchet, Marco, Pelletier, Fanie, Larue, Benjamin, and Festa-Bianchet, Marco
- Abstract
Selon la théorie des histoires de vie, les individus devraient essayer de maximiser la transmission de leurs gènes aux générations futures. Au sein d’une population, des différences inter-individuelles dans la transmission de gènes, aussi nommées différences inter-individuelles en valeur sélective, peuvent survenir à cause de différences dans l’acquisition et l’allocation de ressources. En milieu naturel, l’acquisition de ressources est un facteur limitant à la valeur sélective. Puisque la disponibilité des ressources est variable dans l’espace et dans le temps, les individus ne peuvent pas tous acquérir la même quantité de ressources. De plus, pour une quantité de ressources acquises identique, des individus peuvent avoir des tactiques d’allocation différentes dans lesquelles ils compromettent davantage l’allocation à certains traits plutôt que d’autres. Bien que l’acquisition et l’allocation des ressources aient été largement étudiées indépendamment, il reste plusieurs lacunes fondamentales dans nos connaissances sur l’hétérogénéité individuelle dans ces deux processus et sur les liens entre les deux. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d’améliorer les connaissances fondamentales sur les processus et paramètres affectant l’allocation de ressources à divers traits d’histoire de vie, surtout la reproduction et la croissance, dans le cadre des compromis d'histoire de vie et de la plasticité phénotypique. Cet objectif est réalisé à l’aide d’études empiriques sur la population de mouflon d’Amérique (Ovis canadensis) à Ram Mountain, Alberta, Canada. Un suivi longitudinal de cette population a débuté en 1971 et perdure donc depuis plus de 50 ans. Les données issues du suivi de la population sont exceptionnellement détaillées et idéales pour étudier l’acquisition et l’allocation des ressources. Les données cumulées longitudinalement comportent le sexe, l’âge, la survie, la reproduction et le gain de masse annuel de tous les individus dans la population. De l’objectif
- Published
- 2023
8. Drought effects on root and shoot traits and their decomposability
- Author
-
Reinelt, Laura, Whitaker, Jeanette, Kazakou, Elena, Bonnal, Laurent, Bastianelli, Denis, Bullock, James M., Ostle, Nicholas J., Reinelt, Laura, Whitaker, Jeanette, Kazakou, Elena, Bonnal, Laurent, Bastianelli, Denis, Bullock, James M., and Ostle, Nicholas J.
- Abstract
Drought can induce phenotypic plasticity in a range of plant root and shoot traits. These traits have been shown to explain differences in root and shoot litter decomposability between species. However, it is unknown how drought-induced plasticity of root and shoot traits alters their decomposability. To investigate this issue across a range of species, we grew a grass Lolium perenne, a forb Plantago lanceolata and a legume Trifolium repens common to European temperate grasslands and subjected them to a 5-week moderate drought treatment. We compared morphological and chemical root and shoot traits of the droughted plants to well-watered controls. We then conducted a decomposition assay of the senesced root and shoot material over 16 weeks, with mass loss measurements at five timepoints. Drought had significant and sometimes strong effects on morphological and chemical root and shoot traits of all three species, sometimes similar to differences between species and generally in line with a shift to a more resource-conservative strategy. Drought also increased the labile litter fraction in roots of Lolium perenne, which was associated with a substantial increase in non-structural carbohydrates. Drought decreased the labile litter fraction in shoots of Plantago lanceolata, but this could not be explained by the traits we measured. Drought effects on litter decomposability were weaker than on plant traits. Our results suggest that plant trait-mediated effects of drought on litter decomposability can either increase or decrease vegetation feedbacks to climate change. They also show that drought-induced plasticity in root and shoot traits does not automatically translate into equivalent changes in litter decomposability.
- Published
- 2023
9. Native and invasive seedling drought-resistance under elevated temperature in common gorse populations
- Author
-
Christina, Mathias, Gire, Céline, Bakker, Mark, Leckie, Alan, Xue, Jianming, Clinton, Peter W., Negrin-Perez, Zaira, Arevalo Sierra, Jose Ramon, Domec, Jean-Christophe, Gonzalez, Maya, Christina, Mathias, Gire, Céline, Bakker, Mark, Leckie, Alan, Xue, Jianming, Clinton, Peter W., Negrin-Perez, Zaira, Arevalo Sierra, Jose Ramon, Domec, Jean-Christophe, and Gonzalez, Maya
- Abstract
The assumption that climatic growing requirements of invasive species are conserved between their native and non-native environment is a key ecological issue in the evaluation of invasion risk. We conducted a growth chamber experiment to compare the effect of water regime and temperature on the growth and mortality of native and invasive populations of common gorse seedlings (Ulex europaeus L.). Seeds were sampled from 20 populations of five areas from both native (continental France and Spain) and non-native areas (New Zealand, Canary and Reunion islands). The seedlings were grown over 36 days in two temperature treatments (ambient and elevated) combined with two water treatments (irrigated or droughted). The elevated temperature (ET) was defined as the highest temperature observed at the niche margin in the different countries. While ET increased seedlings growth, the drought treatment increased mortality rate and limited seedlings growth. Under ET and drought, native populations showed a greater mortality rate (53%) than invasive populations (16%). Invasive seedlings also showed higher above- and belowground development than native ones under these constrained climatic conditions. While phenotypic plasticity did not differ between native and invasive populations, the difference between populations in terms of total dry mass could be related to differences in the climate of origin (precipitation in particular). Assessing the importance of phenotypic changes between populations within invasive species is crucial to identify the margins of their climatic distribution range and to highlight areas where management efforts should be concentrated in order to limit its spread.
- Published
- 2023
10. La plasticité phénotypique chez les insectes.
- Author
-
Gibert, Jean-Michel
- Subjects
GENE expression ,INSECTS - Abstract
Copyright of Biologie Aujourd'hui is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. La plasticité phénotypique : une brève introduction.
- Author
-
Gibert, Jean-Michel
- Subjects
PHENOTYPIC plasticity - Abstract
Copyright of Biologie Aujourd'hui is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Candida albicans sur puce : approche biomécanique de la plasticité morphogénétique de C. albicans
- Author
-
Albert, Lucie, Équipe Micro-Nanofluidique pour les sciences de la vie et de l’environnement (LAAS-MILE), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie [Institut Curie] (PCC), Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université PSL (Paris Sciences & Lettres), Catherine Villard, and Morgan DELARUE (co-encadrant)
- Subjects
Microfluidique ,plasticité phénotypique ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph] ,contraintes mécaniques ,microfluidics ,yeasts ,Biophysique ,hyphes ,mechanical stresses ,phenotypic plasticity ,C. albicans ,biophysics ,hyphae ,levures - Abstract
National audience; The filamentous yeast Candida albicans is a benign member of the healthy human microbiota but can also turn into an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients. The morphological plasticity of C. albicans is a major virulence factor. Hyphae i.e. elongated multi-cellular invasive filaments, and unicellular ovaloid yeasts, respectively participate toinvasion and dissemination in the tissues and bloodstream. The reversible yeast-to-hypha phenotypic switches depend on the physicochemical properties of C. albicans environment, notably pH, temperature and growth factors. C. albicans also secretes farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule that is involved in inhibiting hyphal induction.In contrast to the impact of chemical parameters, little is known about how mechanical forces affect the growth phenotype. To this end, we have developed dedicated microfluidic devices allowing both live-cell imaging and high-throughput experiments to quantify the impact of compressive stress on the yeast-to-hypha transition. The principle of our devices isbased on the emergence of growth-induced pressure when cells proliferate in confined space.Using these devices, we observed expression of the hyphal-specific gene HWP1 under small compressive stress intensities. Yeast-to-hypha transition probability in the confined population seems modulated by the concentration of secreted farnesol and cell-division rate under pressure. To describe the local accumulation of farnesol in the dense population, wepropose a theoretical model of 1D advection-diffusion in a porous medium, based in particular on the Kozeny-Carman approximation. The results obtained suggest a significant underestimation of the hydrodynamic resistance of the porous material. This limitation opens new questions about the transport in a porous environment, composed of deformable and growing yeasts. The model predicts the temporal dynamics when advection is effective. Our results suggest that, taking inhibition into account, the efficiency of induction by pressure is as strong as a known inductive stress such as the addition of serum at 37°C.Single-cell characterization of HWP1 gene expression suggests a regulated mechanism during induction that compensates for biophysical pressure limitation. Single-cell reporter expression also showed that higher compressive stress values (hundreds of kPa) limits hyphal-growth maintenance. In contrast, observation of hyphae in a second uncompressed chamber showed that hyphal epigenetic program is maintained upon mechanical relaxation. Together, the results of this thesis suggest that growth-induced pressure promotes phenotype change in C. albicans, and that this transition is stable. These results pave the way for the investigation of the mechanical regulation of the yeast-to-hypha transition and its link with the pathogenicity of C. albicans.; La levure filamenteuse Candida albicans est un membre bénin du microbiote chez l'humain en bonne santé. Cependant, cet organisme peut devenir un pathogène opportuniste, particulièrement chez les patients immunodéprimés. La plasticité morphologique de C. albicans est un facteur majeur de sa virulence. Les hyphes, de longs filaments multicellulaires et invasifs, et les levures unicellulaires de forme ovaloïde, supportent respectivement l'invasion et la dissémination dans les tissues et le système sanguin. La transition de phénotype réversible levure-vers-hyphe dépend de multiples paramètres physico-chimiques de l'environnement de Candida, notamment le pH, la température et des facteurs de croissance. C. albicans sécrète également du farnésol, une molécule de quorum-sensing qui est impliquée dans l'inhibition de l'induction hyphale. Contrairement à l'impact des paramètres chimiques, la manière dont les for! ces mécaniques peuvent affecter le phénotype adopté reste peu renseignée. Nous avons utilisé des dispositifs microfluidiques permettant l'imagerie de cellules vivantes et des expériences à haut débit afin de quantifier l'impact de contraintes compressives sur la transition levure-hyphe. Le principe de ce dispositif repose sur l'émergence de la pression induite par la croissance des cellules sous confinement spatial. En utilisant ces dispositifs, nous avons observé l'expression d'un gène spécifique à la croissance hyphale (HWP1) sous de faibles intensités de forces compressives. La probabilité d'induction levure-hyphe dans la population confinée semble modulée par la concentration de farnésol sécrété, et par le taux de division sous pression. Pour décrire l'accumulation locale de farnésol dans la population dense, nous proposons un modèle théorique d'advection-diffusion 1D en milieu poreux reposant notamment sur l'approximation de Kozeny-Carman. Les ! résultats obtenus suggèrent une sous-estimation importante de la résistance hydrodynamique du poreux. Cette limitation ouvre de nouvelles questions sur le transport dans un poreux constitué de levures déformables et en croissance. Le modèle prédit la dynamique temporelle lorsque l'advection est efficace. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'en dehors de toute inhibition, l'efficacité d'induction par la pression est aussi forte qu'un stress inductif connu tel que l'addition de sérum à 37°C. La caractérisation de l'expression du gène HWP1 en cellule-unique suggère que la dynamique d'induction est régulée et compense la limitation biophysique de la pression. En parallèle, la maintenance du programme épigénétique hyphal semble limitée sous plus forte pression (centaine de kPa) via un ralentissement de la croissance. En revanche, la croissance hyphale est maintenue lorsque les hyphes accèdent à un second compartiment permettant la relaxation mécanique. Ensemble, ! les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que la pression induite par l! a croissance confinée favorise le changement de phénotype chez C. albicans et que cette transition est stable. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles investigations sur la régulation par la mécanique de cette transition et son lien avec la pathogénicité de C. albicans.
- Published
- 2022
13. Evolution as an ecosystem process: insights from genomics.
- Author
-
Matthews, Blake, Best, Rebecca J., Feulner, Philine G.D., Narwani, Anita, Limberger, Romana, and Morgan, Ted
- Subjects
- *
ECOSYSTEM dynamics , *GENOMES , *BIODIVERSITY , *PHENOTYPES , *ENVIRONMENTAL sciences - Abstract
Evolution is a fundamental ecosystem process. The study of genomic variation of organisms can not only improve our understanding of evolutionary processes, but also of contemporary and future ecosystem dynamics. We argue that integrative research between the fields of genomics and ecosystem ecology could generate new insights. Specifically, studies of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, evolutionary rescue, and eco-evolutionary dynamics could all benefit from information about variation in genome structure and the genetic architecture of traits, whereas genomic studies could benefit from information about the ecological context of evolutionary dynamics. We propose new ways to help link research on functional genomic diversity with (reciprocal) interactions between phenotypic evolution and ecosystem change. Despite numerous challenges, we anticipate that the wealth of genomic data being collected on natural populations will improve our understanding of ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Local adaptations and phenotypic plasticity may render gypsy moth and nun moth future pests in northern European boreal forests.
- Author
-
Niemelä, Pekka, Fält-Nardmann, Julia J.J., Klemola, Tero, Ruohomäki, Kai, Roth, Mechthild, and Saikkonen, Kari
- Subjects
- *
PHENOTYPIC plasticity , *NUN moth , *CLIMATE change , *TAIGAS , *INSECTS - Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptations are important factors in predicting range expansions and shifts of pest insects in a changing climate. We reared two lepidopteran forest pests, Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus) and Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus), at three climatically different field sites from central Germany to northern Finland to investigate differences among populations in plasticity in the timing of pupation and adult emergence (measured as cumulative temperature sums, degree-days >5 °C), pupal mass, and duration of the pupal period. We also compared the phenologies of continental and boreal L. monacha populations feeding on Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) to reveal possible local adaptations. Lymantria dispar was reared on different host plants, Quercus robur L., Betula pendula Roth, and Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii (Orl.) Hämet-Ahti, to evaluate the possibilities of a range expansion northwards. There was stronger indication of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, which enables species to cope with changing environmental conditions, in continental L. dispar and boreal L. monacha populations than in the continental L. monacha population. Differences between boreal and continental L. monacha populations may denote adaptation to local conditions. All three host plants used for L. dispar proved suitable for the species, revealing that host plant availability would not limit its range expansion in northern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Cartographie des zones de reproduction et de grégarisation du criquet pèlerin au Tchad
- Author
-
Kayalto Mathias, Idrissi Hassani Mina, Lecoq Michel, Gay Pierre-Emmanuel, and Piou Cyril
- Subjects
schistocerca gregaria ,reproduction ,prévention des risques ,distribution spatiale ,plasticité phénotypique ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Le criquet pèlerin, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål, 1775, est un ravageur majeur pour l’agriculture. Affiner les connaissances sur sa distribution spatiale est essentiel pour sa gestion préventive. Dans ce but, nous avons utilisé au Tchad une technique de lissage spatial de densités sur 7014 observations du criquet pèlerin (1965–1971 et 1986–2017) afin d’élaborer des cartes saisonnières de répartition pour les périodes d’invasion et de rémission. Trois zones correspondant à des aires de reproduction et foyers de grégarisation ont été identifiées : (1) Kanem/lac Tchad, (2) Batha, (3) Ennedi. La première pourrait être un nouveau foyer de grégarisation. Ces zones se rajoutent à celle du massif du Tibesti, où les signalements sont plus rares que par le passé à cause de l’insécurité. Des prospections plus régulières devraient permettre de confirmer que la distribution du criquet pèlerin a récemment évolué.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Calidad de las semillas de Teramnus labialis (L.F.) spreng cosechadas en ciego de ávila, Cuba
- Author
-
Acosta Fernández, Yanier, González Morales, Abel, Fernandes, Paula, Mazorra Calero, Carlos Armando, Fontes Marrero, Dayami, Acosta Fernández, Yanier, González Morales, Abel, Fernandes, Paula, Mazorra Calero, Carlos Armando, and Fontes Marrero, Dayami
- Abstract
La principal vía de propagación de Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng es a través de la semilla botánica, por lo que conocer las características de las mismas es necesario para garantizar el establecimiento de esta especie en los diferentes sistemas agropecuarios que puede ser utilizada. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las características morfo-fisiológicas de las legumbres y semillas de esta especie obtenidas en Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. Solo el total de legumbres por metro cuadrado (m2) mostró diferencias entre ciclos de cosecha, relacionado con la muerte de plantas durante el año 2017 como consecuencia de las precipitaciones asociadas al huracán Irma. Las características fisiológicas de las semillas no mostraron variaciones entre años de cosecha. El contenido de humedad de las semillas fue inferior a 10,71 % y la viabilidad superior al 94,3 % en todos los años, mientras el porcentaje de germinación no superó el 34 % en ningún año de cosecha. Se concluye que las características morfo-fisiológicas de las legumbres y semillas de T. labialis obtenidas en Ciego de Ávila no varían entre años de cosecha debido a la plasticidad fenotípica de esta especie para adaptarse a las condiciones ambientales de esta provincia. Además, la buena viabilidad y los bajos porcentajes de germinación que exhibieron las semillas, demuestran la presencia de alguna clase de dormancia, influenciada principalmente por las condiciones de bajas precipitaciones durante la última fase de su desarrollo.
- Published
- 2022
17. Stronger wind, smaller tree: Testing tree growth plasticity through a modelling approach
- Author
-
Wang, Haoyu, Hua, Jing, Kang, Meng Zhen, Wang, Xiujuan, Fan, Xing-Ron, Fourcaud, Thierry, De Reffye, Philippe, Wang, Haoyu, Hua, Jing, Kang, Meng Zhen, Wang, Xiujuan, Fan, Xing-Ron, Fourcaud, Thierry, and De Reffye, Philippe
- Abstract
Plants exhibit plasticity in response to various external conditions, characterized by changes in physiological and morphological features. Although being non-negligible, compared to the other environmental factors, the effect of wind on plant growth is less extensively studied, either experimentally or computationally. This study aims to propose a modeling approach that can simulate the impact of wind on plant growth, which brings a biomechanical feedback to growth and biomass distribution into a functional–structural plant model (FSPM). Tree reaction to the wind is simulated based on the hypothesis that plants tend to fit in the environment best. This is interpreted as an optimization problem of finding the best growth-regulation sink parameter giving the maximal plant fitness (usually seed weight, but expressed as plant biomass and size). To test this hypothesis in silico, a functional–structural plant model, which simulates both the primary and secondary growth of stems, is coupled with a biomechanical model which computes forces, moments of forces, and breakage location in stems caused by both wind and self-weight increment during plant growth. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is adopted to maximize the multi-objective function (stem biomass and tree height) by determining the key parameter value controlling the biomass allocation to the secondary growth. The digital trees show considerable phenotypic plasticity under different wind speeds, whose behavior, as an emergent property, is in accordance with experimental results from works of literature: the height and leaf area of individual trees decreased with wind speed, and the diameter at the breast height (DBH) increased at low-speed wind but declined at higher-speed wind. Stronger wind results in a smaller tree. Such response of trees to the wind is realistically simulated, giving a deeper understanding of tree behavior. The result shows that the challenging task of modeling plant plas
- Published
- 2022
18. When architectural plasticity fails to counter the light competition imposed by planting design: An in silico approach using a functional–structural model of oil palm
- Author
-
Perez, Raphaël, Vezy, Rémi, Brancheriau, Loïc, Boudon, Frédéric, Grand, François, Ramel, Merlin, Raharjo, Doni Artanto, Caliman, Jean-Pierre, Dauzat, Jean, Perez, Raphaël, Vezy, Rémi, Brancheriau, Loïc, Boudon, Frédéric, Grand, François, Ramel, Merlin, Raharjo, Doni Artanto, Caliman, Jean-Pierre, and Dauzat, Jean
- Abstract
Functional–structural plant modelling approaches (FSPM) explore the relationships between the 3D structure and the physiological functioning of plants in relation to environmental conditions. In this study, we present a methodological approach that integrated architectural responses to planting design in an oil palm FSPM, and test the impact of planting design and architectural plasticity on physiological responses such as light interception and carbon assimilation. LiDAR-derived and direct measurements were performed on five planting designs to assess the phenotypic plasticity of architectural traits, and allowed evaluating the variations of the main parameters of an existing 3D plant model. Accordingly, we proposed a neighbourhood index (NI) as a simple explanatory variable of architectural plasticity, and used NI-based allometries to simulate architectural variations in 3D virtual plants. Light interception and carbon assimilation were then simulated on virtual plots reproducing the five studied designs. We found that the main traits affected by plant proximity were leaf dimensions, leaf weight and leaf erectness, whereas other structural traits like the frequency of leaflets along the rachis or biomechanical properties of leaves remained unchanged. Our simulation study highlighted model compliance to reproduce architectural plasticity and illustrated how architectural plasticity improved light interception via leaf area expansion, but how the competition for light imposed by the design can counterbalance this benefit in terms of carbon assimilation at stand scale. We conclude on the importance of planting patterns for plants with low architectural plasticity such as oil palm, and how in silico experiments can help in designing innovative planting patterns.
- Published
- 2022
19. Morphological differentiation in northern pike ( Esox lucius): the influence of environmental conditions and sex on body shape.
- Author
-
Senay, C., Harvey-Lavoie, S., Macnaughton, C.J., Bourque, G., and Boisclair, D.
- Subjects
- *
ESOX , *GENDER , *RIVERS , *ESOCIDAE , *PIKE - Abstract
Morphological differentiation may allow individuals to cope with prevailing environmental conditions. Morphological differentiation in fish characterized by sagittiform shape and ambush predator behaviour, such as northern pike ( Esox lucius L., 1758), has rarely been addressed. Morphological differentiation was assessed in two rivers exhibiting contrasting flow regimes: a hydropeaking river characterized by large and frequent fluctuations in flow rates and an unregulated river. An increase in northern pike movement rate was observed in the hydropeaking river. Therefore, morphological features enhancing sustained and burst swimming, as well as manoeuvrability, were expected. Our objectives are to ( i) compare morphology between the two rivers and ( ii) assess morphological differentiation between sexes. Using geometric morphometrics, shape significantly diverged between rivers irrespective of sex and between sexes in the hydropeaking river. Individuals from the hydropeaking river had more elongated heads, deeper bodies and caudal peduncles, and longer dorsal fin insertions than individuals from the unregulated river. Caudal fin differences between rivers were not consistent between sexes. Morphological differentiation suggested a trade-off among adaptations for sustained and burst swimming, as well as manoeuvrability, to cope with variable flows in a hydropeaking river. Morphological differentiation may allow the exploitation of spatially and temporally variable environmental conditions, including those stemming from river flow regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Geographic variation in floral traits is associated with environmental and genetic differences among populations of the mixed mating species Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae).
- Author
-
Lankinen, Åsa, Madjidian, Josefin A., and Andersson, Stefan
- Subjects
- *
COLLINSIA , *GENOTYPE-environment interaction , *FLOWERING time , *GREENHOUSE plants , *HERITABILITY ,FLOWER size - Abstract
Relatively few studies have investigated how geography, environmental factors, and genetics affect floral trait variation. We used mixed-mating Collinsia heterophylla Buist to explore variation in a suite of floral traits related to mating system in populations representing four geographic regions of California, USA, and relate this variation to geography, climatic factors, and local site characteristics. We evaluated the environmental vs. genetic trait variability in the greenhouse. Stage of anther-stigma contact correlated positively with temperature, stage of stigma receptivity was negatively associated with vegetation cover, and flower size differed among populations without any clear relation to environmental factors. Greenhouse data indicated heritability for stage of anther-stigma contact, flower size, and time to flowering, and positive correlations between field and greenhouse for stage of stigma receptivity and flower size; however, stage of anther-stigma contact showed a high degree of environmental influence. Stage of anther-stigma contact covaried positively with stage of stigma receptivity and flower size across maternal families, indicating genetic correlations between traits. In conclusion, phenotypic floral variation within mixed-mating C. heterophylla is mostly determined by a genetic component. Geography, environment, and genetics affect traits differently, suggesting that ecological and evolutionary processes contribute to shaping variability in mating system-related traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Thermal consequences of subterranean nesting behavior in a prairie-dwelling turtle, the Ornate Box Turtle ( Terrapene ornata).
- Author
-
Tucker, Charles R., Strickland, Jeramie T., Delaney, David K., and Ligon, Day B.
- Subjects
- *
ORNATE box turtle , *NEST building , *EGG incubation , *TURTLE egg hatchability , *PREDATION , *REPTILES - Abstract
Many oviparous reptiles deposit eggs in excavated nest chambers, and the location and depth at which eggs are laid can affect predation risk, incubation duration, mortality rates, and hatchling phenotype. Among turtles, nest depth also influences incubation conditions of some large-bodied species, but nest depth is generally expected to vary less among small-bodied species. We monitored nesting behavior of Ornate Box Turtles ( Terrapene ornata (Agassiz, 1857)) for two seasons in Illinois. We used direct observations to confirm that, among 31 nesting events, six females oviposited while beneath the substrate surface. Furthermore, comparisons of body length to nest depth indicated that five additional females likely also constructed nests while buried. Nests laid while females were underground were deeper, on average, than other nests (16.7 versus 11.2 cm), and while mean nest temperatures were similar between groups, temperature fluctuations and maximum temperatures were lower among nests that were laid while females were underground. Subterranean oviposition appears to have moderated incubation temperatures by allowing females to deposit eggs at greater depths than would be possible from the surface. This little-documented behavior may be a mechanism for this species to influence the incubation environment, which in turn may influence hatchling phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Stronger wind, smaller tree: Testing tree growth plasticity through a modelling approach
- Author
-
Haoyu Wang, Jing Hua, Mengzhen Kang, Xiujuan Wang, Xing-Rong Fan, Thierry Fourcaud, Philippe de Reffye, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Chongqing Technology and Business University (CTBU), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Major S&T project (Innovation 2030) of China (2021ZD0113704), and CAS-NSTDA Joint Research Program (GJHZ2076)
- Subjects
Facteur lié au site ,functional-structural plant model ,Réponse de la plante ,F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement ,modèle de croissance forestière ,facteurs abiotiques ,Plant Science ,F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes ,mechanical model ,tree breakage ,Modélisation ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales ,Plasticité phénotypique ,thigmomorphogenesis ,Adaptation ,optimization ,critical wind speed - Abstract
Plants exhibit plasticity in response to various external conditions, characterized by changes in physiological and morphological features. Although being non-negligible, compared to the other environmental factors, the effect of wind on plant growth is less extensively studied, either experimentally or computationally. This study aims to propose a modeling approach that can simulate the impact of wind on plant growth, which brings a biomechanical feedback to growth and biomass distribution into a functional–structural plant model (FSPM). Tree reaction to the wind is simulated based on the hypothesis that plants tend to fit in the environment best. This is interpreted as an optimization problem of finding the best growth-regulation sink parameter giving the maximal plant fitness (usually seed weight, but expressed as plant biomass and size). To test this hypothesis in silico, a functional–structural plant model, which simulates both the primary and secondary growth of stems, is coupled with a biomechanical model which computes forces, moments of forces, and breakage location in stems caused by both wind and self-weight increment during plant growth. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is adopted to maximize the multi-objective function (stem biomass and tree height) by determining the key parameter value controlling the biomass allocation to the secondary growth. The digital trees show considerable phenotypic plasticity under different wind speeds, whose behavior, as an emergent property, is in accordance with experimental results from works of literature: the height and leaf area of individual trees decreased with wind speed, and the diameter at the breast height (DBH) increased at low-speed wind but declined at higher-speed wind. Stronger wind results in a smaller tree. Such response of trees to the wind is realistically simulated, giving a deeper understanding of tree behavior. The result shows that the challenging task of modeling plant plasticity may be solved by optimizing the plant fitness function. Adding a biomechanical model enriches FSPMs and opens a wider application of plant models.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. When architectural plasticity fails to counter the light competition imposed by planting design: an in silico approach using a functional–structural model of oil palm
- Author
-
Raphaël P A Perez, Rémi Vezy, Loïc Brancheriau, Frédéric Boudon, François Grand, Merlin Ramel, Doni Artanto Raharjo, Jean-Pierre Caliman, Jean Dauzat, Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), BioWooEB (UPR BioWooEB), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Smart Research Institute [Indonésie] (SMARTRI), SMART agribusiness and food [Jakarta] (SMART), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
- Subjects
plant architecture ,LiDAR ,F40 - Écologie végétale ,Plant Science ,[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy ,F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes ,phenotypic plasticity ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) ,planting design ,[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems ,Elaeis guineensis ,FSPM ,Morphologie végétale ,U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques ,[SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics ,Physiologie végétale ,Modélisation ,Anatomie végétale ,Modeling and Simulation ,Plasticité phénotypique ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Functional–structural plant modelling approaches (FSPM) explore the relationships between the 3D structure and the physiological functioning of plants in relation to environmental conditions. In this study, we present a methodological approach that integrated architectural responses to planting design in an oil palm FSPM, and test the impact of planting design and architectural plasticity on physiological responses such as light interception and carbon assimilation. LiDAR-derived and direct measurements were performed on five planting designs to assess the phenotypic plasticity of architectural traits, and allowed evaluating the variations of the main parameters of an existing 3D plant model. Accordingly, we proposed a neighbourhood index (NI) as a simple explanatory variable of architectural plasticity, and used NI-based allometries to simulate architectural variations in 3D virtual plants. Light interception and carbon assimilation were then simulated on virtual plots reproducing the five studied designs. We found that the main traits affected by plant proximity were leaf dimensions, leaf weight and leaf erectness, whereas other structural traits like the frequency of leaflets along the rachis or biomechanical properties of leaves remained unchanged. Our simulation study highlighted model compliance to reproduce architectural plasticity and illustrated how architectural plasticity improved light interception via leaf area expansion, but how the competition for light imposed by the design can counterbalance this benefit in terms of carbon assimilation at stand scale. We conclude on the importance of planting patterns for plants with low architectural plasticity such as oil palm, and how in silico experiments can help in designing innovative planting patterns.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The significance of shared leaf shape in Alseuosmia pusilla and Pseudowintera colorata.
- Author
-
Yager, Karl G., Schaefer, H. Martin, and Gould, Kevin S.
- Subjects
- *
WINTERACEAE , *SHRUBS , *LEAF physiology , *PHENOTYPIC plasticity in plants , *MORPHOMETRICS , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Leaf shape, size, and colour are used by herbivores to identify sources of palatable foliage for food. It is possible, therefore, that an undefended plant might gain protection from herbivores by matching leaf characteristics of a chemically defended species. We demonstrate the use of a geometric morphometric approach to quantify spatial variation in leaf shape and size across populations of Pseudowintera colorata (Raoul) Dandy, and a putative Batesian mimic, Alseuosmia pusilla (Colenso) A. Cunningham . These are unrelated, sympatric species that, to the human eye, bear strikingly similar foliage. Using the Cartesian coordinates of leaf margins as descriptors of leaf shape, we found that in the chemically defended P. colorata, leaves were morphologically distinct from all of the neighbouring species except for the undefended A. pusilla. Alseuosmia pusilla individuals were more similar to neighbouring than to distant P. colorata, and 90% of leaf shape variation in the two species varied similarly across an altitudinal gradient. The data are consistent with Batesian mimicry, wherein the conspicuous characteristic of a defended model is replicated by an undefended mimic across its entire growing range. Our study provides the first detailed and powerful quantitative leaf shape evidence of leaf shape being matched between an undefended plant species to a chemically defended unrelated species across a shared growing range, and highlights the importance of using a spatially explicit morphometric method when investigating leaf shape, especially in relation to plant mimicry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Genetic variation in plasticity of life-history traits between Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua) populations exposed to contrasting thermal regimes.
- Author
-
Oomen, Rebekah A. and Hutchings, Jeffrey A.
- Subjects
- *
COD fisheries , *DEFORMATIONS (Mechanics) , *HUMAN ecology , *SEGMENTATION (Biology) , *GADUS - Abstract
We employed common-garden experiments to test for genetic variation in responses of larval life-history traits to temperature between two populations of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L., 1758) that naturally experience contrasting thermal environments during early life due to spatial and temporal differences in spawning. Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence cod larvae experienced faster growth in warmer water and low, uniform survival across all experimental temperatures (3, 7, 11 °C), consistent with previous studies on this spring-spawning population. In contrast, larvae from fall-spawning Southwestern Scotian Shelf cod collected near Sambro, Nova Scotia, lacked plasticity for growth but experienced much lower survival at higher temperatures. Phenotypes that are positively associated with fitness were observed at temperatures closest to those experienced in the wild, consistent with the hypothesis that these populations are adapted to local thermal regimes. The lack of growth plasticity observed in Sambro cod might be due to costly maintenance of plasticity in stable environments or energy savings at cold temperatures. However, additional experiments need to be conducted on Sambro cod and other fall-spawning marine fishes to determine to what extent responses to projected changes in climate will differ among populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Déterminants de l'expression du polymorphisme associé aux ressources chez l'omble de fontaine, Salvelinus Fontinalis, dans les lacs du Bouclier laurentien.
- Author
-
Rainville, Vincent and Rainville, Vincent
- Published
- 2021
27. Transmission multigénérationnelle de traits morphologiques et comportementaux chez deux formes d'omble de fontaine (Salvelinus Fontinalis)
- Author
-
East, Alexandre and East, Alexandre
- Published
- 2021
28. Animal board invited review: OneARK: Strengthening the links between animal production science and animal ecology
- Author
-
Destoumieux-Garzón, Delphine, Bonnet, Pascal, Teplitsky, Céline, Criscuolo, François, Henry, Pierre-Yves, Mazurais, David, Prunet, Patrick, Salvat, Gilles, Usseglio-Polatera, Philippe, Verrier, Etienne, Friggens, Nicolas C., Destoumieux-Garzón, Delphine, Bonnet, Pascal, Teplitsky, Céline, Criscuolo, François, Henry, Pierre-Yves, Mazurais, David, Prunet, Patrick, Salvat, Gilles, Usseglio-Polatera, Philippe, Verrier, Etienne, and Friggens, Nicolas C.
- Abstract
Wild and farmed animals are key elements of natural and managed ecosystems that deliver functions such as pollination, pest control and nutrient cycling within the broader roles they play in contributing to biodiversity and to every category of ecosystem services. They are subjected to global changes with a profound impact on the natural range and viability of animal species, the emergence and spatial distribution of pathogens, land use, ecosystem services and farming sustainability. We urgently need to improve our understanding of how animal populations can respond adaptively and therefore sustainably to these new selective pressures. In this context, we explored the common points between animal production science and animal ecology to identify promising avenues of synergy between communities through the transfer of concepts and/or methodologies, focusing on seven concepts that link both disciplines. Animal adaptability, animal diversity (both within and between species), selection, animal management, animal monitoring, agroecology and viability risks were identified as key concepts that should serve the cross-fertilization of both fields to improve ecosystem resilience and farming sustainability. The need for breaking down interdisciplinary barriers is illustrated by two representative examples: i) the circulation and reassortment of pathogens between wild and domestic animals and ii) the role of animals in nutrient cycles, i.e. recycling nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon through, for example, contribution to soil fertility and carbon sequestration. Our synthesis identifies the need for knowledge integration techniques supported by programmes and policy tools that reverse the fragmentation of animal research toward a unification into a single Animal Research Kinship, OneARK, which sets new objectives for future science policy. At the interface of animal ecology and animal production science, our article promotes an effective application of the agroecology concept to
- Published
- 2021
29. Additive genetic variance for traits least related to fitness increases with environmental stress in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria
- Author
-
Chapuis, Marie Pierre, Pélissié, Benjamin, Piou, Cyril, Chardonnet, Floriane, Pagès, Christine, Foucart, Antoine, Chapuis, Elodie, Jourdan-Pineau, Hélène, Chapuis, Marie Pierre, Pélissié, Benjamin, Piou, Cyril, Chardonnet, Floriane, Pagès, Christine, Foucart, Antoine, Chapuis, Elodie, and Jourdan-Pineau, Hélène
- Abstract
Under environmental stress, previously hidden additive genetic variation can be unmasked and exposed to selection. The amount of hidden variation is expected to be higher for life history traits, which strongly correlate to individual fitness, than for morphological traits, in which fitness effects are more ambiguous. However, no consensual pattern has been recovered yet, and this idea is still debated in the literature. Here, we hypothesize that the classical categorization of traits (i.e., life history and morphology) may fail to capture their proximity to fitness. In the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, a model organism for the study of insect polyphenism, we quantified changes in additive genetic variation elicited by lifetime thermal stress for ten traits, in which evolutionary significance is known. Irrespective of their category, traits under strong stabilizing selection showed genetic invariance with environmental stress, while traits more loosely associated with fitness showed a marked increase in additive genetic variation in the stressful environment. Furthermore, traits involved in adaptive phenotypic plasticity (growth compensation) showed either no change in additive genetic variance or a change of moderate magnitude across thermal environments. We interpret this mitigated response of plastic traits in the context of integrated evolution to adjust the entire phenotype in heterogeneous environments (i.e., adaptiveness of initial plasticity, compromise of phenotypic compensation with stress, and shared developmental pathway). Altogether, our results indicate, in agreement with theoretical expectations, that environmental stress can increase available additive genetic variance in some desert locust traits, but those closely linked to fitness are largely unaffected. Our study also highlights the importance of assessing the proximity to fitness of a trait on a case-by-case basis and in an ecologically relevant context, as well as considering the proces
- Published
- 2021
30. Quinoa phenotyping methodologies: An international consensus
- Author
-
Stanschewski, Clara S., Rey, Elodie, Fiene, Gabriele, Craine, Evan B., Wellman, Gordon, Melino, Vanessa J., Patiranage, Dilan S.R., Johansen, Kasper, Schmöckel, Sandra M., Bertero, Hector Daniel, Oakey, Helena, Colque‐Little, Carla, Afzal, Irfan, Raubach, Sebastian, Miller, Nathan, Streich, Jared, Buchvaldt Amby, Daniel, Emrani, Nazgol, Warmington, Mark, Moussa, Magdi A.A., Wu, David, Jacobson, Daniel, Andreasen, Christian, Jung, Christian, Murphy, Kevin, Bazile, Didier, Tester, Mark, Stanschewski, Clara S., Rey, Elodie, Fiene, Gabriele, Craine, Evan B., Wellman, Gordon, Melino, Vanessa J., Patiranage, Dilan S.R., Johansen, Kasper, Schmöckel, Sandra M., Bertero, Hector Daniel, Oakey, Helena, Colque‐Little, Carla, Afzal, Irfan, Raubach, Sebastian, Miller, Nathan, Streich, Jared, Buchvaldt Amby, Daniel, Emrani, Nazgol, Warmington, Mark, Moussa, Magdi A.A., Wu, David, Jacobson, Daniel, Andreasen, Christian, Jung, Christian, Murphy, Kevin, Bazile, Didier, and Tester, Mark
- Abstract
Quinoa is a crop originating in the Andes but grown more widely and with the genetic potential for significant further expansion. Due to the phenotypic plasticity of quinoa, varieties need to be assessed across years and multiple locations. To improve comparability among field trials across the globe and to facilitate collaborations, components of the trials need to be kept consistent, including the type and methods of data collected. Here, an internationally open-access framework for phenotyping a wide range of quinoa features is proposed to facilitate the systematic agronomic, physiological and genetic characterization of quinoa for crop adaptation and improvement. Mature plant phenotyping is a central aspect of this paper, including detailed descriptions and the provision of phenotyping cards to facilitate consistency in data collection. High-throughput methods for multi-temporal phenotyping based on remote sensing technologies are described. Tools for higher-throughput post-harvest phenotyping of seeds are presented. A guideline for approaching quinoa field trials including the collection of environmental data and designing layouts with statistical robustness is suggested. To move towards developing resources for quinoa in line with major cereal crops, a database was created. The Quinoa Germinate Platform will serve as a central repository of data for quinoa researchers globally.
- Published
- 2021
31. Integrative taxonomy confirms that Gregarina garnhami and G. acridiorum (Apicomplexa, Gregarinidae), parasites of Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera), are distinct species
- Author
-
Florent, Isabelle, Chapuis, Marie Pierre, Labat, Amandine, Boisard, Julie, Leménager, Nicolas, Michel, Bruno, Desportes-Livage, Isabelle, Florent, Isabelle, Chapuis, Marie Pierre, Labat, Amandine, Boisard, Julie, Leménager, Nicolas, Michel, Bruno, and Desportes-Livage, Isabelle
- Abstract
Orthoptera are infected by about 60 species of gregarines assigned to the genus Gregarina Dufour, 1828. Among these species, Gregarina garnhami Canning, 1956 from Schistocerca gregaria (Forsskål, 1775) was considered by Lipa et al. in 1996 to be synonymous with Gregarina acridiorum (Léger 1893), a parasite of several orthopteran species including Locusta migratoria (Linné, 1758). Here, a morphological study and molecular analyses of the SSU rDNA marker demonstrate that specimens of S. gregaria and specimens of L. migratoria are infected by two distinct Gregarina species, G. garnhami and G. acridiorum, respectively. Validation of the species confirms that molecular analyses provide useful taxonomical information. Phenotypic plasticity was clearly observed in the case of G. garnhami: the morphology of its trophozoites, gamonts and syzygies varied according to the geographical location of S. gregaria and the subspecies infected.
- Published
- 2021
32. Adaptive developmental plasticity in rhesus macaques : the serotonin transporter gene interacts with maternal care to affect juvenile social behaviour
- Author
-
Madrid, Jesus E, Ahloy Dallaire, Jamie, Mandalaywala, Tara M, Sean P, Coyne, Garner, Joseph P, Barr S., Christina, Maestripieri, Dario, Parker, Karen J., Madrid, Jesus E, Ahloy Dallaire, Jamie, Mandalaywala, Tara M, Sean P, Coyne, Garner, Joseph P, Barr S., Christina, Maestripieri, Dario, and Parker, Karen J.
- Abstract
Research has increasingly highlighted the role that developmental plasticity-the ability of a particular genotype to produce variable phenotypes in response to different early environments-plays as an adaptive mechanism. One of the most widely studied genetic contributors to developmental plasticity in humans and rhesus macaques is a serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), which determines transcriptional efficiency of the serotonin transporter gene in vitro and modifies the availability of synaptic serotonin in these species. A majority of studies to date have shown that carriers of a loss-of-function variant of the 5-HTTLPR, the short (s) allele, develop a stress-reactive phenotype in response to adverse early environments compared with long (l) allele homozygotes, leading to the prevalent conceptualization of the s-allele as a vulnerability allele. However, this framework fails to address the independent evolution of these loss-of-function mutations in both humans and macaques as well as the high population prevalence of s-alleles in both species. Here we show in free-ranging rhesus macaques that s-allele carriers benefit more from supportive early social environments than l-allele homozygotes, such that s-allele carriers which receive higher levels of maternal protection during infancy demonstrate greater social competence later in life. These findings provide, to our knowledge, the first empirical support for the assertion that the s-allele grants high undirected biological sensitivity to context in primates and suggest a mechanism through which the 5-HTTLPR s-allele is maintained in primate populations.
- Published
- 2021
33. Feedback effects of chronic browsing on life-history traits of a large herbivore
- Author
-
Côté, Steeve D., Huot, Jean, Weladji, Robert B., Simard, Marie-Anouk, Côté, Steeve D., Huot, Jean, Weladji, Robert B., and Simard, Marie-Anouk
- Abstract
1 Increasing ungulate populations are affecting vegetation negatively in many areas, but few studies have assessed the long-term effects of overbrowsing on individual life-history traits of ungulates. 2 Using an insular population of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann; Anticosti, Québec, Canada) introduced in 1896, and whose density has remained high since the first evidence of severe browsing in the 1930s, we investigated potential feedbacks of long-term and heavy browsing on deer life-history traits. 3 We assessed whether chronic browsing contributed to a decline of the quality of deer diet in early autumn during the last 25 years, and evaluated the impacts of reduced diet quality on deer body condition and reproduction. 4 Rumen nitrogen content declined 22% between two time periods, 1977–79 and 2002–04, indicating a reduction in diet quality. 5 After accounting for the effects of year within the time period, age and date of harvest in autumn, peak body mass of both sexes declined between the two time periods. At the end of November, males were on average 12% heavier and adult does 6% heavier in 1977–79 than in 2002–04. Hind foot length did not vary between time periods. 6 The probability of conception increased 15% between the two time periods, but litter size at ovulation declined 7%, resulting in a similar total number of ovulations in 2002–04 and in 1977–79. 7 Our results suggest that following a decline in diet quality, white-tailed deer females modified their life-history strategies to maintain reproduction at the expense of growth. 8 Deer appear to tolerate drastic reductions in diet quality by modifying their life history traits, such as body mass and reproduction, before a reduction in density is observed. Such modifications may contribute to maintain high population density of large herbivores following population irruption.
- Published
- 2021
34. Fluctuating optimum and temporally variable selection on breeding date in birds and mammals
- Author
-
Hamel, Sandra, Festa-Bianchet, Marco, Charmantier, Anne, Côté, Steeve D., Arlt, Debora, Bize, Pierre, Brekke, Patricia, Brouwer, Lyanne, Cockburn, Andrew, Dobson, F. Stephen, Evans, Simon R., Gamelon, Marlène, Hegelbach, Johann, Jerstad, Kurt, Kempenaers, B. (Bart), Kruuk, Loeske E. B., Kumpula, Jouko, Kvalnes, Thomas, McAdam, Andrew G., McFarlane, S. Eryn, Morrissey, Michael B., Pärt, Tomas, Pemberton, Josephine M., Qvarnström, Anna, Wiggo Røstad, Ole, Schroeder, Julia, Senar, Juan Carlos, Sheldon, Ben C., Pol, Martijn van de, Visser, Marcel E., Tufto, Jarle, Chevin, Luis-Miguel, Villemereuil, Pierre de, Hamel, Sandra, Festa-Bianchet, Marco, Charmantier, Anne, Côté, Steeve D., Arlt, Debora, Bize, Pierre, Brekke, Patricia, Brouwer, Lyanne, Cockburn, Andrew, Dobson, F. Stephen, Evans, Simon R., Gamelon, Marlène, Hegelbach, Johann, Jerstad, Kurt, Kempenaers, B. (Bart), Kruuk, Loeske E. B., Kumpula, Jouko, Kvalnes, Thomas, McAdam, Andrew G., McFarlane, S. Eryn, Morrissey, Michael B., Pärt, Tomas, Pemberton, Josephine M., Qvarnström, Anna, Wiggo Røstad, Ole, Schroeder, Julia, Senar, Juan Carlos, Sheldon, Ben C., Pol, Martijn van de, Visser, Marcel E., Tufto, Jarle, Chevin, Luis-Miguel, and Villemereuil, Pierre de
- Abstract
Temporal variation in natural selection is predicted to strongly impact the evolution and demography of natural populations, with consequences for the rate of adaptation, evolution of plasticity, and extinction risk. Most of the theory underlying these predictions assumes a moving optimum phenotype, with predictions expressed in terms of the temporal variance and autocorrelation of this optimum. However, empirical studies seldom estimate patterns of fluctuations of an optimum phenotype, precluding further progress in connecting theory with observations. To bridge this gap, we assess the evidence for temporal variation in selection on breeding date by modeling a fitness function with a fluctuating optimum, across 39 populations of 21 wild animals, one of the largest compilations of long-term datasets with individual measurements of trait and fitness components. We find compelling evidence for fluctuations in the fitness function, causing temporal variation in the magnitude, but not the direction of selection. However, fluctuations of the optimum phenotype need not directly translate into variation in selection gradients, because their impact can be buffered by partial tracking of the optimum by the mean phenotype. Analyzing individuals that reproduce in consecutive years, we find that plastic changes track movements of the optimum phenotype across years, especially in bird species, reducing temporal variation in directional selection. This suggests that phenological plasticity has evolved to cope with fluctuations in the optimum, despite their currently modest contribution to variation in selection.
- Published
- 2021
35. Additive genetic variance for traits least related to fitness increases with environmental stress in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria
- Author
-
Chapuis, Marie-Pierre, Pélissié, Benjamin, Piou, Cyril, Chardonnet, Floriane, Pagès, Christine, Foucart, Antoine, Chapuis, Elodie, Jourdan-Pineau, Hélène, Chapuis, Marie-Pierre, Pélissié, Benjamin, Piou, Cyril, Chardonnet, Floriane, Pagès, Christine, Foucart, Antoine, Chapuis, Elodie, and Jourdan-Pineau, Hélène
- Abstract
Under environmental stress, previously hidden additive genetic variation can be unmasked and exposed to selection. The amount of hidden variation is expected to be higher for life history traits, which strongly correlate to individual fitness, than for morphological traits, in which fitness effects are more ambiguous. However, no consensual pattern has been recovered yet, and this idea is still debated in the literature. Here, we hypothesize that the classical categorization of traits (i.e., life history and morphology) may fail to capture their proximity to fitness. In the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, a model organism for the study of insect polyphenism, we quantified changes in additive genetic variation elicited by lifetime thermal stress for ten traits, in which evolutionary significance is known. Irrespective of their category, traits under strong stabilizing selection showed genetic invariance with environmental stress, while traits more loosely associated with fitness showed a marked increase in additive genetic variation in the stressful environment. Furthermore, traits involved in adaptive phenotypic plasticity (growth compensation) showed either no change in additive genetic variance or a change of moderate magnitude across thermal environments. We interpret this mitigated response of plastic traits in the context of integrated evolution to adjust the entire phenotype in heterogeneous environments (i.e., adaptiveness of initial plasticity, compromise of phenotypic compensation with stress, and shared developmental pathway). Altogether, our results indicate, in agreement with theoretical expectations, that environmental stress can increase available additive genetic variance in some desert locust traits, but those closely linked to fitness are largely unaffected. Our study also highlights the importance of assessing the proximity to fitness of a trait on a case-by-case basis and in an ecologically relevant context, as well as considering the proces
- Published
- 2021
36. The graptolite Rhabdopleura recondita tube composition, development and morphological invariance (Hemichordata, Pterobranchia)
- Author
-
Beli, Elena and Cameron, Christopher B.
- Subjects
PhyloCode ,Bioinformatique ,Rhabdopleura ,Bioinformatics ,Immunochemistry ,Plasticité phénotypique ,Phenotypic plasticity ,Graptolithina ,Immunochimie - Abstract
Le phylum Hemichordata est composé exclusivement d'organismes marins et, avec les embranchement Echinodermata et chordata, il forme le groupe des Deutérostomes sur l'arbre de la vie des animaux. Dans les chapitres d'introduction et le deuxième, je donne un aperçu des hémichordés, y compris les enteropneustes solitaires et les pterobranches coloniaux et je les défini dans un contexte évolutif ou phylogénétique. Les enteropneustes sont souvent considérés comme le meilleur proxy vivant de l'ancêtre des deutérostomes. Les ptérobranches comprennent les Cephalodiscida et les Graptolithina. Les graptolites (graptos = écrit, lithos = roche) sont principalement représentés par des espèces fossiles remontant à la Période Cambrienne, il y a plus de 500 millions d'années. Ces «écritures dans la roche» sont largement connues et étudiées par les paléontologues et sont si abondantes qu'elles sont utilisées comme fossiles indicateurs pour identifier les couches sédimentaires. Les graptolites sont éteints sauf pour cinq espèces benthiques appartenant au genre Rhabdopleura, membres de la famille Rhabdopleuridae, que j'examine en détail dans le chapitre trois. Rhabdopleura recondita de la mer Méditerranée fait l'objet de cette thèse. Il est courant le long des côtes sud de l'Italie d'où je l’ai échantillonné en plongée sous- marine. Il est inhabituel que des colonies résident cachées à l'intérieur de la zoaria des bryozoaires morts. Seuls les tubes érigés font saillie à partir de la matrice de l'hôte. Les chapitres quatre et cinq sont les contributions les plus significatives de cette thèse, avec un accent sur les tubes de R. recondita. Le chapitre quatre fournit des observations de la construction de tubes par R. recondita gardé en captivité. J'ai observé la capacité des larves, des zooïdes et des colonies à sécréter de nouveaux tubes en présence et en l'absence du matériel hôte du zoarium bryozoaire. Nous avons découvert que la colonisation larvaire et la sécrétion du dôme peuvent se produire sans l'hôte bryozoaire, mais la croissance continue de la colonie nécessite le substrat de l'hôte. Les zooïdes adultes ne peuvent reformer de nouveaux tubes que s'ils sont capables de s'abriter à l'intérieur du matériel hôte. Un résultat surprenant des observations des zooïdes a été la sécrétion d'un opercule et d'un tube évasé. Les colonies qui avaient des tubes érigés enlevés ont pu fabriquer de nouveaux tubes, mais à un faible nombre. Une étude parallèle a été réalisée sur des colonies dont les tubes avaient été retirés, puis cultivées dans des canaux à quatre vitesses d'écoulement. Cette expérience a été conçue pour induire une réponse plastique phénotypique à l'écoulement. Au lieu de cela, je n'ai trouvé aucune différence significative dans la longueur du tube ou le nombre de tubes en réponse à quatre vitesses d'écoulement. Ce résultat suggère que le développement du tube de R. recondita peut être canalisé ou fixé. Il est significatif car il suggère que de petites différences qui distinguent les espèces primitives de graptolites encroûtantes sont bonnes. Le chapitre cinq porte sur la composition des tubes de R. recondita. Plusieurs hypothèses et de nombreuses analyses ont été faites sur ce sujet, mais aucune n'a été concluante. J'utilise ici la génomique et la bioinformatique, l'immunochimie et la spectroscopie et rejette les hypothèses selon lesquelles les tubes sont de la kératine ou de la cellulose. Au lieu de cela, j'ai trouvé huit gènes de chitine synthase dans le génome et le trascriptome, un complexe composé d'un polysaccharide semblable à la chitine, d'une protéine, d'un acide gras et de composants élémentaires inattendus. Cette étude est significative car elle ferme la porte sur une ancienne hypothèse de composition de tube de graptolite et révèle qu'il s'agit d'une structure complexe comprenant de la chitine. Le chapitre de conclusion est un bref résumé des résultats et une réflexion sur les aveenues potentiellement fructueuse pour des recherches futures., The phylum Hemichordata is comprised of exclusively marine organisms, and together with the Echinodermata and Chordata forms the Deuterostomia branch on the animal tree of life. In the introductory and second chapters I provide a background on Hemichordata including the solitary Enteropneusta and the colonial Pterobranchia and define them in an evolutionary or phylogenetic context. The enteropneusts are often regarded as the best living proxy of the deuterostome ancestor. Pterobranchs, include the Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina. Graptolites (graptos=written, lithos=rock) are mostly represented by fossil species dating back to the Cambrian Period, more than 500 million years ago. These “writings in the rock” are widely known and studied by paleontologists and are so abundant that they are used as index fossils to identify sedimentary layers. Graptolites are extinct but for five benthic species belonging to the genus Rhabdopleura, members of the Rhabdopleurida, which I extensively review in chapter three. Rhabdopleura recondita from the Mediterranean Sea is the subject of this thesis. It is common along the south coasts of Italy from where I sample it by SCUBA diving. It is unusual in that colonies reside hidden inside of the zoaria of dead bryozoans. Only erect tubes project from the host matrix. Chapters four and five are the most significant contributions of this thesis, with a focus on R. recondita tubes. Chapter four provides observations of tube building by R. recondita kept in captivity. I observed larvae, zooids and colonies abilities to secrete new tubes in the presence and absence of the bryozoan zoarium host material. We discovered that larval settlement and dome secretion can occur without the bryozoan host, but the continued growth of the colony requires the host substrate. Adult zooids can reform new tubes only if they are able to shelter inside of host material. A surprising result from the zooid observations was the secretion of an operculum and a flared tube. Colonies that had erect tubes removed were able to make new tubes, but fewer in number. A parallel study was done on colonies that had tubes removed and then were cultured in channels at four flow velocities. This experiment was designed to induce a phenotypic plastic response to flow. Instead, I found no significant difference in tube length or tube number in response to four flow velocities. This result suggests that the tube development of R. recondita may be canalized, or fixed. It is significant because it suggests that small differences that distinguish primitive, encrusting graptolite species, are good. Chapter five is on the composition of R. recondita tubes. Several hypotheses and numerous analysis have been done on this topic, but none were conclusive. Here I use genomics and bioinformatics, immunochemistry and spectroscopy and reject the hypotheses that the tubes contain keratin or cellulose. Instead I found eight chitin synthase genes in the genome and transcriptome, a complex made of a chitin-like polysaccharide, protein, fatty acid and unexpected elemental components. This study is significant because it closes the door on old hypothesis of graptolite tube composition and reveals that it is a complex structure including chitin. The conclusion chapter is a brief summary of the results and a reflection on fruitful avenues of future research.
- Published
- 2021
37. Genetic variability in reaction norms in fishes.
- Author
-
Oomen, Rebekah A. and Hutchings, Jeffrey A.
- Subjects
- *
FISH communication , *AQUATIC animals , *BIOLOGICAL evolution , *ENVIRONMENTAL protection , *GENETICS - Abstract
The ability of populations to adapt to environmental change and the spatial scale at which this adaptation occurs are fundamentally important issues in evolutionary biology, and ones that may benefit greatly from the study of genetic variability in reaction norms, which represent the plasticity of phenotypic traits across an environmental gradient. Therefore variable reaction norms can reflect genetic differences in the ability of individuals, families, populations, and species to respond to natural and anthropogenic environmental change. Fishes are ideal organisms in which to study plasticity because of their remarkable intraspecific morphological, physiological, behavioural, and life history variation. Here, we review studies demonstrating genetic variability in reaction norms in fishes. Genetic variability in plasticity among full- and half-sib families suggests potential for some populations to develop an adaptive norm of reaction (recalling that plasticity need not be adaptive). Reaction norm variability among populations suggests that adaptive genetic divergence can occur rapidly when selection pressures are strong and that the spatial scale of adaptation is much smaller than previously believed for some species with high dispersal capabilities. These studies demonstrate the potential of using reaction norms to study the evolution of novel phenotypes and the influence of temporal environmental variability and gene flow on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, which can then be used to predict how populations will respond to directional environmental change. To promote future research into genetic variability in reaction norms, we propose questions that would benefit from such an approach and discuss some important considerations for designing experiments to investigate questions related to genetic variation in plasticity and phenotypic evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Ecomorphological patterns linking morphology and diet across three populations of pumpkinseed sunfish ( Lepomis gibbosus).
- Author
-
Berchtold, A.E., Colborne, S.F., Longstaffe, F.J., and Neff, B.D.
- Subjects
- *
PUMPKINSEED (Fish) , *FISH nutrition , *FISH populations , *LAKES , *STABLE isotope analysis , *ZOOPLANKTON - Abstract
Relationships between morphological traits and their ecological function frequently result in patterns that are consistently observed within taxa. Across fishes, the field of ecomorphology has identified a number of morphological traits linked to foraging tactic. Here we examined the links between morphology and diet in pumpkinseed sunfish ( Lepomis gibbosus (L., 1758)) from three temperate freshwater lakes. We focused on morphological variation in pharyngeal jaw and gill raker structures, both involved with the processing of prey after capture, in relation to diet. Using stomach contents and stable isotope analysis, we established mean resource use estimates for both populations and individual fish. Among populations and individuals within lakes, we observed that pharyngeal jaw size and gill raker spacing increased with the consumption of littoral prey (e.g., hard-shelled snails) relative to pelagic prey (e.g., zooplankton), but the morphological changes were greater for the pharyngeal jaws. Overall, the relationships that we observed between morphology and foraging tactic were consistent with patterns observed in pumpkinseed and across other fishes. Individual-level diet variation associated with morphology may result in phenotypic diversity within populations that has multiple ecological and evolutionary implications for these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. La méthylation de l'ADN chez Biomphalaria glabrata, rôle et impact sur la génération de la plasticité phénotypique
- Author
-
Luviano Aparicio, Nelia, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Université de Perpignan, Christoph Grunau, and Céline Cosseau
- Subjects
DNA methylation ,Mollusk ,Heredity ,Épimutations ,Mollusque ,Plasticité phénotypique ,Hérédité ,Epigenetics ,ADN methylation ,[SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology ,Phenotypic plasticity ,Epigénétique ,Epimutations - Abstract
The understanding of the molecular mechanisms that allows the rapid adaptation of mollusks that are vector of parasites, to new environments is important for disease control. Rapid adaptation is difficult to explain by traditional Mendelian genetics and there is strong evidence supporting that epigenetic mechanisms, are behind rapid adaptations in other species. I studied one epigenetic mark called DNA methylation that has demonstrated to be environmentally modulated and to play a role in phenotypic plasticity in many species, principally plants and vertebrates. Nevertheless, the role of DNA methylation in generating phenotypic variation in invertebrates has been poorly studied. I addressed the question of the role of DNA methylation in the generation of phenotypic plasticity and its heritability in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, the causal agent of schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease. DNA methylation in B. glabrata has been found to be modulated by the infection of the parasite S. mansoni and by environmental stress, furthermore, it was demonstrated that DNA methylation affects its gene expression, suggesting that DNA methylation can affect phenotypic variation and therefore the adaptation of the snail to new environments. To study the role of DNA methylation in the generation of phenotypic variation, experimental manipulation of the DNA methylation in the snail was necessary. Therefore, two approaches were proposed in this thesis to introduce epimutations in the snail B. glabrata: 1) Random epi-mutagenesis using chemical DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors and by consequent segregation of epimutations in self-fertilization lines and 2) Methylate the cytosines of a targeted locus with a targeted epigenome editing tool consisting in the use of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT3) construct fused to the nuclease-inactivated dCas9. For the random epi-mutagenesis approach, a novel DNMT inhibitor has shown methylation inhibiting effects in two subsequent generations, showing a2multigenerational epigenetic effect and without showing toxic effects in either survival nor fecundity of the snail B. glabrata. In addition, the inhibitor Flv1 has been shown to be effective in other two mollusk species, the freshwater snail Physa acuta and the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which suggests that this inhibitor represents a molecular tool to modulate the methylation of DNA in other mollusks. In the case of the targeted epimutagenesis approach, I used a transfection method that allows introducing two plasmid vectors with an SV40 viral promoter in vivo in embryos of the snail B. glabrata. The transfection was performed at the gastrula stage, which resulted in mosaic incorporation of the vector into the transfected cells. However, the method was able to methylate some CpG sites of the targeted gene.; La compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires qui permettent l'adaptation rapide des mollusques vecteurs de parasites à de nouveaux environnements est importante pour le contrôle des maladies. L'adaptation rapide est difficile à expliquer par la génétique mendélienne traditionnelle et il existe des preuves solides qui soutiennent que les mécanismes épigénétiques sont à l'origine des adaptations rapides chez plusieurs espèces. Je me suis focalisée sur une marque épigénétique appelée la méthylation de l’ADN, qui est modulée par l'environnement et joue un rôle dans la plasticité phénotypique chez de nombreuses espèces, principalement les plantes et les vertébrés. Néanmoins, le rôle de la méthylation de l'ADN dans la génération de variations phénotypiques chez les invertébrés a été très peu étudié. J'ai abordé la question du rôle de la méthylation de l'ADN dans la génération de la plasticité phénotypique et de son héritabilité chez l'escargot B. glabrata, l'hôte intermédiaire du parasite Schistosoma mansoni, l'agent pathogène de la schistosomiase, une maladie tropicale négligée. La méthylation de l'ADN chez B. glabrata est régulée par l'infection3du parasite S. mansoni et par le stress environnemental, de plus, il a été démontré que la méthylation de l'ADN affecte son expression génique, suggérant que la méthylation de l'ADN peut affecter la variation phénotypique et donc l'adaptation de l'escargot à de nouveaux environnements. Pour étudier le rôle de la méthylation de l'ADN dans la génération de la variation phénotypique, une manipulation expérimentale de la méthylation de l'ADN chez l'escargot était nécessaire. Par conséquent, deux approches ont été proposées dans cette thèse pour introduire des épimutations chez l'escargot B. glabrata: 1) Épi-mutagenèse aléatoire en utilisant des inhibiteurs chimiques des enzymes ADN methyltransferases (DNMT) et par ségrégation conséquente des épimutations dans des lignées d'autofécondation et 2) Par la méthylation des cytosines d'un locus ciblé avec un outil d'édition épigénétique qui consiste à l'utilisation d'une vecteur plasmidique codant pour l’ADN méthyltranférase (DNMT3) fusionnée avec l’enzyme dCas9 (Cas9 avec l’activité nucléase désactivé). Pour l’approche d’épimutagenèse aleatoire, un nouvel inhibiteur des enzymes DNMT a montré des effets d’inhibition de la méthylation dans deux générations consécutives, en montrant un effet épigénétique multigénérationnelle et sans montrer d’effet toxique ni dans la survie ni dans la fécondité de l’escargot B. glabrata. De plus l’inhibiteur Flv1 a montré être efficace dans deux autres espèces de mollusques, l’escargot d’eau douce Physa acuta et l’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas, ce qui suggère que cet inhibiteur représente un potentiel outil moléculaire pour moduler la méthylation de l’ADN chez d’autres mollusques. Dans le cas de l’approche ciblée, j’ai utilisé une méthode de transfection qui permet d’introduire deux vecteurs plasmidiques avec un promoteur viral SV40 de façon in vivo dans des embryons de l’escargot B. glabrata. La transfection a été effectuée au stade gastrula, ce qui a entrainé une incorporation mosaïque du vecteur dans les cellules transfectées. Toutefois, la méthode a permis de méthyler certains sites CpG du gène ciblé.
- Published
- 2021
40. Identification des marqueurs morphofonctionnels du processus de domestication en archéozoologie : Approche tridimensionnelle de la variation endostructurale de la diaphyse humérale et de la forme du calcanéus
- Author
-
Harbers, Hugo, Archéozoologie, archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements (AASPE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Thomas CUCCHI, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, and Thomas Cucchi
- Subjects
Geometric morphometrics ,Expérimentation ,[SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory ,Sus scrofa ,Archéozoologie ,Néolithique ,Phenotypic plasticity ,Wild boar ,Domestication ,Morphométrie géométrique ,Plasticité phénotypique ,Sanglier ,Neolithic ,Archaeozoology ,Locomotion ,Experimentation - Abstract
The study of domestication can provide us with valuable information both on our history and the development of our societies, but also on the evolution of species and the biological processes that have led to the diversity of living forms today. The domestication process can be synthesized in two stages : the contact between the potential domesticated species and the human ecosystem, then its evolutionary adaptation to life within the human environment over the generations. Thus to study domestication it is necessary for archaeologists to find traces of these two stages in archaeological remains. Although evolutionary adaptation leaves a large number of morphological markers that allow us to study domestication without difficulty once it is properly initiated, the process of the early interactions on the other hand, leaves very few traces. This thesis aims to identify and characterize two markers of early process of domestication : the morphological skeletal consequences of growth in captivity in wild boar (Sus scrofa) on the calcaneus and humerus. These potential markers will be used to develop new methods to detect the early stages of the domestication process in wild boar in an archaeological context. The hypothesis being tested is that a change in the behavior of an individual with reduced mobility can lead to observable and measurable changes in bone morphology. This thesis is based on the DOMEXP ANR experimental domestication project in which wild boars were bred in captivity for two years and scanned throughout their growth to study the impact of captivity on their bone anatomy. Our results show that captivity induces a plastic morphological response for both markers, and the application of these two methods on Neolithic suines showed that the morphology of Western European suines changed during the Neolithic, which could be considered as a consequence of the arrival of a new management system based on increased population control. Moreover, the presence of small specimens evokes the possibility of a commensal trajectory. These results could be complemented by isotopic and genomic approaches in order to provide a more complete picture of this period.; L’étude de la domestication peut nous apporter des informations capitales à la fois sur notre histoire et le développement de nos sociétés, mais également sur l’évolution des espèces et les processus biologiques qui ont mené à la diversité des formes vivantes actuelles. On peut synthétiser le processus de domestication en deux étapes : la mise en relation entre la potentielle espèce domestique et l’Homme, puis son adaptation évolutive à la vie avec l’Homme au fil des générations. Ainsi pour étudier la domestication il est nécessaire pour les archéologues de trouver des traces de ces deux étapes dans les restes archéologiques. Bien que l’adaptation évolutive laisse un grand nombre de marqueurs morphologiques qui nous permettent d’étudier sans peine la domestication une fois qu’elle est bien amorcée, la mise en relation en revanche ne laisse que très peu de traces. Cette thèse vise à identifier et caractériser deux marqueurs du contact entre un animal et l’Homme : les conséquences morphologiques osseuses de la croissance en captivité sur le calcanéus et l’humérus chez les ongulés, en prenant comme modèle le sanglier (Sus scrofa). Ces éventuels marqueurs serviront à développer de nouvelles méthodes pour détecter les premières étapes du processus de domestication chez le sanglier en contexte archéologique. L’hypothèse testée est que le changement de comportement d’un individu dont la mobilité est réduite peut laisser une emprunte observable et mesurable dans la morphologie osseuse. Cette thèse fait partie du projet ANR DOMEXP de domestication expérimentale dans laquelle des sangliers ont été élevés en captivité pendant deux ans et scannés tout au long de leur croissance pour étudier l’impact de la captivité sur leur anatomie osseuse. Nos résultats montrent que la captivité induit une réponse morphologique plastique pour les deux marqueurs, et l’application de ces deux méthodes sur des suinés du Néolithique a montré que lamorphologie des suinés d’Europe de l’Ouest a changé au cours du Néolithique, ce qui pourrait être considéré comme la conséquence de l’arrivée d’un nouveau système de gestion basé sur un contrôle accru des populations. De plus la présence de spécimens de petite taille évoque la possibilité d’une trajectoire commensale. Ces résultats pourraient être complétés par des approches isotopiques et génomiques afin de fournir une vision plus complète de cette période.
- Published
- 2021
41. Effets sublétaux de contaminants environnementaux sur le développement d’un amphibien (Bufo spinosus) : une approche expérimentale
- Author
-
Cheron, Marion and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
Morphology ,[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Herbicides ,Comportement ,Testostérone ,Phenotypic plasticity ,Amphibian ,Development ,Télomères ,Telomeres ,Stress oxydant ,Contamination ,Oxidative stress ,Amphibiens ,Corticostérone ,Plasticité phénotypique ,Spined toad ,Crapaud épineux ,Behaviour ,Testosterone ,Corticosterone ,Morphologie ,Développement - Abstract
Intensive agriculture homogenizes landscape and reduces the proportion of natural habitats, thus altering wildlife ecology. In addition to landscape fragmentation, intensive agriculture is responsible for the release of chemicals into non-target environments, such as aquatic environments, which are particularly affected by this contamination. The transfer of these molecules to aquatic environments occurs though runoff or soil erosion. Pesticides can accumulate in large quantities in slow-flux habitats such as ponds and vernal-pools, potentially creating ecological traps for the species that inhabit them. Amphibians are sentinel species of their ecosystems and are particularly sensitive to agricultural chemicals, especially because of their particularly permeable skin. In addition, part of their complex (biphasic) life cycle takes place in lentic environments, which are likely to be highly contaminated. During my thesis, I studied the effects of agricultural activities on an amphibian species that is widespread in agricultural and forest environments, the spined toad (Bufo spinosus). To understand the consequences of agricultural activities on the ecology and physiology of this species, I studied the effects of habitat characteristics (structure and contamination) on different developmental stages (embryos, larvae, adults). To achieve these objectives, I used two methodological approaches: (i) a field approach to measure morphological and physiological differences of adult male populations in contrasting habitats; and, (ii) an experimental approach under controlled conditions to distinguish the effects of exposure period and concentration of different contaminants on key developmental phases of this species. The results indicate that male adult populations show different allometric relationships depending on the habitat (agricultural, intermediate or forest) and that these differences probably result from evolutionary mechanisms related to phenotypic plasticity. Indeed, preliminary population genetic analyses do not detect genetic divergence among the populations studied, suggesting that physical or chemical habitat characteristics result in different response norms among populations. The observed allometric relationships could be the result, at least in part, of developmental plasticity due to environmental contamination within breeding sites. Studies of exposure to two herbicides (a legacy contaminant metabolite and an emerging contaminant) over ontogeny in this species showed us that contamination results in variability in morphological (size and body proportion), physiological (oxidative stress) and behavioral responses that suggest that there may be endocrine disruption mechanisms operating at very low concentrations. In addition, contamination negatively influences fitness proxies in exposed individuals (size and mass at metamorphosis, survival) which could ultimately alter recruitment, reproduction and population sustainability of spined toads., L'agriculture intensive homogénéise le paysage et réduit la part des habitats naturels, altérant ainsi l'écologie de la faune sauvage. Outre cette fragmentation du paysage, l'agriculture intensive est responsable du rejet de produits phytosanitaires dans les milieux non-cibles, comme les milieux aquatiques particulièrement touchés par cette contamination. Les phénomènes de ruissellement ou d'érosion des sols transfèrent ces molécules vers les milieux aquatiques. Les pesticides peuvent s'accumuler en grande quantité́ dans les milieux à faible courant tels les étangs ou les mares, constituant potentiellement des pièges écologiques pour les espèces y habitant. Les amphibiens sont des espèces indicatrices de leurs écosystèmes et sont particulièrement sensibles aux intrants agricoles, notamment parce qu’ils sont caractérisés par une peau particulièrement perméable. En outre, une partie de leur cycle de vie complexe (bi-phasique) a lieu dans les environnements lentiques potentiellement soumis à la contamination. Pendant ma thèse, j’ai étudié les effets des activités agricoles sur une espèce d’amphibien répandue en milieu agricole et forestier, le crapaud épineux (Bufo spinosus). Pour comprendre les conséquences des activités agricoles sur l'écologie et la physiologie de cette espèce, j’ai étudié les effets des caractéristiques de l’habitat (structure et contamination) sur différents stades de développement (embryons, larves, adultes). Afin de remplir ces objectifs, j’ai utilisé deux approches méthodologiques : (i) une approche de terrain visant à mesurer les différences morphologiques et physiologiques de populations de mâles adultes selon des habitats constrastés ; puis, (ii) des expérimentations en conditions contrôlées afin de distinguer les effets de la phase d’exposition et de la concentration des différents contaminants sur les phases clefs du développement de cette espèce. Les résultats indiquent que les populations de mâles adultes montrent des relations allométriques différentes selon l’habitat (agricole, intermédiaire ou forestier) et que ces différences résultent probablement de processus liés à la plasticité phénotypique. En effet, les analyses préliminaires de génétique de population ne détectent pas de divergence génétique entre les populations étudiées ce qui suggère que les caractéristiques physiques ou chimiques de l’habitat entraînent des normes de réactions différentes chez les populations. Les relations allométriques observées pourraient être la résultante, au moins en partie, d’une plasticité développementale due à la contamination environnementale des sites de reproduction. Les études de l’exposition à deux herbicides (un métabolite de contaminant historique et un contaminant émergent) sur les phases de développement de cette espèce nous a montré que la contamination entraîne de la variabilité dans les réponses morphologiques (taille et proportion corporelle), physiologiques (stress oxydant) et comportementales qui suggèrent des mécanismes de perturbation endocrinienne opérants à très faible concentration. De plus, la contamination influence négativement des proxys de la fitness chez les individus exposés (taille et masse à la métamorphose, survie) ce qui pourrait à terme altérer le recrutement, la reproduction et la pérennité des populations de crapauds épineux.
- Published
- 2021
42. Animal board invited review: OneARK: Strengthening the links between animal production science and animal ecology
- Author
-
Etienne Verrier, Patrick Prunet, François Criscuolo, Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón, Philippe Usseglio-Polatera, Pascal Bonnet, Céline Teplitsky, David Mazurais, Gilles Salvat, Nicolas Friggens, Pierre-Yves Henry, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Direction de la Stratégie et des Programmes (DSP), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants (MoSAR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), USSEGLIO-POLATERA, PHILIPPE, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Ecosystem services ,MESH: Ecosystem ,MESH: Animals ,Zoonotic diseases ,media_common ,2. Zero hunger ,0303 health sciences ,Ecology ,Santé animale ,Agriculture ,Biodiversity ,Animal culture ,Plasticité phénotypique ,L20 - Écologie animale ,Biodiversité ,MESH: Ecology ,Farms ,Agroecosystem ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Context (language use) ,SF1-1100 ,010603 evolutionary biology ,Adaptability ,12. Responsible consumption ,03 medical and health sciences ,Animal welfare ,Sciences animales ,Animals ,Adaptation ,MESH: Farms ,Environmental planning ,Agroecology ,Ecosystem ,Livestock sustainability ,030304 developmental biology ,Resilience ,Zoonotic disease ,L70 - Sciences et hygiène vétérinaires - Considérations générales ,15. Life on land ,[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,13. Climate action ,Sustainable management ,Animal ecology ,Sustainability ,Écologie animale ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Production animale ,[SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,Business - Abstract
International audience; Wild and farmed animals are key elements of natural and managed ecosystems that deliver functions such as pollination, pest control and nutrient cycling within the broader roles they play in contributing to biodiversity and to every category of ecosystem services. They are subjected to global changes with a profound impact on the natural range and viability of animal species, the emergence and spatial distribution of pathogens, land use, ecosystem services and farming sustainability. We urgently need to improve our understanding of how animal populations can respond adaptively and therefore sustainably to these new selective pressures. In this context, we explored the common points between animal production science and animal ecology to identify promising avenues of synergy between communities through the transfer of concepts and/or methodologies, focusing on seven concepts that link both disciplines. Animal adaptability, animal diversity (both within and between species), selection, animal management, animal monitoring, agroecology and viability risks were identified as key concepts that should serve the cross-fertilization of both fields to improve ecosystem resilience and farming sustainability. The need for breaking down interdisciplinary barriers is illustrated by two representative examples: i) the circulation and reassortment of pathogens between wild and domestic animals and ii) the role of animals in nutrient cycles, i.e. recycling nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon through, for example, contribution to soil fertility and carbon sequestration. Our synthesis identifies the need for knowledge integration techniques supported by programmes and policy tools that reverse the fragmentation of animal research toward a unification into a single Animal Research Kinship, OneARK, which sets new objectives for future science policy. At the interface of animal ecology and animal production science, our article promotes an effective application of the agroecology concept to animals and the use of functional diversity to increase resilience in both wild and farmed systems. It also promotes the use of novel monitoring technologies to quantify animal welfare and factors affecting fitness. These measures are needed to evaluate viability risk, predict and potentially increase animal adaptability and improve the management of wild and farmed systems, thereby responding to an increasing demand of society for the development of a sustainable management of systems.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Quinoa phenotyping methodologies: An international consensus
- Author
-
Clara S, Stanschewski, Elodie, Rey, Gabriele, Fiene, Evan B, Craine, Gordon, Wellman, Vanessa J, Melino, Dilan, S R Patiranage, Kasper, Johansen, Sandra M, Schmöckel, Daniel, Bertero, Helena, Oakey, Carla, Colque-Little, Irfan, Afzal, Sebastian, Raubach, Nathan, Miller, Jared, Streich, Daniel Buchvaldt, Amby, Nazgol, Emrani, Mark, Warmington, Magdi A A, Mousa, David, Wu, Daniel, Jacobson, Christian, Andreasen, Christian, Jung, Kevin, Murphy, Didier, Bazile, Mark, Tester, and On Behalf Of The Quinoa Phenotyping Consortium
- Subjects
high throughput seed phenotyping ,architecture ,amélioration des cultures ,Phénotype ,Plant Science ,Review ,Biology ,Chenopodium quinoa ,Diversidad Genética (como recurso) ,Environmental data ,Quinua ,F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes ,Remote Sensing ,descriptors ,remote sensing ,Variation génétique ,scoring card ,panicle ,Teledetección ,Genetics ,Fenotipos ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,database ,disease ,Ecology ,Botany ,genetic diversity ,Plant phenotyping ,Data science ,Genética ,Phenotypes ,QK1-989 ,Quinoa ,Central repository ,Plasticité phénotypique ,Genetic Diversity (as resource) - Abstract
Quinoa is a crop originating in the Andes but grown more widely and with the genetic potential for significant further expansion. Due to the phenotypic plasticity of quinoa, varieties need to be assessed across years and multiple locations. To improve comparability among field trials across the globe and to facilitate collaborations, components of the trials need to be kept consistent, including the type and methods of data collected. Here, an internationally open-access framework for phenotyping a wide range of quinoa features is proposed to facilitate the systematic agronomic, physiological and genetic characterization of quinoa for crop adaptation and improvement. Mature plant phenotyping is a central aspect of this paper, including detailed descriptions and the provision of phenotyping cards to facilitate consistency in data collection. High-throughput methods for multi-temporal phenotyping based on remote sensing technologies are described. Tools for higher-throughput post-harvest phenotyping of seeds are presented. A guideline for approaching quinoa field trials including the collection of environmental data and designing layouts with statistical robustness is suggested. To move towards developing resources for quinoa in line with major cereal crops, a database was created. The Quinoa Germinate Platform will serve as a central repository of data for quinoa researchers globally. EEA Famaillá Fil: Stanschewski, Clara S. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division; Arabia Saudita Fil: Rey, Elodie. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division; Arabia Saudita Fil: Fiene, Gabriele. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division; Arabia Saudita Fil: Craine, Evan B. Washington State University. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Wellman, Gordon. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division; Arabia Saudita Fil: Melino, Vanessa J. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division; Arabia Saudita Fil: Patiranage, Dilan S.R. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division; Arabia Saudita Fil: Patiranage, Dilan S.R. Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel. Plant Breeding Institute; Alemania Fil: Johansen, Kasper. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Water Desalination and Reuse Center; Arabia Saudita Fil: Schmöckel, Sandra M. University of Hohenheim. Institute of Crop Science. Department Physiology of Yield Stability; Alemania Fil: Erazzu, Luis Ernesto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá; Argentina. Fil: Tester, Mark. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division; Arabia Saudita
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Integrative taxonomy confirms that Gregarina garnhami and G. acridiorum (Apicomplexa, Gregarinidae), parasites of Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera), are distinct species
- Author
-
Bruno Michel, Isabelle Desportes-Livage, Amandine Labat, Julie Boisard, Nicolas Leménager, Marie Pierre Chapuis, Isabelle Florent, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Structure et Instabilité des Génomes (STRING), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was supported by a grant from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche [LabEx ANR-10-LABX-0003-BCDiv], in the program 'Investissements d’avenir' [ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02], by several interdisciplinary Programs of the MNHN (ATM-Microorganismes, ATM-Génomique et Collections, ATM-Emergence, AVIV department), the CNRS (Julie Boisard’s PhD fellowship, 2018–2021) and the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD)., ANR-11-IDEX-0004,SUPER,Sorbonne Universités à Paris pour l'Enseignement et la Recherche(2011), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Locusta migratoria ,Phenotypic plasticity ,Subspecies ,01 natural sciences ,Genus ,Parasite hosting ,Schistocerca gregaria ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Biodiversity ,Parasite ,Infectious Diseases ,Plasticité phénotypique ,Taxonomy (biology) ,U60 - Sciences de la vie et de la Terre ,Research Article ,Orthoptera ,Genetic Speciation ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Zoology ,Gregarina ,010603 evolutionary biology ,DNA, Ribosomal ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Apicomplexa ,03 medical and health sciences ,Species delimitation ,Animals ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,SSU rDNA phylogeny ,030304 developmental biology ,Taxonomie ,biology.organism_classification ,H10 - Ravageurs des plantes ,Gregarines ,Insect Science ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Schistocerca - Abstract
Orthoptera are infected by about 60 species of gregarines assigned to the genus Gregarina Dufour, 1828. Among these species, Gregarina garnhami Canning, 1956 from Schistocerca gregaria (Forsskål, 1775) was considered by Lipa et al. in 1996 to be synonymous with Gregarina acridiorum (Léger 1893), a parasite of several orthopteran species including Locusta migratoria (Linné, 1758). Here, a morphological study and molecular analyses of the SSU rDNA marker demonstrate that specimens of S. gregaria and specimens of L. migratoria are infected by two distinct Gregarina species, G. garnhami and G. acridiorum, respectively. Validation of the species confirms that molecular analyses provide useful taxonomical information. Phenotypic plasticity was clearly observed in the case of G. garnhami: the morphology of its trophozoites, gamonts and syzygies varied according to the geographical location of S. gregaria and the subspecies infected.La taxonomie intégrative confirme que Gregarina garnhami et G. acridiorum (Apicomplexa, Gregarinidae), parasites de Schistocerca gregaria et Locusta migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera), sont des espèces distinctes.Les orthoptères sont parasités par environ soixante espèces de grégarines affiliées au genre Gregarina Dufour, 1828. Parmi ces espèces Gregarina garnhami Canning, 1956 décrite chez Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål, 1775), a été mise en synonymie par Lipa et al. en 1996 avec Gregarina acridiorum (Léger 1893), parasite de plusieurs espèces d’orthoptères dont Locusta migratoria (Linné, 1758). Ici, une étude morphologique et des analyses moléculaires du marqueur SSU rDNA démontrent que les spécimens de S. gregaria et ceux de L. migratoria sont infectés par 2 espèces distinctes de grégarines, Gregarina garnhami et Gregarina acridiorum, respectivement. La validation de ces espèces confirme l’importance des informations fournies par les analyses moléculaires dans les études taxonomiques. Une plasticité phénotypique a été clairement observée dans le cas de G. garnhami : la morphologie de ses trophozoïtes, gamontes et syzygies varie selon la localisation géographique et la sous-espèce de S. gregaria infectée.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Effet de l’élévation de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2 sur les communautés de nématodes du sol : conséquence sur la nutrition de la tomate et du blé dur
- Author
-
Brondani, Margot, Mareschal, Louis, Plassard, Claude, Trap, Jean, and Fournier, Dominique
- Subjects
boucle microbienne ,traits fonctionnels ,plasticité phénotypique ,nutrition de la plante ,changements globaux ,[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology ,nématodes bactérivores ,[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study - Published
- 2021
46. Additive genetic variance for traits least related to fitness increases with environmental stress in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria
- Author
-
Marie‐Pierre Chapuis, Benjamin Pélissié, Cyril Piou, Floriane Chardonnet, Christine Pagès, Antoine Foucart, Elodie Chapuis, Hélène Jourdan‐Pineau, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of Nebraska [Kearney] (UNK), Plant Health Institute of Montpellier (UMR PHIM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), This work was supported by research funds from the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD) and the project ANR-18-CE32-0010 (PEPPER). The authors acknowledge the South Green Platform for providing computational resources that have contributed to the research results reported within this paper., ANR-18-CE32-0010,PEPPER,Etude de l'émergence du polyphénisme de phase et des risques associés(2018), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro
- Subjects
life history evolution ,growth ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Stress abiotique ,stress ,morphology ,pest insects ,pigmentation ,Variation phénotypique ,QH540-549.5 ,Schistocerca gregaria ,Ecology ,viability ,Stress thermique ,temperature ,L10 - Génétique et amélioration des animaux ,L40 - Anatomie et morphologie des animaux ,climate change ,Plasticité phénotypique ,Variance génétique - Abstract
International audience; Under environmental stress, previously hidden additive genetic variation can be unmasked and exposed to selection. The amount of hidden variation is expected to be higher for life history traits, which strongly correlate to individual fitness, than for morphological traits, in which fitness effects are more ambiguous. However, no consensual pattern has been recovered yet, and this idea is still debated in the literature. Here, we hypothesize that the classical categorization of traits (i.e., life history and morphology) may fail to capture their proximity to fitness. In the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, a model organism for the study of insect polyphenism, we quantified changes in additive genetic variation elicited by lifetime thermal stress for ten traits, in which evolutionary significance is known. Irrespective of their category, traits under strong stabilizing selection showed genetic invariance with environmental stress, while traits more loosely associated with fitness showed a marked increase in additive genetic variation in the stressful environment. Furthermore, traits involved in adaptive phenotypic plasticity (growth compensation) showed either no change in additive genetic variance or a change of moderate magnitude across thermal environments. We interpret this mitigated response of plastic traits in the context of integrated evolution to adjust the entire phenotype in heterogeneous environments (i.e., adaptiveness of initial plasticity, compromise of phenotypic compensation with stress, and shared developmental pathway). Altogether, our results indicate, in agreement with theoretical expectations, that environmental stress can increase available additive genetic variance in some desert locust traits, but those closely linked to fitness are largely unaffected. Our study also highlights the importance of assessing the proximity to fitness of a trait on a case-by-case basis and in an ecologically relevant context, as well as considering the processes of canalization and plasticity, involved in the control of phenotypic variation.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Darwin's legacy II: why biology is not physics, or why it has taken a century to see the dependence of genes on the environment1.
- Author
-
Singh, Rama S. and Bell, J.B.
- Subjects
- *
GENOTYPE-environment interaction , *BIOLOGICAL evolution , *PHENOTYPIC plasticity , *EPIGENETICS , *GENOMICS , *HERITABILITY - Abstract
Genes and environment make the organism. Darwin stood firm in his denial of any direct role of environment in the modification of heredity. His theory of evolution heralded two debates: one about the importance and adequacy of natural selection as the main mechanism of evolution, and the other about the role of genes versus environment in the modification of phenotype and evolution. Here, I provide an overview of the second debate and show that the reasons for the gene versus environment battle were twofold: first, there was confusion about the role of environment in modifying the inheritance of a trait versus the evolution of that trait, and second, there was misunderstanding about the meaning of environment and its interaction with genes in the production of phenotypes. It took nearly a century to see that environment does not directly affect the inheritance of a phenotype (i.e., its heredity), but it is nevertheless the primary mover of phenotypic evolution. Effects of genes and environment are not separate but interdependent. One cannot separate the effect of genes from that of environment, or nature from nurture. To answer the question posed in the title, it is partly because the 20th century has been a century of unending progress in genetics. But also because unlike physics, biology is not colorblind; progress in biology has often been delayed beyond the Kuhnian paradigm change due to built-in interest in negating the influence of environment. Those who are against evolution, of course, cannot be expected to understand the role of environment in evolution. Those for it, many biologists included, believing in the supremacy of genes empowers them by giving adaptation a solely gene-directed (self-driven) 'teleological' interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Darwin's legacy II: why biology is not physics, or why it has taken a century to see the dependence of genes on the environment1.
- Author
-
Singh, Rama S. and Bell, J.B.
- Subjects
GENOTYPE-environment interaction ,BIOLOGICAL evolution ,PHENOTYPIC plasticity ,EPIGENETICS ,GENOMICS ,HERITABILITY - Abstract
Copyright of Genome is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Inter and intra-annual phenotypic plasticity of radial growth and other traits related to ring formation in larch
- Author
-
Escobar sandoval, Margarita, Biologie intégrée pour la valorisation de la diversité des Arbres et de la Forêt (BioForA), Office National des Forêts (ONF)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, Philippe Rozenberg, Luc E. Pâques, and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
Microdensité ,Daily trunk variation ,Climate ,Genetic determinism ,Climat ,Larix ,Phenotypic plasticity ,Dendroécologie ,Déterminisme génétique ,Dendroecology ,Croissance radiale ,Microdensity ,Reaction norm ,Radial growth ,[SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry ,Norme de réaction ,Plasticité phénotypique ,Trunk water dynamics ,Dynamique de l'eau du tronc ,Variation quotidienne du tronc ,[SDV.SA.SF] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry ,Adaptation ,Elevational gradient ,Gradient altitudinal - Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of individual genotypes to adjust to environmental variation. In this thesis we used larch annual ring traits to estimate phenotypic plasticity at two-time scales: between years (chap. 1, inter-annual phenotypic plasticity) and within years (chap. 2, intra-annual phenotypic plasticity). In chap. 1 we analyzed annual rings of European larches distributed in four plots along a natural elevational gradient near Briançon, in the French Alps. The phenotypic plasticity of radial growth and latewood density as a function of maximum temperature tends to be negative at low elevation (1350 m) and distinctly positive at high elevations (2300 m), where European larch seems to react favorably to temperature increase. No elevation trend emerges for earlywood density, which mostly exhibits negative or null phenotypic plasticity. The phenotypic plasticity of mean ring density is intermediate between that of earlywood and of latewood density. In chap. 2 we used intra-annual radial growth curves recorded with automatic point dendrometers during four successive growing seasons in an experimental trial combiningseveral water regimes and three species of larch. From such curves we obtainedphenotypic plasticity variables for radial growth and the dynamics of water in the trunk as a function of several climatic variables. All phenotypic plasticity variables and all environmental conditions combined, hybrid larch is a little more plastic than Japanese larchand much more than European larch, which reflects its ability to quickly and efficiently replenish and use his water reserve. We hypothesize that this contributes to its greater vigor.In general, there are as many types of plasticity as there are combinations of phenotypic traits and environmental variable. Phenotypic plasticity summarizes in a single value all the dynamics of a particular response. While in natural selection a high plasticity seems to be an advantage, it is not so evident in artificial selection., La plasticité phénotypique permet aux génotypes de s’ajuster à des variations environnementales. Dans cette thèse nous avons utilisé des caractères de cernes annuels de mélèzes pour estimer la plasticité phénotypique à deux échelles de temps: entre années (chap. 1, plasticité interannuelle) et dans l’année (chap. 2, plasticité intra-annuelle). Dans le chap. 1 nous avons analysé des cernes annuels de mélèzes d’Europe distribués dans quatre placettes le long d’un gradient altitudinal naturel de la région de Briançon, dans les Alpes françaises. La plasticité phénotypique de la croissance radiale et de la densité du bois final en fonction de la température maximale tend à être négative à basse altitude (1350 m) et surtout positive à haute altitude (2300 m), où le mélèze d’Europe semble réagir favorablement à l’augmentation de la température. Aucune tendance altitudinale ne se dégage pour la densité du bois initial, qui présente en majorité une plasticité négative ou nulle. La plasticité phénotypique de la densité moyenne du cerne est intermédiaire entre celle du bois initial et celle du bois final. Dans le chap. 2 nous avons utilisé des courbes de croissance radiale intra-annuelle enregistrées à l’aide de dendromètres automatiques pendant quatre années dans un dispositif combinant plusieurs régimes hydriques et trois espèces de mélèze. Nous en avons extrait des variables de plasticité phénotypique pour la croissance radiale et la dynamique de l’eau dans le tronc en fonction de plusieurs variables climatiques. Toutes variables de plasticité phénotypique et toutes conditions environnementales confondues, l’hybride est un peu plus plastique que le mélèze du Japon et beaucoup plus que le mélèze d’Europe, ce qui traduit sa capacité à reconstituer et à utiliser rapidement et efficacement cette réserve en eau. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que cela contribue à sa plus grande vigueur. De façon générale, il y a autant de plasticités phénotypiques que d’associations caractère phénotypique/variable environnementale. La plasticité phénotypique résume en une seule valeur toute la dynamique d’une réponse particulière. Si en sélection naturelle une plasticité élevée parait constituer un avantage, ce n’est pas aussi évident en sélection artificielle.
- Published
- 2020
50. Phenotypic plasticity of plant traits contributing to grain and biomass yield of dual-purpose sorghum
- Author
-
Aliou Guisse, Komla Kyky Ganyo, Myriam Adam, Malick Ndiaye, Bertrand Muller, Ndiaga Cissé, Centre d'Etude Regional Pour l'Amelioration de l'Adaptation A la Secheresse, BP 3320, Thiès Escale, Thiès, Senegal, Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut Togolais de la Recherche Agronomique, Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (ESS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program for Senegal (WAAPP-Senegal)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Performance ,Biomass ,Plant Science ,Breeding ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes ,Sahel ,2. Zero hunger ,biology ,Phenology ,phytogénétique ,food and beverages ,Ideotype ,Adaptation, Physiological ,production de biomasse ,Phenotype ,ideotypes [EN] ,Plasticité phénotypique ,Seeds ,Génotype ,03 medical and health sciences ,Genetics ,[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology ,Leaf size ,Adaptation ,Sorghum ,Panicle ,Phenotypic plasticity ,business.industry ,biology.organism_classification ,Amélioration des plantes ,Plante à grains ,030104 developmental biology ,Agronomy ,Agriculture ,business ,Edible Grain ,Caractère agronomique ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Essai de variété - Abstract
International audience; Main conclusionPlant traits of interest for sorghum breeders to develop dual-purpose varieties are stem diameter, flag leaf size, crop cycle, and number of grains per panicle.AbstractTo develop dual-purpose varieties, breeders need to improve traits linked both to grain and biomass production. To identify these traits, we studied the phenotypic plasticity of eighteen traits and the performance of ten contrasting sorghum genotypes, used in West Africa. Trials were carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with four replicates from 2013 to 2016 in Bambey, Sinthiou Malem and Nioro du Rip in Senegal. The results revealed three plant types. The first type, "biomass production", contained genotypes IS15401 and SK5912, and was linked to cycle duration, leaf area, and plant height. The second type, "grain production", grouped the caudatum race sorghum 621B, F2-20 and Soumba, and was associated with the number of grains per panicle and the width of the flag leaf. The third group, "dual-purpose", corresponding to the genotypes Fadda, Nieleni and Pablo, combined some favourable traits for grain and biomass: stem diameter, internode length, number of green leaves and number of grains per panicle. The study showed that high and stable grain yields were associated with stability in flag leaf size, phenology and number of grains per panicle, and a high and stable biomass yield was associated with stability in stem diameter. Those stable plant traits might be of interest for sorghum breeders selecting to develop dual-purpose varieties.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.