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This article summarizes advanced physics in plasma and fusion research, which was covered by the 19th International Toki Conference (ITC). Summary is made from the viewpoint of progress of physics of nonequilibrium properties of plasmas, putting an emphasis upon the theme ‘Knowledge must be developed into understanding'. The aspects of advanced physics in this ITC was assessed in the issues: (i) advance in knowledge of confinement, (ii) multi-scale turbulent structure formation, (iii) transport processes, continued (nonlocal transport, statistical theory), (iv) advanced diagnostics, (v) reconnection, magnetic islands and MHD activities, (vi) plasma atomic molecular physics, (vii) integrated modelling, (viii) problem definitions for reactor studies, (ix) solar, space and astrophysical plasmas, (x) nano-bio plasmas, and (xi) further extensions. This report summarizes achievements in plasma physics with the perspective of 20 years of National Institute of Fusion Science after its inauguration.