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Rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma (RMH) is a rare benign tumor composed of skeletal muscle fibers and other mesenchymal-derived cells. The lesions are generally solitary sessile papules or skin tag lesions that occur during childhood. We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed with RMH pathologically between January 2001 and June 2020 at a tertiary medical center. A literature review was conducted. Seven plaque-type RMHs on the chin were found, including 6 in adults and one in a 14-year-old boy. The average age was 45.7 years. The onset of the RMH appearance was between several months and years. Pathologically, all patients showed a scattered haphazard arrangement of skeletal muscle bundles in the dermis and/or subcutis. Subcutis replaced by fibrous tissue and skeletal muscle bundles was present in 2 cases. Some skeletal muscles had a periadnexal distribution. This case series demonstrated a distinct clinical presentation of acquired RMH specifically located on the chin.

Post-mortem studies demonstrate that around two thirds of all myocardial infarctions are typically result of the plaque rupture. In this paper, systematic mapping study is applied to specify the vulnerable plaque research area. The scope of this research has been limited to the published papers of IEEE Transactions, Sciencedirect, and Springer between 2000 and 2016 years. The related studies are categorized into research question, research strategy, research challenge, and research framework. Based on the mapping results, the researchers are focused on the clinical analysis and algorithmic approach. This paper describes a review of state-of-the-art literature on TCFA detection techniques, motivations, issues, and existing challenges in terms of imaging modalities, plaque characterization techniques, and plaque type classification. A summary of each study containing the author names, publication year, technique, advantages, and drawbacks is presented at the end of each subsection.

Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are strongly associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unclear how morphological differences in Aβ plaques determine the pathogenesis of Aβ. Here, we categorized Aβ plaques into four types based on the macroscopic features of the dense core, and found that the Aβ-plaque subtype containing a larger dense core showed the strongest association with neuritic dystrophy. Astrocytes dominantly accumulated toward these expanded/dense-core-containing Aβ plaques. Previously, we indicated that deletion of the mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase MITOL/MARCH5 triggers mitochondrial impairments and exacerbates cognitive decline in a mouse model with AD-related Aβ pathology. In this study, MITOL deficiency accelerated the formation of expanded/dense-core-containing Aβ plaques, which showed reduced contacts with astrocytes, but not microglia. Our findings suggest that expanded/dense-core-containing Aβ-plaque formation enhanced by the alteration of mitochondrial function robustly contributes to the exacerbation of Aβ neuropathology, at least in part, through the reduced contacts between Aβ plaques and astrocytes.

Background Limited data on dermatoscopy of nodular/plaque-type T-/B-cell primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCLs) is available. Objective To describe dermatoscopic features of nodular/plaque-type PCLs, comparing them with those of clinical mimickers (pseudolymphomas, tumors, and inflammatory lesions) and investigating possible differences according to histologic subtypes. Methods Participants were invited to join this retrospective, multicenter case-control study by submitting histologically/immunohistochemically confirmed instances of nodular/plaque-type PCLs and controls. Standardized assessments of the dermatoscopic images and comparative analyses were performed. Results A total of 261 lesions were included (121 PCLs and 140 controls). Orange structureless areas were the strongest PCL dermatoscopic predictor on multivariate analysis compared with tumors and noninfiltrative inflammatory dermatoses. On the other hand, a positive association was found between PCLs and either unfocused linear vessels with branches or focal white structureless areas compared with infiltrative inflammatory dermatoses, whereas white lines were predictive of PCLs over pseudolymphomas. Differences in the vascular pattern were also seen between B- and T-cell PCLs and among B-cell PCL subtypes. Limitations Retrospective design and the lack of a dermatoscopic-pathologic correlation analysis. Conclusion Nodular/plaque-type PCLs display dermatoscopic clues, which may partially vary according to histologic subtype and whose diagnostic relevance depends on the considered clinical differential diagnoses.

Meningiomas that arise from the dura along the sphenoid wing can occur in globoid or en plaque forms. Radiographically they can be defined as occurring in the medial, middle, or lateral portions of the sphenoid wing. The medial group carries the highest neurologic risk for surgical treatment, while the hyperostosing en plaque type is the most difficult to remove completely because of orbital and bone involvement. This chapter addresses the clinical presentation and surgical treatment of sphenoid wing meningiomas with an emphasis on the most recent results from the literature.

Morphoea is a connective tissue disease that is uncommon with the most prominent feature being thickening or brosis of the skin without internal organ involvement. It is also known as localised scleroderma. Morphoea is classied into several forms based on their clinical presentation and depth of tissue involvement. Overproduction of altered collagen by broblast is the cause of abnormality in morphea, and the cause for broblast hyperactivity is still unknown, although there are several mechanisms already proposed. We hereby report a case of Morphoea en coup de sabre in association with plaque type morphoea.

Background Previous studies have reported that insulin resistance plays an important role in the burden of atherosclerosis. However, only limited studies have evaluated the association between the type of plaque and insulin resistance. HOMA-IR is the method used to assess β-cell function and insulin resistance using fasting glucose and fasting insulin levels. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis using the data from EVAPORATE trial (Effect of Vascepa on Improving Coronary Atherosclerosis in People with High Triglycerides Taking Statin Therapy) . We evaluated 72 patients with known coronary atherosclerosis, aged 30–85 years, 54% were male, 67% had diabetes, 44% were smokers, mean BMI 32.8 kg/m2. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) was performed using a multidetector CT scanner. Quantitative plaque assessment was performed using a semi-automated plaque analysis software (QAngio, Medis, Netherlands). Results In a univariate regression analysis, densely calcified plaque (DC), Fibrous plaque (F), total non-calcified plaque (NCP), and total plaque (TP) were associated with their baseline HOMA-IR. After adjusting for age, gender, diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, and past smoking, we estimate a 1 unit increase of HOMA-IR is associated with 12% higher fibrous plaque volume, p=0.029, and 17% higher DC plaque volume, p=0.045. Conclusion HOMA-IR is independently associated with fibrous, and dense calcified plaque.

Syringomas are benign appendageal tumors originated from eccrine ducts. The lesions usually present as multiple small, firm papules at lower eyelids and cheeks of women. Plaque-type syringoma is an infrequent form of syringoma and to date, 12 cases have been reported. Pathology demonstrated benign proliferation of eccrine ductal structures in the dermis with surrounding fibrotic stroma. We report the case of a 40-year-old Thai male with plaque-type syringomas at infraorbital areas.

Background and aim Scaffold design and plaque characteristics influence implantation outcomes and local flow dynamics in treated coronary segments. Our aim is to assess the impact of strut embedment/protrusion of bioresorbable scaffold on local shear stress distribution in different atherosclerotic plaque types. Method Fifteen Absorb everolimus-eluting Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds were implanted in human epicardial coronary arteries. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed post-scaffold implantation and strut embedment/protrusion were analyzed using a dedicated software. OCT data was fused with angiography to reconstruct three-dimensional coronary anatomy. Blood flow simulation was performed and wall shear stress (WSS) was estimated in each scaffolded surface and the relationship between strut embedment/protrusion and WSS was evaluated. Results There were 9083 struts analysed. Ninety-seven percent of the struts (n=8840) were well apposed and 243 (3%) were malapposed. At cross-section level (n=1289), strut embedment was significantly increased in fibroatheromatous plaques (76±48μm) and decreased in fibro-calcific plaques (35±52 μm). Compatible with strut embedment, WSS was significantly higher in lipid-rich fibroatheromatous plaques (1.50±0.81Pa), whereas significantly decreased in fibro-calcified plaques (1.05±0.91Pa). After categorization of WSS as low ( Table 1. Cross-section level Embedment/Protrusion and WSS according to the plaque type Plaque type Embedment depth (μm) Protrusion distance (μm) WSS (Pa) Non-atherosclerotic intimal thickening/normal vessel wall (n=2275) 47±34*Δ¥ 123±34¶Ξπ 1.44±0.9解 Fibrous (n=4191) 53±40*#& 118±38¶Ψ‡ 1.24±0.78αθ∞ Fibroatheromatous (n=2027) 76±48#ΦΔ 94.6±46Ω†Ψπ 1.50±0.81Σ§α Fibro-calcific (n=590) 35±52&Φ¥ 139±50‡†Ξ 1.05±0.91∞£Σ For embedment: *p=0.09, #p Conclusion The composition of the underlying plaque influences strut embedment which seems to have effect on WSS. The struts deeply embedded in lipid-rich fibroatheromas plaques resulted in higher WSS compared to the other plaque types.

The aim of the study was to investigate ultrasound tissue characterization of carotid plaques in subjects with and without diabetes type 1 (T1D). B-mode carotid ultrasound was performed to assess the presence and type of plaque in a group of 340 subjects with and 304 without T1D, all of them without cardiovascular disease. One hundred and seven patients with T1D (49.5% women, age 54 &plusmn, 9.8 years) and 67 control subjects without diabetes who had at least one carotid plaque were included in the study. The proportion of subjects who had only echolucent plaques was reduced in the group of patients with T1D (48.6% vs. 73.1%). In contrast, the proportion with only echogenic (25.2% vs. 7.5%) and calcified plaques (9.4% vs. 1.5%) was increased compared with subjects without diabetes. Moreover, having at least one echogenic plaque was more frequent in T1D patients compared with subjects without diabetes (49.5% vs. 26.9% p = 0.005). In addition to diabetes (OR 2.28, p = 0.026), age (OR 1.06, p = 0.002) was the other variable associated with echogenic plaque existence in multiple regression analysis. Patients with T1D exhibit a differential pattern of carotid plaque type compared with subjects without diabetes, with an increased frequency of echogenic and extensively calcified plaques.

The intimal calcification of atherosclerotic plaque develops simultaneously with the progression of atherosclerosis. Pathologically, atherosclerotic calcification initially occurs as microcalcifications (0.5–15 μm) and may progress into larger dense calcifications, eventually becoming sheet-like calcifications (>3 mm). Stratified by plaque type, the degree of calcification is highest in fibrocalcific plaques followed by healed plaque rupture and is the least in plaque erosions and pathologic intimal thickening lesions. Recent pathologic and imaging-based studies suggest that massive dense calcifications are usually associated with stable plaques while punctate or fragmented calcifications in thin fibrous cap or plaque ruptures, which may be detected by invasive or noninvasive imaging, are related to unstable plaques. Although the mechanisms of calcification are still to be elucidated, apoptotic smooth muscle cells and macrophages accompanied with bone-related proteins expression likely play a crucial role in initiation and progression of calcification.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a protozoan infectious disease. Dermoscopy is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that has been applied to several skin diseases, including infestations. Objectives: To determine the dermoscopic patterns of CL lesions and to investigate whether a relationship exists between dermoscopic characteristics and the disease duration, localization, and type of CL lesions. Methods: Seventy-nine patients (48 male, 31 female) from Hatay, Turkey, were enrolled in the study and a dermoscopic evaluation was performed on 139 lesions. Images of CL lesions were taken via polarized light contact dermoscopy. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used for statistical analyses and P values 6 months. Hairpin vessels were prevalent in the plaque and nodulo-ulcerative type of lesions. Dotted vessels were most commonly seen in the plaque type (47.4%) of lesions. Conclusions: Generalized erythema, yellow tears, and starburst-like patterns, as well as linear irregular, hairpin, comma-shaped, and arborizing vessels, were the most commonly detected dermoscopic features of CL lesions. We suggest that the presence of these features can be helpful when diagnosing CL lesions by dermoscopy.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the underlying plaque type affects the neointimal coverage after drug-eluting stent implantation.A total of 1793 struts in 22 zotarolimus-eluting stents were assessed using optical coherence tomography imaging within 3 months of implantation. Neointimal coverage was evaluated within 5 mm from each stent edge on cross-sectional optical coherence tomography images at every 1-mm interval. The percentage of struts covered by neointima was compared among the normal segment group, the fibrous plaque group, and the lipid plaque group on the basis of the underlying plaque type.The percentage of covered strut was significantly lower in the normal segment group than in the fibrous plaque group (35.9±30.2 vs. 57.1±31.0%, P0.05) and the lipid plaque group (vs. 64.7±23.5%, P0.01). The neointima was significantly thinner in the normal segment group than in the lipid plaque group (19.0±22.3 vs. 32.0±18.8 μm, P0.01). The percentage of struts on the normal segment was significantly higher in cross-sections with a ratio of uncovered to total struts per section more than 0.3 than in cross-sections with a ratio up to 0.3 (32.4±31.7 vs. 19.5±33.8%, P0.01).Struts on the normal segment were less covered and had thinner neointima than struts on the lipid plaque at the stent edge within 3 months after zotarolimus-eluting stent implantation. Caution should be exercised when implanting longer drug-eluting stents to achieve uniform strut coverage in the early phase.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the association between breast arterial calcification (BAC) and carotid plaque formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group comprised 47 consecutive BAC (+) women, whereas the control group comprised 33 BAC (-) women (total, 80 women). All mammograms were examined by a specialist without being any apartheid that it was come from central or not. For the exist and density of calcification was used classification method. When we evaluate carotid arterial plaque with Doppler US used scale method. For analyzing categorical variables, we used chi-square test, and for numeric variables, we used independent t-test. RESULTS As nearly all BAC+ women had all types of carotid plaques, weighted of them was found that they were fatty plaque type (n=13 %46.4). Only one BAC+ patient was grade 2 and had no carotid plaques (n=1 %3.6). MAK- patients had nearly no plaque types. CONCLUSION Breast cancer mammographic evaluation is an already important, cheap, and simple imaging method. In our study, we report a similar cheap, simple method that can be useful for evaluating atherothrombotic atherosclerosis, which is the most important cause of ischemic infarct.

Background: Guttate psoriasis has a well-known association with streptococcal throat infections, but the effects of these infections in patients with chronic plaque type of psoriasis remains to be evaluated. In Bangladesh several studies were done on psoriasis but no data about association between streptococcal throat infection and plaque type psoriasis are available so far. Considering the co-morbidities of psoriasis patients, it might be justifiable to find out the events that provoke the initiation or exacerbation of psoriatic disease process.Objective: To observe the association of streptococcus with plaque type of psoriasis.Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted in the department of Dermatology and Venereology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka. Forty seven patients clinically and histopathologically diagnosed as having plaque psoriasis were selected as cases and patients with skin diseases other than psoriasis were selected as controls.Results: In this study majority of subjects (55%) were diagnosed as chronic plaque psoriasis. Among the subjects with guttate flare of chronic plaque psoriasis 64.2% gave a positive history of sore throat. ASO titer was raised (>200 IU/mL) in 28 (59.5%) patients of chronic plaque psoriasis and 7 (17.9%) patients of non-psoriatic respondents. The difference between two groups was significant (p0.05).Conclusion: This study shows that streptococcal throat infections are associated with plaque psoriasis and early treatment of throat infections may be beneficial for plaque type of psoriasis patients.J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(2): 99-103

Blue nevi are common skin neoplasms that typically present as asymptomatic solitary papules, although they may rarely occur in an agminated configuration. We describe a case of agminated blue nevus in a segmental facial distribution associated with soft tissue hypertrophy and hypertrichosis in a 16-year-old boy and present a review of the literature. Although they are generally considered to be benign, concurrent soft tissue changes occurring within an agminated blue nevus should be investigated thoroughly to exclude alternate diagnoses.

• Plaque-like oral lichen planus and leukoplakia may pose problems for differential diagnosis.

Plaque-type blue naevus (PTBN) is a very rare variant of blue naevus (BN). The potential malignancy of subcutaneous cellular nodules (SCN) in PTBN was discovered in 2012, and there is currently no clear consensus on prognostic factors or management guidelines of such lesions. PTBN on the scalp have not been described in the literature. We report the clinical, histopathological and immunohistological features of a 50-year-old man who presented with a 30-year history of scalp PTBN, with malignant proliferation of nodular elements and fatal outcome 8 years later. This case suggests that long-term monitoring of patients with PTBN is required. Early surgical removal of such lesions should be considered, especially in the presence of any case of enlargement or change.

Amaç: Düşük frekanslı ultrasonografik incelemenin lokalize sklerodermada deri tabakalarını ve dokuların perfüzyon paternlerini belirleyen başarılı bir yardımcı teknik olduğu düşünülmektedir. Histopatolojik olarak morfea tanısı olan olgularda lezyonlu derinin kalınlığı, elastisitesi, ekojenitesi ve vaskülaritesi gibi temel parametrelere bakılarak düşük frekanslı ultrason tekniğinin klinik takipteki rolünün belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntemler: Morfealı 19 olgunun 35 plak lezyonu ile simetrisinde bulunan normal deri alanları ultrason aracıyla ortalama deri kalınlığı, elastisite indeksi, ve elastisite oranı açıdan karşılaştırıldı. Deri kalınlığı ile kalınlık skoru, elastisite skoru, elastisite indeksi, ekojenite skoru ve vaskülarite skoru arasındaki ilişkiler tüm doku seviyelerinde araştırıldı.Bulgular: Morfea lezyonlarında normal deriye oranla ortalama dermal deri kalınlığı ve dermal elastisite oranı azalırken, artan deri kalınlığı ile yalnızca dermal vaskülarite artmaktaydı. Hipodermiste normal deri alanlarına oranla morfea plak lezyonlarında yalnızca ortalama deri kalınlığı anlamlı oranda düşük bulundu.Sonuç: Düşük frekanslı ultrason dermis ve hipodermis seviyelerinde morfea plak lezyonlarının klinik takibinde etkili bir yardımcı teknik olarak kullanılabilir. Objective: Low frequency ultrasonographic examination is thought to be a successful adjuvant technique for determination of skin layers and tissue perfusion patterns in localized scleroderma. We aimed to identify the role of this technique in the clinical follow-up via investigation of basic parameters such as skin thickness, elasticity, echogenicity and vascularity in patients diagnosed with morphea by histopathology.Methods: Thirty-five plaque lesions of nineteen patients with morphea and symmetric, uninvolved cutaneous areas were compared by ultrasound in terms of mean skin thickness, elasticity index and elasticity ratio. The associations between the skin thickness and thickness score, elasticity score and elasticity index, echogenicity score and vascularity score were investigated in all tissue levels.Results: Of the morphea lesions, while the mean dermal skin thickness and dermal elasticity ratio were decreased compared to normal skin, the dermal vascularity was solely increased with an increase of the tissue thickness. Only the mean skin thickness was found to be significantly lower compared to the normal skin areas in the hypodermis of the morphea plaque lesions.Conclusion: Low frequency ultrasound can be used as an effective, adjuvant technique in the clinical follow-up of morphea plaque lesions in the levels of dermis and hypodermis.

The purpose of this work was to develop a method for easily verifying that the activity or air kerma strength of pre‐assembled eye plaques, used in the treatment of ocular melanomas, agrees with the activity or air kerma strength called for in the treatment plan. A Capintec CRC‐7 Dose Calibrator with its standard vial/syringe sample holder was used to measure the activity of pre‐assembled COMS and Eye Physics EP917 eye plaques using IsoAid Advantage I‐125 seeds. Plaque activity measurements were made by placing the plaque face up in the center of a 5 cm tall Styrofoam insert in the source holder. Activity measurements were made with the source holder rotated to four angles (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°). The average of these four values was converted to air kerma strength and divided by the assay air kerma strength, from the NIST traceable source calibration, and decayed to the plaque measurement date, to determine a plaque calibration factor. The average of the calibration factors for each plaque type was used to establish a calibration factor for each plaque type. Several partially loaded plaque configurations were included in this study and different methods were used to determine the effects of partial loading. This verification method is easy to implement with commonly available equipment and is effective in identifying possible errors. During this two‐year study, the air kerma strength of 115 eye plaques was checked and 11 possible errors were identified. PACS number: 87.55.Qr

Introduction: Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory, recurrent, immune mediated disease of the skin and joints. Toll-like receptors are pattern recognition receptors for conserved molecular patterns of pathogenic microorganisms.Under certain circumstances, self nucleic acids can trigger TLR 7 and TLR 9, which can lead to autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis. Materials and Methods: The study included 15 psoriatic patients (plaque type) and 15 controls, patients received 36 sessions of phototherapy (NB-UVB). Skin biopsies were taken from all the patients (before & after NB-UVB) and controls and were assessed for TLR 7 and TLR 9 by PCR. Results: Showed significant difference between patients and controls as regards TLR 7 and TLR 9. In addition a significant decrease in thier levels in patients after phototherapy with NB-UVB. Conclusion: TLR 7 and TLR 9 may play a role in the pathogenesis of poriasis. Decrease in their levels after NB-UVB may be one of the therapeutic mechanisms of NB-UVB in psoriasis.

Progression and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary and carotid arteries are the key processes underlying myocardial infarctions and strokes. Biomechanical stress analyses to compute mechanical stresses in a plaque can potentially be used to assess plaque vulnerability. The stress analyses strongly rely on accurate representation of the mechanical properties of the plaque components. In this review, the composition of intima tissue and how this changes during plaque development is discussed from a mechanical perspective. The plaque classification scheme of the American Heart Association is reviewed and plaques originating from different vascular territories are compared. Thereafter, an overview of the experimental studies on tensile and compressive plaque intima properties are presented and the results are linked to the pathology of atherosclerotic plaques. This overview revealed a considerable variation within studies, and an enormous dispersion between studies. Finally, the implications of the dispersion in experimental data on the clinical applications of biomechanical plaque modeling are presented. Suggestions are made on mechanical testing protocol for plaque tissue and on using a standardized plaque classification scheme. This review identifies the current status of knowledge on plaque mechanical properties and the future steps required for a better understanding of the plaque type specific material properties. With this understanding, biomechanical plaque modeling may eventually provide essential support for clinical plaque risk stratification.