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The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of burdock and black radish powders in emulsion-type hair conditioners. The studied plant powders were obtained by low-temperature drying. This method allows plants to retain many valuable nutrients, including vitamins or phytosterols, which have a positive effect on the condition of hair and skin. For the selected plant powders, the content of vitamin C and total polyphenolic content, as well as the degree of reduction of DPPH free radicals, were determined. Burdock and black radish powders proved to contain polyphenolic compounds and exhibited antioxidant activity, which is particularly evident in burdock powder. The plant material under study was also proven to contain vitamin C. The following stage of this study involved designing the formulations and preparing seven hair conditioner emulsions containing different plant-based powders at various concentrations. In the next step, the cosmetic prototypes were evaluated for their physicochemical and functional properties. The hair conditioners were found to have satisfactory functional characteristics, including dynamic viscosity, yield stress, and consistency. Colorimetric analysis showed that an increase in the concentration of burdock and black radish powders obtained by low-temperature drying in hair conditioners resulted in a more saturated color compared to the reference sample. The test results indicated that an increase in the concentration of the plant-derived powders contributes to an increase in the intensity of the yellow color of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of burdock and black radish powders in emulsion-type hair conditioners. The studied plant powders were obtained by low-temperature drying. This method allows plants to retain many valuable nutrients, including vitamins or phytosterols, which have a positive effect on the condition of hair and skin. For the selected plant powders, the content of vitamin C and total polyphenolic content, as well as the degree of reduction of DPPH free radicals, were determined. Burdock and black radish powders proved to contain polyphenolic compounds and exhibited antioxidant activity, which is particularly evident in burdock powder. The plant material under study was also proven to contain vitamin C. The following stage of this study involved designing the formulations and preparing seven hair conditioner emulsions containing different plant-based powders at various concentrations. In the next step, the cosmetic prototypes were evaluated for their physicochemical and functional properties. The hair conditioners were found to have satisfactory functional characteristics, including dynamic viscosity, yield stress, and consistency. Colorimetric analysis showed that an increase in the concentration of burdock and black radish powders obtained by low-temperature drying in hair conditioners resulted in a more saturated color compared to the reference sample. The test results indicated that an increase in the concentration of the plant-derived powders contributes to an increase in the intensity of the yellow color of the samples.

Plant powders with antimicrobial properties can be used in food manufacturing and must comply with the demands of consumers regarding microbiological safety, nutritional value, and sensory properties of foods. The present study aimed to assess the microbial growth inhibitory ability of different plant powders, including by-products of horticultural primary processing (e.g., pomace) in raw and cooked minced pork. The total counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, pseudomonads, yeasts, and moulds were studied to assess the microbial growth dynamics in meat samples. Additionally, for the plant powders, which were able to suppress the microbial growth in a total counts dynamics study, the growth potential of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) minced meat samples was estimated by challenge testing. The results showed that the most effective combinations of plant powders in raw minced pork, in relation to the total counts of microorganisms, were 3% apple+1% onion+2% blackcurrant berries (Apple+On+BCber); 3% apple+1% garlic+2% tomato (Apple+Ga+Tom); and 3% apple+2% tomato+1% rhubarb petioles (Apple+Tom+Rhub). However, challenge tests revealed that some plant powders were unable to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. The lowest L. monocytogenes growth potential (δ = 2.74 log cfu/g) was determined for cooked minced pork samples enriched with 2% rhubarb petioles, followed by Apple+On+BCber (δ = 3.63 log cfu/g) and Apple+Tom+Rhub (δ = 3.74 log cfu/g). In minced pork samples without plant additives, the L. monocytogenes growth potential was 7.30 log cfu/g. In conclusion, blends of plant powders may have good potential for developing meat products with acceptable microbiological quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in the laboratory to investigate the insecticidal potency of some plant powders (Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Lantana camara, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Malaleuca alternifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Ficus nitida, Taxodium distichum, Origanum majorana, Stems and covers of wheat kernels Triticum aestivum L) against the adult stage of Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Rhizopertha dominica (Fab). Mortality percentages were registered at three exposure periods (3, 6, and 9 days). Obtained results showed an increase in the mortality percentages of S. granarius and R. dominica in relation to the increase in concentration from 0.0625 to 1.0 g/g and of the exposure time from 3 to 9 days. Data revealed that O. majorana, with the lowest LC50 value (0.136 g), was the most toxic to S. granarius while M. alternifoli with LC50 value had the lowest toxic for the same insect pest. Among the tested plant powders for insecticidal activity, T. arjuna was the most effective in controlling adult R. dominica, with the LC50 of 0.140 g/g; while the least was in M. alternifolia with the LC50 of 0.306 g/g. The median lethal time (LT50) required to kill 50% was recorded. Although the mortality time of all treatments was decreased with increasing concentrations, differences in the median lethal time were found between the plant powders. The tested botanical powders represent valuable tools with the potential of integration into the management of both tested insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive potential of Callosobruchus chinensis L. on stored pulses treated with different botanicals was studied invitro at Department of Entomology, SHUATS, Prayagraj, India during 2020-2021. The experiment was conducted at ambient room temperature of 28±20C and relative humidity of 65 to 70% and was laid in Completely Randomized Design with twelve treatments (Neem oil, Castor oil, Pungam oil @0.2ml/10gm of seeds and plant powders neem leaf powder, neem seed kernel powder, Vasambu rhizome powder, Turmeric powder, Custard apple leaf powder, Eucalyptus leaf powder, Lantana camara leaf powder, Notchi leaf powder @0.2g/10gm of seeds, insecticide (Rynaxypyr) @ 0.01ml/1kg of seeds) and untreated control. Among all the treatments besides chemical, the lowest egg deposition of Callosobruchus chinensis L. was recorded on the pulses treated with plant oils Neem oil, castor oil and Pungam oil@ 0.2ml/10gm of seeds (0.00). Among the plant powders, vasambu rhizome powder @ 0.2g/10gm of seeds recorded the lowest egg deposition on Redgram (3.00), Black gram (4.00) and Greengram (5.00). Among all the three pulses the highest oviposition was observed on greegram due to the smoothness of seed coat of the grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant powders with antimicrobial properties can be used in food manufacturing and must comply with the demands of consumers regarding microbiological safety, nutritional value, and sensory properties of foods. The present study aimed to assess the microbial growth inhibitory ability of different plant powders, including by-products of horticultural primary processing (e.g., pomace) in raw and cooked minced pork. The total counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, pseudomonads, yeasts, and moulds were studied to assess the microbial growth dynamics in meat samples. Additionally, for the plant powders, which were able to suppress the microbial growth in a total counts dynamics study, the growth potential of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (RTE) minced meat samples was estimated by challenge testing. The results showed that the most effective combinations of plant powders in raw minced pork, in relation to the total counts of microorganisms, were 3% apple+1% onion+2% blackcurrant berries (Apple+On+BCber); 3% apple+1% garlic+2% tomato (Apple+Ga+Tom); and 3% apple+2% tomato+1% rhubarb petioles (Apple+Tom+Rhub). However, challenge tests revealed that some plant powders were unable to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. The lowest L. monocytogenes growth potential (δ = 2.74 log cfu/g) was determined for cooked minced pork samples enriched with 2% rhubarb petioles, followed by Apple+On+BCber (δ = 3.63 log cfu/g) and Apple+Tom+Rhub (δ = 3.74 log cfu/g). In minced pork samples without plant additives, the L. monocytogenes growth potential was 7.30 log cfu/g. In conclusion, blends of plant powders may have good potential for developing meat products with acceptable microbiological quality.

Abstract Background The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Infestation in the store starts mostly through freshly harvested infested tubers or through moths entering the storage facilities. Larvae mine in tubers making them unsuitable for sale and consumption. Damage increases rapidly when several generations develop during the storage period. Larvae are capable of causing damage to the crop either in the field or in the store. Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. During the course of evolution, plants have developed, as part of their defensive mechanism, various chemical molecules, which proved a protection against insect pests, since the overall pressure of insect on plant is much more than any other herbivore. Biopesticides prepared from plants are reported to have the ability to kill or keep away the pests. They are eco-friendly. The plant products have additional advantage over synthetic insecticides, as they are biodegradable, safe to non-target organisms, leave no residues, and decrease the buildup of resistance strains of insects. Present research is conducted to evaluate the capacity of certain natural local alternative plant powders against PTM under storage conditions as attempts to providing alternative and novel strategies that can be used by both the commercial and/or small-scale potato farmers to control the pest in the store. Methods Twelve different plants (Zygophyllum, Solanum, Coriander, Arnoglosse, Jasmine, Senna, Colocynth, Camomile, Harmel, Geranium, Basil, and Mint) locally available in the fields of the Eastern Province of the Saudi Arabian kingdom were air-dried under a shad at ambient tropical condition. The air dried materials were grinded into fine powders and kept in tight containers until using. Potato tubers were shacked with the plant powders for a good mixing, until tubers were uniformly covered and the powders stick well to the tuber surfaces. Different dried leaves or fruits of the 12 tested plants were powdered to be used at rate of 25 g plant powder per 1 Kg tubers. The experiments were distributed in a randomized complete block design. Different biological aspects of the treatments were calculated; damage index to tubers and persistence of protection to the tubers during different intervals of storage were recorded. Results All plant powders had a reduction effect on the deposited eggs laid on the treated tubers with different degrees. The dried powders of Coriander, Clocynth, and Zygophyllum reduced egg deposition on the treated tubers than the control, followed by Jassmin, Senna, Cammomil, and Harmel. The powders of Basil and Solanum also recorded a moderate reduction in egg deposition. Zygophyllum and Coriander could protect the tubers for more than 8 weeks. All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17). All treatments had no effects on the tuber germination. Conclusion The study showed that all the tested plant powders, at the rate of 25 g plant powder per 1 Kg potato tubers, could protect the tubers for more than 8 weeks from PTM infestation during storage. The most potent powders were Coriander and Zygophyllum. All other powders decreased the number of the emerged adults from the treated tubers, with variable degrees, and decreased the percentage of tubers’ damage index recorded. Besides, all the tested plant powders had no effects on the tubers’ germination.

Abstract The present investigation aimed at evaluating the effect of powder fractionation based on particle size on the chemical composition in macronutrients, polyphenol contents, and antioxidant properties of powders of Boscia senegalensis seeds, Dichrostachys glomerata fruits, and Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces. Significant differences (p

Water shortage is an upcoming crisis that most countries will face accordingly. One of the suitable solutions for water management is the treatment and reusing of wastewater. The current proposal is concerning by finding out a potent plant powder that able to remediate heavy metals and represent an antimicrobial effect, successfully. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry) fruits, leaves and fruits of Schinus molle L. powders were tested for their ability to remediate the heavy metals Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+ ions. Simultaneously, they were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against Vibrio cholerae ATCC700, Candida albicans ATCC700, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027, Escherichia coli NCTC10418, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC13883, Bacillus cereus ATCC6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538. The ion chromatography results showed that clove fruits powder can effectively remove Co2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+ ions with removal percentages 39.8%, 37%, and 26.19%, respectively. Whenever, shinus leaves powder showed a 90% percentage of Pb2+ ions removal as the highest detected percent compared with shinus fruits powder that was the lowest one. Clove fruits powder was also investigated as the potent antimicrobial agent against all tested microbes compared with shinus leaves and shinus fruits that completely failed to stop the microbial growth of all tested pathogenic microbes. The alginate-immobilized beads of shinus leaves powder showed the highest percentage of removal as 96.67% for shinus leaves against Pb2+ ions; while, the free powder of clove fruits was still the best compared with the immobilized one. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was investigated to screen the active components of the three powders. Scanning electron microscopy was used to configure the shape of the powders before and after immobilization. In vivo testing of the selected plant powders for bioremediation of heavy metals and decontamination of microbes in real wastewater samples indicating that clove fruits powder is highly active as an antimicrobial agent; while, shinus leaves' powder is more active regarding heavy metals bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research studied effect of plant leaves Powder of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Laurus nobilis, Platycerium bifurcatum and Adhatoda vasica on larvae mortality of T. granarium insect of ages (initial, intermediate, advanced) in the laboratory were used tow doses of 0.025 and 0.050g/kg respectively, the results of four powders indicated the efficacy of the eucalyptus leaves powder was the most influential compare to the other three powders, the results showed that the initial age was the most sensitive to the Eucalyptus powder in 0.025 and 0.050g/kg doses respectively, mortality rate was 70.0 and 80.0%, respectively after 50 days and the advanced ages were the least sensitive at the rate of mortality 20.0 and 43.33%, respectively at time (40 and 30) day, respectively. The leaves powder of the Adhatoda vasica was the least affected between the other three powders were the initial age most sensitive. In 0.025 and 0.050g/kg doses, respectively and the mortality rates were after 50 days (30.0 and 46.66%) respectively. The advanced ages were the least sensitive and in 0.025 and 0.050g/kg doses and were recorded rates of mortality (13.33 and 23.33%), respectively after 30 days. The result shows that the mortality rates are increased by increasing the exposure time of the treatments with the powder in 0.025 and 0.050g/kg doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research studied effect of plant leaves Powder of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Laurus nobilis, Platycerium bifurcatum and Adhatoda vasica on larvae mortality of T. granarium insect of ages (initial, intermediate, advanced) in the laboratory were used tow doses of 0.025 and 0.050g/kg respectively, the results of four powders indicated the efficacy of the eucalyptus leaves powder was the most influential compare to the other three powders, the results showed that the initial age was the most sensitive to the Eucalyptus powder in 0.025 and 0.050g/kg doses respectively, mortality rate was 70.0 and 80.0%, respectively after 50 days and the advanced ages were the least sensitive at the rate of mortality 20.0 and 43.33%, respectively at time (40 and 30) day, respectively. The leaves powder of the Adhatoda vasica was the least affected between the other three powders were the initial age most sensitive. In 0.025 and 0.050g/kg doses, respectively and the mortality rates were after 50 days (30.0 and 46.66%) respectively. The advanced ages were the least sensitive and in 0.025 and 0.050g/kg doses and were recorded rates of mortality (13.33 and 23.33%), respectively after 30 days. The result shows that the mortality rates are increased by increasing the exposure time of the treatments with the powder in 0.025 and 0.050g/kg doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of successive grinding and sieving processes on the physicochemical properties of powders obtained from Boscia senegalensis seeds, Dichostachys glomerata fruits and Hibiscus sabdariffa calyxes. Plant powders were fractionated into four granulometric classes and their properties were compared to those of unsieved powders. Mean particle size exerted a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the plant powders properties. The smaller the particle size of the powder fraction, the higher the protein, lipid and ash contents and the lower the carbohydrate and fiber contents. The decrease in particle size increased particle sphericity and elongation and enhanced flowability of B. senegalensis and D. glomerata powders, whereas an inverse tendency seemed to be observed for H. sabdariffa powders. Water absorption capacity, water solubility index and dispersibility were improved for finer particles for all plants. Sieve fractionation is a novel approach for improving physicochemical properties of plant powders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to studying acrylamide (ACR) formation and the changes in its levels display during the storage in bakery products (BP) made of wheat flour enriched with plant powders (in the optimal amounts established earlier): blueberry - 3%; pine nut - 6%; rowan - 5%; sea buckthorn - 5%. BP were baked at two temperatures - 220 and 200 °C. ACR level was determined with the use of 'Kapel 105 M' capillary electrophoresis system in various BP parts (crust, sub-crust layer, crumb) 3 and 24 hours after baking. ACR formation differed in different BP layers. All plant powders slowed down its formation in the crust and the sub-crust layer. The process was influenced by formation of heterocyclic compounds (lactams) as a result of the Maillard reaction. In the crumb, ACR formation depended on the type of the used plant powder. In BP cooked with blueberry and rowan powders, the ACR level decreased, while in BP cooked with sea buckthorn and pine nut powders, it increased in comparison with other layers. Lowering the baking temperature helped to decrease acrylamide formation by 15-20% in the crumb and by 25-35% in the crust. After storing BP for 24 hours, a decrease in the ACR level was found, mainly in the crust and crumb. The intake of ACR in the human body of 70 kg when used with 100 g of BP enriched with plant powders will come to 0.16-0.2 pg. Lowering the baking temperature will decrease ACR level by 3-6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aimed at evaluating the effect of powder fractionation based on particle size on the chemical composition in macronutrients, polyphenol contents, and antioxidant properties of powders of Boscia senegalensis seeds, Dichrostachys glomerata fruits, and Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces. Significant differences (p < 0.05) among granulometric classes of each plant were observed for the chemical composition in macronutrients. A decrease in particle size of plant powders was associated with an increase in ash, protein, and fat contents, while carbohydrate content was lowered. The following Granulometric classes, [0–180 µm] for Boscia senegalensis, [180–212 µm] for Dichrostachys glomerata, and [212–315 µm] for Hibiscus sabdariffa, respectively, were found to maximize total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. These results confirm that the grinding and controlled differential screening technology is an approach may serve as a useful guide to obtain optimum polyphenol extraction and enhance antioxidant activity of plant products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insecticidal potential of powders and aqueous extracts of [Echinops giganteus, Mondia whitei, Citrus limon, Cymbopogan citratus, Ocimum basilicum, Petrosolinum crispum and Mentha lingofolia] against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais in storage. The chemical pesticide Actellic 2 % was used as positive control. Experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions (24 ± 2 °C and 75 % relative humidity) laid down in a complete Randomize Design with three replicates. The different powder rates (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g/20g of maize grains) and extract concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g /ml) were mixed with 20 g of maize grains infested with 20 unsexed adults of S. zeamais. After treatments application, the mortality was assessed at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 days for powders and 6, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours for extracts. Maize weevil mortality rate was significantly different (p<0.05) between treatments with Actellic 2% causing the highest mortality rate (100%) than the plant extracts. The lowest mortalities were obtained from the untreated maize lot. Mortality rates significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) with treatment, doses and duration of storage. Among botanicals, Mondia whitei powder (55.56%), Echinops giganteus (57.33%) and Mentha lingofolia extracts showed the highest mortality rate after 28 days and 96 hours for powders and extracts respectively. A shorter period of 47 hours and 23 days was required to cause 50 % mortality for extract and powders of M. Whitei respectively. M. whitei, M. Lingofolia and E. Giganteus extracts were the most effective selected botanicals in controlling maize weevils and thus could be recommended for maize storage against maize weevils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Developing a bee-friendly alternative to traditional insecticides used within commercial environments can contribute to reductions in pesticide exposure experienced by managed bees. We performed acute contact toxicity studies using fifteen plant powders from seven plant families against a parasitoid pest, Pteromalus venustus, and its host, the Alfalfa leafcutting bee (ALB). Ajwain, cinnamon, clove, cumin, fennel, ginger, nutmeg, oregano and turmeric applied at low contact concentrations had sufficient fumigant properties to cause equivalent or higher parasitoid mortality as that obtained with the traditional insecticide. Nutmeg adversely affected adult ALBs at both low and high contact concentrations, thus eliminating it as a candidate. Increasing the contact concentrations did not consistently increase parasitoid control but did increase adverse effects on the ALBs. In addition, the efficacious plant powders significantly reduced the sexual function and fertility of the female parasitoids, a feature not associated with the traditional insecticide. The dual nature of the mechanisms underlying the effects of the plant powders may translate into effective control of the parasitoid populations in the commercial environment. The results reported here support further evaluations of Ajwain, cinnamon, clove, cumin, fennel, ginger, oregano and turmeric as potential botanical insecticides for control of P. venustus.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Rosa canina , Salix alba , Scrophularia nodosa and Hedera helix were studied in LPS-stimulated primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from mice (n=18) by comparing homogeneous powders of small microparticles (50-100 μm, 100-180 μm and 180-315 μm) obtained from plants via a controlled differential sieving process (CDSp) versus total plant materials obtained via hydroethanolic (HE) extraction. Further, phytochemical composition of the fine powders and HE extracts was determined by LC-PDA-ESI/MS analyses. Results showed that a one-hour pretreatment of PBMCs with fine powders, particularly those with superfine particle sizes (i.e. 50-100 μm and 100-180 μm), significantly inhibited TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and NO production in LPS-stimulated PBMCs, by at least ca. 20% more than HE extracts (all, p<0.05). For each of the plants studied, their superfine powdered fractions were more concentrated in phenolic contents than their HE extracts. Overall, our results further confirm CDSp, as an environmentally friendly method, for improving the concentration of bioactive compounds as well as their biological activities.

Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the repellency effect of six plant species (Azadirachta indica, Caralluma fimbriata, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Citrullus colocynthis and Calotropis procera) against Sitophilus zeamais reared on maize grains (Cv. Azam White) in the Laboratory of Entomology Department, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. Six concentrations viz. 5000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 and 30000 ppm of each plant powder were applied to 20 g of sterilized maize grains under constant conditions of 27 ± 1°C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity. Twenty newly emerged adult maize weevil were introduced into glass petri dishes and percent repellency of plant powders was determined. A. indica seed powder at 30,000 concentration showed 100% repellency against maize weevil followed by C. longa (76%) after 72 h exposure period whereas C. procera was found least effective showing only 39% repellency of the test insects compared to control. The powders of A. sativum, C. fimbriata were found moderately repellent against the test insects. During the observations, it was also noted that repellency of the tested plant powders was dose dependent, the higher the concentration of the tested powders, the higher was the repellency and vice versa. The findings of this study indicated that the selected plant products could be used for a safer control of maize weevil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food losses caused by insects during postharvest storage are of paramount economic importance worldwide, especially in Africa. Laboratory bioassays were conducted in stored grains to determine the toxicity of powders of Eugenia aromatica and Moringa oleifera alone or combined with enhanced diatomaceous earth (Probe-A® DE, 89.0% SiO2 and 5% silica aerogel) to adult Sitophilus granarius, Tribolium castaneum and Acanthoscelides obtectus. Adult mortality was observed up to 7 days, while progeny production was recorded at 6–10 weeks. LD50 and LT50 values for adult test insects exposed to plant powders and DE, showed that A. obtectus was the most susceptible towards the botanicals (LD50 0.179% and 0.088% wt/wt for E. aromatica and M. oleifera, respectively), followed by S. granarius. Tribolium castaneum was most tolerant (LD50 1.42% wt/wt and 1.40% wt/wt for E. aromatica and M. oleifera, respectively). The combined mixture of plant powders and DE controlled the beetles faster compared to the plant powders alone. LT50 ranged from 55.7 h to 62.5 h for T. castaneum exposed to 1.0% M. oleifera and 1.0% DE, and 0.5% E. aromatica and 1.0% DE, respectively. Botanicals caused significant reduction of F1 adults compared to the control. Combined action of botanical insecticides with DE as a grain protectant in an integrated pest management approach is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to test the repellent effect powders of Solanum nigrum L., Cupressus sempervirens L., Nerium olender L., Ammi majus L., Pimpinela anisum L., Cinamomum zylanicum L., Olivera decumbence and Azadirachta excelsa Jack, at four concentrations 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 % as flour or rice grains or wheat grains treatment against the adults of Tribolium confusum L., Oryzeaphillus surinamensis L. and the third instar larvae of Trogoderma granarium Everts. Results indicated that powders of all plants showed repellent effect to the adults of O. surinamensis, except the powder of N. olender, the powder of A. majus causing high repellent to adults (- 0.952) at 4% concentration. Results showed that S. nigrum, C. zylanicum and N. olender powders had high effective repellent for T. confusum , the repellent proportion ranging between (- 0.529 to - 0.714) at 2 and 4 % concentraions. The results clearly indicated that S. nigrum was the most effective repellent (- 0.714) at 2 % concentration for the third instar larvae of T. granarium than other powders, the C. zylanicum, A. excelsa and N. olender powders were least effective repellent, while the P. anisum, A. majus, C. sempervirens and O. decumbence which attracted larvae.

This work aims at evaluating the effect of successive grinding and sieving processes on the polyphenol content of plants. Powders of particle size ranging from 20 to 500 μm and over were produced from aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum and Achillea millefolium . The evaluation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, as well as the identification and quantification of some bioactive compounds by LC-ESI/MS were performed. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained for the 100–180 μm fraction: IC50 of 0.43 and 0.51 mg/mL for H. perforatum and A. millefolium , respectively. LC-ESI/MS analyses evidenced that two intermediate granulometric classes, 100–180 μm and 180–315 μm, allowed achieving the highest polyphenol content. These results show that fine grinding and sieving lead to a differential distribution of bioactive compounds according to particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powders and essential oils were prepared from the aerial parts of Cinnamomum camphora, Ocimum basilicum, Chenopodium ambrosioides, and seeds of Pimpinella anisum. Their adulticidal activities and effects on the F progeny of Trogoderma granarium (Everts) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were evaluated. The chemical composition of the plant oils were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). All of the tested botanicals showed insecticidal activities against the test insects in a dose-dependent manner with T. granarium was more susceptible to the tested plant products than T. castaneum. At a concentration of 5 g kg, many of the plant powders caused 100% mortality of both insects after 14 days of exposure. The powders of C. camphora, O. basilicum, and C. ambrosioides were effective against T. granarium, while that of C. ambrosioides caused 100% adult mortality of T. castaneum under the same assays conditions. A dose of 1.50 ml cm of the oils of C. camphora and O. basilicum completely controlled T. granarium, while 100% mortality of T. castaneum adults was recorded with P. anisum oil. A significant and/or complete reduction (100% inhibition) of the F progeny of both insects was obtained as a result of parental exposure to the tested botanicals, especially at the highest doses applied. Botanicals under investigation showed a considerable grain protecting activity against the tested insect species and could be included in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was developed with the object of evaluating the anti-insect effect of powder from different parts of the plant 49-1-XIV, as natural alternative to control the corn borer (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky). Therefore, a complete random design was used with four repetitions and a negative control. The treatments were the structural organs of the plants separately: seeds, pod, leaf, stalk, and root. Mortality, adult emergence, and repellent effect of the insect were evaluated. Besides, weight loss and percentage of germination of the seed of Zea mays, used as substrate by the insects, were determined. The results showed, for powders from the stalk, seed, and leaves of the plant, evaluated at a concentration of 1 %, values of mortality of 69.93, 64.93, and 46.81 %, respectively, for the adults of S. zeamais. The treatments having higher mortality, had the lowest emergence with values of 30.56 % for the stalk, followed by the seed (40.48 %) and the leaves (43.75 %). The lowest weight losses were obtained with the powders from the stalks and seeds. As to the percentage of germination, there were not significant differences between treatments. It is concluded that the powders from the stalks, the seeds, and the leaves of the plant 49-1 -XIV, applied as powders at 1 % have anti-insect effect in presence of S. zeamais by their positive effect on mortality, decrease of the emergence of adults, effect on insect repellence, lower weight loss of the grain, and by not affecting the germination of the seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Studies on the protective effect of botanical products against pest insects have infrequently been extended to side-effects on natural enemies. Indirect effects of botanicals on the storability of seeds could occur through their possible negative impact on biological control agents. Four plant powders and six plant oils with a known effect on the cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) were investigated for their effect on the beetles’ egg parasitoid Uscana lariophaga (Steffan) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and the larval parasitoid Dinarmus basalis (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). All treatments caused a decrease in parasitisation by U. lariophaga , and developing parasitoids of this species were affected by powders of Nicotiana tabacum (L.) and Tephrosia vogelii (Hook. f). In a two-choice situation using a linear olfactometer, U. lariophaga was repelled by most of the oils. In a no-choice situation, parasitisation by D. basalis was hampered by treatment with plant powders, but eggs that were laid developed normally. In a Y-tube olfactometer, this parasitoid did not discriminate between odours of untreated and plant-powder-treated beans. The powders of N. tabacum and T. vogelii had stronger negative effects on the two parasitoids than the powders of Azadirachta indica (Juss.) or Blumea aurita (DC). In samples collected from untreated traditional storage facilities, subsequently treated with plant powders in the laboratory, none of the treatments could prevent the increase in beetle numbers. At 24 days after treatment, most beetles had emerged from beans treated with powders of N. tabacum and T. vogelii . Parasitoids were affected by the botanical insecticides tested here, but the powders of A. indica and B. aurita may be compatible with biological control by D. basalis . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a bee-friendly alternative to traditional insecticides used within commercial environments can contribute to reductions in pesticide exposure experienced by managed bees. We performed acute contact toxicity studies using fifteen plant powders from seven plant families against a parasitoid pest, Pteromalus venustus, and its host, the Alfalfa leafcutting bee (ALB). Ajwain, cinnamon, clove, cumin, fennel, ginger, nutmeg, oregano and turmeric applied at low contact concentrations had sufficient fumigant properties to cause equivalent or higher parasitoid mortality as that obtained with the traditional insecticide. Nutmeg adversely affected adult ALBs at both low and high contact concentrations, thus eliminating it as a candidate. Increasing the contact concentrations did not consistently increase parasitoid control but did increase adverse effects on the ALBs. In addition, the efficacious plant powders significantly reduced the sexual function and fertility of the female parasitoids, a feature not associated with the traditional insecticide. The dual nature of the mechanisms underlying the effects of the plant powders may translate into effective control of the parasitoid populations in the commercial environment. The results reported here support further evaluations of Ajwain, cinnamon, clove, cumin, fennel, ginger, oregano and turmeric as potential botanical insecticides for control of P. venustus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]