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Indonesia merupakan negara penyumbang sampah plastik terbesar kedua di dunia dengan kapasitas mencapai 3,2 juta ton yang tidak dapat dikelola setiap tahunnya dan 1,29 juta ton sampah plastik berakhir di lautan. Sampah plastik merupakan 16% dari pencemaran plastik laut dunia yang menyebabkan emisi langsung gas rumah kaca dan berkontribusi terhadap perubahan iklim, Pirolisis menjadi solusi efektif untuk mengatasi pengolahan sampah plastik yang menghasilkan konversi energi. Pirolisis merupakan proses pemecahan molekul polimer rantai panjang menjadi molekul yang lebih kecil melalui perengkahan termal tanpa adanya oksigen pada suhu di atas 400°C. Selama pirolisis, tidak ada polutan yang dilepaskan ke atmosfer dalam bentuk partikel atau CO2, sehingga lingkungan hampir tidak tercemar. Metode penelitian ini adalah eksperimen pirolisis terhadap sampah plastik PET dari kemasan air mineral dan PET berlapis logam (metallized PET foil) dari kemasan susu dan makanan ringan. Produk pirolisis berupa minyak cair dengan dua jenis warna berbeda yang senyawanya diidentifikasikan menggunakan kromatografi gas – spektrometri massa (GC-MS). Jumlah komponen senyawa dari produk pirolisis sampah plastik PET sebanyak 58 komponen dengan area komponen senyawa terbanyak adalah 5-metil-1-heptena dan 1-tridekanol. Sedangkan jumlah komponen senyawa dari produk pirolisis sampah plastik PET berlapis logam (metallized PET foil) sebanyak 56 komponen senyawa dengan area komponen senyawa terbanyak adalah 3-metil-5-undekena dan 1-tridekanol.

Pyroligneous acid is a complex mixture containing 80-90 % water and 10-20 % organic compounds, including more than 200 chemical components such as acetic acid, phenols, alkanes, alcohols and ester compounds, which can be extracted from different plant materials that contain lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. In different countries, practices of transformation of the different vegetable materials are adopted in order to extract this product, since investigations carried out show that it has potential in different sectors such as agriculture. It has characteristics that allow it to replace synthetic products used in the food, cosmetic and agricultural industries, which alter the environment and are harmful to people's health. It is a product of which little is known about its applicability and its establishment could contribute to the generation of increasingly friendly practices with the environment. In this sense, the present work aims to collect information on pyroligneous acid and its possible effects on agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to calculate the volume and composition of fuel produced from the production of fuel from polyethylene plastic waste per liter. Method: research using pyrolysis method with temperature 450-621°C without using catalyst, and quantitative analysis. Quantitative analysis using the GC-MS method. Result: Pyrolysis of 5 Kg HDPE waste produces 3.25 liters of naphtha, 0.85 liters of gasoline; diesel 0.325 liters; and activated carbon 18.06 grams. 5 Kg LDPE waste produces 500 mL naphtha, 2.9 liters of gasoline; diesel 0.1 liters; and 19 grams of activated carbon. Conclusion: Pyrolysis of 5 Kg HDPE waste produces 3.25 liters of naphtha; gasoline 0.85 liters; diesel 0.325 liters (88.86% total fuel), and activated carbon 18.06 grams; and 5 Kg LDPE waste produces 2.9 liters of gasoline; 0.1 liters of diesel (70.38% of total fuel), and 19 grams of activated carbon. The composition of fuel produced in pyrolysis of polyethylene plastic waste (HDPE and LDPE) in the form of naphtha, gasoline, and diesel and produces residues in the form of activated carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agroindustrial Technology / Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la capacidad de almacenamiento energético del material obtenido de cascarilla de cacao en configuración de capacitor. El material lignocelulósico proviene de la cosecha de cacao ecuatoriano utilizado en procesos agroindustriales. Se realizó el análisis de los volátiles generados durante la pirólisis instantáneo mediante la técnica GC/MS; además, de la comparación del capacitor con dos electrólitos diferentes: ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4) y cloruro de sodio (NaCl). El procesamiento del material se realizó mediante un proceso de carbonización y otro de activación por vía química, los cuales se llevaron a cabo en un reactor de pirólisis en atmósfera inerte de nitrógeno (N2) a una velocidad de calefacción de 20 oC min-1 y se activaron a 850 oC en la misma atmósfera por 4 horas. A partir de este material se prepararon los electrodos y se probó mediante voltametría cíclica el almacenamiento de energía a diferentes velocidades de barrido para cinco ciclos. Los resultados del análisis GC/MS y de voltametría cíclica demostraron que la materia prima secundaria preparada puede utilizarse para obtener productos de alto valor agregado. Los principales compuestos volátiles identificados corresponden a fenoles, ácido acético y alcoholes. El máximo potencial fue de 1,1 kW kg-1 con electrolito de NaCl y, la máxima durabilidad se logró con electrolito de H2SO4 con una potencia de 0,29 kW kg-1 estos valores fueron obtenidos a una velocidad de 100 mV s-1.

Atmospheric pollution and accelerated environmental deterioration for the increasing use of fossil fuels have directed research in the energy field towards the search for alternative, renewable, efficient and, above all, more environmentally friendly sources. Among the raw materials that are of great interest in the generation of biofuels are lignocellulosic residues, which are currently produced in abundant quantities, either by the simple action of nature or because they are part of the agro-industrial chain of a given region. For this reason in the present work, the biomass of Eucalyptus globulus was evaluated as a low-cost and widely available source for obtaining liquid biofuel, for which a preliminary physical and chemical characterization was carried out, by considering established standard specifications. Thermochemical conversion tests were carried out by pyrolysis in an N2 atmosphere and through the application of a factorial experimental design (22) contemplating the influence of experimental variables such as residence time and temperature, it was possible to obtain at 550 °C and during 20 min of reaction, a bio-oil with a maximum yield of 45,2 % and whose physical and chemical properties are within the range estimated in the literature for biofuels of lignocellulosic origin, such as the calorific value (16,7 MJ/kg). Therefore, the biomass of Eucalyptus globulus can be considered as a raw material with potential to be explored in the generation of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a literature review of the iron oxide nanoparticles synthesis routes with applications as nanocatalysts in the synthesis of carbon nanostructures using the plastic pyrolysis method. Through pyrolysis, it is possible to synthesize structures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The morphological and chemical properties of the nanocatalysts ensure the majority production with minimal defects of these nanostructures. Regarding the iron oxide nanocatalyst, this review emphasizes the importance of parameters such as its shape and size, properties that are controlled during the synthesis process, and the significance of the interaction between nanoparticles and the support material used. These factors directly influence the nanocatalyst's performance in terms of catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innotec is the property of Laboratorio Tecnologico del Uruguay and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Production Engineering / Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Produção is the property of Brazilian Journal of Production Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One solution to reduce leaf litter is to process it into liquid smoke. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of liquid smoke from various types of dry leaves. The type of leaves used in this study were teak, fern, Spanish cherry, and crepe myrtle-dried leaves. Treatment of pyrolysis gave three types of products. The smoke liquid yields of dried teak leaves were 12,44%, dried Spanish cherry leaves were 12.92%, dried fern leaves were 13,39%, and dried crape myrtle leaves were 35.22%. The charcoal yields from teak, fern, Spanish cherry, and crape myrtle-dried leaves were 40.585%, 35.871%, 40.723%, and 18.797%. While the rest was tar with yields of 0.820% from dried teak leaves, 0.869% from dried fern leaves, 0.790% from dried Spanish cherry leaves, and 1.774% from dried crape myrtle leaves. The residual dry leaf debris of dried teak was 53.938%, dried fern leaves 51.385%, dried Spanish cherry leaves 54.326%, and dried crape myrtle leaves 54.210%. The pH of smoke liquor from dried teak was 5.11, dried fern leaves 5.75, dried Spanish cherry leaves 5.43, and dried crape myrtle leaves 7.80. The dominant active compounds in the liquid smoke produced were phenolic components. Each liquid smoke contained carbonyl and acid compounds, while liquid smoke from teak-dried leaves also contained alkaloids and alcohol.

En este trabajo se presentan las variables óptimas encontradas para la obtención de carbón activado a partir del precursor Guadua angustifolia Kunth. Lográndose identificar parámetros tales como: temperatura de carbonización, tiempo de carbonización, temperatura de impregnación en activante, tiempo de impregnación en activante, relación carbón vegetal-activante, temperatura de activación, tiempo de activación y tamaño de muestra. Estas condiciones óptimas de carbonización permitieron obtener la mayor capacidad de adsorción en procesos de decoloración con Azul de Metileno.

A study was carried out to determine the exergy cost of biochar production based on oil palm kernel shell by slow pyrolysis in an experimental and a pilot furnace. Initially, mass, energy and exergy flows were evaluated by applying the Specific Exergy Costing (SPECO) scaling methodology, based on the resource-product concept. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the equipment were determined and the exergy cost was calculated. The exergy cost of 1 kg of biochar is 38990 $-kJ/kJ for the experimental furnace and 206 $-kJ/kJ for the pilot furnace. In summary, the exergy cost of biochar can vary depending on the equipment, operating conditions and the location where it is produced. It is recommended to make use of the heat and energy contained in the gases to optimize the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sierra Madre Group of Chiapas has informalities in its stratigraphic nomenclature that have been transmitted through geological literature. This work describes the characteristics of three lithostratigraphic successions that make the tripartite division of the Sierra Madre Group understandable. A particular lithology, which here is defined as the El Chango succession, separates the Cantelhá and Cintalapa successions to integrate this group. Additionally, the El Chango succession makes it possible to do an appropriate mapping and its correlation allows interpreting the regional distribution of sedimentary facies that these successions. Epifluorescence of rocks from the El Chango succession (Cenomanian) exhibits organic compounds. Pyrolysis data indicate ~0.22% of total organic carbon in carbonate rock, its equivalent reflectance is 0.7 and 1.0, which places the rock in the generation window of metagenic oil and gas, S2 values less than 0.2 mg HC/g make the low hydrocarbon expulsion potential questionable, so additional analyzes are required. The porosity impregnated with asphalt in rocks of the Sierra Madre Group suggests the existence of reservoir rock, regionally covered by pelitic rocks as a seal, and the changes in facies and deformation indicate the existence of potential traps. The data from this work proposes to explore a hypothetical oil play in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the amount of catalyst on yield from the pyrolysis of Polypropylene (PP) type plastic waste and to determine the characteristics of plastic waste pyrolysis oil which includes the physical and chemical properties of pyrolysis oil. The physical properties tested include viscosity, fire point, flash point, pour point, density, and water content while the chemical properties are compounds contained in pyrolysis oil using Gas ChromatoChromatography -Massmetry (GCMS) and knowing its calorific value. The research was conducted on the type of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), namely Polypropylene (PP) which was hydrolyzed in a batch reactor using an incinerator where heating originated from outside using wood powder and LPG. The ratio of raw materials used is as much as 1 kg of plastic with a variation of zeolite catalyst 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1 in kg. The results showed that the more catalysts added, the more pyrolysis oil was produced. The results of measuring oil at LEMIGAS kinematic viscosity at 40oC are 1.556 cST, 42 oC fire point, PMCC 26 o C flash point, pour point -42 o C, density at 15 o C 0.7857 g / cm3, and water content is 507.54 ppm . While the hydrocarbon compounds produced are pentene, heptane, and cyclohexane which have flammable properties. The calorific value produced from this pyrolysis oil is 40.947 Mj / Kg. The maximum amount of plastic oil volume is obtained by using 1 kg of raw material with 1 kg of 955 ml zeolite catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the obtaining of carbonaceous materials from sugarcane bagasse, by means of activation with hexahydrate iron (III) chloride, is evaluated. Biomass was experimentally characterized through immediate and elemental analysis. Subsequently, its chemical activation was carried out and it was pyrolyzed in a tubular furnace and in simultaneous thermal analysis equipment. The immediate and elemental analyzes demonstrate the composition of the sugarcane bagasse modified with an inorganic salt, its possible thermodecomposition through pyrolysis and its better use as electrodes in fuel biocells. The thermal analysis techniques allowed to identify the thermodecomposition stages of the sugarcane bagasse studied and their temperature intervals, which are the basis of the kinetic study. All the study carried out allowed us to demonstrate the influence of chemical activation on the characteristics of the coal obtained and on the pyrolysis process carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a bibliometric review of the pyrolysis process of two types of polymers: polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS), to identify the necessary conditions to optimize the pyrolysis process, guaranteeing the majority production of the gaseous product with the aim of carrying out a second process, the growth of carbon nanostructures. Gaseous precursors such as methane, acetylene, and ethylene are essential hydrocarbons for the growth of said nanostructures, of which a variety of single-walled, double-walled, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs, DWCNTs, and MWCNTs) stand out according to the literature and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). In this work, an analysis of the most relevant conditions is carried out to optimize the polymer pyrolysis process, that is, to reduce the temperature and reaction times to improve the composition of the products obtained from the pyrolytic process. Finally, the most relevant reports of the pyrolysis of the polymers exposed in the literature are disclosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los requerimientos energéticos y las economías de escala usadas para las aplicaciones energéticas aportan valiosa información en los estudios de las transformaciones energéticas de diferentes residuos plásticos. El control adecuado de los reactores de pirolisis requiere de modelamientos matemáticos que permitan establecer variables y tiempos adecuados de calentamiento. En esta investigación se presentan los resultados de la simulación de un reactor de pirolisis para determinar el efecto de los parámetros físicos del sistema de calentamiento en el tiempo necesario para lograr una temperatura máxima que se pudiera controlar. Se usaron software especializados (Tipo CAE y MATLAB) para la simulación y comparar los perfiles de temperatura obtenidos mediante la simulación y contrastar estos datos con el registro de la temperatura de un reactor de pirolisis. La simulación en ANSYS se efectuó en estado transitorio. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el proceso de simulación y el calentamiento del horno de resistencias eléctricas permiten concluir que el sistema de ecuaciones usado en el proceso se ajusta al horno disponible.

La contaminación atmosférica y el acelerado deterioro ambiental por el creciente uso de combustibles fósiles, ha direccionado las investigaciones en el campo energético hacía la búsqueda de fuentes alternativas, renovables, eficientes y sobre todo más amigables con el medio ambiente. Entre la materia prima que cobra gran interés en la generación de biocombustibles, se encuentran los residuos lignocelulósicos que actualmente se producen en abundantes cantidades, ya sea por simple acción de la naturaleza o porque hacen parte de la cadena agroindustrial de una región dada. Es por ello que en el presente trabajo se evaluó la biomasa de Eucalyptus globulus, como fuente de bajo costo y amplia disponibilidad en la obtención de biocombustible líquido, para lo cual se llevó a cabo una caracterización física y química preliminar teniendo en cuenta especificaciones establecidas en normatividad del sector. Se realizaron ensayos de conversión termoquímica por medio de una pirólisis en atmósfera de N2 y a través de la aplicación de un diseño experimental factorial ( ) contemplando la influencia de variables experimentales tales como tiempo de residencia y temperatura, fue posible obtener a 550 ºC y durante 20 min de reacción, un bioaceite con un rendimiento máximo del 45,2 % y cuyas propiedades físicas y químicas se encuentran dentro del rango estimado en literatura para biocombustibles de origen lignocelulósico, tal es el caso del poder calorífico (16,7 MJ/kg). Por lo tanto, la biomasa de Eucalyptus globulus puede ser considerada como materia prima con potencial a ser explorado en la generación de energéticos.

Objetivo. Determinar el sustrato apropiado a partir de abonos con biochar de morera para la germinación y desarrollo inicial de Crotalaria juncea L. Materiales y métodos. Se compararon seis combinaciones que estuvieron compuestas por, tratamiento 1: 100% suelo ferralítico rojo, tratamiento 2: 50% suelo y 50% biochar, tratamiento 3: 50% suelo y 50% compost, tratamiento 4: 50% suelo y 50% humus de lombriz, tratamiento 5: 50% suelo, 25% biochar y 25% compost y tratamiento 6: 50% suelo, 25% biochar y 25% humus de lombriz. Previamente se realizaron evaluaciones al biochar comparando su forma de elaboración y su origen de enriquecimiento. Variables a medir: emergencia (%), longitud del tallo (mm), grosor del tallo (mm), longitud de raíz principal (mm), hojas (número) y raíces secundarias (número). Resultados. Los mejores resultados a los 15 días se obtuvieron con el sustrato compuesto por 50% suelo, 25% biochar y 25% humus de lombriz (tratamiento 6) con valores de longitud del tallo (95.70 mm), diámetro del tallo (1.10 mm), número de hojas (5.13), longitud de la raíz principal (45.50 mm) y número de raíces secundarias (13.74) que dan lugar a un buen desarrollo de la planta, propiciando la mejor consistencia del cepellón. Conclusiones. Se aprecia que el sustrato combinado de biochar, humus de lombriz y suelo presenta potencialidades para el desarrollo y germinación de crotalaria en cepellón.

Este artículo se presenta una revisión bibliométrica del proceso de pirólisis de dos tipos de polímeros: tereftalato de polietileno y poliestireno (PET y PS, por sus siglas en inglés), para identificar las condiciones necesarias y así optimizar el proceso de pirólisis, garantizando la producción mayoritaria del producto gaseoso con el objetivo de llevar a cabo un segundo proceso, el crecimiento de nanoestructuras de carbono. Precursores gaseosos como el metano, acetileno y etileno son hidrocarburos esenciales para el crecimiento de dichas nanoestructuras, de las que se destacan según la literatura, una variedad de nanotubos de carbono de pared simple, de pared doble, y de pared múltiple (SWCNT, DWCNT y MWCNT, por sus siglas en inglés) y nano fibras de carbono (CNF, por sus siglas en inglés). En este trabajo se realiza un análisis de las condiciones más relevantes para optimizar el proceso de pirólisis de polímeros, es decir, disminuir la temperatura y tiempos de reacción y mejorar la composición de los productos obtenidos del proceso pirolítico. Finalmente se dan a conocer los reportes más relevantes de la pirolisis de los polímeros expuestos en la literatura.

Copyright of ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. is the property of Knowledge E DMCC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biochar generated from the pyrolysis of organic materials reduces GHG emissions and impacts the soil's many other physical, chemical, and biological properties. This paper aims to show a systematic review of online databases about the progress and trends of knowledge in biochar, an important topic that contributes to the updating, synthesis, and dissemination of knowledge and allows classifying the growing flow of information and identifying accredited aspects from 2011 to 2022. From 2011 to 2022, 253 scientific articles were collected and 119 were selected. Cooccurrence networks were worked on, and the information was represented through graphs to visualize the total number of connections between entities, grouping (subdomains), and locating synonyms, among others. One of the selection criteria was the type of publication and the synopsis of the study of the effect of biochar on soil, environmental importance, and use in the agricultural sector, as well as the methodological approaches of the research process and implementation feasibility. The results showed a notable increase in research on the subject in recent years, with reports of effectiveness, as a soil conditioner and remediator, GHG mitigation, and a trend for water and soil decontamination with positive progress of new research. However, it is necessary to monitor the effects of the application of biochar in the medium and long term to originate cleaner production processes in the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive. Determine the most appropriate substrate from mulberry biochar fertilizers for the germination and initial development of Crotalaria juncea L. Materials and methods. Six combinations were compared that were composed of: Treatment 1: 100% red ferralitic soil, Treatment 2: 50% soil and 50% biochar, Treatment 3: 50% soil and 50% compost, Treatment 4: 50% soil and 50% humus. worm, Treatment 5: 50% soil, 25% biochar, and 25% compost, and Treatment 6: 50% soil, 25% biochar, and 25% worm humus. Previously, biochar evaluations were carried out comparing its way of elaboration, and its origin of enrichment. Variables to measure: emergence (%), stem length (mm), stem thickness (mm), main root length (mm), leaves (number), and secondary roots (number). Results. The best results at 15 days were obtained with the substrate composed of 50% soil, 25% biochar, and 25% earthworm humus (treatment 6) with values of stem length (95.70 mm), stem diameter (1.10 mm), number of leaves (5.13), length of the main root (45.50 mm) and number of secondary roots (13.74) that give rise to a good development of the plant, favoring the best consistency of the root ball. Conclusions. It can be seen that the combined substrate of biochar, earthworm humus, and soil presents the potential for the development and germination of crotalaria in root ball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using biochar to enhance agricultural soils is becoming more popular, but not much is known about the qualities of biochar made from cocoa crop leftovers. The study identifi ed several traits of biochar created from cocoa pod husks through the pyrolysis method. The examination included the following evaluations: levels of lignocellulosic fi bre, proximal analysis, microscopic structure, and functional groups. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were evaluated through an aqueous recirculation Cd2+ adsorption assay. The fi brous contents consisted of 56.2% cellulose, 27.07% lignin, and 3.15% hemicellulose. At a moisture content of 8.15% and a pH of 9.86, 35.58% biochar was produced. The pores were not uniform in shape and contained hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonate groups as identifi ed. According to the isotherms, the Cd2+ that can be adsorbed is 0.280 mL/g at Langmuir, and the Cd2+ adsorption intensity is 0.06 at Freundlich. Even though the biochar had desirable properties for acidic soils, its ability to adsorb was restricted under the tested conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Avances: Investigación en Ingeniería is the property of Universidad Libre, Facultad de Ingenieria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As the largest natural rubber producing country after Thailand, Indonesia has an immense potential of rubberwood sources. Rubberwood waste is suitable for raw materials to produce charcoal through pyrolysis method, providing more value-added. Kilns used in the pyrolysis process are diverse. The different kiln used will affect the characteristics of the charcoal produced. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of rubberwood charcoal produced using box-type kiln and dome-type kiln. The characteristics analyzed were charcoal yield, moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. The results showed dome and box-type kilns produced charcoals with different characteristics. Char yield of charcoal produced using box and dome-type kilns was 15.82% and 14.21%. Charcoal produced using box-type kiln has a moisture content of 4.51%, ash content of 3.06%, volatile matter of 18.10%, and fixed carbon of 74.33%, while charcoal produced using dome-type kiln has a moisture content of 6.16%, ash content 2.52%, volatile matter of 6.26%, and fixed carbon of 85.06%. The charcoal characteristics met the SNI 01-1683-1989 standard, except for the moisture content of charcoal produced using dome-type kiln.

Los combustibles fósiles son la mayor fuente energética en el mundo y Colombia no es la excepción a la regla, es por esta razón que el presente artículo plantea estudiar alternativas del uso de cascarilla de arroz como fuente energética en Colombia. Para la investigación se realiza una revisión de información científica obtenida de bases de datos como Scopus, Science Direct, Redalyc, entre otros, además de indagaciones extraídas de reportes gubernamentales, casos de estudio en otros países y estudios experimentales, esto con el fin de realizar una revisión con información verídica que pueda dar lugar a un análisis general del uso de energías alternativas y su aporte en la matriz energética, para finalmente dar como resultado un estudio detallado del potencial del uso de cascarilla de arroz en Colombia.

A study was carried out to determine the exergy cost of biochar production based on oil palm kernel shell by slow pyrolysis in an experimental and a pilot furnace. Initially, mass, energy and exergy flows were evaluated by applying the Specific Exergy Costing (SPECO) scaling methodology, based on the resource-product concept. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the equipment were determined and the exergy cost was calculated. The exergy cost of 1 kg of biochar is 38990 $-kJ/kJ for the experimental furnace and 206 $-kJ/kJ for the pilot furnace. In summary, the exergy cost of biochar can vary depending on the equipment, operating conditions and the location where it is produced. It is recommended to make use of the heat and energy contained in the gases to optimize the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ketersediaan limbah serbuk gergaji kayu sangat potensial diolah menjadi karbon aktif karena mengandung selulosa dan lignin yang menyebabkan serbuk gergaji kayu dapat mengikat ion logam berat. Pemanfaatan karbon aktif banyak digunakan di berbagai industri, diantaranya sebagai penyerap zat pencemar dan logam berat. Penelitian ini membahas tentang pembuatan dan pemanfaatan serbuk gergaji kayu sebagai karbon aktif (adsorben) melalui pirolisis dan aktivasi kimia. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pirolisis terhadap kualitas karbon aktif yang dihasilkan. Karbon aktif dibuat menggunakan serbuk gergaji kayu yang didehidrasi di bawah sinar matahari. Proses karbonisasi dilakukan dengan metode pirolisis pada suhu 200 °C, 225 °C, 250 °C, 275 °C dan 300 °C selama 1 jam. Hasil proses pirolisis selanjutnya diaktivasi menggunakan aktivator basa kuat (NaOH) dengan konsentrasi 1 N dan waktu aktivasi 3 jam. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, suhu pirolisis yang menghasilkan kualitas karbon aktif mendekati Standar Industri Indonesia (SII) 0258-88 adalah pada suhu 275 °C. Kualitas karbon aktif yang dihasilkan memiliki kadar air 3 %, kadar abu 10,2 %, kadar volatile matter 23 %, dan kadar fixed carbon 63,7 %.

The pyrolytic cracking of forest residues is a complex process that determines the characteristics of the biochar obtained. The objective is to specify through experimental design, the experimental variables that influence the pyrolysis of sawdust from Ecuadorian Teak, Fernán Sánchez and Guachapelí woods and their most favorable values to achieve higher yields in this process, so that it allows elucidating a Experimental procedure for obtaining biochars, as well as their characterization. The applied experiment design showed that temperature is the only parameter that significantly affects pyrolysis and allows us to propose an experimental procedure to obtain biochar. The SEM and the FT-IR of the biochars demonstrate the effectiveness of the process and the EDX of the biochars obtained show a stoichiometric ratio of C/O 5:1 enriched in charcoal, as well as the elemental composition of its ashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agronomía Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Setiap tahun produksi plastik meningkat secara eksponensial, karena kebutuhannya sangat diperlukan oleh manusia. Tapi plastik berbeda dengan limbah yang lain, disebabkan oleh proses penguraiannya. Guna mengurangi populasi limbah plastik, kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat di desa Wari Ino menitik beratkan pada sosialisasi masalah limbah plastik dan teknik pengolahan. Adapun hasil kegiatan menunjukan perubahan pengetahuan akan bahaya limbah plastik dan penerapan teknologi tepat guna menggunakan sistem pirolisis mampu menghasilkan BBM (Bahan Bakar Minyak) dari plastik jenis HDPE (High Density Polyethylene). Tapi teknologi tersebut masih bersifat prototipe, dan memerlukan pengembangan sehingga dapat dipakai serta diakui oleh seluruh masyarakat secara luas.

The continuous research of new functional materials combining both advanced properties and increased sustainability has dramatically risen up in the last decades. Instead of searching for new solutions, composites (formed by a combination of already present materials) are subject of different studies due to their capability of merging the advantages of components. Hence, chitosan, a biowaste-derived biopolymer, has been thermally-converted into chars by pyrolysis treatment. Subsequently, both chitosan and its char are introduced into cementitious matrix forming cement-based composites. The analysis of the mechanical properties of these materials evidenced that char-containing composites show an incipient fracture toughness capability, very appealing for possible structural applications. Resumen: La investigación continua de nuevos materiales funcionales que combinan propiedades avanzadas y una mayor sostenibilidad ha aumentado dramáticamente en las últimas décadas. En lugar de buscar nuevas soluciones, los compuestos (formados por una combinación de materiales ya presentes) están sujetos a diferentes estudios debido a su capacidad de fusionar las ventajas de los dos componentes. El quitosano, un biopolímero derivado de residuos biológicos, se ha convertido térmicamente en carbón mediante tratamiento de pirólisis. Posteriormente, tanto el quitosano como su carbón se introducen en una matriz cementosa que forma compuestos a base de cemento. El análisis de las propiedades mecánicas de estos materiales puso de manifiesto que los compuestos que contienen carbón muestran una incipiente capacidad de resistencia a la fractura, muy atractiva para posibles aplicaciones estructurales.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik serta aktivitas antibakteri asap cair yang berasal dari biomassa kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendra) dan kayu jati (Tectona grandis). Asap cair dalam penelitian ini diperoleh melalui kondensasi asap yang dihasilkan dari pirolisis biomassa kayu putih dan kayu jati pada suhu 250°C selama 8 jam. Asap cair yang terbentuk dari kedua biomassa memiliki karakteristik warna cokelat transparan, pH 2,8 (asam), dan masih memiliki bahan padatan terapung. Hasil uji antibakteri asap cair dari kayu putih dan kayu jati dengan metode difusi agar terhadap tiga (3) isolat bakteri patogen yaitu Escherichia coli FNCC 194, Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa FNCC 0156 menunjukkan hasil positif dengan terbentuknya zona jernih di sekeliling cakram. Hasil uji antibakteri asap cair dari biomassa kayu jati terhadap Staphylococcus aureus FNCC 0047 menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif, yaitu Ampicillin 10 mcg. Karakterisasi fisik dan analisis GC-MS digunakan untuk mengetahui komposisi asap cair yang berasal dari dua biomassa yang berbeda. Diketahui bahwa acetic acid merupakan komponen utama yang ditemukan pada kedua sampel, yaitu sebesar 45,35% pada asap cair dari biomassa kayu putih dan 25,35% pada asap cair dari biomassa kayu jati. Selain acetic acid, kandungan fenol juga ditemukan pada kedua asap cair. Asap cair dari biomassa kayu putih mengandung fenol sebesar 6.53%, sedangkan asap cair dari biomassa kayu jati mengandung fenol sebesar 11.19%. Tingginya kandungan fenol yang dimiliki asap cair dari biomassa kayu jati diduga turut berpengaruh terhadap kemampuannya dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri.

Pirolisis adalah sebuah metode daur ulang yang digunakan untuk mengurangi dampak lingkungan dari sampah plastik di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini, karakteristik dari produk minyak pirolisis sampah plastik jenis Low Density Poly Ethylena (LDPE) telah dipelajari dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu tinggal pada rendemen dan properti produk cair (minyak pirolisis) yang dihasilkan. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan reaktor batch skala kecil yang dilengkapi dengan sebuah siklon, kondensor, steam-atomizing burner, dan sistem flare. Pirolisis dilakukan dalam waktu 30, 60, dan 90 menit pada suhu 3500C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu tinggal akan menghasilkan jumlah minyak dan gas yang lebih besar, namun menghasilkan arang yang lebih kecil. Produk minyak tersebut memiliki sifat fisik yang mendekati kerosene dengan nilai kalor 20.019–20.047 BTU/lb, massa jenis 0.7754–0.7802 g/ml, viskositas kinematik 1.392–1.603 mm2/s, dan titik nyala di abwah 11°C. Minyak tersebut juga mengandung asam asetat, metil oleat, 1-hidroksi-2-propanon, furan metanol, and metil siklopentan sebagai senyawa-senyawa yang utama.

Los suelos bajo producción hortícola/florícola presentan, generalmente, elevada degradación. La aplicación de biochar está mencionada como una alternativa para mitigar la degradación de los suelos y el cambio global. En Argentina su estudio y utilización son incipientes. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron evaluar en un Argiudol vértico con producción de batata bajo manejo agroecológico: a) el efecto acumulado de tres aplicaciones anuales de biochar entre 2013 y 2015 (producido a partir de Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco), 30 Mg ha-1 en total, sobre algunas propiedades edáficas, dos años y medio posteriores a su última aplicación, y b) el cambio absoluto, para el periodo 2012-2018, en algunas propiedades superficiales del suelo con y sin biochar. La aplicación de biochar incrementó las reservas de carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) y el pH del espesor 0-30 cm. Disminuyó las reservas de nitrógeno orgánico del suelo (NOS) y aumentó la relación C/N del espesor 0-20 cm. Aumentó levemente la conductividad eléctrica del espesor 0-5 cm y no modificó la capacidad de intercambio catiónico. Tampoco afectó la infiltración y la capacidad de agua útil del espesor 0-30 cm. Sin embargo, se observó un aumento muy marcado en la humedad actual y en la disponibilidad de agua útil de los espesores 10-20 y 5-10 cm, respectivamente. Cuando se analizó el cambio neto, se observó el mismo efecto para COS y pH. Para las variables físicas, las condiciones edafoclimáticas al momento de muestreo (menor humedad actual en 2018) tuvieron un mayor efecto que el del biochar. Dejando de lado su efecto directo sobre el aumento de COS y la reducción superficial de la densidad aparente, las interacciones entre el biochar y el suelo aún requieren estudio.

Batubara merupakan endapan senyawa organik karbonan yang terbentuk secara alamiah dari sisa tumbuh-tumbuhan dan bisa terbakar. Batubara mempunyai beberapa tipe yaitu antrasite, bituminous, sub-bituminous dan lignite. Pembagian jenis batubara dibagi menjadi sumber penghasil energi primer dan penghasil energi sekunder, dimana nilai jual batubara tipe lignit sebagai penghasil energi sekunder sangatlah rendah sehingga perlu dilakukan inovasi untuk mengubah batubara tipe lignit, salah satunya dengan metode pencairan batubara. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pencairan batubara kualitas rendah yaitu lignit dan kemudian dilakukan pengujian GCMS untuk mengetahui kandungan pada minyak batubara pada batubara tipe lignit. Batubara yang digunakan berasal dari daerah Pasir Balengkong Tanah Grogot Kalimantan Timur, analisis menggunakan penambahan waktu pengambilan sampel setiap 2 jam dengan maksimal waktu operasional 6 jam. Proses pencairan batubara pertama-tama dilakukan pengujian proksimat untuk mengetahui kandungan kalori dari batubara dan volatile matter yang terkandung pada batubara sampel, kemudian dilakukan pencairan yaitu batubara yang masih berbentuk raw coal di timbang sehingga didapatkan berat 16kg, batubara yang telah di cairkan dimasukan kedalam tungku pirolisis dan kemudian dilakukan pembakaran dengan penambahan waktu dan temperatur 2 jam (0 – 200oC), 4 jam (200o – 400oC), dan 6 jam (400o – 600oC). Pengujian GCMS dilakukan untuk mengetahui kandungan pada minyak batubara, hasil pengujian menunjukan batubara lignit daerah pasir balengkong mempunyai kandungan golongan alkana, aldehid, dan fenol.

In the last decades, the intensive use of nitrogen fertilizers in annual and perennial crops has increased in Peru. These fertilizers are quickly available to plants by converting to nitrates, increasing crop yields. However, nitrogen fertilizers are very volatile and are also lost easily by leaching. This lost nitrogen (N) implies economic costs and leads to environmental problems such as eutrophication. Biochar, a new soil amendment, has been suggested as a solution to these problems; however, there has been little research on the subject in Peru. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biochar application on corn yield and nitrogen balance in soils (Entisols with alluvial deposition) in San Ramon (Peru). Biochar was produced from green waste and pig manure. The research design considered five treatments: Control (T1), 7 t·ha-1 of pig manure (T2), 17.5 t·ha-1 of biochar (T3), 23 t·ha-1 of biochar with pH adjustment (T4), and 17.5 t·ha-1 of biochar with pH and C/N ratio adjustment (T5). The results showed that treatments T1 and T2 obtained the lowest corn yields, with an average production of 0.41 t·ha-1 and 2.45 t·ha-1, respectively. Treatment T5 produced the highest corn yield, reaching a production of 5.71 t·ha-1. A significant difference was only found in the yield of treatments T1 and T5 (p = 0.011). Nitrogen use efficiency percentages (NUE), defined as the percentage of applied N that was available to be absorbed by the crop or retained in the soil, were higher for treatments T3, T4, and T5 with 28, 28, and 56% efficiency, respectively, in comparison to treatments T1 and T2. Likewise, biochar treatments T3, T4, and T5 produced lower nitrogen losses compared to treatments T1 and T2. This research concluded that biochar-based amendments have positive effects on corn crop yield while limiting nitrogen loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Fuentes, El Reventón Energético is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the worsening environmental problems caused by the greenhouse effect, the study of fuel alternatives generated by non-fossil sources has intensifi ed. The incorporation of biodiesel (mono-ester of triglycerides) to petroleum diesel is an example of commercial application for reduction in the emission of fossil CO2 and sOx and nOx as well. in this context, the generation of mixture of hydrocarbons for catalytic cracking of vegetable oils combines the advantages of the Transesterifi cation process to generate compounds such as petroleum-derived fuels such as: gasoline, kerosene and diesel. This review presents current trends in scientifi c literature for biofuels from thermal (pyrolysis) and catalytic processing. For the pyrolysis it has been described the temperatures use to obtain the fuel in the diesel range. the catalytic processing involves the heterogeneous catalysts used in the processing crude oil and the conditions of temperature and pressure. in conclusion it is showed that the cracking catalytic process allows chose what fuel does one want simply changing the catalytic that is used.

Limbah/ Sampah plastik di dunia semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya, bahkan hingga menyentuh angka yang sangat mengkhawatirkan. Sampah yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah jenis PET. Selain itu ketahanan energi saat ini perlu diperhatikan juga, sehingga teknologi dalam mengkonversi sampah menjadi energi dengan proses pirolisis penting dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan bahan baku sampah PET berupa botol bekas yang berasal dari sekitar dengan katalis berupa katalis SiO2/Al2O3 berbentuk butiran. Penelitian dilakukan dengan reaktor fixed bed berbahan stainlees steel yang dilengkapi dengan condensor. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pengecilan ukuran plastik PET (1-2 cm) dan proses pirolisis dilakukan pada suhu 450 oC pada waktu 2 jam dengan variabel berat katalis tetap yaitu 4,8,12 dan 16 gram. Produk pirolisis dianalisis dengan FTIR (F… tranfor Infra Red) dan Gas Kromatografi MS-Pac. Dari penelitian ini dihasilkan produk pirolisis berujud gas dan cairan yang dalam yang temperatur ruangan berujud padatan berwarna kuning, dengan titik lebur 90 0 C. Pirolisis optimal terdapat pada suhu 450 OC dengan katalis 1 % berat umpan 400 gr diperoleh yield 14 %. Hasil analaisi FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) menunjukkan dalam produk mengandung gugus benzene, gugus karbonil, gugus ester, gugus hidroksil. Kandungan senyawa yang paling dominan pada hasil analisis GC-MS adalah asam benzoate 71 %, yang merupakan monomer dari PET dan senyawa turunan asam benzoate ( toluene dan isomernya ) 15 %,Biphenil 4 % dan triphenil 7 %