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Vaccination is an important measure for controlling infectious diseases in pig production systems, and useful to prevent not only diseases spreading among animals but also the potential zoonotic risks associated with some of the swine diseases such as in the case of Leptospirosis. Although pig vaccination has never been a standard practice in Israel, during the last 20 years the situation has changed with an increased availability of vaccines. Vaccination protocols need to consider the different production phases (breeding-reproduction with gilts, sows, boars and fattening phase) and to follow the specific guidelines addressing each different circumstance. In addition, the animals' environment, the geographical location and the epidemiology of diseases should be considered during the planning of a vaccination protocol in pigs. The purposes of this review was to evaluate and describe (i) the vaccines available in Israel for controlling pig infectious diseases, (ii) route of administration [intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), intradermal (ID), oral (OR)] commonly used, and (iii) to compare vaccines availability in Israel in relation to the local pig diseases epidemiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teschen disease (previously also known as Klobouk's disease), actually called Teschovirus encephalomyelitis, is a virulent fatal viral disease of swine, characterized by severe neurological disorders of encephalomyelitis. It was initially discovered in the Teschen district of North-Eastern Moravia. During the 1940s and 1950s it caused serious losses to the pig production industry in Europe. The most critical situation at that time, however, was in the former Czechoslovakia. A nationally organized eradication programme started in 1952. That year the reported number of new cases of Teschen disease reached 137 396, i.e., an incidence rate of 2 794 per 100 000 pigs, in 14 801 villages with 65 597 affected farms, i.e., 4.43 affected farms per village and 2.10 diseased pigs per affected farm. The average territorial density of new cases was 1.07 per km2. For etiological diagnosis histological investigation of the central nervous system, isolation of virus and seroneutralization were used. Preventive measures consisted in feeding pigs with sterilized waste food and in ring vaccination. Eradication measures took the form of the timely detection and reporting of new cases, isolating outbreak areas, and the slaughter of intrafocal pigs followed by sanitation measures. Diseased pigs were usually destroyed in rendering facilities. The carcasses of other intrafocal pigs were treated as conditionally comestible, i.e., only after sterilization. During the years 1952-1965 from a reported 537 480 specifically diseased pigs 36 558 died; i.e., Teschen disease mortality rate was 6.80% while other intrafocal pigs (88.12%) were urgently slaughtered. During the whole eradication programme there were a reported 542 971 Teschen disease cases. The disease was found mainly in small private farms where domestic refuse was used for pig feeding without proper sterilization. During 1959-1972 there were a reported 16 981 529 vaccinations using a vaccine of national origin. The ratio of vaccination to national pig population was reduced from 0.4904 in 1959 to 0.0786 in 1972. During 1959-1965 the ratio of reported vaccinations to reported new diseased pigs was 521 : 1 and during 1960-1965 the ratio of reported vaccinations to reported intrafocal pigs was 85 : 1. After eradication the vaccination was stopped. The last cases were detected in 1973 and from that time Czech and Slovak territories have been free from this dangerous infection.

• Vaccinating pigs against Salmonella Typhimurium alone may not be sufficiently effective to reduce the annual human salmonellosis prevalence. • Interventions at the abattoir might be more effective in achieving reducing the annual human salmonellosis prevalence than vaccination alone. • Potential concerns linked with the implementation of a mandatory Salmonella Typhimurium vaccination program felt under seven major headings. Vaccinating pigs against Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) might be a way to control ST infections at farm level and reduce human infections. Two main issues have to be addressed before such a mandatory vaccination program can be implemented: the effective reduction of attributable human incidence has to be demonstrated and all socio-economic barriers impacting the attitude and motivation of the pig sector have to be lifted. The present research used a quantitative microbial risk assessment model to estimate the effect of different hypothetical Salmonella spp. and ST mitigation strategies on the annual prevalence of human salmonellosis along the minced pork production chain. In addition, a qualitative study aimed to list the potential concerns of the pig sector about the implementation of a hypothetical future vaccination program. The following themes were the most often mentioned: awareness, vaccine cost-benefit/effectiveness, legislation, monovalent vaccine, time and labour required to vaccinate, vaccine registration and trade restriction. Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of vaccination were cited by all the key interviewees (n = 12). However, based on the quantitative microbial risk assessment model, vaccination alone may not be sufficiently effective to reduce the annual human salmonellosis prevalence. A combination of different control measures along the food chain, with a special focus on interventions at the slaughterhouse, might be more effective in achieving the desired goal than vaccination alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taenia solium (TS), responsible for porcine cysticercosis, human taeniasis and (neuro)cysticercosis, was included in the World Health Organization neglected tropical disease (NTD) roadmap published in 2012. Targets set in this roadmap have not been met, but T. solium has been included in the consultation process for the new 2030 goals proposed for priority NTDs. Taenia solium transmission dynamics models can contribute to this process. A recent review has compared existing T. solium transmission models, identifying their similarities and differences in structure, parameterization and modelled intervention approaches. While a formal model comparison to investigate the impact of interventions is yet to be conducted, the models agree on the importance of coverage for intervention effectiveness and on the fact that human- and pig-focused interventions can be optimally combined. One of these models, cystiSim, an individual-based, stochastic model has been used to assess field-applicable interventions, some currently under evaluation in on-going trials in Zambia. The EPICYST, population-based, deterministic model has highlighted, based on simulating a generic sub-Saharan Africa setting, the higher efficacy (measured as the percentage of human cysticercosis cases prevented) of biomedical interventions (human and pig treatment and pig vaccination) compared to improved husbandry, sanitation, and meat inspection. Important questions remain regarding which strategies and combinations thereof provide sustainable solutions for severely resource-constrained endemic settings. Defining realistic timeframes to achieve feasible targets, and establishing suitable measures of effectiveness for these targets that can be quantified with current monitoring and evaluation tools, are current major barriers to identifying validated strategies. Taenia solium transmission models can support setting achievable 2030 goals; however, the refinement of these models is first required. Incorporating socio-economic elements, improved understanding of underlying biological processes, and consideration of spatial dynamics are key knowledge gaps that need addressing to support model development., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2019 CystiTeam Group for Epidemiology and Modelling of Taenia solium Taeniasis/Cysticercosis.)