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Based on the well-known provisions of the general theory of systems, some key issues of successional transformations at the biogeocenotic (ecosystem), phytocenotic, microcenotic, and population structural levels are considered in a case study of postfire successions in broadleaf Korean pine and dark coniferous Korean pine forests of Sikhote-Alin. In research at a biogeocenotic level, indicative methods are used based on an analysis of gradients of leading environmental factors by groups of indicator species, blocks of diagnostic species according to the Braun-Blanquet ecological and floristic approach, and regional ecological scales. Most attention at the phytocenotic level of the study of successions is paid to the issues of spatial structure, as well as species and cenotypic composition of communities. Studies at a microcenotic level consider issues of transformation of the main elements of the mosaic of phytocenoses (synusiae and microcenoses) and their equivalents in biogeocenoses (parcels). Ontogenetic states and the age structure of cenopopulations are established at the population level, including insight into dynamics of viable seeds in the latent ontogenetic state in the forest floor and soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytocenotic potential of pasture ecosystems of the Tsimlyanskii sand massif using the ecological scales of humidity, soil reaction, and soil richness in mineral nitrogen of G. Ellenberg is studied. This work is based on landscape-bioecological and ecological-morphological research methods using methods for studying the structure, stability and development of plant communities. It has been established that the family types Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Asteraceae play the greatest role in projective coverage. The predominant life form of vegetation at all sites studied are is 40–71%. The average productivity of phytocenoses is 156–287 g/m2. The species composition and productivity of pasture phytocenoses changes noticeably depending on the humidity, physicochemical properties, and the richness of the soil in mineral nitrogen. On moist, non-drying, slightly acidic soils with an average nitrogen content, edificators are Agrostis canina L., A. tenuis Sibth., Thlaspi arvense L., Typha angustifolia L., T. latifolia L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., and Scirpus lacustris L. Under average moisture conditions, on slightly acidic soils with an average nitrogen content, edificators are Achillea millefolium L., Astragalus arenarius L., Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski, Medicago falcata L., and Phleum pratense L. Under average moisture conditions, on slightly acidic soils rich in mineral nitrogen, edificators are Apera spica-venti (L.) P.Beauv., Atriplex tatarica L., and Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth. Under average moisture conditions, on neutral soils with an average nitrogen content, edificators are Artemisia abrotanum L., Cirsium incanum (SG Gmel.) Fisch., Gypsophila paniculata L., Inula germanica L., Juncus gerardii Loisel., and Senecio erucifolius L. On dry, slightly acidic soils with an average nitrogen content, edificators are Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Wol) and Festuca valesiaca Gaudin. On dry, slightly acidic and mineral nitrogen-poor soils, edificators are Anisantha tectorum (L.) Nevski, Artemisia campestris L., A. maritima L., A. marschalliana Spreng., A. scoparia Waldst. & Kit., Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub, Crepis tectorum L., Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC., Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev, Potentilla incana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., Psammophiliella muralis (L.) Ikonn., and Stipa capillata L. Under conditions of sufficient and variable moisture, on neutral and slightly acidic soils with an average nitrogen content, edificators are Agropyron cristatum L. and Thlaspi arvense L. In the brome–bushgrass–wormwood (Bromopsis inermis, Calamagrostis epigeios, Artemisia marschalliana) community, there is a large proportion of therophytes (22.9%), which indicates anthropogenic pressure on this territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been carried out in some characteristic areas of Azerbaijan in recent years. The results of the chorological analyses showed that species of the Crassulacea in Irano-Turanian province, are distributed in two or three territories of this province. The results of phenologicalobservations and morphometric parameters indicate that all species have successfully passed through all stages of development. The sequence of seasonal changes in the same community is repeated from year to year, but the timing of the phases and individual details are different. As a result of the study of phenological features, the plants with the earliest start of vegetation,as well as early flowering and fruiting were identified. P. stolonifer, and S. acre are the plants with the earliest beginning of vegetation, as well as early flowering and fruiting. Fruits of plantsof the Crassulaceae genus ripen in July. 1 species of hare cabbage (Sedum acre) is found onlyin the Lesser Caucasus, two species (S. hispanicum, S. pentapetalum Boriss.) are foundthroughout Azerbaijan, 6 species (Prometheum pilosum, Phedimus spurius, Sedum gracile, S. pallidum, S.annum, Petrosedum subulatum) in the territory of the Greater and LesserCaucasus, Nakhichevan (Diabar), Lankaran, one species (Phedimus stoloniferum) of the Greater Caucasus, the Lesser Caucasus, Lankaran, one species (Sedum tenellum) in the territory of theGreater Caucasus, the Lesser Caucasus, Lankaran, one species (Sedum album) in the Lesser Caucasus, in Nakhichevan, 1 species (Prometheum sempervivoides) distributed in the regions of Nakhichevan, Lesser Caucasus, Lankaran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the forest vegetation of the Vorskla River, addressing the issue of spatial differentiation, structure, and dynamics of changes in tree species. Scientific investigation demonstrates that the forest type and the stand’s structure are influenced by ecological factors such as soil type, climate, water regime, and flora and fauna. Within the Vorskla River valley, 27 forest formations with a total area of 72,353.2 hectares (12.8% forest cover) have been identified. Based on morphometric indicators, the forest formations are categorized as follows: 3 large formations, 6 medium-sized formations, 10 small formations, 6 tiny formations, and 1 local formation. The dominant formations are Pineta silvestris covering 34,970.3 hectares (48.33%), Querceta roboris covering 20,693.1 hectares (28.6%), and Alneto glutinosae covering 5,800.2 hectares. The formations with the smallest areas are Ulmeto laevis covering 13.8 hectares (0.02%), Ulmeta glabrae covering 57.09 hectares (0.08%), Saliceta fragilis covering 48.09 hectares (0.07%), Gleditsia triacanthos covering 19.9 hectares (0.03%), Carpineta betuli covering 14.8 hectares (0.02%), Acereta tatarici covering 41.2 hectares (0.06%), and Acerata pseudoplatani covering 18.5 hectares (0.03%). The Piceeta abietis local formation is covering 5.7 hectares (0.01%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was made of the features of the soil cover of solonetz complexes in different parts of the pasture of an average sheep farm in the dry steppe zone in the Manych river basin in the conditions of dissected relief. It has been established that several types of soil cover can be distinguished on the territory of the pasture that differ in the degree of transformation of the profile of different components of the solonetz complex under the influence of intensive grazing. It is shown that the heterogeneity of the soil cover is due to the uneven impact of grazing, which, in turn, is determined both by the degree of remoteness from the farm and by the characteristics of the vegetation cover in different parts of the pasture. The areas with a well-pronounced complexity of the soil cover and a high proportion of solonetzes, dominated by grass-wormwood associations, are subject to the greatest pasture load. A tendency to a reduction in the thickness of the AJ and SEL horizons of light chestnut soils and solonetzes was noted as the pasture load increased. In the soil cover of feather grass areas of pastures, the share of solonetzes is much lower, which can be associated with a short-term pasture load on these soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative analysis of the composition of lysimetric waters for 2021–2022 was carried out for two groups of stationary soil lysimeters under urban conditions. The first group of lysimeters is formed by the "fallow–herbaceous phytocenosis–overgrown fallow–spruce forest–mixed and broad-leaved plantation" system developing on the same type of mantle loam. The second group of lysimeters represents soils with different types of tillage: conventional plowing, extradeep plowing according to Bushinsky, plowing according to Mosolov, and deep plowing according to Kachinsky. The same type of migration of components, in which the most migrating elements include carbon, mono- and divalent cations, and chloride ions with minimal migration of iron, manganese, and aluminum, is shown for both groups. The concentration of such important biophilic elements as magnesium, calcium, potassium, and carbon and, among anions, chloride and sulfate ions increases significantly in the group of lysimeters under various types of vegetation as the tree canopy develops and, increasing, accordingly, the intensity of the biological cycle increases in migrating waters. Cluster analysis identifies two different subgroups in terms of the composition of natural waters: the first one is formed by the "fallow–herbaceous phytocenosis–overgrown fallow" system, and the second contains tree plantations. A cluster that characterizes the composition of water in lysimeters with reclamation plowing according to Mosolov and deep plowing according to Kachinsky is distinguished in the group of lysimeters with different tillage. At the same time, individual aggregates form lysimeters with conventional plowing and ultradeep plowing according to Bushinsky. This is explained by the fact that the initially created soil-profile design, which is characterized by the placement of eluvial and illuvial soil horizons in various combinations and at different depths, is transformed in this group of lysimeters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying structural and functional biodiversity in relation to various environmental factors is currently extremely relevant because aquatic ecosystems are a significant source of biological diversity and make up a significant part of the biological productivity of the Earth, they perform many functions, and they are valuable and important for the stability of biotic communities. With this in mind, the task to determine the floristic composition of the Teteriv ecological corridor as a prototypical river landscape in the northern part of Ukraine, to analyse the structural and functional features of the species diversity of macrophytes therein, and to dissect this diversity into its component parts according to its place of origin, its life form, and its relationship to environmental factors was set. The number of species and their predicted coverage in areas with different anthropogenic pressures within the Teteriv ecological corridor were analysed within ecological zones based on the study's findings. It was demonstrated that the integrated ecological indicator of water quality was crucial to the growth of phytocenoses in high-anthropogenic-load regions. The communities may survive in environments where dissolved oxygen is low, muddy sediments are abundant, and anaerobic processes predominate in the transformation of substances. Additionally, they can propagate in floodplains, wet swampy ecotopes, and other environments where water is present for extended periods of time. Most of these communities are not picky about their habitat, as they may thrive in a variety of situations, including slightly acidic or neutral substrates, varying amounts of nitrogen and minerals in the soil, and mild salinization of the plant life. An increase in the number of representatives of individual ecogroups can attest to changes in the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems and have practical significance in detecting increased anthropogenic pressure on aquatic ecosystems

Observations of the process of ontogenesis in a group of woody plants and forest grass in the phytocenoses of the Ukrainian Polesie of Sumy region with their division into boreal and nemoral species were done. Found that in the last two decades, nemoral plant species begin vegetation earlier and pass the first phases of the ontogenetic cycle faster than boreal species. Changes in plant ontogenesis, in turn, lead to changes in the population characteristics of plant species: the number of individuals in the population, the size and configuration of the population field and the ontogenetic and vital spectra of populations changed. There has been a tendency to regular changes in the ontogenetic spectra of both nemoral and boreal plant species, but their nature was different. In nemoral plant species, the proportion of juvenile and immature individuals in the ontogenetic spectra increased and populations acquired the character of invasive, reflecting the process of progressive strengthening of their position in phytocenoses. In populations of boreal species, on the contrary, the ageing process accelerated – the proportion of old generative, senile and subsenile individuals increased.

The communities of higher aquatic plants of National Nature Park (NPP) "Pyriatynskyi" have a high level of cenotic diversity, occupy large areas and ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem of the Uday River valley. Their inventory, classification and study of the structure are important for the development of effective protection measures and that is an urgent task of modern botany. We have investigated the plant communities of Potamion union (class Potametea Klika in Klika et Novak 1941, order Potametalia Koch 1926) on the territory of NPP "Pyriatynskyi" in 2012-2022 by carrying out the geobotanical descriptions within their natural boundaries. Projective coverage was recorded as a percentage with subsequent transformation into points. Their further processing was carried out by the capabilities of the JUICE software package. The nomenclature of syntaxons was consistent with the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. The results of research showed that Potamion union on the territory of NPP "Pyriatynskyi" is represented by 7 associations: Potametum natantis Hild 1959, Potametum graminei Lang 1967, Potametum lucentis Hueck 1931, Potametum perfoliati Miljan 1937, Elodeetum сanadensis Nedelcu 1967, Potamo pectinati-Myriophylletum spicati Rivas Goday 1967 and Potametum crispi von Soό 1927. Phytocoenoses of Potametum crispi, Potametum perfoliati, and Potametum natantis associations are the background communities of higher aquatic vegetation, while Potametum graminei and Potametum lucentis are rare in the studied area and do not occupy significant areas. Elodeetum sanadensis community is a reservoir for the spread of an invasive adventive species of North American origin Elodea canandensis with the ability to naturalize in natural ecosystems. Monitoring of their structure, chorology and dynamics is an important task for maintaining and preserving the species and coenotic diversity of NPP "Pyriatynskyi". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations of the process of ontogenesis in a group of woody plants and forest grass in the phytocenoses of the Ukrainian Polesie of Sumy region with their division into boreal and nemoral species were done. Found that in the last two decades, nemoral plant species begin vegetation earlier and pass the first phases of the ontogenetic cycle faster than boreal species. Changes in plant ontogenesis, in turn, lead to changes in the population characteristics of plant species: the number of individuals in the population, the size and configuration of the population field and the ontogenetic and vital spectra of populations changed. There has been a tendency to regular changes in the ontogenetic spectra of both nemoral and boreal plant species, but their nature was different. In nemoral plant species, the proportion of juvenile and immature individuals in the ontogenetic spectra increased and populations acquired the character of invasive, reflecting the process of progressive strengthening of their position in phytocenoses. In populations of boreal species, on the contrary, the ageing process accelerated – the proportion of old generative, senile and subsenile individuals increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides insight into the species diversity, productivity, proportional participation, and seasonal variability of species in natural and artificially created phytocenoses on sandy grounds in the south of the European Russia. Particular attention is given to the role of the effects of moisture condition on the formation of the species diversity in various communities. The Tsymlyansk and massif was monitored with ecological geobotanical surveys. The herbaceous plant–shrub layer comprises 183 plant species from 41 families. The Simpson index suggests that the dominance of species from family Poaceae is the most pronounced in the area of excessive moisture (II). Species from the families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae are dominant in the area of sufficient and variable moisture (III), moderate moisture (IV), and the sites of insufficient complex moisture and the area of a severe lack of complex moisture under sandy hummocks and moderate in kolkas (birch and alder groves) and diffused sands (V). According to the Jaccard index, the similarity of the species composition is closest in terms of the species diversity between the areas of (Va) insufficient complex moisture and (Vb) a severe lack of complex moisture under sandy hummocks and moderate in kolkas (birch and alder groves) and diffused sands (90%); (IV) moderate moisture and (Vb) a severe lack of complex moisture under sandy hummocks and moderate in kolkas (birch and alder groves) and diffused sands (89%); (III) sufficient and variable moisture and (IV) moderate moisture (87%); (II) excessive moisture and (IV) moderate moisture (87%). In the area of moderate moisture (IV), most of the mass was comprised of the grasses Agropyron cristatum L., A. elongatum (Host) P. Beauv., Festuca valesiaca Gaudin, F. beckeri (Hack.) Trautv., and Poa pratensis L., while Artemisia campestris L. and Galium verum L were predominant among the forbs. On average, the grasses in the community accounted for 66.5%, and the forbs accounted for 33.5%. Similarly, in the area of sufficient and variable moisture (III), the phytomass was largely formed by species from the family Poaceae, such as, Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski and Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv. Agropyron cristatum L. The phytomass was considerably influenced by Artemisia campestris L., Artemisia vulgaris L., and Artemisia arenaria DC. Shifting sands should be stabilized and pastures should be restored with the selected polycomponent grass mixtures in order to halt degradation processes, to improve the economic state, and to increase fertility of pasture ecosystem across large territories. The experiment on the study of the productivity of artificially created phytocenoses for the purposes of restoration and an increase in the productivity of natural pasture ecosystems was conducted on vegetation plots of Hydrological Complex of the Federal Science Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A grass mixture with participation of Agropyron cristatum L., Artemisia arenaria D.C., and Medicaga sativa L. and a yield capacity of 228.6–246.7 g/m2 appears to be the most promising for sandy substrates, as well as a grass mixture with participation of Agropyron cristatum L., Agropyrom elangatum Host.P.B., and Bromus inermis Leyss., which has a yield capacity of 184.4 g/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species composition of tree, shrub and grass plantations of the Bilogrudivskyi forest has been studied. It was found that hornbeam-oak-ash forests with the predominance of ground elder are the most typical and widespread group of associations in the Bilogrudivskyi forest. Most species are anemophiles, only small-leaved lime, Norway maple and field maple are pollinated by insects. The stands of ground elder hornbeam-oak-ash forests have a complex two-layer structure, where the first layer are oak and ash. The second layer is dominated by hornbeam, mixed with small-leaved lime, Norway and field maple, wych elm, rarely silver birch and common aspen. Undergrowth, as a rule, is a young generation of trees of the main and accompanying species, formed from seeds or sprouts under the canopy and replaces the mother forest. Of the trees in the undergrowth are common hornbeam, oak, ash, small-leaved lime, Norway and field maple. Forest apple, pear, and wych elm are less common. Very seldom, more in young growths and on cuttings, aspen and silver birch occur in undergrowth, and in the lower part of beams in more humid places, singly, black alder. Undergrowth in young and illuminated plantations after maintenance felling reaches 25-35% of coverage, in older - 2-6%. Among the bush vegetation there are European and warty cowberry, common dogwood, wayfarer, black elder. The grass layer occupies 25-35% of the cover, but in some species its abundance varies between 10-80, and occasionally 100%. In dense shady plantations it is very poor, and in liquefied stands and young growth it sometimes acquires magnificent growth and development. The composition of the grass cover is the most common hairy sedge, ground elder, greater stitchwort, asarabacca, unspotted lungwort, wood violet, sweetscented bedstraw, wood bluegrass, yellow archangel, ground-ivy, cleavers, wood avens, germander speedwell, buttercups, dog’s mercury, figwort. From the 460.7 ha of land covered with forest vegetation, the vast majority of plantations have a density of 0,7 to 0,8 units – 47,6 and 25,6%, respectively, of which plantations of oak occupy an area of 270,9 ha, ash – 57,5 ha with a small share of other tree species. Plantations with a density 0,7-0,9 of units require maintenance felling, and with a density of 0,6 or less carrying out reconstruction works. Studies by age groups revealed significant shortcomings in forest management, used of forest resources and land used efficiency due to the predominance of medieval plantations – 68%.

Aim. Evaluation of species diversity and ecological and phytocenotic organization of psammophytic communities of the grass-shrub layer of the Tsimlyanskiy sandy massif, Rostovskaya Oblast and Volgogradskaya Oblast, Russian FederationMaterial and Methods. Generally accepted methods in environmental-geobotanical surveys were used. Species composition and yield of phytocenoses, dominant species and relative percentages of species in the phytomass were determined and vegetation groups were identified with respect to soil moisture and to nutrition.Results. 69 species from 17 families were identified. The largest number of species is from the Asteraceae (18), Poaceae (15) and Fabaceae (12) families. In terms of classification in relation to moisture, the largest numbers of species were xeromesophytes (30) and xerophytes (23). Species saturation was assessed as 3-6 species per 1 m2. The vegetation of the massif is azonal with a tendency in the direction of decreasing xerophyticity and the intrusion of meadow-bog and forest communities. As regards classification according to nutrition, of the total number of species, the largest number was of meso-trophs (41). In the communities of sandy steppe II terraces grains dominate (66.5%) with the proportion of grasses being 33%. Here 16 species were identified with a high proportion of the herbs Agropyron pectinatum (Bieb.) Beauv., Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski, Festuca valesiaca Gaudin, F. beckeri (Hack.) Trautv., Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis and Stipa capillata L., S. pennata L. Conclusions. The Tsimlyanskiy sand massif is characterised by regionally bo-tanico-geographic specific vegetation. In the flora, there are typical hemip-sammophilous and psammophilous species with a dominance of cereals -characteristic of the regional soil and climatic conditions. The species composition of communities varies depending on the landscape-ecological conditions.

Na􀆟onal Nature Park "Pyryatynsky" is a valuable reserve of flora and vegeta􀆟on of the Le􀅌-Bank Dnipro. The extensive hydrological network of the Udai River and the wide representa􀆟on within this nature reserve of floodplain reservoirs are the reason for the high diversity of plant communi􀆟es of higher aqua􀆟c vegeta􀆟on. In this ar􀆟cle we classified the communi􀆟es of order Callitricho-Batrachietalia in Na􀆟onal nature park «Pyryatynskyi» and iden􀆟fy the features of their syntaxonomic and ecological differen􀆟a􀆟on. Fragmentary and non-comlete informa􀆟on about this type of vegeta􀆟on are existed in literature, however, without geobotanical releves and detailed characteris􀆟cs of the structure of phytoceonoses, synecology and synchorology. All obtained results based on original field data. In total, 22 geobotanical releves were performed during the period 2010-2017. The descrip􀆟on of communi􀆟es was carried out within their natural boundaries. Treatment of fitosociological data was performed with the JUICE so􀅌ware package. The nomenclature of syntaxons was consistent with the Interna􀆟onal Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (ICFN). The order of Callitricho-Batrachietalia on the territory of NPP «Pyriatynsky» is represented by alliance Batrachion aqua􀆟lis Gehu 1961 and 4 associa􀆟ons (Batrachietum aqua􀆟lis Gehu 1961, Potameto perfolia􀆟-Batrachietum circina􀆟 Sauer 1937, Ho􀆩onietum palustris Sauer 1947, Veronico beccabungae-Callitrichetum stagnalis (Oberdorfer 1957) Th. Müller 1962). This is first prodrome of order Callitricho-Batrachietalia for territory of Na􀆟onal Nature Park "Pyryatynskyi". The communi􀆟es of this syntaxon occupy small areas and have a limited distribu􀆟on in the region. Most of them are rare and vulnerable to changes in environmental condi􀆟ons. Monitoring of their structure, chorology and dynamics is an important task to maintain and preserve the species and coeno􀆟c diversity of NPP «Pyryatynsky». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New data are presented on the biotopic distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) at the plain (Yaksha) site of the Pechora-Ilych Nature Biosphere Reserve. The species composition of Culicidae in the territory of the reserve (23 species) and in the neighboring areas (11 species) was comparatively studied in 2016–2018. We identified two complexes of mosquito species at the Yaksha site and the adjacent territories. The mosquito species complexes reveal stable associations with the typical phytocenoses of the floodplain and the valley terraces of the Pechora River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial activity of human being, with each passing year, leaves an ever-growing danger on the environment worldwide. The extraction of mineral soil and non-metallic materials from sand pits has caused serious damage to the environment. Damage was embodied by soil cover destruction which occur at mining sites followed by processing of minerals and the most effective way of reclaiming disturbed land is by biological reclamation. To implement biological reclamation, a comprehensive study of sand pits ecological plants' characteristics was studied on the Northern and Southern exposure slopes of sand pits in Moscow Region. Geobotanical descriptions on experimental sites of 5 x 5 m², made according to standard methods. About 127 species of higher vascular plants from 29 plant families were found on the surveyed sand pits, three of which have the most representation (Compositae, Gramineae and Fabaceae). Among the plants in the spectrum of life forms, the overwhelming majority are hemicryptophytes. In the spectrum of life forms, perennial herbaceous polycarpic were dominant. Ecological analysis of sand pits plants showed that the plants, mainly, belong to the meadow ecological-cenotic group, notwithstanding the proportion of forest species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Base long-term modern scenarios of hydrochemical and temperature regimes of the Sea of Azov were considered. New schemes of modeling mechanisms of algal adaptation to changes in the hydrochemical regime and temperature were proposed. In comparison to the traditional ecological-evolutionary schemes, these models have a relatively small dimension, high speed and allow carrying out various calculations on long-term perspective (evolutionally significant times). Based on the ecology-evolutionary model of the lower trophic levels the impact of these environmental factors on the dynamics and microevolution of algae in the Sea of Azov was estimated. In each scenario, the calculations were made for 100 years, with the final values of the variables and parameters not depending on the choice of the initial values. In the process of such asymptotic computer analysis, it was found that as a result of climate warming and temperature adaptation of organisms, the average annual biomass of thermophilic algae (Pyrrophyta and Cyanophyta) naturally increases. However, for a number of diatom algae (Bacillariophyta), even with their temperature adaptation, the average annual biomass may unexpectedly decrease. Probably, this phenomenon is associated with a toughening of competition between species with close temperature parameters of existence. The influence of the variation in the chemical composition of the Don Rivers flow on the dynamics of nutrients and algae of the Sea of Azov was also investigated. It turned out that the ratio of organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in sea waters varies little. This stabilization phenomenon will take place for all high-productive reservoirs with low flow, due to autochthonous origin of larger part of organic matter in water bodies of this type.

Yeasts represent an important component of the soil microbiome. In central Brazil, mining activities are among the main anthropogenic factors that influence the dynamics of the soil microbiota. Few studies have been dedicated to analysis of tropical soil yeast communities, and even fewer have focused on Brazilian hotspots influenced by mining activity. The aim of the current study was to describe soil yeast communities in a post-mining site with revegetated and native areas, along Neotropical Savanna and Atlantic Forest biomes. Yeast communities were described using a culture-based method and estimator-based species accumulation curves, and their associations with environmental characteristics were assessed using multivariate analysis. The results indicate a greater species richness for yeast communities in the revegetated area. We identified 37 species describing 86% of the estimated richness according to Chao2. Ascomycetous yeasts dominated over basidiomycetous species. Candida maltosa was the most frequent species in two phytocenoses. Red-pigmented yeasts were frequent only in the summer. The main soil attributes affecting yeast communities were texture and micronutrients. In conclusion, each phytocenosis showed a particular assemblage of species as a result of local environmental phenomena. The species richness in a Revegetated area points to a possible ecological role of yeast species in environmental recovery. This study provided the first comprehensive inventory of soil yeasts in major phytocenoses in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

In this paper, we assess the diversity of vascular plants in phytocenoses with Quercus mongolica (family Fagaceae) on the territory of the Relic Oaks State Reserve (Eastern Siberia, Transbaikal region), where Q. mongolica is located at the northwestern boundary of the areal. The descriptions of phytocenoses have been processed in the PAST3 application. The similarity of species composition has been determined using the Jaccard index. The resulting tree diagram shows two groups of descriptions at a similarity level of 0.14-0.15. The first group includes the descriptions of mixed forest quadrats, in which Q. mongolica is a coedificator. The second group of descriptions presents the communities where Q. mongolica is the only species in the tree layer. The analysis of the tree diagram shows the dependence of species richness within the phytocenoses on the surface patterns and edaphoclimatic conditions. The phytocenoses located on steep southern slopes show less diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution, habitats and phytocenoses of Glyceria declinata Bréb. in Poland are presented, basing on the herbarium material, field study and literature. A key to species of GIyceria R. Brown section Glyceria is provided, along with detailed description and drawings of G. declinata Bréb.

In the article has been analyzed the main features of the reserve of Cabo Blanco. Bioindication methods used for determining the relative living conditions stands, the dynamics change relative living condition stand for 2004-2006. Has been developed recommendations for leveling the negative impacts in the phytocenoses response to the Cabo Blanco Nature Reserve.

The research has been conducted for four years in five phytocenoses affected by the processes of naturalization. Two of them are located in non-flooded, relatively abandoned meadows and the remaining - flooded meadows in different parts of the Nemunas delta (Western Lithuania). The aim of the research was to estimate the influence of ecological conditions (humidity regimes, soil agrochemical parameters) on semi-natural meadow productivity. Humidity regimes and nitrogen amount in the soil influenced dry matter (DM) yield of meadow phytocesosis. The biggest DM yield (8.64 ± 0.77 t ha-1) was found in flooded meadow in the central part of the Nemunas delta inTerric Histosol(HSs) soil, which had moderate acidity and was rich in nitrogen. The economic value depended on the prevailing plant species and was the highest in non-flooded meadows. Botanical composition and plant species number depended on agrochemical characteristics of the soil and management activities: the greatest plant species diversity and the best plant population stability were established in flooded meadow in the riverside part of the Nemunas delta behind a levee in soil rich in phosphorus and potassium and low acidity. A similar number of plant species and similar ecological stability parameters were found in non-flooded meadow, whose soil was low in nutrients, but there was intensified farming. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The results of ecological evaluation of soil-landscape complexes of winter rangelands of Gobustan with the use of energy criteria are discussed. The diagnostic characteristics of soil fertility and correction coefficients for the thickness of texture of soil horizons, soil salinization, soil erosion, and microelemental composition of soils have been used to separate the soils of winter rangelands into several quality groups. A larger part of the soils belongs to the medium quality group with the mean weighted quality factor (bonitet) of 52. Special assessment scales have been suggested for the differential ecological assessment and monitoring of the rangelands. In the past 40 years, the area of steppe landscapes has decreased from 22.7 to 12%, whereas the area of semideserts has increased up to 64%. The area of best-quality soils within the studied rangelands had decreased by three times, and their average quality factor has decreased from 92 to 86. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the floristic structure of the nodal phytocenoses identified in the vegetation dynamics on the tailing dumps from Căpuş and Aghireş (Cluj County). The incipient vegetation phase of the tailing dumps, regardless of the chemical nature of the stored tailings, is represented by the Tussilago farfara phytocenoses. Within the following phase, when certain Poacee species begin to grown on the tailings, the phytocenoses succession is different. On the acid tailing dumps, one may notice the Calamagrostis epigejos and the Festuca rubra phytocenoses with Agrostis capillaris, while on the neutral or alkaline reaction tailing dumps the Elymus repens and Festuca rupicola phytocenoses are installed. These phytocenoses keep their individuality until the populations of some arbuscular species present in their structure, become prevalent. Within the current study, the Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa phytocenoses end the succession of herbal phytocenoses and enable the growth of forest phytocenoses by the created microclimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local factors of relief, microclimate and especially the pedological factors determined the appearance of many specific associations which are missing from the vegetation of geomorphological units adjacent to Nirului Plain. The vegetation of Nirului Plain, is made up of a series of primary and secondary associations. Some phytocenoses – of semifixed sands, of marsh and forest – which used to occupy large surfaces, are now present on limited spaces. Following the research into the vegetal layer of Nirului Plain, we identified a number of 53 associations of which 4 are new vegetal associations for the researched area: Botriochloetum (Andropogonetum) ischaemi Kristiansen 1937 Pop 1977, Onopordion acanthii Br. – Bl. et al. 1936, Ambrosietum artemisiifoliae Viţalariu 1973, Calamagrostietum epigei Juraszek 1928. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A steady and significant warming of the autumn-winter period and an increase in moisture supply during the growing season have taken place in the Northern Caspian Lowland, resulting in its general mesophytization. In particular, the dominant species in plant communities on solonchakous solonetzes have changed, with black wormwood ( Artemisia pauciflora) being replaced by forage kochia ( Kochia prostrata). However, these ecosystems remain in dynamic equilibrium, and their current changes and productivity fluctuations do not exceed natural limits and are reversible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of water and rush plants in Lake Szelag Wielki completed in 2002 indicated the presence of in total 17 phytocenoses of class Potamogetonetea (7 associations) and class Phragmitetea (12). The phytolittoral of the studied lake covers altogether 70.49 ha, which constitutes 12% of the basin area. An unfavourable aquatic plants-to-rush ratio (12.68 ha to 57.81 ha) was recorded. The most frequently observed association of Phragmitetum occupied 60% of the lake phytolittoral area. The advance rate of plant succession at Lake Szelag Wielki has been determined with the use of the index of phytocenotic diversity (H) and the index of colonization (Z). The obtained results indicate that the lake is an aging water basin. The quotient of synathropization indicates that this is a slightly synanthropic lake. The same results have been obtained with the use of the synanthropization index. The obtained results are surprising since they do not demonstrate differences between the urban lakes, which are reference lakes of the Ostróda group (Lake Morliny, Lake Kajkowskie and Lake Jakuba) and the studied Lake Szelag Wielki. Presumably, another external factor can interfere with the spatial organization of the plants in the lake. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research in order to determine that factor, which might be pesticide pollution from the neighbouring tombs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordinated soil–geobotanical studies revealed a close correlation between the species diversity of phytocenoses and soil properties in the Russkii Sever National Nature Park (Vologda oblast). Soil acidity, together with the concentrations of exchangeable calcium, potassium, and magnesium, is a factor determining variations of species diversity indices for vascular plants and bryophytes in forest biogeocenoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of the moose-forest relationship in Russia characterized by utilization of land by humans and its consequences for moose and the forest. It provides a general overview of the research approaches regarding Russia's damaged forests by moose. In the early 1950s, the moose population increased sharply, primarily due to enlargement of the cutover area and the ensuing increased forage resource. Devastation to pine and oak are emphasized amid a backdrop of damage to silviculture that cost millions of rubles. Other northern countries were undergoing similar destruction by moose to their forests. Three main research approaches are distinguished: determination of the damage by moose to stands, estimation of the effects of moose on the structure of forest phytocenoses, and the effects of moose on the productivity of particular plant species and forest phytocenoses. This well-documented article correlates various moose population densities with specific effects on different ecosystems and emphasizes the fact that trophic activity of moose is one of several factors affecting the structure and succession of forest phytocenoses of various natural zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yeasts represent an important component of the soil microbiome. In central Brazil, mining activities are among the main anthropogenic factors that influence the dynamics of the soil microbiota. Few studies have been dedicated to analysis of tropical soil yeast communities, and even fewer have focused on Brazilian hotspots influenced by mining activity. The aim of the current study was to describe soil yeast communities in a post-mining site with revegetated and native areas, along Neotropical Savanna and Atlantic Forest biomes. Yeast communities were described using a culture-based method and estimator-based species accumulation curves, and their associations with environmental characteristics were assessed using multivariate analysis. The results indicate a greater species richness for yeast communities in the revegetated area. We identified 37 species describing 86% of the estimated richness according to Chao2. Ascomycetous yeasts dominated over basidiomycetous species. Candida maltosa was the most frequent species in two phytocenoses. Red-pigmented yeasts were frequent only in the summer. The main soil attributes affecting yeast communities were texture and micronutrients. In conclusion, each phytocenosis showed a particular assemblage of species as a result of local environmental phenomena. The species richness in a Revegetated area points to a possible ecological role of yeast species in environmental recovery. This study provided the first comprehensive inventory of soil yeasts in major phytocenoses in Minas Gerais, Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]