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The objective of this study was to determine how different sources of Zn, Mn, and Cu in the feed without and with phytase affect prececal myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) breakdown to myo-inositol (MI), prececal P digestibility, bone mineralization, and expression of mineral transporters in the jejunum of broiler chickens. A total of 896 male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were distributed to 7 diets with 8 replicate pens (16 birds per floor pen). Experimental diets were fed from day 0 to 28. Diets were without or with phytase supplementation (0 or 750 FTU/kg) and were supplemented with three different trace mineral sources (TMS: sulfates, oxides, or chelates) containing 100 mg/kg Zn, 100 mg/kg Mn, and 125 mg/kg Cu. Prececal InsP6 disappearance and P digestibility were affected by interaction (phytase × TMS: P ≤ 0.010). In diets without phytase supplementation, prececal InsP6 disappearance and P digestibility were greater (P ≤ 0.001) in birds fed chelated minerals than in birds fed sulfates or oxides. However, no differences were observed between TMS in diets with phytase supplementation. Ileal MI concentration was increased by exogenous phytase but differed depending on TMS (phytase × TMS: P ≤ 0.050). Tibia ash concentration as well as Zn and Mn concentration in tibia ash were increased by phytase supplementation (P < 0.010), but the Cu concentration in tibia ash was not (P > 0.050). Gene expression of the assayed mineral transporters in the jejunum was not affected by diet (P > 0.050), except for Zn transporter 5 (phytase × TMS: P = 0.024). In conclusion, the tested TMS had minor effects on endogenous phytate degradation in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. However, in phytase-supplemented diets, the choice of TMS was not relevant to phytate degradation under the conditions of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The objective of the trial was to study the single and interactive effects of feed particle size in pelleted feed, dietary calcium (Ca) concentration and microbial phytase supplementation in broiler chickens. The studied traits were myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5,6) hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) degradation, pre-caecal digestibility of phosphorus (P), Ca and amino acids (AA) and retention of P, Ca and nitrogen (N).2. Male Ross 308 broiler chickens were housed in metabolism units in groups of 10 and allocated to one of eight diets with seven pen replicates per diet. The 2 × 2 × 2-factorial arrangement included coarse and fine feed particle size (309 or 222 µm), low and high Ca concentration (4.9 and 7.2 g/kg) and without or with phytase supplementation (1,000 FTU/kg).3. Pre-caecal InsP6 disappearance was higher with coarse than fine feed particle size when no phytase was added (54 vs. 48%) but not when phytase was added (74%; p = 0.046). High dietary Ca feeds decreased pre-caecal InsP6 disappearance (67 to 59%) and P digestibility (65 to 55%; p < 0.001). Gizzard pH was lower with coarse than fine feed particle size and higher with high Ca than low Ca (p < 0.001). Pre-caecal digestibility of most AA was approximately 3.5%-points lower with high Ca without phytase compared to the other treatments (p ≤ 0.047). Coarse feed particle size caused higher pre-caecal AA digestibility than fine particle size (~2%-points; p ≤ 0.031). InsP6 disappearance in the crop increased at high Ca concentration when phytase was added (22 vs. 37%; p = 0.011).4. Coarser feed particle size in pellets increased gastrointestinal InsP6 degradation and nutrient digestibility, likely owing to effects on the gizzard functions. Additional Ca supply exerted antinutritive effects that was not compensated for by using coarser feed particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Moringa oleifera leaves present enormous potential as an alternative feedstuff for laying hens. The utilisation of the leaves can be improved by exogenous enzymes owing to the presence of non-starch polysaccharides and phytate. Aims: This study evaluated the influence of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOL) in diets supplemented with xylanase and phytase on laying hen performance and egg quality at peak production. Methods: In total, 288 Dekalb White laying hens (32 weeks old) were distributed in a completely randomised design, following a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (with or without MOL × 4 enzyme supplementations). Each treatment comprised six repetitions, each containing six hens. The control diet was based on ground corn and soybean meal, and the treatment diets were supplemented with 5% MOL, followed by three enzyme additives (xylanase, phytase and a xylanase + phytase blend). Key results: The enzyme supplementation in MOL diets positively influenced egg production (P = 0.012), egg weight (P = 0.021) and egg mass (P = 0.009). The birds offered xylanase-supplemented diets had higher feed intakes (P = 0.015) than did those fed other diets. Moringa oleifera increased the albumen height (P < 0.001) and Haugh unit (P < 0.001), whereas MOL and phytase improved eggshell thickness (P < 0.001) and the candling score (P = 0.049), compared with treatments without phytase supplementation. MOL and enzyme supplementation improved yolk colour intensity (L, A and R parameters) and decreased plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations. The inclusion of 5% MOL in diets did not impair laying performance. However, when MOL diets were supplemented with exogenous enzymes, there was an increase in egg weight. Conclusions: MOL can be included at 5% in layer diets without affecting performance. When used in combination with xylanase and phytase, they improve performance, intensify yolk colour, and improve shell thickness, candling score, as well as serum biochemical profile. Implications: These findings suggest that the combination of dietary MOL + xylanase + phytase can improve performance and egg quality in laying hens at peak production. The use of alternative foods, as well as additives that improve the use of these foods for birds, is an area of study that is constantly growing owing to the constant search for ingredients that make feed cheaper. Several studies have already used Moringa oleifera as an alternative food in poultry diets; however, studies that combine this food with exogenous enzymes, additives that can improve its use and bring benefits to the animals' health, are still almost non-existent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of phytases from Pichia kudriavzevii FSMP-Y17 yeast was enhanced by optimization of the fermentation variables under submerged fermentation conditions. Maximum 3.67 U/mL of phytases was produced using 2.5% orange peel flour as a substrate, at pH 5.0 and temperature 50°C, by supplementing fermentation medium with 0.2% (wt/vol) galactose as carbon source and 0.2% (wt/vol) ammonium nitrate as a nitrogen source. Addition of sodium phytate to the production medium, however, did not cause any enhancing effect on phytase production by P. kudriavzevii FSMP-Y17 under submerged fermentation. The yeast enzyme purified to near homogeneity in three steps (ammonium sulphate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration) was found showing thermostability (from 40 to 70°C, with highest activity at 55°C) and stable at acidic pH (from 4.0 to 7.0, with highest activity at pH from 5.0 to 6.0). The purified enzyme was added to the diets of the broilers. The diets enriched with yeast phytase showed increased feed intake in the birds, while food conversion rate was lowered. The phytase supplementation caused better phosphorus retention in the birds consequently resulting in enhanced growth of the broilers. The augmented diets also showed improved egg production and egg quality in the hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation, specifically phytase and protease, in fish meal–free and phosphorus-limited diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei through two feeding trials. The trials aimed to assess shrimp growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility simultaneously in a clear-water recirculating tank system (34 ppt, 30 °C) employing a continuous feeding regime, with feces being collected on a daily basis throughout the feeding trials. In the first feeding 50-day feeding trial shrimp (3.4 g initial body weight) were fed diets supplemented with phytase (1000 and 2000 FTU/kg) and phytase together with protease (1000 FTU/kg + protease and 2000 FTU/kg + protease), in addition to animals fed a positive control (supplemented inorganic phosphate) and a negative control diet without supplementation. In the second shrimp feeding trial (4.3 g initial body weight), in addition to negative and positive controls, shrimp were fed increasing levels of phytase (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 8000 FTU/kg) over a 42-day experimental period. Both feeding trials showed beneficial effects phytase addition compared to the negative control, with significant improvements (P < 0.05) observed at dietary phytase levels of 2000 FTU/kg and above. Gains were obtained in growth performance (observed weekly growth of 1.46 and 1.86 g/week for shrimp fed the negative control and diet supplemented with 3000 FTU/kg, respectively), and apparent phosphorus digestibility increasing from 41.7% in animals fed the negative control diet to 52.9% in animals fed the 3000 FTU/kg supplemented. Results indicated that phytase supplementation yielded significant improvements in shrimp growth performance and phosphorus digestibility compared to the negative control. Notably, the observed benefits were evident at specific dietary phytase levels. However, the addition of protease supplements did not demonstrate any discernible effects on shrimp performance under the experimental conditions. Overall, these findings underscore the potential of phytase supplementation as a means to enhance nutrient utilization and promote optimal growth in L. vannamei. Further investigations are warranted to explore the full range of benefits and mechanisms associated with protease supplementation in shrimp diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Today, the use of enzymes to improve feed digestibility and achieve higher productivity has been considered as an effective strategy in the poultry industry. Phytase is an enzyme that is used in most commercial diets with the aim of breaking the bonds of phytic acid to increase the digestibility and absorption of nutrient. On the other hand, by carrying out breeding programs and subsequently reducing resistance to diseases due to the shift of nutrient for more production, more attention has been paid to immunity system and gut health. Therefore, gut health has a key role in the absorption of nutrient resulting from the activity of endogenous and endogenous enzymes. Hence, research in term of gut health modifiers such a prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, parabiotics and essential oils have increased. Among them, phytogenics have become more popular nowadays. Phytogenic supplements are known as their role on growth performance and increase profitability through improving microbiota balance and intestinal health. In addition to dietary phtoygenic supplemets, dietary calcium and phosphorus reduction is probablely effective tool led to phytase activity released nutrient. Results from studies have been showed that, slight decrease in the level of calcium and phosphorus is effective in increasing the efficiency of these mineral and gut health via reducing gut acidity. In the present study, effect of high amounts of phytase in combination with phytogenic additive in diets with reduced calcium and phosphorus on nutrient digestibility, humoral immunity and some related blood parameters of broiler chickens were investigated. Materials and Methods: The 672 one-day-old male broilers of Ross 308 strain were assigned to 12 dietary treatments and four replicats in a 2x2x3 factorial arrangement with different amounts of phytase (zero, 500 and 2000 FTU) and two levels of phytogenic supplement (zero and 200 mg/kg of feed) on two dietary calcium (normal=0.81, 0.72, 66%; reduced=0.71, 0.62 and 0.56% for different phases) and phosphorus (normal = 0.36, 0.32 and 0.29%; reduced=0.31, 0.27 and 0.24% for different phases) in a completely randomized design. Results and Discussion: Addition of phytase to the diets in combination to calcium and phosphorus reduction increased phosphorus digestibility compared to that normal diets (P<0.05). Increasing phytase from 0 to 500 and 2000 FTU increased digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, phosphorus, calcium and protein (P<0.05). The interaction effect of adding phytase enzyme along with decreasing the amount of calcium and phosphorus on the digestibility of calcium and phosphorus were significant (P<0.05), and the inclusion of phytogenic supplement at the levels of 500 and 2000 FTU of phytase per kg of feed increased phosphorus digestibility (P<0.05). Decreasing dietary calcium and phosphorus concentration and adding phytogenic additive, improved nutrient digestibility of nutrients except protein (P<0.05). Inclusion 2000 FTU of phytase in diets increased digestibility of nutrients and decreased blood calcium compared to the usual amount and diet without phytase (P<0.05). The blood concentratin of alanine aminotransferase reduced by 2000 FTU of phytase compared to 0 and 500 FTU (P<0.05). Dietary addition of phytase decreased alkaline phosphatase (P<0.05). High levels of phytase inceasded total serum immunoglobulins at the age of 28 and 41 days compared to the zero level (P<0.05), but there was no difference compared to the 500 FTU. Addition of phytase or phytogenic supplement improved antibody level against Newcastle at the age of 41 days (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, 2000 FTU phytase compared to 500 FTU and adding phytogenic supplement had positive effects on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and immunity in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 90-day feeding trial was designated to evaluate how canola meal (CM)-based diet supplemented with phytase (PHY) and citric acid (CA) affects whole-body composition and hematological parameters in Cirrhinus mrigala and Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. Sixteen experimental diets (T1-T16) with varied CA (0 and 2.5%) and PHY (0 and 750 FTU/kg) levels were prepared. The fingerlings were fed at the rate of 5.0% of live fish body mass. Fifteen fish were randomly stocked into triplicate tanks for each of sixteen test diets. Significant (p<0.05) increase in crude protein (CP) and crude fat (CF) was noticed in fish fed T12 (2.5% CA and 750 FTU/kg PHY) diets. Comparison of treatments showed maximum values of RBCs (3.57×106 mm-3 and 3.18×106 mm-3), PLT (83.32 and 80.35), Hb (8.92g/100ml and 8.62g/100ml) and PCV (29.07% and 30.07%) in C. mrigala and C. carpio fingerlings, respectively, when fed with T12 diets. Conclusively, a 50% CM-based diet with 2.5% CA and 750 FTU/kg PHY supplementation, performed better in terms of whole-body composition and hematological parameters in C. mrigala and C. carpio fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The objective of this study was to test the effect of microbial phytase and calcium (Ca) levels on the Zn bioavailability depending on the Zn source.2. A total of 144, one-day-old broilers received a diet containing 40 mg Zn/kg for 1 week. They were then assigned to one of the eight experimental treatments during 2 weeks. Diets contained 27 mg native Zn and were formulated according to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with two added Zn sources (23 mg Zn/kg), sulphate (ZnSO4) or oxide (ZnO); two dietary Ca levels of either 6 (low) or 10 g/kg (moderate); and two microbial phytase levels, of either 0 or 750 phytase unit/kg.3. Moderate Ca plus phytase improved body weight gain (BWG) and low Ca level without microbial phytase decreased tibia weight (Ca × Phy; p = 0.049). Zinc oxide resulted in a higher tibia development (i.e. tibia weight and length; p < 0.05) and BWG (p = 0.009) and lower FCR (p < 0.001) compared to ZnSO4.4. Phytase improved tibia Zn concentration especially in birds given ZnSO4 compared to ZnO (Zn × Phy; p = 0.049). Moderate Ca diets improved tibial characteristics and Zn deposition compared to low Ca diets (p < 0.05).5. Soluble Zn in the gizzard increased in the presence of phytase (p = 0.011), while higher dietary Ca reduced this in birds receiving ZnO (p = 0.004). In the jejunum, Zn solubility was higher with phytase (p = 0.008).6. Under the conditions of this study, dietary levels of Ca and microbial phytase affect Zn availability in broilers more than the Zn source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Livestock and aquaculture feed rely heavily on cereals, fish meal, and plant proteins, but these ingredients are not fully utilized by animals, and alternative protein sources are needed due to rising demand, unstable resources, and high prices. However, plant-based materials contain phytic acid or phytate, making phosphorus less available to monogastric animals. Bacterial phytases can effectively release phosphorus from phytate in the digestive system, making them cost-effective and a potential alternative to traditional sources of phosphorus. Probiotics are helpful bacteria that have long been employed in food production and health-related products. Bioengineered probiotics are utilized to express and transmit native or recombinant molecules to the digestive tract's mucosal surface, thereby improving feed efficiency and health. Therefore, this study aimed to use a biologically engineered probiotic supplement containing phytase enzyme-producing lactic acid bacteria as a feed additive for livestock, poultry, and fish to address this issue. Results: The study involved multiple steps to engineer Lactobacillus lactis to produce the PHY protein for animal feed. These steps include identifying and designing primers for the phy gene, and phy gene was extracted from the pMNA1 plasmid by colony PCR and cloned in L. lactis, confirming the presence of the PHY protein through SDS-PAGE, and harvesting the product in granular form. The phy gene identified and isolated using PCR and inserted it into L. lactis, confirming the presence of the PHY protein through SDS-PAGE. The resulting product was harvested and used as animal feed for livestock, poultry, and fish. Conclusions: The development of biologically engineered probiotic supplements containing phytase enzyme can enhance the nutritional value and sustainability of animal production. More research and development in this field can lead to more effective and sustainable animal production practices, benefiting both producers and consumers of animal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishmeal and fish oil have been the main sources of protein and fatty acid for aquaculture fish. However, their increasing price and low sustainability have led the aquafeed industry to seek sustainable alternative feedstuffs to meet the nutritional requirements of fish and improve their health and performance. Plant proteins have been successfully used to replace fishery derivatives in aquafeeds, but the presence of anti-nutritional substances is a potential drawback of this approach. Thus, it has been reported that phytate breakdown can be caused by feed supplementation with exogenous phytase. The inclusion of microalgae has been proposed to improve gut functionality in fish fed diets with a high vegetable protein content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the growth and gut microbiota of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles of a diet containing a blend of microalgae (Arthrospira platensis and Nannochloropsis gaditana) and different concentrations of phytase. An 83-day feeding trial was conducted, comprising four experimental diets with 2.5% microalgae and 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 10,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg feed and a microalgae- and phytase-free control diet. At the end of the trial, a significantly increased body weight was observed in fish fed the diet with the highest phytase concentration (10,000 FTU/kg) versus controls, although the gut bacterial composition did not differ from controls in alpha or beta diversity with either majority (Weighted UniFrac) or minority bacterial strains (Unweighted UniFrac). In comparison to the control group, the groups fed diets with 1,000 or 2,000 FTU/kg diets had a lower alpha diversity (Shannon's diversity index), while those fed diets with 500 FTU/kg or 1,000 FTU/kg showed distinct clusters in beta diversity (involving minority ASVs). According to these findings, the diet containing the 2.5% microalgae blend with 10,000 FTU/kg may be useful to increase the aquafeed quality and sustain the growth performance of juvenile European seabass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effects of food supplementation with varying amounts of phytase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood parameters of growing rabbits in summer settings in Egypt. An experimental design was conducted incorporating three levels of phytase: 0.0, 1.5, and 3.0 g/kg of food, along with a control group, during the winter season. Results demonstrated that growth performance, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, nutritional digestibility, nutritive values, hemoglobin, hematocrit, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and red blood cell counts were considerably diminished throughout the summer season in comparison to the winter control. Conversely, phytase levels significantly enhanced growth performance indicators, crude fiber (CF) and ether extract (EE) digestibility, as well as other blood parameters including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, triglycerides, and cholesterol in growing rabbits. In conclusion, the findings indicated that the fortification of rabbit diets with phytase, particularly at levels of 1.5 and 3.0 g/kg, could improve the growth performance of rabbits during mild and hot climates in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil legacy phosphorus (P) accumulated due to the long-term continuous application of P fertilizers in agricultural fields accumulated in the soil for years, as sparingly soluble forms. This can be made as a possible soil P source using P-activators. In this study, a laboratory incubation and a pot experiment were conducted to evaluate the potential of some P activators (Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, phytase, humic acid, oxalic acid) in increasing the availability of residual phosphorus in calcareous soil. For the incubation experiment, the P activators were applied alone and in combination. Soil samples were analyzed at subsequent intervals for soil available P, alkaline phosphatase activity, and sequential P fractions. The results showed that phytase application with humic acid (HA) increased the available soil P (12.4 kg ha−1) and alkaline phosphatase activity (47.42 µg p-nitrophenol released g−1 soil hr−1) followed by phosphorus solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) with humic acid and PSB with phytase treatments. All treatments have a significant effect on different soil P-fractions. A greater reduction in calcium phosphate fraction was noted in phytase and humic acid application. The combined application of P-activators performed better than their sole application. The best three treatments selected from the laboratory incubated experiment were used for the pot experiment with maize, along with the different dosages of P fertilizer. The morphological parameters were observed on the 30th and 60th days of the maize crop. The results of plant height, chlorophyll index, and dry matter production showed that the application of phytase and HA with 100% recommended dose of P was statistically comparable with phytase and HA with 75% recommended dose of P. The findings have illustrated the extent of P release by different P activators in increasing the legacy P availability. The application of phytase and HA with 25% reduced dose of P fertilizers will promote the availability of legacy P in calcareous soils through solubilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Phytic acid and its salts are the major storage form of both phosphate and myo-inositol, especially in cereals. Phytic acid chelates multivalent cations, which decreases the solubilized form of these nutrients and their dietary bioavailability for absorption and assimilation. Increasing micronutrient bioavailability from the economic phytate-rich food can be achieved by subjecting this food to fermentation by phytase-producing bacteria. A total of 8 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from different fermented food samples. Among the bacteria tested for their ability to produce phytase, only five isolates were selected as promising producers. The results revealed that isolate No. 4 produced the highest phytase levels of 411 U/mL. The five isolates were differentially able to tolerate acidic, alkaline, heat, surfactant, osmotic, bile, and pancreatic enzyme stresses, with the superiority of isolate No. 4, which demonstrated the most desirable probiotic potentials as confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA), heat map, and network analysis. Isolate No. 4 was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and later confirmed as Pediococcus pentosaceus strain NMP4762Ch under the accession number MZ413646. Moreover, the active cells of P. pentosaceus were immobilized in alginate; the reusability of the immobilized active cells resulted in continuous production with an optimum phytase activity of 432.0 U/mL after 14 days, which decreased with time to reach 142.5 U/mL after 56 days. The maximum shelf stability was also observed, 557.5 U/mL, after 14 days and declined with time, reaching 133.5 U/mL by the end of the 56th day. Since humans don’t naturally produce phytase, utilizing probiotics for phytase production is important to combat mineral deficiencies.

In order to improve the activity and thermal stability of phytase and to enhance its application potential in the food processing industry, single-site mutants were constructed by homology modeling of phytase YiAPPA and directed mutagenesis of lysine (Lys) and glycine (Gly) residues located on the molecular surface. The mutant K216R with significantly improved activity and thermostability and the mutant K189R with improved thermostability were obtained. Subsequently, the combined mutant K189R/K216R was constructed and its enzyme activity and thermal stability were characterized. Compared with YiAPPA, the half-life of K189R/K216R at 80 ℃ was increased from 14.81 to 23.35 min, the half-inactivation temperature (T5030) from 55.12 to 62.44 ℃, the melting temperature (Tm) from 48.36 to 53.18 ℃, and the specific enzymatic activity of K189R/K216R at 37 ℃ and pH 4.5 from 3 959.98 to 4 469.13 U/mg. Molecular structure modeling analysis and molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the introduction of new hydrogen bonds into K189R/K216R could improve the stability of some structural units of the enzyme, thereby enhancing its thermostability. The improvement in its activity was mainly attributed to the increase in the volume of the catalytic pocket of K189R/K216R. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the strategy of amino acid residue mutation on the protein surface effectively improves the activity and thermostability of phytase YiAPPA. Our findings can serve as a reference for molecular modification of phytase and other enzymes.

Abstract Background Livestock and aquaculture feed rely heavily on cereals, fish meal, and plant proteins, but these ingredients are not fully utilized by animals, and alternative protein sources are needed due to rising demand, unstable resources, and high prices. However, plant-based materials contain phytic acid or phytate, making phosphorus less available to monogastric animals. Bacterial phytases can effectively release phosphorus from phytate in the digestive system, making them cost-effective and a potential alternative to traditional sources of phosphorus. Probiotics are helpful bacteria that have long been employed in food production and health-related products. Bioengineered probiotics are utilized to express and transmit native or recombinant molecules to the digestive tract's mucosal surface, thereby improving feed efficiency and health. Therefore, this study aimed to use a biologically engineered probiotic supplement containing phytase enzyme-producing lactic acid bacteria as a feed additive for livestock, poultry, and fish to address this issue. Results The study involved multiple steps to engineer Lactobacillus lactis to produce the PHY protein for animal feed. These steps include identifying and designing primers for the phy gene, and phy gene was extracted from the pMNA1 plasmid by colony PCR and cloned in L. lactis, confirming the presence of the PHY protein through SDS-PAGE, and harvesting the product in granular form. The phy gene identified and isolated using PCR and inserted it into L. lactis, confirming the presence of the PHY protein through SDS-PAGE. The resulting product was harvested and used as animal feed for livestock, poultry, and fish. Conclusions The development of biologically engineered probiotic supplements containing phytase enzyme can enhance the nutritional value and sustainability of animal production. More research and development in this field can lead to more effective and sustainable animal production practices, benefiting both producers and consumers of animal products.

The study evaluated the effects of nutritional strategies on broilers challenged with Eimeria from d 14 to 26. A total of 840 Cobb male broilers were fed five diets in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement: 1) nutrient adequate diet (PC; 0.84% calcium [Ca], 0.42% available phosphorus [avP]); 2) Ca-P deficient diet (NC; 0.64% Ca, 0.22% avP); 3) NC + 1500 FTU/kg phytase of diet (NC + PHY); 4) NC + 5000 IU/kg 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol of diet (NC + 25OHD); and 5) NC with both supplements (NC + PHY + 25OHD), with and without Eimeria challenge. All treatments had six replicate cages with 14 birds per cage. At 5 days post inoculation (DPI), the challenged birds exhibited higher serum fluorescein isothiocyanate-d (FITC-d) levels than the unchallenged birds (P

BACKGROUND: Consumption of pseudocereal‐based foods decreased in phytate concentration can provide better nutrition concerning mineral bioavailability. This study aimed to evaluate the mineral bioavailability of quinoa sourdough‐based snacks in a murine model. The mice were divided into five groups. One group was fed with basal snacks; three control groups received quinoa‐based snacks made from non‐fermented dough, dough without inoculum, and chemically acidified dough; and the test group (GF) received quinoa snacks elaborated from sourdough fermented by a phytase‐positive strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 1964. Food intake, body weight, and mineral concentration in blood and organs (liver, kidney, and femur) were determined. RESULTS: Food consumption increased during the feeding period and had the highest (16.2–24.5%) consumption in the GF group. Body weight also increased during the 6‐weeks of trial. The GF group showed higher (6.0–10.2%) body weight compared with the other groups from the fifth week. The concentrations of iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in blood, iron and phosphorus in the liver, manganese and magnesium in the kidney, and calcium and phosphorus in the femur increased significantly (1.1–2.7‐fold) in the GF group compared to the control groups. CONCLUSION: The diet that includes quinoa snacks elaborated with sourdough fermented by phytase‐positive strain L. plantarum CRL 1964 increased the concentrations of minerals in the blood, liver, kidney, and femur of mice, counteracting the antinutritional effects of phytate. This study demonstrates that the diminution in phytate content and the consequent biofortification in minerals are a suitable tool for producing novel foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lameness due to bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is an infection of weak bone by opportunistic bacteria that infiltrate the circulation as a result of immune suppression or gastrointestinal deterioration. One mitigating strategy is the dietary inclusion of products to support overall broiler robustness and bone health. To test the ability of phytase and stimbiotic supplements to alleviate lameness, broilers were reared for 56 days on either litter flooring or wire ramps to induce BCO and fed one of 6 diets: positive control (PC); negative control (NC, Ca and P deficient); PC plus stimbiotic; PC plus stimbiotic and phytase; NC plus phytase; NC plus stimbiotic and phytase. Stimbiotic was added at 100 g/tonne, and phytase at 3000 FTU/kg. Birds were scored for BCO on d56, or when culled for lameness. All-cause mortality was higher on ramp as compared to litter, regardless of treatment. Lameness was significantly induced by wire ramps, with the greatest incidence in the NC diet. Importantly, the addition of stimbiotic and phytase to the NC diet reduced lameness by ∼50%. Femur BCO scores were similarly reduced, with ∼60% of femurs scored ≥1 in the NC group compared to 30–37% in stimbiotic and phytase supplemented groups, indicating that these supplements can impact the onset/progression of lameness in poultry. There was no correlation between plasma and bone inositol levels; however, wire flooring reduced bone inositol, regardless of diet. Additionally, blood pH was greater and circulating PCO2, HCO3, BE, TCO2, K, haematocrit, and haemoglobin were lower on ramp compared to litter flooring. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Wire ramp model reproducibly induced lameness/BCO in broilers. Treatments did not affect growth, but phytase with stimbiotic significantly reduced BCO. Phytase increased circulating inositol, and wire flooring decreased bone inositol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the effects of adding phytase to the diet on the growth performance, nutrient digestion, and gas emissions of pigs. The 128 healthy Du × Chang × Da ternary hybrid pigs from a large-scale pig farm in Guangrao County, Shandong Province were selected as the experimental subjects. They were randomly divided into four groups. The control group was fed with basic diet and conventional feeding, while the experimental groups A, B, and C were given basic diet+50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 150 mg/kg phytase feeding, respectively. Each group had 4 replicates, with 8 pigs in each replicate. The pre trial period is 7 days, and the formal trial period is 28 days. Compared with the control group, the experimental group with added phytase in the diet significantly increased the average body weight and daily weight gain at the end of the experiment (P<0.05), while the feed to weight ratio significantly decreased (P<0.05); the apparent digestibility of crude protein and phosphorus in the experimental group pigs significantly increased (P<0.05); the emissions of harmful gases such as methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia in the experimental group pigs significantly decreased (P<0.05); the content of crude ash, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, cobalt, zinc, copper and other elements in the pig feces of the experimental group significantly decreased (P<0.05). Adding 150 mg/kg phytase to the basic diet of pigs can effectively promote growth performance, improve apparent nutrient digestibility, and reduce harmful gas and fecal emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. A study was conducted to assess the possibility of totally replacing supplemental phosphorus sources in White Leghorn (WL) layer diets (aged 28 to 45 weeks of age) with microbial phytase supplementation. One thousand commercial layers (HyLine White) of 28 weeks of age were housed in California cages fitted in open-sided poultry shed at the rate of 20 layers in each replicate. Ten replicates were randomly allotted to each treatment, and the respective diet was fed from 28 to 45 weeks of age. 2. A control diet (CD) containing the recommended levels of non-phytate phosphorus (3.6 g/kg NPP) and four other test diets (2–5) having sub-optimal levels of NPP (2.4, 2.0, 1.6 and 1.2 g/kg), but with supplemental microbial phytase (600 FTU/kg) were prepared and fed for the trial duration. 3. The layers fed with lower levels of NPP with phytase had the same laying performance as the group fed the CD. Egg production, feed efficiency, egg mass, shell defects, egg density, shell weight, shell thickness, ash content and breaking strength of the tibia and sternum were not affected by feeding the lowest concentration of NPP (1.2 g/kg) plus microbial phytase. 4. Phytase supplementation in diets with sub-optimal levels of NPP (2.4, 2 and 1.6 g/kg) significantly improved the Haugh unit score compared to those fed the CD. 5. It was concluded that supplemental phosphorus can be completely replaced with microbial phytase (600 FTU/kg) in a diet without affecting egg production, shell quality or bone mineral variables in WL layers (28 to 45 weeks). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macro-element for plant growth, and its low availability in soil is a major obstacle to crop production. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is the least available form in the soil, while organic phosphate (Po) is the most dominant one, up to 80% of which exists as inositol hexakisphosphate, also known as phytic acid (PA) that cannot be absorbed by plant roots unless hydrolyzed by microbial phytases. Similar to phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, many plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can play a relevant role in phosphate turnover. In our study, we screened a series of PGPR strains for phytase activities using PA as a sole source of P. Three strains (named C2, N4, and S10) with relatively high phytase activities ranging from 42.84 to 100.55 Units g−1 were selected for barley growth assays. When barley plants grown in poor sandy soil and irrigated with a PA-containing solution were inoculated with each of these PGPR isolates, a significant growth enhancement was observed. This positive effect was well illustrated by an increase in root growth, plant height, and chlorophyll contents. In addition, the inoculated barley plants accumulated significantly higher Pi contents in leaves and roots compared to non-inoculated plants. Finally, the expression of a number of high-affinity Pi transporter genes (PHT1.1, PHT1.4, PHT1.8, and PHT1.6) in inoculated barley plants was downregulated especially in roots, compared to non-inoculated plants. This difference is most likely due to the bacterial phytases that change the P availability in the rhizosphere. In summary, these three strains can improve barley growth under phosphate-limited conditions and should be considered in developing eco-friendly biofertilizers as an alternative to conventional P fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to statistically optimize the phytase production by Penicillium oxalicum PBG30 in solid-state fermentation using wheat bran as substrate. Variables viz. pH, incubation days, MgSO4, and Tween-80 were the significant parameters identified through the Plackett-Burman design (PBD) that majorly influenced the phytase production. Further, central composite design (CCD) method of response surface methodology (RSM) defined the optimum values for these factors i.e., pH 7.0, 5 days of incubation, 0.75% of MgSO4, and 3.5% of Tween-80 that leads to maximum phytase production of 475.42 U/g DMR. Phytase production was also sustainable in flasks and trays of different sizes with phytase levels ranging from 394.95 to 475.42 U/g DMR. Enhancement in phytase production is 5.6-fold as compared to unoptimized conditions. The in-vitro dephytinization of feed showed an amelioration in the nutritive value by releasing inorganic phosphate and other nutrients in a time-dependent manner. The highest amount of inorganic phosphate (33.986 mg/g feed), reducing sugar (134.4 mg/g feed), and soluble protein (115.52 mg/g feed) was achieved at 37 °C with 200 U of phytase in 0.5 g feed for 48 h. This study reports the economical and large-scale production of phytase with applicability in enhancing feed nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food enzyme 3‐phytase (myo‐inositol‐hexakisphosphate 3‐phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.8) is produced with the non‐genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain PHY93‐08 by Shin Nihon Chemical Co., Ltd. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism. It is intended to be used in nine food manufacturing processes. Since residual amounts of food enzyme–total organic solids (TOS) are removed in two of the food manufacturing processes, dietary exposure was calculated only for the remaining seven processes. It was estimated to be up to 0.763 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not raise safety concerns. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 2560 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, resulted in a margin of exposure of at least 3355. A search for the similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no matches were found. The Panel considered that the risk of allergic reactions upon dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 42-days study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary types (corn-or wheat-soybean meal-based diet) and phytase (Phy) or a multi-carbohydrase and phytase complex (MCPC) supplementation on growth performance, digestibility of phosphorus (P), intestinal transporter gene expression, plasma indexes, bone parameters, and fecal microbiota in growing pigs. Seventy-two barrows (average initial body weight of 24.70 ± 0.09 kg) with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments and main effects of diet type (cornor wheat-soybean meal-based-diets) and enzyme supplementation (without, with Phy or with MCPC). Each group was designed with 6 replicate pens. The MCPC increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight (BW). A significant interaction (p = 0.01) was observed between diet type and enzyme supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P. The ATTD of P was higher (p < 0.05) in wheat soybean meal-based diets compared to corn-soybean meal-based diets. Compared with the corn-soybean meal-based diet, the relative expression of SLC34A2 and VDR genes in the ileum and SLC34A3 in jejunum of growing pigs fed the wheat-soybean meal based diet was lower (p < 0.05). The MCPC significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the relative expression of TRPV5 and CALB1 genes in the ileum and increased the expression of CALB1 in the duodenum compared to control diet. The phytase increased (p < 0.05) the relative expression of SLC34A1 gene in the duodenum in comparison to control diet and MCPC-supplemented diet. The Ca and P contents in plasma from pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diet were higher (p < 0.05) than those from pigs fed wheat-soybean meal-based diet, and the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) than those fed wheat-soybean meal-based diet. The content of Ca and P in the femur and the bone strength of pigs in the corn-soybean meal group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the wheat-soybean meal groups. The phytase increased (p < 0.05) the Ca and P content and bone strength of the femur. Additionally, diet type and both enzymes significantly improved fecal microbial diversity and composition. Taken together, diet type and exogenous enzymes supplementation could differently influence the growth performance, utilization of phosphorus, intestinal transporter gene expression, bone mineralization and microbial diversity and composition in growing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the fermentation of kefir grains using fruit-based substrates, such as coconut water. Kefir grains contain a mixture of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acetic acid bacteria (AAB), and yeast, which have important probiotic capacity and play a vital role in improving the nutritional and functional properties of the new product being developed. The principal objective of this study was to determine the functional properties of the microorganisms identified and characterized from kefir, CWK, and sourdough fermented with coconut water kefir (CWKS), such as Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, L. fusant, L. reuteri, L. kunkeei, Acetobacter aceti, A. lovaniensis, A. pasteurianus, Candida kefyr, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. guilliermondii, and C. colliculosa. In addition to identifying functional properties, such as glutamic acid production, phytase production, phytic acid degradation, and exopolysaccharide production, from this study, it was found that significantly high quantities of glutamic acid, exopolysaccharide, and phytase enzyme were detected in two LAB isolates, Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of microbial phytase is crucial for lowering the reliance on inorganic forms of phosphorus and enhancing the absorption of various minerals. The present investigation sets out to ascertain the optimal outcomes of dose-dependent phytase supplementation on production performance, economic efficiency, physical meat quality, and intestinal histomorphometry in Hubbard broiler chickens. A total of 270-days-old Hubbard broilers were distributed randomly among six groups. The experimental setup consisted of: Group 1 (G1) served as the control and was provided with standard basal diets, while G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6 were supplemented with standard basal diets containing 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200gm/ton of phytase, respectively. Weekly recordings of productive performance were conducted throughout the experimental duration. At the end of the study, specimens of both intestine and meat were collected from every pen. The best outcomes regarding body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were noted for G5 and G6. The economic appraisal revealed that G6 had the lowest feed costs per kilogram of body weight and the highest revenue and economic efficiency. Intestinal morphological examination supported these findings, showed that phytase supplementation significantly improved villi length and crypt depth, with the greatest enhancement seen in groups G5 and G6. Water holding capacity and shear force exhibited notable increases in G5 and G6. In conclusion, incorporating a higher dosage of phytase (200 g/ton) in broiler diets has the potential to decrease overall feed costs per kilogram of body weight gain, enhance growth performance, economic efficiency, and intestinal histomorphometry, and have no adverse effects on meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of supplementation of a novel phytase (OptiPhos®; Huvepharma; 750 OTU) to high plant meal inclusion diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was assessed. Diets were prepared without phytase, with phytase and with supplemental inorganic phosphorus (MCP). After 61 days significant increases in growth, FCR and protein efficiency were seen in diets supplemented with phytase and with MCP over the negative control (P < 0.05). Addition of phytase significantly increased digestibility of phytate and phosphorus (P) as well as retention over other diets (P < 0.05). Phytase addition significantly decreased faecal P losses while increasing metabolic loss over the negative control (P < 0.05). Addition of MCP showed significant increases in metabolic P loss (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of phytase (OptiPhos®; Huvepharma) resulted in performance improvements comparable to inorganic P dosing, while significantly improving the reduction of effluent wastes from plant meal-based diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: It is well-accepted by poultry nutritionists that phytase can contribute to increased P and Ca availability; however, despite increasing evidence reporting that there are extra-phosphoric effects of phytase, there is currently less acceptance of matrix values for digestible AA and energy. Nevertheless, phytase has been shown to improve ileal AA availability and energy utilization, and it therefore may be beneficial to assign AA and energy matrix values to phytase to not only capture the economic savings, but also to increase the magnitude of responses following phytase supplementation. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing dose level of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant expressed in Trichoderma reesei in broilers fed a diet highly deficient in nutrients and energy. The hypothesis was that the novel consensus phytase variant would reduce the anti-nutritional effects of phytate, compensate for the reduction in minerals, dig AA, and energy in the basal negative control diets due to the capacity of improving the utilization of phytate-P, Ca, AA, and energy, resulting in improved performance and mineral utilization, which was confirmed. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing the dose of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant expressed in Trichoderma reesei (PhyG) in broilers fed complex diets highly deficient in minerals, dig AA, and energy. Diets were a nutrient-adequate control (PC); a nutrient-reduced control (NC) formulated with a reduction in available P (avP) by 0.199%, Ca by 0.21%, crude protein by 0.72–1.03%, dig Lys by 0.064–0.084%, Na by 0.047%, and ME by 87.8 kcal/kg, respectively; and NC supplemented with PhyG at 500, 1000, and 2000 FTU/kg feed. BW was decreased and FCR increased in the NC vs. PC, while the PhyG treatments were similar to the PC. Carcass yield and bone ash were also maintained with PhyG supplementation. Phytase provided economic benefit on a feed cost per kg of weight basis for 1 to 35 d; the cost reductions equated to USD 0.006, 0.016, and 0.02/kg BWG at 500, 1000, and 2000 FTU/kg. In conclusion, this trial demonstrated that supplementation with a novel consensus phytase variant in diets highly deficient in minerals, dig AA, and energy maintained growth performance and provided economic benefit, with production benefits being maximized at inclusion levels of 2000 FTU/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study determined the effect of dietary Zn concentration and source in phytase-supplemented diets on bone mineralisation, gastrointestinal phytate breakdown, mRNA-level gene expression (in jejunum, liver and Pectoralis major muscle) and growth performance in broiler chickens. 2. Male Cobb 500 broilers were housed in floor pens (d 0-d 21) to test seven treatments with six replicate pens (12 birds per pen). Diets were arranged in a 2 × 3 + 1-factorial arrangement. The experimental factors were Zn source (Zn-oxide (ZnO) or Zn-glycinate (ZnGly) and Zn supplementation level (10, 30 or 50 mg/kg of diet). A maize-soybean meal-based diet without supplementation and formulated to contain 28 mg Zn/kg (analysed to be 35 mg Zn/kg), served as a control. 3. Zinc source and level did not influence (p > 0.05) bone ash concentration and quantity or mineral concentrations in bone ash. Tibia thickness was greater in the treatment ZnO10 than in the treatments ZnO30 and ZnGly50 (Zn level × Zn source: p = 0.036), but width and breaking strength were not affected. 4. Pre-caecal P digestibility and concentrations of phytate breakdown products in the ileum, except for InsP5, were not affected by Zn source or level. Only the expression of EIF4EBP1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1) and FBXO32 (F-box only protein 32) in Pectoralis major muscle was affected by source, where expression was increased in ZnO compared to ZnGly diets (p < 0.05). 5. In conclusion, Zn level and source did not affect gastrointestinal phytate degradation and bone mineralisation in phytase-supplemented diets. The intrinsic Zn concentration appeared to be sufficient for maximum bone Zn deposition under the conditions of the present study but requires validation in longer-term trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives were to develop equations for predicting ileal digestible phosphorus (P) based on nonphytate P, phytate P, calcium to nonphytate P ratio, and exogenous phytase concentrations in broiler diets and to evaluate the accuracy of the models. The modified Michaelis–Menten model was used to predict apparent ileal digestible (AID) or standardized ileal digestible P in broiler diets. Two different methods were used to analyze 25 published ileal digestible P data to evaluate the accuracy of the equation for predicting AID P. The first method assessed mean and linear biases. While the mean bias was significant (P < 0.05), the linear bias was not significant. The second method involved regressing the 25 AID P data against those predicted by the current model. The results showed that the intercept and slope of the regression were not statistically different from 0 and 1, respectively. This suggests that the current equation accurately represents the test data. In conclusion, the accuracy of the model depends on validation processes. Considering that the current model was developed using various phytase products, it would be preferable to use an equation that is based on a single phytase product if requisite quantity of data is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of Zn and Cu supplementation and nutritional factors on the digestible content of these minerals using a meta-analysis approach. A database derived from 24 publications and describing 142 experimental treatments was compiled. A model showed that positive effects of chelated, (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) and inorganic Zn supplementation (P < 0.05) (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01), Zn from ingredients (linear, P < 0.01) and a negative linear effect of dietary Cu concentration (P = 0.067; R2= 94%) on digestible Zn content. In other model, addition of phytase showed linear improvement of digestible Zn (P < 0.01; R2= 96%). For digestible Cu, a model showed that chelated and inorganic Cu supplementation (P < 0.01) linearly increased digestible Cu while dietary Zn level decreased it (P < 0.01; R2 = 93%). Dietary phytase did not impact digestible content of Cu. The digestibility of Zn and Cu depends on dietary supplementation of these minerals in diets but also on the interaction between these minerals. Finally, phytase supplementation improves digestible Zn content but not Cu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Supplementing piglets and growing–finishing pigs' diets with a new biosynthetic 6-phytase can be an effective replacement for inorganic phosphorus to improve growth performance, feed efficiency, bone mineralization, and availability of nutrients in weaned piglets and growing–finishing pigs. Phytase addition improved the availability of nutrients, especially of phosphorus and calcium and, therefore, growth performance and bone mineralization in weaning and growing–finishing pigs fed diets reduced in digestible phosphorus and calcium. In addition, the present study highlights that the main pathways (fecal and urinary) of phosphorus and calcium excretion in weaned piglets can be influenced not only by dietary levels of these minerals but also by phytase supplementation. Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of a biosynthetic 6-phytase added at 500 phytase unit (FTU)/kg diet on growth performance, bone mineralization, and nutrient digestibility and retention in weaned piglets and growing–finishing pigs. Experiments were performed on 90 weaned male and female piglets with an average initial body weight (BW) at 7.7 ± 0.73 kg, 26 days of age) and 300 male and female growing pigs (initial BW: 21.0 ± 3.44 kg) for 43 and 98 days in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In each experiment, the animals were assigned to one of three treatments according to a randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of a positive-control (PC) diet formulated to meet nutrient requirements; a negative-control (NC) diet reduced similarly in calcium (Ca) and digestible P by 0.15 and 0.12% points in phases 1 and 2, respectively, in piglets and by 0.14, 0.11, and 0.10% points, respectively, in phases 1, 2, and 3 in growing–finishing pigs, compared with PC diet; and a NC diet supplemented with the new 6-phytase at 500 FTU/kg diet (PHY). The dietary P and Ca depletion reduced (p < 0.05) the final BW (−11.9%; −7.8%,), average daily gain (ADG, −17.8%; −10.1%), average daily feed intake (ADFI, −9.9%; −6.0%), gain-to-feed (G:F) ratio (−8.9%; −4.6%), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P (−7.7% points; −6.7% points) in nursery piglets and growing pigs, respectively. It also decreased (p < 0.001) P and Ca retention by 6.1 and 9.4% points, respectively, in nursery pigs and ash, P, and Ca contents in metacarpal bones by 18.4, 18.4, and 16.8%, respectively, in growing pigs. Compared to animals fed the NC diet, phytase supplementation improved (p < 0.001) the final BW (+7.7%; +11.3%), ADG (+12.5%; +15.0%), G:F ratio (+8.4%; +5.8%), ATTD of Ca (+10.8% points; +7.2% points), and ATTD of P (+18.7% points; +16.6% points) in weaned piglets and growing pigs, respectively. In addition, phytase also increased (p < 0.001) P and Ca retention by 6.1 and 9.4% points, respectively, in nursery pigs and ash, P, and Ca contents in metacarpal bones by 17.7, 15.0, and 15.2%, respectively, in growing pigs. The final BW, ADG, G:F ratio, and bone traits in animals fed the NC diet supplemented with phytase were comparable to animals fed the PC diet. This finding indicates the ability of this novel biosynthetic phytase to restore performance and bone mineralization by improving the availability of P and Ca in piglets and growing pigs fed P- and Ca-deficient diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Current research aimed to compare the effects of fungal and bacterial phytase with or without citric acid (CA) on growth performance, serum mineral profile, bone quality, and nutrient retention in birds given non-phytate phosphorus (nPP)-deficient diets. Materials and Methods: A total of 216 Indian River broiler chicks were disturbed into six groups, namely, i) positive control (PC), ii) negative control (NC) contained 0.2% lower nPP than that in the PC diet, iii) NC + fungal phytase (Aspergillus niger), iv) NC + fungal phytase with 2% CA, v) NC + bacterial phytase (Escherichia coli), and vi) NC + bacterial phytase with 2% CA. Results: Compared to the PC group, the NC group showed poor performance, serum phosphorus (P) content, P retention, and bone quality. However, with the inclusion of phytase, all these phenomena were improved. The addition of bacterial phytase showed better values compared with fungal phytase. The main effects of phytase were significant for the feed conversion ratio (FCR), metabolizable energy conversion ratio (MECR), and P retention. The addition of CA, either with fungal or bacterial phytases, did not show considerable beneficial effects on overall performances. However, the main effects of CA were significant on the FCR, MECR, and crude protein conversion ratio. Conclusion: Incorporating bacterial and fungal phytase into low-nPP diets enhanced the broiler's performance. The effects of bacterial phytase were more apparent than those of fungal phytase. However, the efficacy of phytase based on the source might relate to dose, and other factors need further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Dietary phytate P (PP) concentration impacts Ca and P digestibility in broilers. Research was conducted to determine the impact of increasing concentration of dietary PP, with and without phytase, on broiler standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Ca and P. Digestible (Dig) Ca and P were calculated by multiplying SID and the analyzed dietary Ca and P concentrations. The experiment was a factorial arrangement of 2 phytase (0 and 1,000 U/kg) and 4 PP (0.16, 0.23, 0.29, and 0.34%) concentrations. Treatments were fed for 36 h from 20 to 22 d of age (4 b/pen, n ≥ 7 replicate pens/treatment). Different ratios of corn and corn germ were used to achieve the desired PP concentrations. A limestone with 800 µm geometric mean diameter was used as the sole Ca source to achieve 0.7% Ca in the final diets (96% Ca from limestone). An additional diet was fed that was N, Ca- and P-free, for the determination of endogenous losses of each nutrient. Distal ileal digesta were pooled from all birds in a pen. There were no interactions between PP and phytase on SID Ca or Dig Ca from limestone. Irrespective of phytase inclusion, increasing PP from 0.16 to 0.34% decreased SID Ca from 53.8 to 38.1% (P < 0.05). The SID Ca averaged 41.5 and 51.4% in diets containing 0 and 1000 U phytase/kg, respectively, across all PP concentrations (P < 0.05). Interactions were seen between PP and phytase on SID and Dig P (P < 0.05) with SID P of 31.1, 24.0, 20.1, and 16.3% for broilers fed 0.16, 0.23, 0.29, and 0.34% PP diets without phytase, respectively. When phytase was included at 1000 U/kg, SID P was 89.9, 87.5, 73.9 and 60.4% for diets containing 0.16, 0.23, 0.29 and 0.34% PP, respectively (P < 0.05). Overall, phytase improved SID Ca and P independent of PP concentration. However, with increasing PP concentration, both SID Ca and P were negatively affected.

SUMMARY: This study evaluated the effects of reducing total amino acid (AA) & crude protein (CP) level and supplementation of protease on egg production, egg quality, AA digestibility and economics of egg production in W-36 laying hens from 50-70 wk of age. Five hundred seventy-six Hy-Line W-36 hens were housed in 192 cages consisting of 12 reps of 2 side-by side cages containing 3 hens. Each replicate was fed one of 8 diets in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of AA&CP levels (85, 90, 95, and 100% of the breeder recommendations) and protease (exclusion or inclusion). Protease was incorporated into the feed at the dosage recommended by the manufacturer, which is 60 grams per metric ton. Corn and soybean meal-based diets were formulated to meet 100% of the breeder's recommendations for the standardized ileal digestibility of Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, TSAA, Ile, and Val. Our study explored the effects of varying levels of AA&CP set at 85, 90, 95, and 100% of the recommendations for the ileal digestibility of Lys, Thr, Trp, TSAA, Ile, and Val, in diets with and without protease supplementation. All diets were supplemented with phytase at 500 phytase units/kg. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS 9.4 (2019) and the means were separated using Tukey's multiple comparison tests (P < 0.05). Overall, an interaction was observed between AA&CP level and protease supplementation on egg weight (EW; P = 0.003). The main effect of AA&CP level was observed on haugh unit (HU; P < 0.001) and feed cost (P < 0.001) where higher values were observed in 100 and 95% CP level diets as compared to 90 and 85% CP level diets. Similarly, a decrease in the AA&CP level increased the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP (P < 0.001), Lys (P < 0.001), Met (P < 0.001), Thr (P < 0.001), Trp (P < 0.001), Ile (P < 0.001), and Val (P < 0.001). Protease supplementation increased the AID of CP (P = 0.003), Lys (P = 0.001), Thr (P = 0.009), Ile (P < 0.001), and Val (P < 0.001). In conclusion, lower levels of AA&CP supplemented with protease did not negatively affect the egg production, albumen quality and the cost of production in low AA&CP corn and soybean meal-based diets in the Hy-Line W-36 laying hen.

Objectives: Current research aimed to compare the effects of fungal and bacterial phytase with or without citric acid (CA) on growth performance, serum mineral profile, bone quality, and nutrient retention in birds given non-phytate phosphorus (nPP)-deficient diets. Materials and Methods: A total of 216 Indian River broiler chicks were disturbed into six groups, namely, i) positive control (PC), ii) negative control (NC) contained 0.2% lower nPP than that in the PC diet, iii) NC + fungal phytase (Aspergillus niger), iv) NC + fungal phytase with 2% CA, v) NC + bacterial phytase (Escherichia coli), and vi) NC + bacterial phytase with 2% CA. Results: Compared to the PC group, the NC group showed poor performance, serum phospho¬rus (P) content, P retention, and bone quality. However, with the inclusion of phytase, all these phenomena were improved. The addition of bacterial phytase showed better values compared with fungal phytase. The main effects of phytase were significant for the feed conversion ratio (FCR), metabolizable energy conversion ratio (MECR), and P retention. The addition of CA, either with fungal or bacterial phytases, did not show considerable beneficial effects on overall performance. However, the main effects of CA were significant on the FCR, MECR, and crude protein conversion ratio. Conclusion: Incorporating bacterial and fungal phytase into low-nPP diets enhanced the broiler's performance. The effects of bacterial phytase were more apparent than those of fungal phytase. However, the efficacy of phytase based on the source might relate to dose, and other factors need further investigation. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 376-383]

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of decreasing P concentrations in diets and phytase supplementation on growth performance, stress response, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. A total of four hundred 8-d-old Ross broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 10 replicates. Three treatment diets were formulated to contain different concentrations of available P (aP): adequate P (0.44 % aP), low P (0.30 % aP), and very low P (0.10 % aP) levels. One additional diet was prepared by supplementing 1,000 FTU/kg phytase in very low-P diets to maintain its aP concentrations equal to those in low-P diets. The experiment lasted for 25 d. It was observed that growth performance and toe ash concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) in birds fed very low-P diets compared with those fed other treatment diets. Birds fed very low-P diets exhibited a greater (P < 0.05) blood heterophil:lymphocyte ratio than those fed other treatment diets. Jejunal villus height in birds fed adequate P diets or low-P diets was greater (P < 0.05) than those fed very low-P diets or very low-P diets with phytase. The malondialdehyde concentrations in the jejunal mucosa were greater (P < 0.05) for very low-P treatment than for other treatments. The expression levels of IL-4 and OCLN in the jejunal mucosa were less (P < 0.05) for adequate P treatment than for low-P treatment and very low-P with phytase treatment. Expression levels of P transporter genes in the jejunal mucosa were not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, feeding very low-P diets impaired growth performance, bone development, and jejunal morphology in broiler chickens with elevated stress response and intestinal lipid peroxidation. However, feeding low-P diets or very low-P diets with phytase maintained bone development, stress response, and antioxidant status in broiler chickens. The gene expression of intestinal P transporters were not influenced by decreasing P concentrations in diets and phytase supplementation in very low-P diets under the current experimental condition.

SUMMARY: Feed manufacturing strategies affect feed hygiene, pelleting efficiency, pellet quality, and nutrient availability, ultimately impacting turkey performance. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feed manufacturing strategy on pelleting efficiency, poult performance, and tibia mineralization. A common commercial diet was utilized in Experiment 1. Mash feed was subjected to either a standard (STD) or a hygienic (HYG) manufacturing strategy. The STD manufacturing strategy used 76.7°C steam conditioning for 15 s while the HYG manufacturing strategy used 85°C steam conditioning for 15 s with a 45 s retention time in a hygienizer at 82.2°C. Pelleted feed was crumbled and fed to turkeys in Experiment 2. A total of 1,320 Hybrid Converter hen poults were housed in floor pens from d 1-28. On d 28, 3 poults per pen were randomly selected for tibia excision and ashing. One-way ANOVA tests were performed for both experiments using the GLM procedure of SAS. In Experiment 1, HYG manufacturing reduced pellet mill motor load (P < 0.001) and increased hot pellet temperature by 6.1°C (P = 0.004). Pellet durability improved with HYG manufacturing (P < 0.05). Manufacturing strategy did not impact phytase activity recovery (P = 0.989). In Experiment 2, poult performance was not influenced by manufacturing strategy (P > 0.05). Furthermore, manufacturing strategy did not impact tibia mineralization (P = 0.150). In conclusion, the HYG manufacturing strategy improved milling efficiency and pellet durability, without jeopardizing phytase activity. Ultimately, turkey poult performance and tibia mineralization were maintained through 28 d of age when consuming feed manufactured with our defined HYG manufacturing conditions.

ABSTRACT: A study evaluated the effects of phytase, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD), and cocci vaccination on broilers fed a diet reduced in calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (avP) under Eimeria challenge. A total of 840 one-day-old male broilers were assigned to a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement based on cocci vaccination and dietary treatments. Half of the birds were vaccinated against coccidia on d 1, and all birds were orally challenged with Eimeria spp. (sporulated oocysts: 12,500 of E. maxima, 12,500 of E. tenella, and 62,500 of E. acervulina) on d 14. Dietary treatments included: 1) a nutrient adequate diet (PC); 2) a diet reduced by 0.2% in Ca and avP (NC); 3) NC plus 1,500 FTU/kg of phytase (NC+PHY); 4) NC plus 3,000 IU/kg of 25OHD (NC+25OHD); 5) NC with both PHY and 25OHD (NC+PHY+25OHD). SAS was used for data analysis, with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Pre-infection growth performance was comparable across the treatments. However, vaccinated birds exhibited higher body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) from 0 to 6 d postinoculation (DPI; P < 0.05). The NC diet reduced BWG from 6 to 12 DPI and increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) during 6 to 12 DPI and the overall period (0–26 d) compared to the PC birds. In contrast, the supplementation with phytase, 25OHD, or both, returned BWG and FCR to levels seen with the PC diet (P < 0.01). Vaccinated birds also had reduced gut permeability at 5 DPI, increased intestinal villus height, and lower expression levels of the tight junction proteins junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2) and occludin (OCLN) at 6 DPI (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the cocci vaccine resulted in lower E. acervulina but higher E. tenella oocyst shedding at 6 DPI (P < 0.01). Interaction effects were observed for duodenal lesion scores and ileal crypt depth at 6 DPI (P < 0.05). In conclusion, coccidial vaccination improved growth performance, decreased intestinal permeability, enhanced intestinal morphology, and modulated tight junction protein gene expression under Eimeria infection. Reducing dietary Ca and avP levels adversely affected growth performance and FI during the recovery phase, but these negative effects could be mitigated by supplementing with phytase or 25OHD.

This study was conducted to assess the effects of the supplementation of a multicarbohydrase-phytase complex (MCP) which contains xylanase, glucanase, arabinofuranosidase, and superdose phytase, and a combination of a xylanase-glucanase and a phytase (XGP) products in a corn-soybean diet with reduced apparent metabolizable energy (AME), digestible amino acids (DAA), and minerals (calcium and phosphorus) on egg production performance, egg quality, and economics of laying hens. Dekalb White layers (n = 480, BW = 1.56 ± 0.03 kg, 42 weeks old) with a mean hen-day egg production rate of 91.43 ± 1.31% were assigned to four diets with 15 replicates of eight layers per group: standard layer diet (SLD), low-density diet 1-(LD1, SLD less 65 kcal/kg AME, 2% DAA, 0.20% Ca, and 0.15% P) + MCP (0.01%), low-density diet 2-(LD2, SLD less 85 kcal/kg AME, 4% DAA, 0.20% Ca, and P) + MCP (0.01%), and LD2 + XGP (0.01% XG and 0.015% P). Diets supplemented with MCP and XGP had comparable production and egg quality to SLD. The LD1 + MCP, LD2 + MCP, and LD2 + XGP had a poor feed conversion ratio (FCR) and a higher mean daily feed intake (FI) than SLD. Eggshells were thicker for LD1 + MCP and LD2 + MCP than SLD and LD2 + XGP from 58 to 61 weeks of age. The income over feed cost (IOFC) was similar among layers fed the test diets. The findings indicated that enzyme supplementation compensated satisfactorily for the reduced amount of DAA and minerals in the diet. Reduction of 65–85 kcal/kg AME caused an adverse effect on FCR and FI of layers.

This perspective article delves into the current state of the art pertaining to the nutritional aspects of plant-based meat and identifies future opportunities for improvement in this line of research. A comparative overview of the macro- and micronutrients of plant-based meat products vis-à-vis conventional animal meat is presented in the initial section. This article explains the differences in their nutritional profiles, highlighting the advantages (equivalent protein content, low saturated fat, source of dietary fiber) and challenges (incomplete amino acid profile, anti-nutrients, and low bioavailability of nutrients) of plant-based alternatives. Emphasis has been placed on the health challenges posed by anti-nutrients in plant-based meat and the role of phytase as a promising solution for mitigating these concerns. The latter sections of this article highlight the ability of phytase enzymes to cause a substantial reduction in phytic acid content and improve the absorption of iron and zinc from the food matrix while not affecting the textural attributes of end products. By deliberating on these critical factors, the article aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on the nutritional aspects of plant-based meat and the scientific strategies to mitigate the nutritional challenges currently associated with this category of alternative protein products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytases, which perform the stepwise hydrolysis of phytic acid to myo-inositol and inorganic phosphate, are used worldwide to reduce phosphorus pollution and improve nutrition in monogastric animals and humans. Yeasts isolated from their natural environments represent rich and still underexplored sources of industrially valuable enzymes, including phytases; therefore, they are widely studied for the production of these enzymes. In this regard, thirteen yeast pure cultures were isolated from the microbial consortium of four types of sourdough obtained during the natural fermentation of different grain-based flours. Ten of the newly isolated yeast strains were selected as potential phytase producers based on their growth in liquid culture media with sodium phytate as the sole source of phosphorus. Using 18S rDNA and D1/D2 26S rDNA analyses, the species affiliation of the selected isolates was established. They referred to seven yeast species from 3 families, with the most significant representation of the family Saccharomycetaceae. Intracellular phytate-degrading activity was found in 8 isolates, the highest being in Nakaseomyces glabratus strain 7-4. The highest level of extracellular phytase was measured in Pichia membranifaciens strain 5-2. Both isolates showed significant antioxidant capacity higher than those of ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the Saccharomyces boulardii RC009 alone and in combination with a phytase on productive performance, biochemistry, apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility, genotoxicity and histomorphometric parameters in replacement of growth-promoting antibiotics. Two hundred and four 1-day-old male broiler chickens were weighed and redistributed in 3 replicates per treatment with 17 broilers chickens each. Throughout the 49-day experimental period, the broiler chickens were provided with both starter and finisher diets corresponding to each treatment. Treatments (T) were T1: basal diet (BD - control with AGP); T2: BD (without AGP) + S. boulardii RC009 (200g/T, 1 x 1012 CFU/T feed); T3: BD (without AGP) + S. boulardii RC009) + phytase (1000 FTU/T); T4: BD (without AGP) + phytase. The results showed that all treatments were able to improve the productive parameters studied such as DWG and DFI (P=0.05) when compared to the control. The T3 had the highest value followed by T4 and T2. The best value of CI was obtained for T2 followed by T3 and T4. There is no effect of the probiotic or the enzyme alone or in combination on the biochemical parameters evaluated. The treatment T3 improved the weight of leg-thigh and poultry breast (P=0.05). The digestibility of phosphorus showed significant differences between treatments (P=0.05). The histomorphometric parameters were significantly influenced, impacting both the radio and absorptive surface areas, T3 had the best absorptive surface area. The frequency of micronucleus in bone marrow cells of broiler chickens was not affected by any of the studied treatments. The utilization of S. boulardii RC009 alone or combined with phytase notably enhanced productivity parameters, economically significant carcass weight, and histomorphometric characteristics in the small intestine. Moreover, they did not exert toxicity. These results suggest their promising potential for use either independently or in combination as substitutes for antibiotic growth promoters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed phytase is one of the most successful biotechnological applications that led to better farm performance and effective phosphorus (P) reduction in animal excrement. Better estimation of phytase-hydrolyzable P (PHP) in feeds can further improve the estimation of animal rations for higher productivity. PHP in yellow corn, feed wheat, wheat pollard, rice bran, soybean meal, copra meal, and monodicalcium phosphate (MDCP) was determined by in vitro digestion. To determine if PHP values of feed ingredients are additive, three formulated diets were also subjected to the same method. The procedure consisted of phytase, pepsin, and pancreatin digestion periods - each of which simulated the different sections of poultry's gastrointestinal tract. After these three incubations, the P contents in the dialysate and residual fluids - with and without enzyme - were analyzed. Results showed that yellow corn contained the highest PHP value with 52.54% of its total soluble P - followed by soybean meal, rice bran, copra meal, and feed wheat with 52.32, 39.86, 26.77, and 21.9%, respectively. Wheat pollard and MDCP had -58.47 and -2.63%, respectively. On the other hand, formulated diets 1, 2, and 3 contained actual PHPs of 32.3, 14.02, and 38.68% - as well as calculated values of 33.22, 29.13, and 40.1%, respectively. Statistical analyses showed no significant difference between the actual and calculated values. Therefore, PHP is additive when used in diet formulation. Lastly, comparing the P in the dialysate from the experiment and the available P present in the seven feed samples based on literature indicated that the experimental values were lower than those of the literature data for all samples. This discrepancy can be attributed to the type of samples analyzed; the experimental data were obtained upon in vitro assay of individual feeds, whereas the literature values were based on an as-fed basis, which may contain other components normally fed to animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]