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For millennia, springs have provided water for drinking, domestic use, balneological treatment, liminality rites as well as tourist attractions. Amidst these uses, anthropogenic activities, especially urbanization and agriculture, continue to impair the functionality of springs. With the looming decadal climate change, freshwater springs could be a sustainable source of clean water for the realisation of Sustainable Development Goal 6. This paper presents the results of the sanitary inspection and assessment of limnochemical characteristics and quality of water samples (n = 64) from four freshwater springs (coded SPR1, SPR2, SPR3, and SPR4) in Kansanga, a flash flood-prone area in the African Great Lakes region of Uganda. Each sample was analysed for 17 parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, fluorides, sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, orthophosphates, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, potassium, sodium, total, magnesium and calcium hardness) following the standard methods. Water quality index (WQI) was calculated to establish the quality of the water samples based on the physicochemical parameters measured. Based on the sanitary risk assessment results, the springs had medium- to high-risk scores, but most water parameters were within the WHO guidelines for potable water, except for nitrates (in SPR1 and SPR2), hardness levels (in SPR2), and dissolved oxygen (in all the samples). Sampling season and location had significant effects on the limnochemistry of the freshwater springs (p < 0.05). The water quality indices calculated indicated that the water from the springs was of good quality (WQI = 50–57), but there was a reduction in water quality during the wet season. The best water quality was recorded in samples from SPR4, followed by those for SPR3, SPR1, and SPR2. These results provide insights into the contribution of floods and poor sanitation facilities to the deterioration of spring water quality in Kansanga, and the need to leverage additional conservation strategies to support vulnerable communities in the area. Further studies are required to establish the risk posed by trace metals and microbes that may contaminate freshwater in the studied springs, especially following flood events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As cities grow and demand for land increases, wetlands retreat and degrade. To assess the possible effect of human activity in a Mediterranean urban wetland (Boussedra marsh) in northeastern Algeria, analyses of physico-chemical parameters and faecal contamination indicator germs were carried out over a 12- month period, with 24 samples taken at 2 sampling sites chosen according to their exposure to probable sources of pollution. To compare the results with the World Health Organization's (WHO) guidelines, varieties of physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics were examined. These included turbidity, electrical conductivity, biological demand for oxygen, pH, hardness, solids in suspension, dry residues, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, potassium, nitrates, nitrites, chloride, phosphate, sulphur dioxide, calcium, and magnesium. Bacteriological parameters such as total mesophilic aerobic flora, total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci were addressed. This wetland's surface water quality was evaluated overall using the water quality index (WQI). Results of physicochemical analyses indicate that several parameters exceed the current standards. The results also revealed a relatively high number of germs indicative of faecal contamination, indicating a high degree of bacteriological pollution. The levels of these pollutants differ from one point to another, and according to the sampling period (rainy or dry). The load of faecal pollution indicator germs was higher in dry periods than in rainy periods. The Boussedra marsh has extremely poor water quality, according to the WQI water quality index (WQI=168.48±29.65). Although the Boussedra wetland is an ideal wintering area and refuge for many species of waterfowl, it has reached a high level of pollution and deterioration. Priority must therefore be given to building capacity to ensure the conservation of this urban wetland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella is one among the most important biological contaminants in drinking water that possess safety hazards to human life. Faecal contamination of the water, indirectly from the household sewage discharge, municipal sewage etc. attributes to the repeated detection of Salmonella in water. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella and physico- chemical quality evaluation of samples of water collected from food retail outlets of Thrissur and Kollam districts. A total of 50 water samples (25 each from Thrissur and Kollam districts) used for cooking purpose were collected over a period of six months, March to August 2023. Water samples were subjected to comparative evaluation of physico-chemical qualities viz., pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and hardness. Collected water samples were examined for Salmonella spp. by conventional culture method and PCR. Genus specific and virulence genes of the isolates were detected using polymerase chain reaction. The occurrence of Salmonella spp. in samples of water collected from Thrissur was 24 per cent whereas in Kollam district it was only four per cent. The overall occurrence of Salmonella spp. in samples of water collected from both districts was 14 per cent. Physico-chemical parameters of water samples viz., pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids and hardness were within the BIS prescribed standards. The molecular characterisation of Salmonella spp. detected 16S rRNA in all isolates but invA and spvA genes were detected only in 14.28 per cent of the isolates. Hence proper disinfection of water and food sanitation in the retail outlets will help to minimize the risk of foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smallholder dairy farmers in Northern Uganda sell raw milk to the final consumers without conducting quality control measures. This study evaluated physico-chemical and microbiological quality of milk produced by smallholder farmers in Gulu City. Samples of raw milk were collected from forty (40) smallholder dairy farmers rearing lactating exotic breed of dairy cows (Holstein Friesian) in zero grazing units and eight (8) from milk collection centers. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21.0) by employing descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and t-test to separate significant means at 5% level of significance. Significant (P 0.05) difference in protein as well as fat content for milk sampled from the study divisions. In conclusion, smallholder dairy farmers in Gulu City conduct limited recommended key practices for raw milk production leading to compromised microbiological and physico-chemical quality. Further research is needed on in-depth analysis of the different species of micro-organisms in raw milk from both local and exotic breeds of dairy cattle under the smallholder farming system in Northern Uganda.

Marine waters are regularly exposed to the threats posed by wastewater discharges, which can alter marine flora and fauna and have repercussions on humans. Water quality analysis is one of the main requirements for assessing potential risks to human health. The aim of this study, carried out from December 2022 to May 2023, is to help assess the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of bathing waters along the El Kala coast, in the wilaya of El Tarf. To this end, we took water samples from eight sites, chosen based on their location to various sources of pollution. Results for physicochemical water parameters showed seasonal variations, influenced by climatic factors, while bacteriological water analysis results, obtained using the membrane filtration method, varied from one month to another and from one site to another. Total coliforms were found and counted at levels well below the guideline values, with the highest level of 150 CFU/100ml recorded in May at the El Mordjane site. Thermotolerant coliforms (Escherichia coli) levels were very low, not exceeding 20 CFU/100ml. Analysis of fecal streptococci showed a total absence of these germs at all eight sites. In addition, no pathogenic germs (Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae) were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft-white cheese, also known as kesong puti, is a locally produced cheese popularized in Laguna, Philippines. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical and microbial quality of kesong puti produced by home-based processors, comparing them to an institutional producer. Protein, fat, moisture, ash, and pH were analyzed from three batches of kesong puti from four different producers. Duplicate tests per batch were conducted. Microbial analyses were performed to determine the total plate count (TPC), total coliform (TC), and Escherichia coli (EC) levels. Results showed that the institutional producer had significantly higher (p<0.05) fat content (16.14%) and pH (6.62) compared to the home-produced kesong puti, which ranged from 10.21-11.79% for fat and 5.73-5.99 for pH. The TPC, TC, and EC also exhibited highly significant (p<0.01) differences, with higher microbial counts in the home-produced kesong puti, exceeding the limits set by the Food and Drug Administration. Production practices, milk sources, and handling methods likely contribute to these differences. The study underscores the importance of implementing quality control measures in kesong puti manufacturing and distribution, especially for home-based processors. The data generated from this study can serve as a basis for establishing ordinances for regular monitoring of kesong puti produced by home-based processors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For millennia, springs have provided water for drinking, domestic use, balneological treatment, liminality rites as well as tourist attractions. Amidst these uses, anthropogenic activities, especially urbanization and agriculture, continue to impair the functionality of springs. With the looming decadal climate change, freshwater springs could be a sustainable source of clean water for the realisation of Sustainable Development Goal 6. This paper presents the results of the sanitary inspection and assessment of limnochemical characteristics and quality of water samples (n = 64) from four freshwater springs (coded SPR1, SPR2, SPR3, and SPR4) in Kansanga, a flash flood-prone area in the African Great Lakes region of Uganda. Each sample was analysed for 17 parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, fluorides, sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, orthophosphates, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, potassium, sodium, total, magnesium and calcium hardness) following the standard methods. Water quality index (WQI) was calculated to establish the quality of the water samples based on the physicochemical parameters measured. Based on the sanitary risk assessment results, the springs had medium- to high-risk scores, but most water parameters were within the WHO guidelines for potable water, except for nitrates (in SPR1 and SPR2), hardness levels (in SPR2), and dissolved oxygen (in all the samples). Sampling season and location had significant effects on the limnochemistry of the freshwater springs (p < 0.05). The water quality indices calculated indicated that the water from the springs was of good quality (WQI = 50–57), but there was a reduction in water quality during the wet season. The best water quality was recorded in samples from SPR4, followed by those for SPR3, SPR1, and SPR2. These results provide insights into the contribution of floods and poor sanitation facilities to the deterioration of spring water quality in Kansanga, and the need to leverage additional conservation strategies to support vulnerable communities in the area. Further studies are required to establish the risk posed by trace metals and microbes that may contaminate freshwater in the studied springs, especially following flood events.

To solve the delamination & precipitation phenomena and to improve the quality of the spray-dried pumpkin powder (PP), the effects of adding mulberry leaf powder (MLP) and oat bran powder (OBP) on the PP quality were investigated. Results showed that POBP (PP + OBP, w:w = 2:1) had lower hygroscopicity (≤42.96 %), which was more homogeneous and stickiness after being brewed, effectively alleviating delamination & precipitation phenomena. Besides, PMLP (PP + MLP, w:w = 2:1) had the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, with the values of 96.92 and 90.50 mg/100 g, respectively. PMLP also exhibited about ten times the antioxidant activity of PP. Furthermore, nine regression equations predicted the antioxidant properties of powders based on soluble solid values and bitterness. Overall, this study indicated that the addition of OBP and MLP improved the stability and nutritional quality of PP, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to analyze the two circuits of the dairy chain: authorized and unauthorized, by studying the parameters influencing the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of milk in both networks. Samples of raw milk (n=22), collected from nine collection centers (CCL): four authorized and five unauthorized in the region of Kenitra, and four hawking points in the region of Rabat, during a period between March and May 2022, were analyzed to evaluate their physicochemical and bacteriological qualities. The physicochemical quality of the milk included the measurement of chlorides, lactose and fat content, and the determination of titratable acidity and freezing point. The bacteriological quality was assessed by counting the total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF), total and fecal coliforms, presumed pathogenic staphylococci and searching for Salmonella. The fat content varies considerably depending on where the milk samples are collected; the average is 4.13% for licensed collection centers, versus 2.94% for unlicensed collection centers and 2.82% for hawking activity. In terms of hygienic quality, the average bacterial load of TAMF in milk from the authorized collection centers is 3.8×108 CFU/ml. Total coliforms (TC) are present with an average rate of 9.37 ×105 CFU/ml with an average portion of 7.87 ×10³ CFU/ml in fecal coliforms (FC), and 1.03 ×106 CFU/ml for presumed pathogenic staphylococci. On the other hand, milk samples from unauthorized collection centers and hawking activity showed higher levels of microbial contamination than those from licensed collection centers. Salmonella was not detected in any of the samples analyzed. The non-compliance with hygiene practices and the late application of cold during the milking, the collection, and the transportation of raw milk, partly explain the origin of this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the organoleptic, physicochemical, nutritional and microbiological quality of four types of fruit juices, then to follow their characteristics after a treatment of pasteurization and during their conservation at various temperatures. The analyzed samples were of good organoleptic and physicochemical quality (pH, Brix, dry extract, vitamin C content, acidity and pulp content in the products) in accordance with the Algerian standards, while the microbiological quality of the juices was not significantly affected (p > 0.05) by the thermal treatments, Pasteurization and high storage temperature (50°C for 45 days) have significantly (p<0.05) affected the physicochemical and nutritional quality of the juices, for example, the acidity of our products has decreased from 0.39±0.02 % to 0.20±0.01 % and their vitamin C content from 792±0.05 mg.L-1 to 198±0 mg.L-1. In order to better preserve the quality of these foodstuffs, it is necessary to respect the conservation temperatures especially in hot countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding why certain host species harbor more parasites is an important question in parasite and fish ecology. Parasite infection among sympatric species may integrate various processes affecting parasite assembly, including the species-specific ecology and the success of invaders. We focused on spatial, environmental, and host-related determinants of parasite assembly in three riverine fish species: the native three-spined stickleback and stone loach, and the invasive topmouth gudgeon. Parasite community structure differed significantly between the three host species. Three-spined stickleback harbored the most ectoparasites. Host density and nutrients were the strongest predictors of its parasite communities. Topmouth gudgeon harbored the lowest number of parasites, both in terms of abundance and species richness. None of the parasites identified originated from its expanded range, suggesting that enemy release occurred during invasion. Temperature and host density predicted parasite assemblages of topmouth gudgeon. Stone loach hosted the most endoparasites, likely resulting from its varied diet, benthic lifestyle, and larger size. Additionally, host size and condition were positively correlated with parasite infection, which was similar among the three host species. The results suggest that host-related factors have a similar effect among host species, while the importance of environmental and spatial factors differs according to host ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Springs water is underground water, considered purer than surface water. Its nature depends on the rocks and soils through which it flows. They can be highly charged with specific minerals, which explains why these waters do not meet drinking water standards, but they are widely used for therapeutic properties. In this current work, we investigated the physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis of a water source known for its therapeutic effects, particularly in dermatology. We also examined the geological characteristics to understand the origin of the mineralization of these waters, with the aim of making better use of them on both a medical and economical levels. Ain Mkbrta source, 60 km from Fez city. It belongs to the Rif external domains (Rif Chain), and given its chemical composition, this spring is similar to the Moulay Yacoub hydrothermal spring, with a very pronounced odor due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide. The outcome of physico-chemical analysis of Ain Mkbrta spring showed a very high conductivity, a high hydrogen sulfide content and a wide variety of minerals in significant quantities, such as calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, sulfate, sulfide, and chloride. Furthermore, Bacteriological analysis is moderately satisfactory, with low concentrations of fecal coliforms and revivable germs.

Bore well water is one of the major resources of the drinking water in Sagar city (M.P.). In the present study samples collected from different localities in Sagar (MP) were analyzed for their physico-chemical characteristics were carried out during different months of the pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons in July 2018 to Aug 2019 Results shows that all the samples are under Indian standard limit for drinking purpose. The statistical analysis of the collected samples yielded the Matrix of Pearson Correlation. On the basis of analyses parameters, the results indicated the, satisfactory water quality of the Bore well samples.

The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of well water in Lavasanat region, Iran in order to achieve a comprehensive zoning map in a geographical information system (GIS) environment and improve the efficacy of water use during July-November 2016. To this end, samples were collected from the water wells in the villages of Kond Olya, Kond Sofla, Amin Abad, Anbaj, Zard Band, and Barg Jahan for chemical and physical analyses, including the measurement of hardness, acidity, electrical conductivity (EC), and turbidity, as well as the presence of anions (e.g., NO3 and HCO3) and cations (Ca and Mg). The obtained results indicated that the EC of the well water samples in Kond Olya and concentration of magnesium in the samples collected from Kond Olya and Anbaj were higher than the standard level of 1053 (1800 μs and 30 mg/l, respectively). Moreover, the turbidity of the samples collected from Kond Olya was slightly higher than the standard value during the humidity period. According to the results, the pH, total hardness, and concentrations of calcium and nitrate in all the studied water wells were below the standard level of 1053 during humid and dry periods. Therefore, it could be concluded that the water quality in Lavasanat (especially Kond Olya region) has been affected by human activities (e.g., release of household and agricultural sewage). It is strongly recommended that the water wells in Kond Olya village be purified in order to prevent the possible health damages in the residents of this area.

The indiscriminate use of natural resources was a consequence of the scenario of increased demand for food and which continues to have catastrophic results in the quality of water and soil, essential resources for the maintenance of life. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the quality of water and soil in an agricultural area in the municipality of Thailand-PA, through physical-chemical diagnoses. Two properties were evaluated, an average of monoculture of corn and a small one of family farming, where soil, water and productive data were collected. The soils were determined: silt, clay and sand content, pH, MO, K, P, Al, t, T, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, m%, H + Al, V%; and in water: pH, CD, OD and turbidity. Potential sources of pollution were verified in the use of agricultural inputs and the lack of well infrastructure. As for the quality of the water, the well and reservoir were classified as Class 1 and Class 3, but they do not satisfy their use with quality, mainly due to non-compliance with pH, CE and OD. Soil pH and organic matter were the most representative indicators of soil quality in the studied areas. The soils had low levels of K and P, and high levels of micronutrients, especially Fe. The soil has a medium texture. The management of agricultural areas contributed to the emergence of erosive processes, concluding that in both properties, reduced soil and water quality were revealed and the need for monitoring these parameters over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pre-harvest application of plant biostimulant Crop Set® and different plant spacings on the production attributes and postharvest quality of watermelon ‘Quetzali’. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized split-plot (3 × 2 × 4) design, corresponding to three plant spacings (0.40, 0.45 and 0.50 m), application of the plant biostimulant (with and without) and four storage periods at 10°C and RH 90% (0, 14, 21 and 28 days). Fruits were assessed after harvest in terms of average mass of fruits, number of fruits per plant and yield, and throughout the storage periods for flesh firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA ratio, pH and total soluble sugars (TSS). The average mass of fruit (4.02 kg) was higher in the larger spacing without application of biostimulant. The pre-harvest application of plant biostimulant negatively influenced SSC of fruits, depending on the plant spacing and storage periods. For TA and TSS content, the effect of this product varies with plant spacing and storage days. The lower plant spacing provided higher TSS to the fruits.

Bore well water is one of the major resources of the drinking water in Sagar city (M.P.). In the present study samples collected from different localities in Sagar (MP) were analyzed for their physico-chemical characteristics were carried out during different months of the pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons in July 2018 to Aug 2019 Results shows that all the samples are under Indian standard limit for drinking purpose. The statistical analysis of the collected samples yielded the Matrix of Pearson Correlation. On the basis of analyses parameters, the results indicated the, satisfactory water quality of the Bore well samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of preharvest application of plant biostimulant Crop Set® and different plant spacings on the production attributes and postharvest quality of watermelon 'Quetzali'. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized splitplot (3 × 2 × 4) design, corresponding to three plant spacings (0.40, 0.45 and 0.50 m), application of the plant biostimulant (with and without) and four storage periods at 10°C and RH 90% (0, 14, 21 and 28 days). Fruits were assessed after harvest in terms of average mass of fruits, number of fruits per plant and yield, and throughout the storage periods for flesh firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA ratio, pH and total soluble sugars (TSS). The average mass of fruit (4.02 kg) was higher in the larger spacing without application of biostimulant. The preharvest application of plant biostimulant negatively influenced SSC of fruits, depending on the plant spacing and storage periods. For TA and TSS content, the effect of this product varies with plant spacing and storage days. The lower plant spacing provided higher TSS to the fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparative efficacy of 0.4% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 0.3% sodium alginate (SA) was evaluated as fat replacer in low-fat (<0.5% milk fat) mozzarella pre-cheese on the basis of physico-chemical, processing, textural, and colour profile, nutritional and sensory attributes. High-fat mozzarella cheese (prepared from milk with 6.0% fat) was taken as control (FFMC), whereas low-fat mozzarella cheese (prepared from milk with <0.5% fat) without any fat replacer (LFMC) taken as negative control. The per cent yield was lower in low fat cheese with CMC (LFMC-CMC), whereas in low fat cheese with SA (LFMC-SA) it was comparable with FFMC. The moisture and protein contents were higher (P<0.05) in low-fat mozzarella cheese (LFMC-CMC, LFMC-SA) than in FFMC. The energy content in LFMC-CMC and LFMC-SA was 44 percent lower than in FFMC. The meltability decreased, whereas melt time increased in LFMC-CMC and LFMC-SA compared to FFMC. The processing and nutritional attributes were comparable in both treatments. Hardness increased, whereas chewiness decreased in low-fat cheese. However, type of fat replacer did not affect hardness of the product. Gumminess was higher (P<0.05) in LFMC-CMC than in LFMC-SA. The sensory panellists rated LFMC-SA better for flavour and overall acceptability than LFMC-CMC. The appearance, texture, and juiciness were comparable in low-fat and high-fat mozzarella cheese. Results indicated that 0.3 per cent SA can be successfully used for processing of low-fat cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of thermosonication (TS) on microbial safety and quality of red pitaya juice during storage were assessed in this study. Freshly prepared red pitaya juices were thermosonicated at 475 W and 56 °C for 20 min. Upon TS processing, native microbiota including aerobic bacteria, yeasts, and molds reduced to less than 10 CFU/mL. Their growth during storage were slow and equal to thermal-processed (83 °C, 1.5 min) samples. During storage at 4 °C for 28 days, soluble solid content, pH, activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, and browning degree remained unchanged. A visible color decay was observed in TS-processed samples at day 10, mainly resulting from decomposition of betacyanins and the growth of residual native microbiota. Compared to thermal-treated juices, better color retention was obtained by TS treatment. Therefore, TS is a promising alternative technology of thermal methods of juice processing, with equal shelf life and better quality retention effects.

The green tea primary processing has important effects on the quality, color, taste and other flavor quality of green tea. In order to enhance the quality and capacity of tea processing production, the curl-shape green tea processed by electromagnetism technology and the traditional roasted green tea were analysed. At the same time, mechanically-harvested fresh tea leaves consisted of mixed shoots and leaves, varied in sized, are obviously coarse and heterogeneous compared to the hand picking fresh tea leaves, which has negative effects on the green tea enzyme deactivation, second drying, shaping, hot rolling drying and raising fragrant processing, and it is hard to get the high quality green tea with mechanically-harvested fresh tea leaves. At present, the green tea primary processing of mechanically-harvested fresh tea leaves were traditional methods, for example, hot roller enzyme deactivation, hot air second-drying, hot roller drying and hot air raising fragrant technologies. Although the existing technologies can enhance the flavor and taste quality of tea by experienced workers, they usually have low production and thermal efficiency, inaccurate temperature controlling, uneven heat distribution and unstable quality, and other issues. For these reasons, based on the electromagnetic roller-hot air fixation, second drying with electromagnetic heating and raising fragrant with fluidized bed drying technologies, the automatic tea production line used in the article combine the advantages different equipments and manners in tea processing, in addition, electromagnetic roller-hot air fixation is heated by electromagnetic heat technology, which significantly improvements of energy efficiency and heating stability. The thermal efficiency of the machine was improved, and could easily be controlled accurately. While the heat pipe technology were applied into the tea processing line, the results indicated the thermal efficiency was increased and the effect of energy conservation was remarkable; vibration fluidized bed had good drying effect, energy conservation and so on, which was begin to be used in tea drying industry. Finally, with the technologies above and the other matching equipments, this paper had integrated a new automatic tea production line, in order to enhance the tea flavor and taste quality, obtain stable and high-quality tea, at the same time the thermal efficiency and production efficiency were enhanced. According to the results of sensory evaluation quality and biochemical composition, the production capacity of automatic production line was 1 750 kg leaves one day, and the thermal efficiency increased 100% compared to traditional roasted green tea process. The sensory quality score of curl-shape green tea made of leaves harvested by machines was 88.8, which was 2 point higher than the traditional roasted green tea, and the hue of color (a/b) of tea, tea brew and infused tea leaves were be better (P<0.01) and the ratio of polyphenols to amino acids were the lower (P<0.01). The capacity production was increased 37.5%, the number of labor was reduced by 50% by automatic production line, the sensory quality of curl-shape green tea made of leaves harvested by machines also significantly improved, which could be used for green tea production harvested by machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to study the effect of the important accumulation of basalt in the environment. So, in order to evaluate the impact of that pollution on the chemical composition of the water table in the municipality of Ngoundiane, a study was carried out to analyze the water samples. It is shown from this study that, for samples of water collected at the city entrance, Ngoundiane' well waters are acidic and contain high quantities of nitrates (85.2 mg L-1), whereas the analyses carried out near the industrial place of Diack indicate acid water and a great quantity of aluminum (0.49 mg L-1), which exposes people who daily drink this water to serious health problems. This study showed us that the other elements (Pb, Hg, As, Cd, Fe, F-, Cl-, SO42-, Mg and Ca) have relatively weak concentrations and are in conformity with the WHO standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern Nigeria represents the most populous region in Nigeria and adequate water supply and sanitation typically leaves a lot to be desired in the region in order to prevent water related diseases to the vulnerable communities of the region. This research work was carried out in Kano state with specific emphasis on Tomas dam which is one of the largest dams established for multipurpose use in Nigeria. The research was aimed at evaluating Physico-chemical and Bacteriological quality of Tomas Dam in Kano State. 240 water samples from 5 sampling stations within eight months were analyzed for bacteriological and physico-chemical quality. The physico-chemical parameters indicated Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Water Current Speed results were not significantly different (P>0.05), while other physico-chemical parameters analyzed varied significantly (PStreptococciand Klebsiella species constituted 25% of the indicator organisms identified.The observed parameters indicated the Dam was contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Variations in the weather conditions, animal and anthropogenic interferences were all directly or indirectly related to faecal contamination in the dam. Preventing indiscriminate faecal discharge close to the Dam and sufficient water treatment before consumption are of prime importance to public health as the dam was established for agricultural purposes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10523 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 125-136

The quality of selected sachet and bottled water produced and sold within Gboko town, Benue State was investigated to determine their Shelf life. Eight brands of sachet water and four brands of bottled water samples were collected from different manufacturers within 24 hours and stored at ambient temperature. Sub-samples were drawn from the stock samples at intervals of three weeks up to a period of 15 weeks and subjected to physical, chemical and microbial examination. Results for physical and chemical analysis revealed that all the samples examined were wholesome by the 12th week of study except, samples K4and B4 (Wishden sachet and bottled water) which had iron contents of 0.50 mg/L and 0.53 mg/L respectively which were above WHO Standard value of 0.30 mg/L. Total and Escherichia coliforms appeared in all sachet water samples and three bottled water samples analyzed within the first 6 weeks but were no longer detected in any of the samples from the 12th week to the end of the investigation period. The highest total coliform of 21 MPN/100mL and Escherichia coli of17 cfu/100mL were recorded on the first day of production of sachet water. It was concluded that some sachet water products consumed in Gboko were not safe for drinking within the first 12 weeks of production. It was recommended that sachet and bottled water produced and consumed in Gboko can be used from the 3 and 12 weeks after production respectively up to 15 weeks. However, there is need to investigate the shelf life beyond 15 weeks to determine the actual shelf life which may be more than 15 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micronutrient fertilization may affect quality characteristics of potatoes. Here, compared to control ( Micro− ), the influence of pre-harvest foliar micronutrients fertilization ( Micro+ ) including B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Zn on both quality of raw potatoes and of minimally processed potato tubers of cv Bellini was investigated. In raw tubers physico-chemical and nutritional parameters were analysed at harvest, in minimally processed potatoes physico-chemical, nutritional and microbiological parameters were analysed after 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 d of storage at 4 °C. Preliminary results showed that micronutrients fertilization improved quality characteristics of raw potatoes, through an increase of firmness (+17%), total solids content (+16%), total soluble solids content (+12%), reducing sugars content (+12%), and ascorbic acid contents (+40%). Improved quality characteristics of Micro+ raw tubers allowed better performance of Micro+ minimally processed potatoes compared to Micro− , through higher firmness (+16%) total solids (+11%), total soluble solids (+21%), reducing sugars content (+20%), ascorbic acid content (+35%), as well as lower microbial growth, that allowed three days longer shelf life. Micronutrient fertilization could be a valuable pre-harvest treatment as it proved effective at improving physico-chemical and nutritional quality both of raw potatoes and of minimally processed potatoes and at extending their shelf-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in bio-based compostable packaging also for fresh fruits and vegetables. We evaluated the influence of two different packaging: a bio-based compostable film (BIO) and a conventional coextruded polyamide/polyethylene (CONV), combined with 3 anti-browning solutions (sterile water - SW, 0.2 g kg −1 sodium bisulphite - SB; 20 g kg −1 ascorbic acid + 20 g kg −1 citric acid - AA + CA) on the physico-chemical and microbiological traits of minimally processed potatoes of cvs. ‘Bellini’ and ‘Marabel’ during storage at 4 °C for 9 days. Preliminary results showed that the BIO film was less suitable to guarantee quality (i.e., higher browning, fresh weight loss and microbial growth) of minimally processed potato tubers than CONV film. This result was reasonably related to the drastically modified barrier properties of compostable polymeric film by migration of water from potatoes, more markedly in ‘Bellini’ than in ‘Marabel’ cultivar. Dipping in AA + CA solution allowed containing microbial growth during whole storage time, more efficiently in CONV than in BIO bags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy was used for the non-destructive assessment of physico-chemical quality parameters in olive oil. At the same time, the influence of the sample presentation mode (spinning versus static cup) was evaluated using two spectrophotometers with similar optical characteristics. A total of 478 olive oil samples were used to develop calibration models, testing various spectral signal pre-treatments. The models obtained by applying MPLS regression to spectroscopic data yielded promising results for olive oil quality measurements, particularly for acidity, the peroxide index and alkyl and ethyl ester content. The results obtained indicate that this non-invasive technology can be used successfully by the olive oil sector to categorize olive oils, to detect potential fraud and to provide consumers with more reliable information. Although both sample presentation modes yielded comparable results, equations constructed with samples scanned using the spinning mode provided greater predictive capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crown rot caused by fungal pathogen is the most prevalent postharvest disease in banana fruit that results significant economic losses during transportation, storage, and ripening period. Antifungal effects of ultraviolet C ( UVC) irradiation at doses varied from 0.01 to 0.30 kJ m−2 were investigated in controlling postharvest crown rot disease, maintenance of fruit quality, and the effects on antioxidant capacity of Berangan banana fruit during ripening days at 25 ± 2°C and 85% RH. Fruits irradiated with 0.30 kJ m−2 exhibited the highest (i.e., 62.51%) reduction in disease severity. However, the application of UVC at all doses caused significant browning damages on fruit peel except the dose of 0.01 kJ m−2. This dose synergistically reduced 46.25% development of postharvest crown and did not give adverse effects on respiration rate, ethylene production, weight loss, firmness, color changes, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, and pH in banana as compared to the other treatments and control. Meanwhile, the dose also enhanced a significant higher level of total phenolic content, FRAP, and DPPH values than in control fruits indicating the beneficial impact of UVC in fruit nutritional quality. The results of scanning electron micrographs confirmed that UVC irradiation retarded the losses of wall compartments, thereby maintained the cell wall integrity in the crown tissue of banana fruit. The results suggest that using 0.01 kJ m−2 UVC irradiation dose as postharvest physical treatment, the crown rot disease has potential to be controlled effectively together with maintaining quality and antioxidant of banana fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is a food with a social destiny. For its commercialization, there is a quality payment system in Cuba, where the physico-chemical parameters are considered. Season influences in the production of milk and its nutritional components. This scientific research is aimed at determining the season influence on the physico-chemical quality of milk in a western province of Cuba. The content of fat, protein, total solids, non-fatty solids by means of the infrared spectrophotometry, as well as density and the cryoscopy point were determined. The results showed that milk meets the physico-chemical parameters established by the current Cuban regulations and that season influences on the content of protein and non-fatty solids, with a slight increase of all the components during the rainy period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to undertake an assessment of the groundwater quality near city drainages of the Meerut region. Groundwater samples collected from different locations in winter and summer at increasing distances (5 to 70 m) from the drainages were assessed for their suitability for human consumption. The samples were analyzed for various bacteriological parameters including total viable count (TVC), total coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS). Additionally, physico-chemical [pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)] were assessed. Heavy metals like Al3+ was detected in 83% and Cd, Cu, Zn in 75% and Pb in 41% water samples in winter while during summer season the percentage was slightly higher. Total viable as well as coliforms count exceeded the maximum permissible limits in most water samples irrespective of distance from drainages. The higher most probable number (MPN) values and presence of antibiotic resistant faecal coliforms and streptococci in the water samples suggest the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals as well as organic load decreased with increase in distance.

This study verified the effect of the spontaneous fermentation/natural ferment (NF) on the chemo-sensory quality of cachaça, comparing to the commercial ferment (CF). The effect of ageing (maturation) was also analysed in the beverage. Microbiological analysis (plating on selective media for total/wild yeast and bacteria counting) and physico-chemical analysis (pH, acidity and soluble solids) were performed in the samples of the must and the ferment collected during three cycles of fermentation in a semi-industrial scale. Samples of cachaça were stored in 5-L oak containers for 45 days, subsequently analyzing the physico-chemical characteristics (pH, acidity, alcohol content, copper and secondary compounds) and sensory acceptability (aroma, flavour, colour, body and global impression). The fermentation with NF showed higher number of wild yeasts; however there was no difference in the number of bacteria comparing to CF. An intense acidification occurred during the preparation of NF, which was also observed in the initial cycles of fermentation, but decreased afterwards. Greater alterations in cachaça composition were found to be more exclusively related to the maturation than to the type of ferment, except for the acidity. However, there was a significant loss of aroma, flavour and global impression after maturation but only in cachaça produced with the CF. The results revealed a strong interaction between ferment and maturation of the beverage, suggesting that substances produced by the microorganisms from different inocula during fermentation reacted differently with the wood components of the barrels influencing the sensory attributes.Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da fermentação espontânea/fermento natural (NF) sobre a qualidade fisico-química e aceitabilidade da cachaça, comparando-se com o fermento comercial (CF). O efeito do envelhecimento (maturação) da bebida foi também avaliado. Análises microbiológicas (plaqueamento em meios seletivos para contagem de leveduras totais/selvagens e bactérias) e físico-químicas (pH, acidez e sólidos solúveis) foram conduzidas nas amostras do mosto e do fermento coletadas durante três ciclos fermentativos (escala semi-industrial). Amostras de cachaça foram armazenadas em barris de carvalho de 5 litros por 45 dias, seguindo-se a análise físico-química (pH, acidez, teor alcoolico, cobre e compostos secundários) e de aceitabilidade sensorial (aroma, sabor, cor, corpo e impressão global). A fermentação com NF mostrou maior número de leveduras selvagens; no entanto, não houve diferença significativa no número de bactérias quando comparada com CF. Uma intensa acidificação foi observada durante o preparo de NF, a qual foi verificada nos ciclos iniciais da fermentação, decrescendo a seguir. As alterações na composição da cachaça foram mais significativas em relação à maturação do que ao tipo de fermento, com exceção da acidez. No entanto, houve uma perda significativa de aroma, sabor e impressão global após a maturação na cachaça produzida com CF. Os resultados revelaram uma forte interação entre fermento e envelhecimento (maturação) da bebida, sugerindo que substâncias produzidas pelos microrganismos a partir de inóculos diferentes reagiram diferentemente com componentes da madeira dos barris, influenciando nos atributos sensoriais de aceitabilidade.

A study was conducted during 2010-2015 at Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, to find out effect of irrigation and fertigation scheduling on growth, yield and quality of guava (Psidium guajava ). The experiments were laid out in factorial randomized block design with six treatment combinations which include three irrigation level (100, 80 and 60 %) along with two fertigation level (100 and 75 % water soluble fertilizers) and replicated thrice. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied through fertigation as well as soil application to test various attributes of five six old guava cv. L-49. The investigation indicated that the maximum plant height, Periphery of rootstock, yield per plant (kg/plant) and yield (t/ha) were higher under D1F1 (100 % irrigation with 100 % fertigation) followed by D2F1 (80 % irrigation with 100 % fertigation) and minimum under D3F2 (60 % irrigation with 75 % fertigation). Interaction effect was non-significant at 0.05 % level due to plant height (3.90 m) and Periphery of rootstock (26.26 cm) but significantly influenced by yield per plant (27.65 kg/plant) and yield (7.65 t/ha). Physico-chemical properties like fruit diameter (6.76 cm), fruit weight (182.10 g) and pulp weight (134.38 g) were significantly at 0.05 % due to different irrigation and fertigation level as well as interaction effects but fruit length (7.45 cm), TSS (13.22 %) and ascorbic acid (54.32 mg/100 g pulp) were non-significant due to different level of irrigation and fertigation as well as interaction effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five low chill cultivars of peach were evaluated for preparation of ready to serve 'Nectar' drink. The varietal character is considered to be one of the most important factors influencing quality of beverages. Thus, the present investigation was carried out to select a suitable cultivar for preparation of nectar on the basis of their quality and organoleptic attributes. Significant differences were observed among the cultivars for their physico-chemical attributes. Florda Prince was found to be superior to other cultivars in terms of highest juice content and total sugar, moderate TSS along with lowest acidity and fibre. Nectar prepared from Florda Prince was also found to be organoleptically best due to its good colour, appearance, flavour, consistency and taste followed by Shan-e-Punjab and Early Grande. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water hygiene is an important parameter as well as raw material, personal and process hygiene in order to produce hygienically safe food. Gastrointestinal diseases caused by water continue to threaten public health worldwide today. The aim of this study is to assess the hygienic quality of water used in food plants in Kirklareli, Turkey. For this purpose, 83 supply and well water samples were analyzed from 33 different plants. Physico-chemical properties of all samples were within the legal values while 10.8% (n=9), 84.3% (n=70), 27.7% (n=23), 37.3% (n=31) of samples did not meet limit values in terms of exceeding E. coli, coliform bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria and total aerobic mesophyll bacteria (TAMB), respectively. In winter period, odor in 26.2% and turbidity in 9.5% of the samples were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]