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With growing environmental and health concerns surrounding meat consumption, meat analogs have emerged as sustainable and health-conscious alternatives. A major challenge in developing these products is replicating the fibrous, elastic texture of meat, where microbial transglutaminase (MTG) has shown significant potential. MTG catalyzes protein cross-linking, enhancing the structural integrity of meat analogs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of MTG concentrations (0%, 0.5%, and 1%) and incubation times (0, 1.5, and 3 h) on the quality and rheological properties of meat analogs. Analogs were tested for pH, protein content, dry matter, fat retention, and thermal loss. Textural properties, including hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness, were determined using texture profile analysis, while leakage parameters were evaluated through water and fat content tests. Results revealed that higher MTG concentrations and longer incubation times improved protein content (14.34% to 15.55%), dry matter (29.61% to 32.53%), and reduced total leakage (1.262% to 0.634%). Textural properties, including hardness (57.08 N to 83.14 N), gumminess (19.40 N to 30.00 N), and chewiness (17.60 N × mm to 29.58 N × mm), also significantly improved with increasing MTG levels. Thermal loss ranged from 98.37% to 100.9%, showing enhanced retention at higher MTG concentrations. These results support the role of MTG in creating meat analogs with improved meat-like textures, achieved through enhanced protein cross-linking and moisture retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming to preserve and protect the environment, physical and chemical quality of young and mature leachate samples from Fez controlled landfill were studied and assessed. Therefore, leachate samples were taken and analyzed during the period of January-September 2022. The physico-chemical characterization of both young and mature leachates revealed a significant load of organic matter (biological and chemical oxygen demands: BOD5 and COD) and minerals (NTK and PO43-). In addition, the metallic trace elements (MTEs) concentrations recorded for Cr, Fe, Al and Ni exceeded the threshold levels required in national standards, and their quantitative distribution followed the same pattern at both sites studied: Ni > Fe > Cr > Al > Zn > Pb. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to reduce the database to a smaller dimension by gathering as much information on their trends and correlations. Two components were selected which account for the sum of 64.06% of the factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the physico-chemical parameters of 11 water samples to establish a qualitative description of water resources and assess their suitability for agricultural irrigation in the Oued Ansegmir (OAW) catchment area (1060 km²). The study involved the collection and analysis of water samples, focusing on cations and anions. Hydrogeochemical classification diagrams, including trilinear Piper and Scholler-Berkaloff diagrams, were modeled using Diagrammes software. A multivariate statistical method, principal component analysis (PCA), was employed to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated for all samples to provide a comprehensive assessment of water quality. The Schöeller Berkaloff diagram indicated the presence of a sodium chloride facies (S1, S4) and a calcium bicarbonate facies for the remaining samples. The Piper diagram revealed a potassium sulphate-chloride facies and a calcium and magnesium bicarbonate facies. PCA identified two main factors: salinity and ion concentration (PC1), and the distinction between geochemical influences and potential human impacts (PC2). The WQI results showed that 36.4% of the water samples were of good quality, while 63.6% were of poor quality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examined water quality of OAW for agricultural purposes. Our results clearly indicate the suitability of OAW water resources for agricultural irrigation, while providing essential and relevant information for agricultural practices along Oued Ansegmir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the efficacy of a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system in phytoremediation of nitrate‐nitrogen contaminated wastewater using six plant species: vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides), golden pothos (Epiprennum aureum), crotons (Codiaeum variegatum), arrowhead plant (Syngonium podophyllum), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and brinjal (Solanum melongena). This study examines how well different plant species remove nitrate‐nitrogen from wastewater in an NFT hydroponic system. It finds that all plants, but especially money plant and arrowhead plant, successfully lower nitrate levels at influent concentrations of 30 and 90 mg/L. The wastewater had average pH values of 5–6.5, temperature values of 24°C–25°C, electrical conductivity values (EC) of 1.5–2 mS/cm, and total dissolved solids (TDS) between 1062 ± 199.3 and 1400 ± 124.16 mg/L. The system for golden pothos (70.94%–90.3%), crotons (62.5%–83.1%), arrowhead plant (67.25%–90.03%), vetiver grass (45.42%–83.1%), spinach (47.15%–81.71%), and brinjal (59.52%–83.38%) has shown excellent biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) elimination efficiency. These results suggest that nitrate‐nitrogen contaminated wastewater can be effectively cleaned up by NFT hydroponic systems, which employ certain plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human survival hinges on access to water, which provides vital necessities. It is crucial to secure reliable, affordable, and uncontaminated water to maintain health and sustain life. For the potential impact of radioactive water pollution on human well-being, a scintillation-based smart RnDuo detector was employed in the Pattan region of North Kashmir Baramulla to quantify radon levels in diverse underground water. The dose contribution to various organs through inhalation and ingestion pathways has been analyzed. The study assesses the levels of radon in water, which varied from 19.88 to 74.37 Bq/L with an average of 37.65 Bq/L. All of the values were higher than the United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA) suggested guideline of 11 Bq/L but lower than the 100 Bq/L prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The age group-wise inhalation and ingestion doses are higher than the 100 μSv/y recommended by WHO but within the prescribed range of 3–10 mSv/y as suggested by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Doses to various organs (lungs and stomach) are also calculated in the present study. The results of the present investigation will help to enhance the quality of the water and guide future epidemiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lukosi River catchment plays a crucial role in the economic and ecological framework of the country, serving as a major contributor to the Great Ruaha River (GRR). This study aimed to assess the impact of human activities on the health of the Lukosi River by analyzing key water parameters. Three sampling sites across the catchment were selected, and water samples were collected and analyzed using the American Public Health Association technique. A one-sample t -test was used to measure the significance of the difference between the measured water quality parameters and the water quality criteria established by the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The results revealed mean values for various parameters: pH (8.67 ± 0.57), temperature (24.803 ± 1.361°C), EC (93.30 ± 3.34 mgL−1), BOD (14.85 ± 1.49 mgL−1), TDS (46.95 ± 1.55 mgL−1), total hardness (27.53 ± 1.28 mgL−1), DO (3.4 ± 0.53 mgL−1), turbidity (109.83 ± 40.99 mgL−1), NO2 (79.04 ± 0.73 mgL−1), Cu (6.07 ± 0.60 mgL−1), Ca (7.88 ± 0.36 mgL−1), Mn (0.16 ± 0.07 mgL−1), Cl (7.58 ± 3.97 mgL−1), F (0.12 ± 0.0008 mgL−1), SO4 (20.42 ± 4.12 mgL−1), Mg (1.92 ± 0.13 mgL−1), Zn (0.14 ± 0.11 mgL−1), Fe (3.56 ± 0.15 mgL−1), and NH3 (4.67 ± 0.51 mgL−1). Parameters such as DO, turbidity, NH3, NO3, and BOD significantly (p = 0.05) exceeded the permissible limits set by the TBS and the WHO. Furthermore, elements including Fe and Cu exceeded allowable limits. Moreover, the WQI was used to indicate that the water in the catchment is unsuitable for sustaining aquatic organisms and is unfit for domestic use. Household questionnaires and direct observations identified key human activities in the catchment: gardening (78.3%), agriculture (68%), livestock keeping (50%), sand mining (21%), and brick-making (21%). Less prevalent were car washing (7%) and fishing (4%). These findings underscore the urgent need for conservation efforts and sustainable management practices to safeguard the Lukosi River catchment (LRC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Munroe Island, located in the Kollam district of Kerala, is renowned for its rich biodiversity and picturesque landscapes. The present study aimed to assess the fish diversity and water quality in the Munroe Island region of Kollam District, Kerala. The ichthyofaunal survey conducted in the area (3 sites) revealed the presence of 23 fish species belonging to 18 families, indicating a diverse fish community in the region. However, threat status assessment using IUCN criteria identified several species as vulnerable or near threatened to anthropogenic pressures. The analysis of physico-chemical parameters of water quality (from 10 sites) highlighted various factors influencing ecosystem dynamics, including temperature fluctuations, pH levels, dissolved oxygen concentrations, and levels of organic pollutants, BOD and COD. Additionally, the presence of ions such as chloride, sulphate, and nitrate suggested potential sources of contamination and pollution due to anthropogenic activities. These findings emphasize the importance of integrated conservation and management strategies to preserve the ecological integrity of Munroe Island's aquatic ecosystems and ensure the long-term sustainability of fish populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to establish a conceptual approach for developing a margarine enriched with honey free from the synthetic antioxidant „α-tocopherol“ and the chemical preservative „potassium sorbate“. Five types of honey of different origins were considered. Pollen analysis revealed that four were of monofloral origin (Fabaceae, Fagaceae and Asteraceae) and one sample was polyfloral. The physico-chemical parameters of honeys and formulated margarines proved compliant with standards. The addition of honey to margarines makes them rich in phenolic compounds. Their antioxidant potential, assessed by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP) and CUPRAC, revealed values 6.44 (M3) and 28.79 mg GAE/100g (M4), and 22.40 (M5) and 57.32 mg GAE/100g (M2), respectively. The antibacterial power of honeys gave margarines greater microbiological stability. In addition, follow-up assessment of oxidative stability using Schaal, conjugated diene and triene, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and Rancimat tests over a twelve-week storage period revealed that the honeys used offered statistically significant protection against oxidation of the lipid phase. Margarines M4 and M5 were the most resistant to oxidation, due to the quantity and the quality of the antioxidants present in the honey. Spearmane correlations showed that these Algerian honeys were an excellent source of antioxidants, and that honey flavonoids retard margarine oxidation. Chemometric analysis revealed a single homogeneous group (M1 and M2) and confirmed the correlations obtained. In conclusion, honey could be used as a natural antioxidant and preservative in margarine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on assessing the impact of water quality on bird populations around Singanallur Lake in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. It highlights the pollution threats posed by rapid urbanization, industrial activities, and unsustainable agricultural practices on the lake's ecosystem. It analyzes the physicochemical parameters, nutrient content, and heavy metal concentrations in the water.

Groundwater is the main source of water for drinking as well as irrigation purposes for the local people in some villages of Churachandpur district of Manipur, India. Twenty (20) groundwater samples (dug well) were collected from three (3) villages of Churachandpur district during the period of pre-monsoon (2019) and they were examined for some important physico-chemical parameters like temperature (°C), total alkalinity (TA), pH, total hardness (TH), TDS (total dissolved solids), Ca2+ (calcium), K+ (potassium), CO32- (carbonate), Mg2+ (magnesium), Cl- (chloride), Na+ (sodium), SO42- (sulfate) and HCO3- (bicarbonate). Study data revealed that the majority of the studied parameters for different groundwater possessed their values and concentrations within/below their corresponding desirable limits of BIS and WHO. Ca2+ and HCO3- were recorded as the dominant ions among the cations and anions respectively. WQI values confirmed that the majority of the groundwater fall under ‘excellent’ to ‘good water’ category and was fit for drinking purposes. RSC, SAR, and %Na showed that all analysed 20 samples were observed as ‘fit’ for irrigation (agricultural) purposes. Correlation coefficient (r) values proved that TA of the different groundwater was mainly because of dissolved Ca(HCO3)2, NaHCO3, and Mg(HCO3)2 whereas, TH of different groundwater was mainly because of temporary hardness, possessed by the presence of dissolved bicarbonates of calcium, sodium, and magnesium but permanent hardness contribute to a lesser extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the water quality of the Tlawng river for a year (February 2022 to January 2023), using both pre-treated and treated water samples. The Tlawng river is an important river since the population of Mizoram's capital city, Aizawl, rely heavily on its flow for drinking water. The water physico-chemical parameters were compared with standards established by World Health Organization (WHO), the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), and the United States of Public Health (USPH). With an exception of DO and BOD in pre-treated water samples, all parameters measured during the study period were within acceptable limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Cultivating microgreens is emerging as an excellent market opportunity. Their easy, short, and sustainable production methods are the main reasons they are approved by growers. However, a feature that still prevents its further spread is the microbiological risk and their rapid senescence. The present study was conducted to evaluate the post-harvest storage and shelf life of arugula microgreens in different packaging through microbiological, physico-chemical, and sensory parameters; (2) Methods: Plants were stored at 5 °C in open air, vacuum sealed, and under modified atmosphere bags and tested at 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days; (3) Results: Microgreens stored in all packaging were safe for consumption within ten days. Regarding physical and chemical parameters, open packaging proved to be promising, with less weight loss and slower chlorophyll degradation. The sensory analysis demonstrated that the microgreens stored in the vacuum-sealed packaging showed a decrease in quality from the fifth day onwards for all attributes. However, the MAP presented good scores with a better visual quality, similar to the fresh microgreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first study devoted to the effect of coal fired power plants on the lotic ecosystems in Bulgaria. The study was carried out in 2023, in three Bulgarian rivers - Sokolitsa River, Razmetanitsa River and its tributary Kamenishka River. The effects of the pollution were assessed by changes in both macrozoobenthic communities (as biological quality element), and characteristics of aquatic environment. Macrozoobenthic samples were collected, and the basic physico-chemical parameters were measured before and after discharges of wastewaters from the facilities. Deterioration of the ecological status of the studied river after the places of the discharge of the polluted waters was established. The results showed that the coal fired power plants activities influenced negatively the affected river stretches by worsening the ecological situation of the adjacent aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in 2022 in shallow wells and deep boreholes owned by residents, to investigate the water quality status in the emerging developing area of Dodoma Urban municipality in central Tanzania. Eighteen boreholes and five shallow wells were assessed using the water quality index (WQI), the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method under the ArcGIS environment, and the Euclidean similarity index. The WQI classified the water samples into a good category class with a covered area of 42.5% and an excellent category class with a covered area of 57.5%, indicating that most of the deep boreholes and shallow wells were suitable for residential purposes. The IDW revealed the spatial distribution of the physico-chemical parameters and WQI, indicating that water quality improved from west to east within the study area. Yet, the Euclidean similarity index was dominated by nitrates, pH and heavy metals, with the highest correlation coefficients. Despite the WQI being above the average class, water treatment technologies should be practiced to lower those values of physico-chemical parameters existing above the threshold limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beverages are an important part of the food sector their storage is also one of the most critical issues. This study investigated the effects of different storage temperatures and times on physicochemical properties, flavonoid and organic acid contents of soda, sherbet and ice tea produced by adding sour grape concentrate. Changes in the flavan-3-ol content of ice tea were also measured during the storage period. The beverages were stored in three different conditions, cold storage (~4°C), room temperature (~24°C) and controlled storage (20±1°C), for six months and analyzed every two months. Storage temperatures and time affected the total soluble solids and acidities of the beverages (p≤0.05). Tartaric acid decreased during storage, especially during the first two months in sherbets. Ice tea and soda drinks were found more stable than sherbets. The malic acid was found the major organic acid in beverages. Flavonoid content in ice tea was higher than others. The flavonoid concentrations of ice tea stored at 20 and 24°C and of sherbet at 4°C were statistically significant as a function of storage time while these values were not significant for ice tea stored at 4°C and of sherbet at 20 and 24°C (p≤0.05) . Concentrations of flavan-3-ols varied with storage conditions. The levels of epicatechin, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate in ice tea samples decreased between an average of 43.72 and 71.15% at the end of six months of storage. Principal component analysis separated two months storage from other storage periods and perfectly discriminated the studied flavan-3-ols except catechin. Soluble solid and brix-acid ratio also dissociated similarly to flavan-3-ols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotifers are microscopic metazoans which are generally predominant in freshwater ecosystems both in terms of species richness and species abundance. Despite their small size, they are crucial in maintaining ecological balance. In the present investigation, plankton samples collected during February 2019-January 2021 from two lentic water sources of Jammu region of Jammu & Kashmir revealed 58 species of rotifers belonging to 16 families, among which five species of monogonont rotifers from three genera were recorded to be the first reports from this region. These include three species from family Lecanidae: Lecane arcula, L. inermis, L. (Monostyla) unguitata; one species from family Brachionidae: Anuraeopsis coelata; and species Pompholyx sulcata of family Testudinellidae. Among these five monogonont species, Anuraeopsis coelata shows pantropical distribution, Lecane unguitata is a palaeotropical species, while other three are cosmopolitan in occurrence. Furthermore, comments are made on the diagnosis, seasonality, biogeographical, and ecological distribution of these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lukosi River catchment plays a crucial role in the economic and ecological framework of the country, serving as a major contributor to the Great Ruaha River (GRR). This study aimed to assess the impact of human activities on the health of the Lukosi River by analyzing key water parameters. Three sampling sites across the catchment were selected, and water samples were collected and analyzed using the American Public Health Association technique. A one-sample t-test was used to measure the significance of the difference between the measured water quality parameters and the water quality criteria established by the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The results revealed mean values for various parameters: pH (8.67 ± 0.57), temperature (24.803 ± 1.361°C), EC (93.30 ± 3.34 mgL−1), BOD (14.85 ± 1.49 mgL−1), TDS (46.95 ± 1.55 mgL−1), total hardness (27.53 ± 1.28 mgL−1), DO (3.4 ± 0.53 mgL−1), turbidity (109.83 ± 40.99 mgL−1), NO2 (79.04 ± 0.73 mgL−1), Cu (6.07 ± 0.60 mgL−1), Ca (7.88 ± 0.36 mgL−1), Mn (0.16 ± 0.07 mgL−1), Cl (7.58 ± 3.97 mgL−1), F (0.12 ± 0.0008 mgL−1), SO4 (20.42 ± 4.12 mgL−1), Mg (1.92 ± 0.13 mgL−1), Zn (0.14 ± 0.11 mgL−1), Fe (3.56 ± 0.15 mgL−1), and NH3 (4.67 ± 0.51 mgL−1). Parameters such as DO, turbidity, NH3, NO3, and BOD significantly (p = 0.05) exceeded the permissible limits set by the TBS and the WHO. Furthermore, elements including Fe and Cu exceeded allowable limits. Moreover, the WQI was used to indicate that the water in the catchment is unsuitable for sustaining aquatic organisms and is unfit for domestic use. Household questionnaires and direct observations identified key human activities in the catchment: gardening (78.3%), agriculture (68%), livestock keeping (50%), sand mining (21%), and brick-making (21%). Less prevalent were car washing (7%) and fishing (4%). These findings underscore the urgent need for conservation efforts and sustainable management practices to safeguard the Lukosi River catchment (LRC).

Introduction/purpose: The use of composite filters made from waste such as granite powder, iron filings, and rubber granules for treating landfill leachate is an innovative approach that can help mitigate the environmental impact of landfill sites. Methods: The experiment involved assessing the performance of singlelayer and three-layer filters before and after treatment. To gauge the effectiveness of each filter configuration, the permeability coefficient is calculated for every cell. Calculating the permeability coefficient for singlelayer and three-layer filters is an important aspect of assessing the efficiency of the treatment process for landfill leachate. It is also essential to consider other physical and chemical parameters (e.g. color, pH, oxidation coefficient, conductivity, BOD, COD, SS, NO4-, NO3, NH4 +, PO4, and P) to assess the overall treatment efficiency and the removal of specific contaminants. Results: The results demonstrated a decrease in both physical and chemical factors with the formation of each cell. Notably, cell 5, consisting of a three-layer filter, exhibited favorable outcomes across physical and chemical parameters as well as permeability. Conversely, cell 2, containing granite powder, exhibited the best physical and chemical parameters but performed poorly in terms of the transmittance factor. Conclusion: These findings suggest that granite powder, iron filings, and rubber granules can serve as cost-effective filter layers for leachate treatment, helping alleviate its adverse environmental and groundwater impact.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the spatio-temporal variability of various physical and chemical parameters of water quality and to determine the trophic state of Lake Ardibo. Water samples were collected from October 2020 to September 2021 at three sampling stations in four different seasons. A total of 14 physico-chemical parameters, such as water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity, turbidity, alkalinity, Secchi-depth, nitrate, ammonia, silicon dioxide, soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, chloride, and fluoride were measured using standard methods. The results demonstrated that temporal variation existed throughout the study period. Except for turbidity, the water quality of the lake varied significantly within the four seasons (ANOVA, p < 0.05). DO levels decreased significantly during the dry season following water mixing events. Chlorophyll-a measurements showed significant seasonal differences ranging from 0.58 μg L−1 in the main-rainy season to 8.44 μg L−1 in the post-rainy period, indicating moderate algal biomass production. The overall category of Lake Ardibo was found to be under a mesotrophic state with medium biological productivity. A holistic lake basin approach management is suggested to maintain water quality and ecological processes and to improve the lake ecosystem services. HIGHLIGHTS Water quality parameters were influenced by seasons and lake mixing.; The water quality of the studied lake was mainly influenced by total alkalinity, pH, water temperature, DO, NO3, and NH3. The trophic conditions of Lake Ardibo change during different seasons.;

The purpose of this scientific work was to study the influence that commercial starter cultures have on the quality of a traditional Romanian semi-hard cheese, namely Telemea. The starter cultures were thoroughly characterized prior to their application in the process, with particular attention to their impact on the food product both during and following processing. Different experimental types of cheese were obtained using two types of commercial starter cultures (MA11 and WHITE FLORA 1) in combination with a third commercial culture (MO536CRYO): MO536CRYO+MA11 and MO536CRYO+WHITE FLORA 1. The analysis focused on two factors that may influence cheese quality: the type of starter culture (mesophilic and thermophilic lactic acid bacteria) and the quantity of culture added to the milk. Starting from the same raw material, cow milk, and applying similar technological process, the cheeses inoculated with MO536CRYO+ WHITE FLORA 1 exhibited superior physico-chemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics compared to the other produced variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyzes the use of buckwheat flour in meat products, focusing on its impact on the physico-chemical, technological, and organoleptic properties of sausages. It was found that adding a small amount of buckwheat flour to the sausage samples (from 50g to 250g of the raw material weight) has a beneficial effect on the water retention capacity of the product, enhancing the juiciness and consistency of the sausages. The increase in this water-binding capacity ranges from 1.1% to 15%, indicating a significant impact on the texture and stability of the final product. The appearance, color, smell, aroma, consistency, taste, and juiciness were studied in the produced sausage samples. It was found that introducing hydrated buckwheat flour into the minced meat, up to 150g of the raw meat material, has a positive effect on the physico-chemical, technological, and organoleptic parameters of the sausages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers modern biotechnological methods aimed at improving the quality of horse meat. The principles of their action, influence on the structure, flavor and nutritional properties of meat are considered. To optimize the production cycle and improve the quality of salted meat products, especially from horsemeat with high hardness, it is recommended to use biotechnological and physical processing methods. One of the effective approaches is the use of steam meat, which has a high moisture-binding capacity and pronounced bacteriostatic properties, which slows down the growth of microbes. Methods such as electrical stimulation, syringing and mechanical treatment are used to accelerate salting and ripening processes. The results show that experimental samples of salted horsemeat contain more moisture and have better moisture-binding capacity, which improves the yield and juiciness of the product. At the same time, their strength characteristics are lower by 32% compared to control samples. Microbiological parameters correspond to the norms, although at the initial stage of mechanical processing a small growth of microorganisms is observed. Heat treatment and the use of paired raw materials contribute to the quality of the product, and the use of 13% salting and 6 hours of cyclic mechanical processing accelerates the salting process and improves the physical and chemical properties of meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed in this paper the used methodology to describe the Lennard-Jones potential of two atoms in rare gas. In this treatment we supposed that one atom could be described by a harmonic oscillator. The interaction potential is developed at short and long ranges. The results showed that the obtained physico-chemical parameters such as the oscillator frequency, the atom mass, and the atom charge well reproduce the Lennard-Jones potential. Then the potential well depth and the effective equilibrium diameter are expressed in function of the oscillator frequency, the atom mass and charge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Darbhanga district has many highly productive wetlands, which are rich in flora and fauna and hold significance from the biodiversity. Maran Chaur, is one of them. The present investigation was undertaken to find the status of physicochemical parameters and zooplankton in the Maran Chaur. Monthly changes in physico-chemical parameters such as Temperature (ÚC), pH, Turbidity, TDS, Transparency, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Dissolved Oxygen, Free CO2, Nitrate, Chloride and Magnesium were analyzed for a period of one year from August 2020 to July 2021. All parameters were within the permissible limits. The maximum total zooplankton abundance (18%) was found in November and the minimum (10%) in June. The zooplankton population shows a positive significant correlation with physico-chemical parameters like, temperature, alkalinity, phosphate, hardness and biological oxygen demand, whereas negatively correlated with rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study area is an alluvial plain consisting of fine clayey sand and coarse sand with mixed lithology. In September 2018, a water sampling campaign was carried out in 28 wells spread all over the plain. The interpretation of the results from the physicochemical analysis allows determination of the hydrogeochemical behaviour and quality of the groundwater sampled in this plain. The spatial distribution of physical and chemical parameters reveals a clear demarcation between the east and the west of the study area. Water samples from wells located in the western part of the plain show a high mineralisation with high electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Water samples from the southern and eastern parts show intermediate to low mineralisation. Graphical representations of chemical analysis in the Piper diagrams reveal that the groundwater in the study area can be classified into five families. The evaluation of water quality shows that concentration values of some ions like Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, HCO3− and SO42− are generally high in the western part of the plain along the Rusizi River with very high values particularly observed in the Rusizi delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study is to determine the appropriateness of groundwater in the Kurukshetra district of Haryana, India for drinking and irrigation. Groundwater samples were collected from selected five sites from Kurukshetra, in 2022 at fortnightly intervals. The findings were compared with Standards and the water quality index was calculated. It was uncovered that practically all parameters except alkalinity, hardness, and magnesium (in a few locations) are within the permitted range. However, according to the water quality index, the studied groundwaters fall into two categories: good or poor water status. Ionic dominance was reported in the order Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ for cations and Cl− > SO42− > NO3− for anions. The groundwater samples were found to be suitable for irrigation based on the observed Kelly's ratio, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, corrosivity ratio, and permeability index. However, the magnesium ratio and residual sodium carbonate levels suggested that groundwater in the research region is not suitable for irrigation in some areas. Gibb's figure demonstrated that all samples fall within the evaporation precipitation group. The range of the base exchange index (chloro-alkaline indices 1 and chloro-alkaline indices 2) suggests that direct as well as reverse ion exchange activities are occurring in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive understanding of water quality is essential for assessing the complex relationship between surface water and sources of pollution. Primarily, surface water pollution is linked to human and animal waste discharges. This study aimed to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of drinking water under both dry and wet conditions, assess the extent of bacterial contamination in samples collected from various locations in District Shangla, and evaluate potential health risks associated with consuming contaminated water within local communities. For this purpose, 120 groundwater and surface water samples were randomly collected from various sources such as storage tanks, user sites, streams, ponds and rivers in the study area. The results revealed that in Bisham, lakes had the highest fecal coliform levels among seven tested sources, followed by protected wells, reservoirs, downstream sources, springs, rivers, and ditches; while in Alpuri, nearly 80% of samples from five sources contained fecal coliform bacteria. Similarly, it was observed that the turbidity level, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, biological oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen in the surface drinking water sources of Bisham were significantly higher than those in the surface drinking water sources of Alpuri. Furthermore, the results showed that in the Alpuri region, 14% of the population suffers from dysentery, 27% from diarrhea, 22% from cholera, 13% from hepatitis A, and 16% and 8% from typhoid and kidney problems, respectively, while in the Bisham area, 24% of residents are affected by diarrhea, 17% by cholera and typhoid, 15% by hepatitis A, 14% by dysentery, and 13% by kidney problems. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved water quality management practices and public health interventions to mitigate the risks associated with contaminated drinking water. It is recommended to implement regular water quality monitoring programs, enhance sanitation infrastructure, and raise awareness among local communities about the importance of safe drinking water practices to safeguard public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of freshwater sources is a key factor in sustainable development. This study investigated the water quality suitability of Ossiomo River for human consumption and the implications for public health. Water samples were collected and analysed from October 2021 to March 2022. Results indicated that the water physico-chemical parameters from sampled locations were within their respective National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESRA) permissible limits except for pH (< 6.5), dissolved oxygen (< 6.0mg L−1), cadmium (> 0.005m /L−1), manganese (> 0.05mg L−1) and total hydrocarbon content (>10mg L−1). Comprehensive pollution index (0.4–1.0) and water quality index (251.57–765.37) values indicate that the water body was slightly polluted and unsuitable for human consumption (WQI > 50). Health risk assessment showed that children and adults were predisposed to non-carcinogenic risk (HIoral > 1) and carcinogenic risk (ICR: 1.21E-02 and 2.84E-03) from heavy metals through oral exposure. Natural run-off and anthropogenic activities were identified sources of heavy metals and hydrocarbons within the catchment. The study has provided data for water resource quality monitoring and raised concerns as to the need for immediate action to safeguard the public health of communities surrounding the Ossiomo River, through the provision of alternative sources of potable water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation assessed the influence of physico-chemical parameters on natural radionuclides in the Kollam coastal belt which is a high background radiation region. The activity concentration of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th in sand samples has been measured using Flat type 5" × 5" NaI detector to assess the influence of physico—chemical parameters in natural radionuclides. The physico-chemical parameters such as moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and particle size distribution percentage (silt, clay, and sand) of sand samples were determined using standard procedures and techniques. The measured activity concentration was then correlated with the physico-chemical parameters of the sand samples and possible conclusions were drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almond oils extracted from roasted kernels at different roasting times at 150 °C were analyzed to quantify quality parameters such as acidity, peroxide value, K232, K270, antioxidant activity and the oxidative stability index. The roasting process induced oxidation of the chemical compounds in the oil, resulting in increased acidity, peroxide value, K232 and K270. The antioxidant activity exhibited a decreasing trend over time, while the oxidative stability showed only slight changes. Excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) were directly scanned on almond oil samples. The combination of the EEMs with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) provided qualitative information about the main fluorophores and their evolution with the roasting time. Quantitative information was obtained using unfolded partial least squares (U-PLS), demonstrating the effectiveness of the fluorescence technique in combination with multivariate analysis to quantify analytical parameters in almond oils. Prediction models were developed, and subjected to external validation. The coefficients of determination in the external validation were higher than 0.94 for all parameters except k270.

The present study aimed to assess the impact of anthropogenic stressors on the physico-chemical characteristics and water quality of the River Ganga employing a GIS-based approach in the middle Gangetic Plain at Patna, India. After the survey, sand mining, bridge construction, and disposal of untreated domestic and sewage wastes were selected as major anthropogenic stressors. A total of 48 samples were collected in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2022 and were analyzed for 16 physico-chemical parameters, namely water temperature (WT), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl- and SO42− ions, following standard protocols. The WQI was calculated using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAQWI) method and spatial maps were created using ArcGIS software. The result revealed significant seasonal variation in several physico- chemical parameters except for Ca2+, K+ and TA (p > 0.05). ANOVA revealed significant variation for BOD and COD at Ghagha and Triveni, whereas for nitrate at Gai Ghat reference and impact sites, respectively. The Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed a deterioration in water quality by 60% in post-monsoon season. HCA revealed that the WQI was mostly governed by TDS, TH, TA, and EC. HIGHLIGHTS The study highlights the impact of anthropogenic stressors on the River Ganga water quality in Patna India.; Sand mining, sewage disposal and bridge construction activities were selected as major anthropogenic stressors.; Significant seasonal variation was observed for several physico-chemical parameters.; Water quality deteriorated from pre-monsoon to post-monsoon season.; WQI of the River Ganga is primarily governed by TDS, TH, TA and EC.;

With growing environmental and health concerns surrounding meat consumption, meat analogs have emerged as sustainable and health-conscious alternatives. A major challenge in developing these products is replicating the fibrous, elastic texture of meat, where microbial transglutaminase (MTG) has shown significant potential. MTG catalyzes protein cross-linking, enhancing the structural integrity of meat analogs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of MTG concentrations (0%, 0.5%, and 1%) and incubation times (0, 1.5, and 3 h) on the quality and rheological properties of meat analogs. Analogs were tested for pH, protein content, dry matter, fat retention, and thermal loss. Textural properties, including hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness, were determined using texture profile analysis, while leakage parameters were evaluated through water and fat content tests. Results revealed that higher MTG concentrations and longer incubation times improved protein content (14.34% to 15.55%), dry matter (29.61% to 32.53%), and reduced total leakage (1.262% to 0.634%). Textural properties, including hardness (57.08 N to 83.14 N), gumminess (19.40 N to 30.00 N), and chewiness (17.60 N × mm to 29.58 N × mm), also significantly improved with increasing MTG levels. Thermal loss ranged from 98.37% to 100.9%, showing enhanced retention at higher MTG concentrations. These results support the role of MTG in creating meat analogs with improved meat-like textures, achieved through enhanced protein cross-linking and moisture retention.

Water quality index (WQI) gives the complete information regarding overall quality of particular water body and is an important tool for assessing the quality of surface water. Present research article focuses on the water quality assessment of Kunah stream in Hamirpur district of Himachal Pradesh state in India using Weighted Arithmetic water quality index method, which was determined using different water quality parameters viz., Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, Total Hardness, Hardness due to Ca2+ and Mg2+, concentration of chlorides, nitrates and phosphates. Water sampling was done at two sites (upstream and downstream) of the stream. The value of WQI ranges from 61.97454 upstream to 50.50388 downstream shows that at upstream water quality is poor due to varied anthropogenic activities like bathing, washing clothes, mining and many more (reported upstream), whereas water quality is nearly good downstream supporting diverse biotic communities. But overall stream water is not suitable for drinking prior proper treatment. So, there is urgent need to appraise and monitor anthropogenic activities occurring in the stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leeches are distributed worldwide and are found in aquatic and humid terrestrial environments. They play important roles in trophic systems as parasites, predators and prey and, in determining water quality and biodiversity of aquatic and wetland ecosystems. This study was carried out to determine the species composition and effects of physico-chemical parameters on the distribution of leeches in Zaria located within the northern guinea savanna zone of Nigeria. Leeches were collected from August - October 2019 in rice farms and the banks of a stream and a pond with the aid of forceps. The pH, temperature, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids of each sampled location were taken in-situ using a Hanna Instrument. The average of each physicochemical parameter was recorded as mean ± Standard Error. A total of 12 leeches belonging to 3 families were collected (Erpobdellidea: Erpobdella octoculata, Glossiphoniidae: Placobdella costata and Hirudinidae: Hirudo species). The species composition (3) which constitutes 25% and abundance (9) constitutes 75% of leeches were highest in the rice farm. Temperature, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were relatively higher in the rice farm as compared with the stream and pond. However, the physico-chemical parameter did not affect the distribution and abundance of Erpobdella octoculata which was collected in all sampled locations. Species composition of leeches in Zaria was generally low due to reduced precipitation and vegetation type in the study area. Temperature, electrical conductivity, pH and total dissolved solids have effects on the distribution and abundance of Placobdella costata and Hirudo species. Intense survey of Leeches species composition is recommended in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yamuna River water in Agra city of India is contaminated with toxic pollutants, including heavy metals that cause damage to the environment and human health. At present, the direct use of river water for drinking purposes and household activities lead to the direct exposure of society to the contaminants. In this study, Yamuna River water samples were collected from three different sites in Agra city during the monsoon, summer, and winter seasons. The physico-chemical parameters were estimated along with heavy metals. In physico-chemical parameter, the values found were mostly above the permissible limits. The results water samples contain high levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel above the desirable levels in most cases. The metagenomic analysis revealed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, and Planctobacteria were the most abundant phyla with a relative abundance of 61%, 9.34%, 5.23%, 4.64%, and 4.3%, respectively. The Comamonadaceae, the most abundant family consists of the genera involved in hydrogen oxidation, iron reduction, degraders of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and fermentation. The presence of Pseudomonas, Nitrosomonas sp., Thauera humireducens and Dechloromonas denitrificans (decomposition of sewage and organic matter) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicates the presence of heavy metal degrading bacteria in water sample. Functional prediction showed the presence of genes responsible for different metabolic pathways that could help developing new bioremediation strategies. The study concludes the status of water contamination, the presence of complex microbial community and suggests the futuristic use and their role in bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physico-chemical profile of the freshwater reservoir (dam) in Anandpur, Saurashtra, Gujarat, where limnological research was carried out from June 2021 to May 2023, is described in this report. Temperature, transparency, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, acidity, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, chlorides, salinity, and other variables were examined in the surface water of the dam. These components' seasonal fluctuations were examined, and their interrelationships are addressed. Water had an alkaline pH. Summertime saw a rise in EC, whereas the post-monsoon season saw a reduction. Alkalinity and total hardness tended to drop in the winter and summer and to rise during and after the monsoon. The amount of dissolved oxygen was highest in the winter and lowest in the summer. Temperature and EC indicated an inverse connection with dissolved oxygen. Total 36 species of zooplankton were also recorded. The highest arthropodan and rotifer zooplankton species were recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanctuaries devoted to Asclepius were established and operated for almost a thousand years in various Greek and Roman cities throughout the Mediterranean region. The Asclepieion sanctuary in Lentas (formerly known as Ancient Lebena) in Crete was famous for receiving water from a sacred spring. In Ancient Lebena, Levinaion was a famous centre for hydrotherapy, physiotherapy, and a psychiatric hospital. In the present paper, we aim to assess the hydrochemical status of this sacred spring that holds a prominent position in archaeological and historical studies. The main objectives of this study are: Initially, to present supervisory evidence (archaeological, geological, hydrochemical) of an area that was a water resource management model for many centuries, carrying out therapeutic work. The second objective is to present and compare hydrochemical data in the last century, i.e., from 1915 to 2021. The third objective is to highlight and warn of an incipient saltwater intrusion in the area along the Lentas coast. The fourth objective is to propose an alternative and sustainable form of water resources management in the region that requires the study and rational utilization of the sporadic small water springs in the region. Our study focuses on a basic hydrochemical analysis of spring and borehole water in the remains of Levinaion in the Lentas region, and their comparison with sparse historical data of the sacred spring water, aiming to interpret the impact of the changes in the spring water resources that occurred in recent decades due to urban modernization. Our results highlight (i) visible fluctuations in chemical composition of borehole water samples; (ii) a neutral to alkaline pH in borehole waters and an alkaline pH in spring waters; (iii) undetectable arsenic in Lentas borehole water, unlike historical data of Lentas spring water; (iv) low values of dissolved radon in Lentas borehole water and the spring water of Kefalovrysa; and (v) a timeless constant and hypothermic nature of the water of both the sacred spring and borehole of Lentas, and also of the Kefalovrysa spring. The recorded historical data, i.e., from 1915 to 1957, due to the absence of substantial anthropogenic activity in the area, can be used as reference values (natural background levels, NBLs) for the Lentas area. Our findings emerge with the need to bring again the flowing spring water of the sacred spring of Lentas in its original form through sustainable management and re-discover its beneficial therapeutical effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kucuk Menderes River is one of the important rivers of the Aegean Region in Türkiye. The river carries agricultural pollution and domestic and industrial wastewater to the Aegean Sea. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the parameters of pollution in the Kucuk Menderes River. The parameters of pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, phosphate, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, boron, total coliform and fecal coliform were determined. The average values of these parameters were the followings: pH 9.27, temperature 19.5°C, dissolved oxygen 4.92 mg/L, conductivity 2695 µs/cm, salinity 0.4‰, turbidity 177 mg/L, phosphate 0.17 mg/L, ammonium nitrogen 0.43 mg/L, nitrite nitrogen 0.09 mg/L, nitrate nitrogen 1.73 mg/L, boron 1 mg/L. The values were compared with the criteria values specified in the regulations and those in other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Volga River is the largest river in Europe in terms of basin area (1.36 mio. km2), length (3531 km), and water content (annual flow 254 km3). We conduct long-term water quality studies in the Volga headwaters: in the Upper Volga Lakes, the free-flowing section, as well as in the Ivankovskoye and Uglich Reservoirs. At the source of the river, the water is very soft, slightly mineralized, characterized by high color indicators (up to 400 degrees Pt-Co scale) and permanganate oxidation (60.3–72 mgO/L). In the Upper Volga Lakes, water mineralization increases to 110 mg/L, and the color of the water decreases significantly. In the Ivankovo Reservoir, higher concentrations of manganese and BOD5 are noted than in the Volga above Tver. Based on total phosphorus concentrations, the Upper Volga Reservoir (Lake Volgo) and the free-flowing section of the Upper Volga (from Selizharovo to Tver) belong to the "mesotrophic" class, and the Ivankovskoye Reservoir belongs to the "eutrophic" class. We characterize the Volga headwaters based on physico-chemical parameters "balanced" and discuss the relevance of "natural pollution". Especially the free-flowing section comprises an important reference section for lowland rivers; thus, long-term monitoring of abiotic and biotic aspects is an important issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physico-chemical water quality assessment is vital for wetland characterization, detecting environmental stress affecting the ecosystem and wetland management interventions. Therefore, this study aimed at comprehensive analysis of water quality parameters of six hydro-geologically connected wetlands in West Gojjam zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Water quality data was collected for one year (from June 2022 to April 2023) during four sampling seasons (pre-rainy, main-rainy, post-rainy and dry seasons) from twelve purposively selected sampling sites. In-situ measurements and nutrient analysis were carried out following standard procedures. Water quality index (WQI) was also computed by the weighted arithmetic water quality index method (WAWQI) based on selected parameters. Phosphate ranged from 0.24 mg/l (Kurt Bahir) to 1.80 mg/l (Zindib) and nitrate ranged from 2.12 mg/l (at Gudera) to 3.25 mg/l (at Geray). This increased nutrient concentration and the decreasing trend in DO level clearly indicates their ecological degradation. There was a statistically significant difference (P

The article proposes to study the influence of new protein-containing raw materials, namely cricket flour (CF) Acheta domesticus on the quality of whipped flour semi-finished product (WFP) research methods. The study used generally accepted methods for determining the rheological properties of the dough: the dependence of viscosity on shear stress, temperature, and rate of deformation of the dough, as well as the elasticity of finished products and physicochemical properties of the finished semi-finished product. The mass fraction of moisture was determined by drying to constant weight. The mass fraction of ash not dissolved in 10% hydrochloric acid in absolute dry matter was determined using the dry method in a muffle furnace. The mass fraction of protein was determined by the Kjeldahl method. Alkalinity was determined by the titrometric method. The mass fraction of total sugar was determined by the iodometric method. During the manufacture of WFP, cricket flour was added to 5.0-15.0%. The results of rheological parameters showed that adding CF to the dough in an amount of 15.0% significantly affected the viscosity and plasticity of the dough, which led to a decrease in volume and porosity in the finished semi-finished product. According to physicochemical parameters, it was found that with increased BC concentration, the mass fraction of protein increases (from 4.4% in conventional WFP to 62.06% with the addition of CF in the amount of 10.0%). At the same time, the mass fraction of total sugar decreases. The mass fraction of moisture in the finished semi-finished product also changes. The resiliency and elasticity of the finished products were determined by the laboratory method using the "Labor" penetrometer. According to the results of studies of resiliency and elasticity of the finished product, it was determined that the semi-finished product with the addition of 15.0% cricket flour had the lowest indicators compared to the products with the addition of 5.0% and 10.0% cricket.

Raw wastewater analysis is an important step in treatment assessment; however, it is associated with risks of personnel exposure to pathogens. Such risks are enhanced during virus outbreaks, such as the COVID pandemic, and heat-treatment is a commonly used mitigation measure. We examined whether heat-treatment compromises wastewater analytical parameters results. We found that heat-treatment of blackwater at 60 °C for 90 min in capped containers yielded no statistically different values (p > 0.05) for pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia (NH3), total nitrogen (TN), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity for specimens from three different sources. This heat-treatment inactivated coliform bacteria (>4 log10 reduction) thus compromising the measurement of commonly used fecal contamination indicators. The observation of intact helminth eggs in heat-treated specimens suggests that the helminth egg enumeration assay is not compromised. These findings indicate that heat-treatment for the safe handling of wastewater, as may be needed in future virus outbreaks, does not affect the measurements of many common wastewater physico-chemical properties. HIGHLIGHTS Heat-treatment of wastewater was used as a personnel safety measure during the COVID-19 pandemic.; We examined whether heat-treatment compromises wastewater analytical parameters.; Heat-treatment yielded no statistical difference in pH, organics, nitrogen, and solid content values.; Heat-treatment significantly degraded the fecal coliform enumeration results, but helminth egg enumeration may be possible.;