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ABSTRACT The synthesis and structural analysis of complexes derived from (E)‐N′‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene) isonicotino hydrazide (ITB ligand) were examined using multiple analytical techniques. These techniques included TGA, decomposition point determination, elemental analysis (CHN), spectroscopic (IR, NMR, mass spectrometry) analysis, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity, as well UV–Vis spectrum analysis, along with theoretical studies. Molar conductance values indicated that the Cd (II), Co (II), Cu (II), Ni (II), and Zn (II) complexes are non‐electrolytes in fresh DMSO solutions, with conductance values ranging from 8.5 to 14.35 Ω−1 cm2 mol−1. IR spectra suggested which the ligand coordinates through the metal ions in a tridentate fashion, utilizing the (N & O) donor sites from the (CN & CO & CO) groups in the hydroxybenzylidene moiety. Analytical data from solution complexation, job's method suggested a 1:1 (metal:ligand) molar ratio. The stability order of the complexes was determined as ITBCo > ITBCu > ITBNi > ITBZn > ITBCd, consistent with the stability constant (Kf) values. The pH profile indicated that the studied complexes exhibit stability upon a wide pH scale, typically between (pH = 4:10). Magnetic and electronic spectral analyses helped deduce the ligand coordination abilities and the geometric structures of the complexes. In vitro (antimicrobial & anticancer) performances of the studied complexes were tested versus various (microbial strains & cancer cell lines), revealing higher activity in the chelates assessed to the free (ITB) ligand. The antioxidant potential was also assessed using the DPPH assay. Finally, molecular docking was performed toward estimate the binding efficiency between various protein receptors and the compounds, with results aligning with the biological investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) pose a broad spectrum of interesting properties that make them useful for many applications. However, continuous exposure to NPs requires the need to deeply understand the outcomes when these NPs interact with different biological environments. After exposure within (to) these environments, the pristine surfaces of NPs strongly interact with the molecules from the surrounding medium, including metabolites, lipids, glycan, and proteins, forming the so-called protein corona (PC). It is well established that the NP-PC strongly influences the biological fate of various NPs types, including cellular uptake, toxicity, and biodistribution. Thus, for a proper assessment of potential hazards associated with engineered NPs, it is mandatory to study and evaluate the PC that forms around NPs. Herein, we describe protocols in detail for the isolation and characterization of NP-PC complexes and cover the following aspects: 1) isolation protocols for different nanomaterials in a range of exposing media, including magnetic isolation methods for superparamagnetic NPs, 2) NP physicochemical characterization using advanced and standard techniques available in regular laboratories, and 3) NP-PC characterization of the protein and glycan components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of the extracted banana stem was tested using synthetic wastewater for turbidity removal. The banana stem was chosen for this study due to its abundance as waste. Previously, studies on banana stems were carried out by researchers but did not focus much on its active coagulant agent. This study was carried out to analyze the effect of the extraction process in optimizing the active coagulant agent of the banana stem as a natural coagulant for turbidity removal from synthetic wastewater. Banana stem underwent thorough physical, chemical, and morphological characterization in preparation as a natural coagulant. This study found that banana stems performed superior polysaccharide content, which can act as the active coagulant agent with hemicellulose and lignin. Under optimum operating conditions (2% H2SO4 at 120 °C for 1.5 h), the highest polysaccharide extracted was 310.23 mg/mL. The coagulation process using the extracted banana stem performed the removal of turbidity up to 93.4% under optimum conditions (400 mg/L dosage at pH 6). In general, this study showed the potential of extracted banana stems as a natural coagulant to replace conventional chemical coagulants due to their efficiency and eco-friendly properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green composite materials are a means of reducing reliance on synthetic and especially single-use plastics (SUP) and raising public awareness of the need for urgent action to protect the planet. Natural (lignocellulosic) fibres are increasingly utilized as the reinforcement in polymer matrix composites, in search for increased renewability and sustainability. This work concerns the effect of washing ramie (Boehmeria nivea) fibres using sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) surfactant. The SLS-treated ramie fibres were examined for their morphological, physical, thermal, structural, and mechanical properties by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile testing. SLS treated ramie fibres density and crystallinity index values were 1.23 g/cc and 84.5%, respectively, with a very high cellulose content of 81.3%, because hemicellulose and loose particles were dissolved. SEM images depicted the relevant changes, with no significant damage on treated fibre surfaces. With some assistance from the treatment, fibres initiated their degradation only above 250 °C, culminating at 327 °C, which appears suitable for the manufacturing of composites with the most common matrices.

Worldwide, textile industry provides strong financial support for several countries because it provides more employment without any special training skills. Nevertheless, in the textile industry, various chemicals and large volumes of water are mainly used for the dyeing process and discharged effluents are toxic to living organisms if released without treatment. We have prepared an efficient photocatalyst carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from Spirulina platensis by microwave-assisted method. The powder form of CQDs is distributed in 10 nm in size studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). An optical and functional properties of CQDs were examined by photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It also exhibits a strong cyan blue fluorescence under UV transilluminator. Scavenging activity of CQDs was studied by 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. 1 mg/mL of CQDs effectively degraded textile effluents under optimized conditions. The process of degradation and degraded molecules were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) and physico-chemical parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) for treated water in order to check the quality. Finally, CQDs were removed from treated water by using activated carbon as an adsorbent. Non-toxicity of photocatalyst was proved by acute toxicity study using zebrafish as a research model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) pose a broad spectrum of interesting properties that make them useful for many applications. However, continuous exposure to NPs requires the need to deeply understand the outcomes when these NPs interact with different biological environments. After exposure within (to) these environments, the pristine surfaces of NPs strongly interact with the molecules from the surrounding medium, including metabolites, lipids, glycan, and proteins, forming the so-called protein corona (PC). It is well established that the NP-PC strongly influences the biological fate of various NPs types, including cellular uptake, toxicity, and biodistribution. Thus, for a proper assessment of potential hazards associated with engineered NPs, it is mandatory to study and evaluate the PC that forms around NPs. Herein, we describe protocols in detail for the isolation and characterization of NP-PC complexes and cover the following aspects: 1) isolation protocols for different nanomaterials in a range of exposing media, including magnetic isolation methods for superparamagnetic NPs, 2) NP physico-chemical characterization using advanced and standard techniques available in regular laboratories, and 3) NP- PC characterization of the protein and glycan components.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, nutritional composition and fatty acid profile of eleven exotic fruits in Brazil Northeast. The fruits, except pequi, presented acid pH, high moisture, low protein, low lipid and low energetic contents. Pequi is highlighted by its high protein content (2.79 g.100 g-1), lipid (13.6 g.100 g-1), carbohydrates (28.71 g.100 g-1), titratable acidity (2.75 g citric acid.100 g-1) and pH (2.54-5.19). Unpeeled and peeled jenipapo presented higher ash composition (1.26-1.38g.100 g-1), soluble solids (20.29-21.17 ºBrix) and carbohydrates (22.55-23.66 g.100 g-1) compared to others fruits. Fourteen fatty acids were quantified and classified as saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The concentrations of total fatty acids ranged from 1.92 to 1293.21 mg.100 g-1, being palmitic acid and oleic acid more prevalent. The fruits composition data indicated potential for improvement of diets, food industry and gastronomic market.

Silibinin (SIL), the most active phytocompound from Silybum marianum (L.), exerts many biological effects but has low stability and bioavailability. To overcome these drawbacks, the current research proposed the synthesis of silibilin oleate (SIL-O) and silibilin linoleate (SIL-L) derivatives as prodrugs with potentially optimized properties for biomedical applications, and the establishment of their in vitro-in ovo safety profiles. The physicochemical characterization of the obtained compounds using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and Raman and 1H liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of SIL-O and SIL-L complexes. Computational predictions revealed that these lipophilic derivatives present a lower drug-likeness score (-29.96 for SIL-O and -23.55 for SIL-L) compared to SIL, but an overall positive drug score (0.07) and no risk for severe adverse effects. SIL-O and SIL-L showed no cytotoxicity or impairment in cell migration at low concentrations, but at the highest concentration (100 µM), they displayed distinct toxicological profiles. SIL-L was more cytotoxic (on cardiomyoblasts - H9c2(2-1), hepatocytes - HepaRG, and keratinocytes - HaCaT) than SIL-O or SIL, significantly inhibiting cell viability (< 60%), altering cellular morphology, reducing cell confluence (< 70%), and inducing prominent apoptotic-like nuclear features. At the concentration of 100 µM, SIL-O presented an irritation score (IS) of 0.61, indicating a lack of irritant effect on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), while SIL-L was classified as a slight irritant with an IS of 1.99. These findings outline a more favorable in vitro and in ovo biocompatibility for SIL-O compared to SIL-L, whose applications are dosage-limited due to potential toxicity.

In this work, a set of eight technical lignin samples from various botanical origins and production processes were characterized for their chemical composition, higher heating value, size distribution, dust explosion sensitivity and severity, thermal hazard characteristics and biodegradability, in further support of their sustainable use. More specifically, safety-focused parameters have been assessed in terms of consistency with relating physico-chemical properties determined for the whole set of technical lignins. The results emphasized the heterogeneity and variability of technical lignins and the subsequent need for a comprehensive characterization of new lignin feedstocks arising from novel biorefineries. Indeed, significant differences were revealed between the samples in terms of hazards sensitivity. This first comparative physico-chemical safety profiling of technical lignins could be useful for the hazard analysis and the safe design of the facilities associated with large scale valorisation of biomass residues such as lignins, targeting “zero waste” sustainable conversion of bioresources.

Brgy. Maypangdan and Brgy. Tabunan, 2 of the many barangays of Borongan City are one of the beneficiaries of the ABTIC extension program of the Biology department of Eastern Samar State University. The ABTIC extension program aims in developing the mangrove areas in the two barangays which has already started in Brgy. Maypangdan. Mangrove development has something to do with water quality, hence, this study was conducted. The physical and chemical properties of the water in Balacdas River, found in Brgy. Tabunan and Maypangdan River in Brgy. Maypangdan were determined in situ. Results revealed that the physicchemical profile of the rivers are in good condition, and that, all are within limits set by various departments in the environmental sector. Moreover, no significant relationship was found in almost all parameters except for temperature. Hence, this study suggest annual monitoring of water parameters in the area to further map the increase or decrease in the numerical data of the parameters and include additional factors of the rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic membranes prepared with flat sheet configuration using local materials, iron ore and bentonite, are reported in this investigation. The feedstocks used were fully characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and laser diffraction/light scattering. In order to optimize the preparation conditions, the effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure of ferric and clayey membranes was assessed. Results obtained with SEM, confirmed by optical microscopy, indicate that the optimized sintering temperature was in the vicinity of 900 °C. The properties of the fabricated membranes were characterized in terms of mass and thickness loss throughout a determined period of time. The experimental results present a negligible variation in the rate of mass change, which suggested the stability of the synthesized membranes. Both the ferric and clayey membranes exhibit a prevalence of mesopores in their pore distribution. These results suggest that these specific membranes could be employed as cost-effective and environmentally friendly materials. Furthermore, they hold promise for potential applications in gas treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leather tanneries are known for chemical laden work environments and pulmonic complaints among workers. This study presents an analysis of tannery micro-environments emphasizing on size-based variation in composition of particulate matter and consequent respiratory dysfunctions. Qualitative (FTIR, SEM-EDX) and quantitative assessment (elemental composition, carbon forms) of PM10 and 2.5 has been employed. For lung function evaluation of workforce, spirometry with ATS proprieties was used. The peak concentrations of both PM10 and 2.5 have been found at PU, FU, and B&S. The LTCR for only Cr is high for both PM2.5 and PM10. HQ was high for Al, Cr, and Mn for both PM sizes. The maximum organic and secondary organic carbon in PM10 was found at FU and in PM2.5 at PU. The varied PM composition included carbohydrate (B&S, WMO), ether (S&S, P&S) and hydroxyl (B&S, S&S, P&S), proteins, polyenes, vinyl groups (S&S, P&S, FU), alcohols (PU and FU), and aldehyde present at PU. These results were armored by high organic and total carbon concentrations for the same sites. Therefore, PM are classified into biogenic (carbonaceous: microbial and animal remains) from PU and WMO, incidental (industrial, mixt physico-chemical character) from PU, FU, WMO, B&S and P&S, and geogenic (crustal mineral dust) from RHT, B&S, PU, and P&S. Furthermore, increase in metal concentrations in PM10 (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, V, As, Be, Ba, and Cd) and PM2.5 (As, Pb) while TC, OC, and SOC in PM2.5 caused depreciation overall lung function. The exposure to biogenic and incidental PM nature are key cause of pulmonic dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new organic–inorganic hybrid compound based on a rare β-isomer of Anderson polyoxomolybdates cluster with mixed cations, ammonium and hexamethylenetetramine has been synthesized by the slow-evaporation method. The hybrid material was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Hirshfeld surface analysis helps to investigate all the intermolecular interactions within the structure. (C6H14N4)2(NH4)2[β-HSbMo6O24]·8H2O crystallizes in an orthorhombic system and Pnma space group, with a = 23.6649(6) Å, b = 19.5394(5) Å, c = 8.6683(2) Å, α = β = γ = 90 (°) and Z = 4. The structure is deposited in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center (CCDC) (deposition number CCDC 2184536). The new hybrid organic–inorganic polyoxometalates based material three-dimensional structure is shaped by the connection of the structure components with N–H···N, N–H···O, N–H···Ow, Ow–H···O hydrogen bonds types and their interactions. The infrared spectrum fully confirms the X-ray crystal structure. The UV-Vis spectrum shows two absorption bands with an optical energy gap of 4 eV, consequently the hybrid material is classified as an insulator. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis was used to study thermal stability of the hybrid organic–inorganic compounds. Hirshfeld surface fingerprint graphics showed several types of intermolecular interactions, where hydrogen bonds are the majority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Gagal suffers from insufficient drinking water, and the population turns to surface water, wells and drillings without guarantee of quality. In order to characterize the hydrogeochemical and bacteriological properties of the waters of the aquifer system in the city of Gagal, to contribute to improving its knowledge, field campaigns were undertaken to sample the groundwater. The present study focuses on the hydrogeochemical and bacteriological characterization of drinking water in Gagal, southwestern Chad. The methodology consisted of acquiring existing data, a field campaign, and a chemical and bacteriological analysis of the water in the laboratory. The results of the physicochemical analyses revealed that the values of the parameters such as conductivity, pH (5.23), Ca² (26.11 mg/L), Mg²(5.14 mg/L), Na(3.54 mg/L), K(1.34 mg/L), HCO3 -(81.74 mg/L), Cl-(11.77 mg/L), SO4 -(1.94 mg/L), and NO3 - (8.70 mg/L) conformed to the WHO potability standards. Piper's diagram showed calcic and magnesian bicarbonate facies represented by 75%; and calcic and magnesian sulfate chloride facies in 25% of the analyzed waters. The bacteriological (Total coliforms (0 to more than 135,200 CFU/100 ml), Escherichia coli (0 and 14,400 CFU/100 ml), faecal enterococci (0 and 4600 CFU/100 ml)) study confirmed that the water from the wells and boreholes showed pollution of bacterial origin. Using these waters may endanger the populations with the risks of hydric diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Melanin is a high-molecular weight pigment produced through the oxidative polymerization of phenolic or indolic compounds and plays a perfect role in UV-light shielding, as well as in photoprotection. Among biopolymers, melanin is unique in many aspects. This study is designed to screen Production, extraction and characterizes of an extracellular melanin pigment from clinically isolated P. aeruginosa. Objective: The aim of the current study is isolation and diagnosis of P. aeruginosa using vitek-2 compact system and screening the ability to produce melanin and characterization of extracted melanin by UV-vis, FTIR, XRD and SEM. Materials and methods: the samples swab inoculated on cetrimide agar as selective media and incubated aerobically for 24 hours at 37°C and used nutrient agar with nutrient broth supplement with 1% tyrosine for Screening for melanin production by P. aeruginosa isolates. Results: Four isolates P. aeruginosa were identified out of 109 specimens have ability to produce melanin pigment under specific medium and culture conditions. According to morphological, cultural, biochemical, and VITEK-2 characteristics, isolates were identified as P. aeruginosa. The results showed that the isolate of burn was greatest in production of melanin. Based on its solubility in organic solvents, the black pigment was identified as melanin and structurally and functionally characterized by UV-Vis absorbance and presence of various characteristic peaks that determined by FTIR analysis, and the morphology of the pigment surface was examined using SEM and XRD spectra analysis. Conclusion: Depending on the type of bacteria and the conditions of their culture, different melanin-producing bacteria produce different amounts of melanin. The primary factors for bacterial melanin production are L-tyrosine, energy source, pH, temperature and surface area for shaker agitation. In this study, results found that the optimum condition for melanin production by P. aeruginosa in pH=7.3 and the effect of L-tyrosine concentration on melanin production found that use 1g/L is the best concentration for production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal diseases significantly impact about half of the global population, and their treatment often encompasses relieving symptoms as well as regenerating the destroyed tissues. Revolutionary research in the management of periodontal disease includes biomaterials, a boon to re-generative dentistry owing to their excellent biological properties: non-toxicity, anti-inflammatory, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and adhesion. This study aimed to fabricate an injectable fucoidan containing chitosan hydrogel and prove its effectiveness in periodontal bone regeneration. The injectable hydrogel was prepared using the sol-gel method and was subjected to various physical, chemical, and biological characterizations to understand its efficacy in formation of new bone. The effectiveness of the developed hydrogel was assessed in periodontal bony defects to study the soft and hard tissue changes. A total of 40 periodontitis patients with bony defects were recruited and randomized into two groups to receive fucoidan-chitosan hydrogel and concentrated growth factor, respectively. Customized acrylic stents were used to guide the hydrogel placement into the defect site. Post-surgical changes in clinical parameters were assessed at 3, 6, and 9 months to appreciate the soft and hard tissue changes using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test. Significance was kept at 5%. The porosity, water uptake of the prepared hydrogel showed good efficacy, with particle size of the fucoidan containing chitosan hydrogel of 6.000 nm. The MG-63 osteoblasts cell line revealed biocompatibility, biodegradability and showed slow and sustained drug release, increased cell proliferation, and enhanced alkaline phosphatase secretion. Mineralization assay was greatest in the fucoidan containing chitosan hydrogel. Clinically, it exhibited significantly lower probing depth values and a higher mean improvement in clinical attachment level as compared to the concentrated growth factor (CGF) group at the end of 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). The mean of the defect fills in the fucoidan containing chitosan group was 1.20 at the end of 9 months (p < 0.001) as compared with defect fills observed in the CGF group. The presence of fucoidan in the hydrogel significantly contributed to bone regeneration in humans, thus strengthening its potential in tissue engineering. Fucoidan-chitosan will be a promising biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isolation of keratin from poultry feathers using subcritical water was studied in a batch reactor at temperatures (120–250 °C) and reaction times (5–75 min). The hydrolyzed product was characterized by FTIR and elemental analysis, while the molecular weight of the isolated product was determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. To determine whether disulfide bond cleavage was followed by depolymerization of protein molecules to amino acids, the concentration of 27 amino acids in the hydrolysate was analyzed by GC/MS. The optimal operating parameters for obtaining a high molecular weight protein hydrolysate from poultry feathers were 180 °C and 60 min. The molecular weight of the protein hydrolysate obtained under optimal conditions ranged from 4.5 to 12 kDa, and the content of amino acids in the dried product was low (2.53% w/w). Elemental and FTIR analyses of unprocessed feathers and dried hydrolysate obtained under optimal conditions showed no significant differences in protein content and structure. Obtained hydrolysate is a colloidal solution with a tendency for particle agglomeration. Finally, a positive influence on skin fibroblast viability was observed for the hydrolysate obtained under optimal processing conditions for concentrations below 6.25 mg/mL, which makes the product interesting for various biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar to countries with arid and semi-arid climates, Morocco faces problems of degradation of the quality of its environment and more specifically the quality of groundwater. In this work, we approached the physico-chemical characterization of the raw effluents of three industrial units of the city of Fez, namely the textile industry (U1), the copperware industry (U2), olive oil industry (U3) chosen for their degree of pollution and their environmental impact, the aim of which is to highlight the degree and nature of the pollution generated by these effluents, and their biodegradability during the winter period January to February of 2018, when the waste water treatment plant (WWTP) is malfunctioning. A set of samplings and measurements of different physico-chemical pollution parameters were carried out such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, salinity, chlorides, BOD5, COD, suspended solids (SS), Ca2+, K+, as well as heavy metals. The results show that the U3 effluent is highly loaded in organic matter with high COD (37600 mg O2/L) and BOD5 (13000 mg O2/L), while the U2 effluent contains very high concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd) 91,8, 71, 55,4, 53, 28 mg/L, respectively. on the other hand, the U1 effluent is characterized by high SS contents, and concentrations of Ca2+, K+ exceed Moroccan standards. The COD/BOD5 ratio shows that U1 and U2 effluents are difficult to biodegrade even if their organic loads are low. In the light of these results, it is recommended that these discharges be pre-treated before they are discharged into the liquid sewer system.

[Display omitted] Teduglutide (Revestive®) is a glucagon-like peptide-2 analogue used for the treatment of short bowel syndrome, a rare life-threatening condition in which the amount of functional gut is too short to enable proper absorption of nutrients and fluids. During handling prior to administration to the patient in hospital, it is possible that peptide-based medicines may be exposed to environmental stress conditions that could affect their quality. It is therefore essential to carry out stress testing studies to evaluate how such medicines respond to these stresses. For this reason, in this paper we present a strategy for a comprehensive analytical characterization of a peptide and a stress testing study in which it was subjected to various stress conditions: heating at 40 °C and 60 °C, light exposure and shaking. Several complementary analytical techniques were used throughout this study: Far UV circular dichroism, intrinsic protein fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, size-exclusion chromatography and intact and peptide mapping reverse-phase chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to offer an in-depth description of the chemical structure of teduglutide peptide and its physicochemical characteristics after stress stimuli were applied to the reconstituted medicine Revestive®. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the synthesis and processing parameters on the thermocatalytic performance of Ce-doped SrFeO3 inorganic perovskites was investigated to improve the reproducibility and reliability of the synthetic methodology and of the testing procedure. A structural, surface and redox characterization was performed to check the extent of variability in the chemical–physical properties of the prepared materials, revealing that a strict control of the synthesis parameters is indeed crucial to optimize the thermocatalytic properties of Ce-doped SrFeO3 inorganic perovskites. The thermocatalytic tests, aimed to degrade organic pollutants in water, were performed using Orange II and Bisphenol A as target compounds, in view of a later technological application. The main issues in the synthesis and testing of Ce-doped SrFeO3 perovskite thermocatalysts are highlighted and described, giving specific instructions for the resolution of each of them. A limited number of prepared materials showed an efficient thermocatalytic effect, indicating that a full gelification of the sol, an overstoichiometric reducer-to-oxidizer ratio, a nominal cerium content of 15 mol%, slightly higher than its solubility limit (i.e., 14 mol%), a pH of 6 and a thermal treatment at 800 °C/2 h are the best synthesis conditions to obtain an effective Ce-doped SrFeO3 perovskite. Regarding the testing conditions, the best procedure is to follow the degradation reaction without any preconditioning with the pollutant at room temperature. The severe leaching of the active perovskite phase during tests conducted at acidic pH is discussed. Briefly, we suggest confining the application of these materials to a limited pH range. Variability between thermocatalysts prepared in two different laboratories was also checked. The issues discussed and the proposed solutions overcome some of the obstacles to achieving a successful scale up of the synthesis process. Our results were favorable in comparison to those in the literature, and our approach can be successfully extended to other perovskite catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was devoted to the first multi-parametric unitary comparative analysis of a selection of sintered piezoceramic materials synthesised by solid-state reactions, aiming to delineate the most promising biocompatible piezoelectric material, to be further implemented into macro-porous ceramic scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing technologies. The piezoceramics under scrutiny were: KNbO3, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, BaTiO3, Zr-doped BaTiO3, and the (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3 solid solution (BCTZ). The XRD analysis revealed the high crystallinity of all sintered ceramics, while the best densification was achieved for the BaTiO3-based materials via conventional sintering. Conjunctively, BCTZ yielded the best combination of functional properties—piezoelectric response (in terms of longitudinal piezoelectric constant and planar electromechanical coupling factor) and mechanical and in vitro osteoblast cell compatibility. The selected piezoceramic was further used as a base material for the robocasting fabrication of 3D macro-porous scaffolds (porosity of ~50%), which yielded a promising compressive strength of ~20 MPa (higher than that of trabecular bone), excellent cell colonization capability, and noteworthy cytocompatibility in osteoblast cell cultures, analogous to the biological control. Thereby, good prospects for the possible development of a new generation of synthetic bone graft substitutes endowed with the piezoelectric effect as a stimulus for the enhancement of osteogenic capacity were settled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inefficient monitoring of the water resource recovery facility at various health care establishments may lead to detrimental effects on human population, especially when such water get mixed with potable municipal water supply. To ensure the efficiency and proper functioning of the water resource recovery facility and quality of water, before it being disposed of, the present study was conducted with the assessment of physico‐chemical parameters of water and its genotoxic and cytogenetic effects in mice. The sample water was given ad libitum to animals for three different time durations, that is, 7, 15, and 30 days. Bone marrow chromosomal aberration and bone marrow micronucleus (MN) assay were performed to get the extent of genotoxicity and cytogenicity. The results showed presence of chromosomal aberrations like fragments breaks and ring formation in different groups. Besides this, a significant (p < 0.05*, p < 0.01**, p < 0.001***) decrease in the mitotic index was noted in the group which was given 100% concentrated sample water for 30 days. A significant (p < 0.05*, p < 0.01**, p < 0.001***) increase in MN induction and decreased ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes were observed in groups which were given samples at 10% and 100% concentrations for longer durations. The findings suggest that even the recovered sample water reflects a positive in vivo genotoxic potential when given for a longer duration of 30 days, indicating some lacuna in the treatment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic membranes prepared with flat sheet configuration using local materials, iron ore and bentonite, are reported in this investigation. The feedstocks used were fully characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and laser diffraction/light scattering. In order to optimize the preparation conditions, the effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure of ferric and clayey membranes was assessed. Results obtained with SEM, confirmed by optical microscopy, indicate that the optimized sintering temperature was in the vicinity of 900 °C. The properties of the fabricated membranes were characterized in terms of mass and thickness loss throughout a determined period of time. The experimental results present a negligible variation in the rate of mass change, which suggested the stability of the synthesized membranes. Both the ferric and clayey membranes exhibit a prevalence of mesopores in their pore distribution. These results suggest that these specific membranes could be employed as cost-effective and environmentally friendly materials. Furthermore, they hold promise for potential applications in gas treatment processes.

This work investigates the hygrothermal cyclic aging of epoxy-based bonded assemblies. The focus is given here to severe long-term environmental conditions. The aging procedure is performed between 70° C with a relative humidity of 90% and −40° C without humidity, over a cyclic period of 12 h and for a total exposure time of 2 months. The aim of this study is to highlight the consequences of such hygrothermal aging on physico-chemical and mechanical parameters at both the material scale (adhesive) and the structural scale (bonded assemblies). Evolution of water absorption and glass transition temperature with aging cycles are monitored on adhesive bulk specimens by gravimetric analysis and DSC analysis respectively. The evolution of the quasi-static mechanical behavior, strength and elongation at failure, is characterized on adhesive massive specimens and on Single Lap Joint assemblies. Results show a progressive and important degradation of physico-chemical and mechanical properties with the number of cycles, of greater amount than that observed during static aging (loss of SLJ strength by 30% after 56 aging days; loss of the adhesive Tg by 45% for around 5% water uptake after aging 21 days). This behavior is related with an embrittling effect at the adhesive scale very specific to water change of state involved in these aging conditions. This combined analysis at different scales ensures a deep understanding of physico-chemical phenomena induced by hygrothermal aging and provides significant information for the further modeling of bonded joints assemblies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, significant interest has been focused on removing pharmaceutical pollutants, i.e., oxytetracycline (OTC), which was studied through adsorption onto activated carbon (ACT) produced from households or agricultural wastes under various experimental conditions. The physicochemical properties of the produced carbon were investigated using multiple techniques. The characterization analysis highlighted an essential concentration of surface functional groups and a very developed porous structure. The adsorption process onto activated carbon occurs with a high yield at a large range of pH values varying between 4 and 8 at an optimum contact time of 2 h. It was established that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted well OTC adsorption onto ACT. Moreover, the adsorption isotherm data showed that the pollutant removal process followed the Langmuir model with high regression coefficients ($R^2$) values and important adsorption efficiency of 80% for $100~\text{mg}{\cdot }\text{L}^{-1}$ of OTC. The displayed results consequently, the use of ACT as an adsorbent could be considered an efficient, sustainable, and low-cost alternative for pharmaceuticals-loaded wastewater treatment.

The supply of sustainable and distributed energy becomes a concern. In this study, physico-chemical characterizations of coffee grounds, raw wood, composting sewage sludge, and raw comparable coal, as well as their chars were performed using carbonization/combustion kinetics and electrochemistry in order to promote the supply of sustainable and distributed energy. The carbonization kinetics of coffee grounds were faster than those of raw wood, composting sewage sludge, and raw coal because of the higher content of volatiles and potassium. The specific surface area of the wood char with steam activation was larger than those of the other chars, and that of the coffee grounds char with steam activation was also relatively larger. The graphitization degree of the wood char was similar to that of the coal char. The average potential of a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) using the composting sewage sludge char was higher than that of the other chars. Thus, the coffee grounds, wood, and composting sewage sludge chars may be better candidates for use as an adsorbent, heat source, and DCFC fuel, respectively.

This study focuses on the degradation of a silane cross‐linked polyethylene (Si‐XLPE) matrix filled with three different aluminum tri‐hydrate (ATH) contents: 0, 25, and 50 phr. These materials are subjected to radiochemical ageing in air under three different dose rates (8.5, 77.8, and 400 Gy h−1) at two temperatures (47 and 21°C). Changes due to ageing have been investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, DSC analysis, and density measurements in order to more precisely define their chemical composition and microstructure and to evidence the possible influence of ATH fillers on the oxidation kinetics of the Si‐XLPE matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the physico-chemical characterization of the clayey raw materials of the Thicky quarry. We made a geotechnical, mineralogical, chemical and microscopic study of the laterite and the Thicky clay. Mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that our clay consists mainly of quartz (Q), kaolinite (K), illite (I) and calcite (C) while laterite consists of quartz (Q), kaolinite (K), hematite (H) and calcite (C). The results of the chemical composition show the presence of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 in large quantities and also K2O, CaO, MgO, Na2O, TiO2 and P2O5 in small quantities in our materials. Infrared spectroscopy reveals the presence of relatively broad absorption bands located around 3500 cm-1 which are related to phyllosilicates such as kaolinite or illite. Microscopic observation of clay and laterite samples shows that the texture is relatively compact, formed of several superimposed planar sheets with turbostratic disorder. The results obtained show that these clayey raw materials are poor in organic matter and calcium carbonates so they can be used for the manufacture of earth bricks.

Periodontal diseases significantly impact about half of the global population, and their treatment often encompasses relieving symptoms as well as regenerating the destroyed tissues. Revolutionary research in the management of periodontal disease includes biomaterials, a boon to re-generative dentistry owing to their excellent biological properties: non-toxicity, anti-inflammatory, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and adhesion. This study aimed to fabricate an injectable fucoidan containing chitosan hydrogel and prove its effectiveness in periodontal bone regeneration. The injectable hydrogel was prepared using the sol-gel method and was subjected to various physical, chemical, and biological characterizations to understand its efficacy in formation of new bone. The effectiveness of the developed hydrogel was assessed in periodontal bony defects to study the soft and hard tissue changes. A total of 40 periodontitis patients with bony defects were recruited and randomized into two groups to receive fucoidan-chitosan hydrogel and concentrated growth factor, respectively. Customized acrylic stents were used to guide the hydrogel placement into the defect site. Post-surgical changes in clinical parameters were assessed at 3, 6, and 9 months to appreciate the soft and hard tissue changes using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Significance was kept at 5%. The porosity, water uptake of the prepared hydrogel showed good efficacy, with particle size of the fucoidan containing chitosan hydrogel of 6.000 nm. The MG-63 osteoblasts cell line revealed biocompatibility, biodegradability and showed slow and sustained drug release, increased cell proliferation, and enhanced alkaline phosphatase secretion. Mineralization assay was greatest in the fucoidan containing chitosan hydrogel. Clinically, it exhibited significantly lower probing depth values and a higher mean improvement in clinical attachment level as compared to the concentrated growth factor (CGF) group at the end of 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). The mean of the defect fills in the fucoidan containing chitosan group was 1.20 at the end of 9 months (p < 0.001) as compared with defect fills observed in the CGF group. The presence of fucoidan in the hydrogel significantly contributed to bone regeneration in humans, thus strengthening its potential in tissue engineering. Fucoidan-chitosan will be a promising biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration.

The isolation of keratin from poultry feathers using subcritical water was studied in a batch reactor at temperatures (120–250 °C) and reaction times (5–75 min). The hydrolyzed product was characterized by FTIR and elemental analysis, while the molecular weight of the isolated product was determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. To determine whether disulfide bond cleavage was followed by depolymerization of protein molecules to amino acids, the concentration of 27 amino acids in the hydrolysate was analyzed by GC/MS. The optimal operating parameters for obtaining a high molecular weight protein hydrolysate from poultry feathers were 180 °C and 60 min. The molecular weight of the protein hydrolysate obtained under optimal conditions ranged from 4.5 to 12 kDa, and the content of amino acids in the dried product was low (2.53% w/w). Elemental and FTIR analyses of unprocessed feathers and dried hydrolysate obtained under optimal conditions showed no significant differences in protein content and structure. Obtained hydrolysate is a colloidal solution with a tendency for particle agglomeration. Finally, a positive influence on skin fibroblast viability was observed for the hydrolysate obtained under optimal processing conditions for concentrations below 6.25 mg/mL, which makes the product interesting for various biomedical applications.

A set of guanine-rich aptamers able to preferentially recognize full-length huntingtin with an expanded polyglutamine tract has been recently identified, showing high efficacy in modulating the functions of the mutated protein in a variety of cell experiments. We here report a detailed biophysical characterization of the best aptamer in the series, named MS3, proved to adopt a stable, parallel G-quadruplex structure and show high nuclease resistance in serum. Confocal microscopy experiments on HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells, as models of non-neuronal and neuronal cells, respectively, showed a rapid, dose-dependent uptake of fluorescein-labelled MS3, demonstrating its effective internalization, even in the absence of transfecting agents, with no general cytotoxicity. Then, using a well-established Drosophila melanogaster model for Huntington's disease, which expresses the mutated form of human huntingtin, a significant improvement in the motor neuronal function in flies fed with MS3 was observed, proving the in vivo efficacy of this aptamer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrotechnic smokes are widely used in civilian and military applications. The major issue arise from the release of particles after smoke combustion but the health risks related to their exposure are poorly documented whereas toxicity of airborne particles on the respiratory target are very well known. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the in vitro toxicity of the particle fraction of different pyrotechnic smokes.Particles from a red signalling smoke (RSS), an hexachloroethane-based obscuring smoke (HC-OS) and an anti-intrusion smoke (AIS) were collected from the cloud. RSS particles displayed the highest organic fraction (quinones and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) of the three samples characterized. AIS particles contained K and cholesterol derivatives. HC-OS particles were mainly metallic with very high concentrations of Al, Fe and Ca. Intrinsic oxidative potential of smoke particles was measured with two assays. Depletions of DTT by RSS particles was greater than depletion obtained with AIS and HC-OS particles but depletion of acid ascorbic (AA) was only observed with HC-OS particles. In vitro toxicity was assessed by exposing human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) to various concentrations of particles. After 24 h of exposure, cell viability was not affected but significant modifications of mRNA expression of antioxidant (SOD-1 and -2, catalase, HO-1, NQO-1) and inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) were observed and were dependent on smoke type. Particles rich in metal, such as HC-OS, induced a greatest depletion of AA and a greatest inflammatory response, whereas particles rich in organic compounds, such as RSS, induced a greatest DTT depletion and a greatest antioxidant response.In conclusion, the three smoke particles have an intrinsic oxidative potential and triggered a cell adaptive response. Our study improved the knowledge of particle toxicity of pyrotechnic smokes and scientific approach developed here could be used to study other type of particles.

Pulp and paper industries (PPI) generate an enormous amount of wastewater which are heavily loaded with a variety of pollutants. Aim of this study to evaluate different physico-chemical pollution parameters and the occurrence of toxic elements in the wastewater of four PPI located in the Utter Pradesh and Uttarakhand regions of India. Results revealed that the physico-chemical analysis of discharged wastewater from selected four PPI showed high pollution parameters along with heavy metals. Industry-1 has containing with high pH (8.03 ± 0.01), BOD (9364± 170), COD (26548± 234), EC (1756 ± 67.24), TS (3156 ± 136), TDS (1954 ± 2.14), and TSS (156 ± 1.03). Industry- 2 has containing with high pH (8.06 ± 0.03), BOD (8634 ± 104), COD (56872 ± 211), EC (1896 ± 23.01), TS (4365 ± 120), TDS (1634 ± 31.49), and TSS (124 ± 1.00). Industry- 3 have containing with high pH (8.05 ± 0.02), BOD (8567 ± 214), COD (35478 ± 234), EC (6479 ± 124.05), TS (2456 ± 187), TDS (1354 ± 31.02), TSS (136 ± 1.01), and Industry- 4 have containing with high pH (8.07 ± 0.05), BOD (7136 ± 151), COD (26324 ± 348), EC (1531 ± 91.05), TS (3147 ± 171), TDS (2465 ± 33.15), and TSS (248 ± 2.31) were above the permissible limit. The conclusions of this study, the PPI wastewater should be treated at a tertiary stage before discharged in environmental.

Human tyrosine hydroxylase (hTH) has key role in the production of catecholamine neurotransmitters. The structure, function and regulation of hTH has been extensively researched area and the possibility of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) involving hTH through nanocarriers has been raised as well. However, our understanding on how hTH may interact with nanocarriers is still lacking. In this work, we attempted to investigate the immobilization of hTH on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with various surface linkers in quantitative and mechanistic detail. Our results showed that the activity of hTH was retained after immobilization via secondary and covalent interactions as well. The colloidal stability of hTH could be also enhanced proved by Dynamic light scattering and Zeta potential analysis and a homogenous enzyme layer could be achieved, which was investigated by Raman mapping. The covalent attachment of hTH on MNPs via aldehyde or epoxy linkers provide irreversible immobilization and 38.1 % and 16.5 % recovery (ER). The hTH-MNPs catalyst had 25 % ER in average in simulated nasal electrolyte solution (SNES). This outcome highlights the relevance of immobilization applying MNPs as a potential formulation tool of sensitive therapeutic enzymes offering new opportunities for ERT related to neurodegenerative disorders. • The binding of human tyrosine hydroxylase on magnetic nanoparticles was developed. • Physical and chemical binding of hTH was systematically investigated. • Detailed physico-chemical characterization of the binding linkers was performed. • Retained activity of hTH bounded on MNPs with amino-linker had 38 % of native form. • hTH-MNPs formulas could mean new alternative in enzyme replacement therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A monthly temporal monitoring of the physico-chemical parameters of the leachate from the Greater Casablanca "Mediouna" open-air landfill in Morocco over a period of 13 months was carried out to show their variability over time. This monitoring also highlights the effect of rainfall on leachate quality through fluctuations observed in wet and dry periods. Indeed, the leachate was sampled from a collector that drains a mixture of young and mature leachate. Several physico-chemical parameters were studied: pH, temperature, conductivity, organic matter (BOD5 and COD), total matter (TS, TVS), nitrogen (N-NO2-, N-NO3-, N-NH4+, TKN), total phosphorus (Tp), salts (Cl-, SO42-) and metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn). As a result, significant concentrations were recorded throughout the monitoring for the majority of the parameters, showing a high aggressiveness of the leachate. Also, statistically significant relationships were observed between the different parameters. On the other hand, the leachate pollution index (LPI) was calculated to determine the overall potential of leachate pollution. The identification and study of the behaviour of the physico-chemical parameters is very useful for the design of an adequate leachate treatment plant for the Greater Casablanca landfill "Mediouna", taking into consideration the extreme values recorded during the monitoring period, in order to avoid any malfunctioning due to an underestimation of the pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the preliminary results concerning the evaluation of the effect of time and storage conditions on some physicochemical characteristics (pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids and salinity) for 9 mineral waters samples collected from Slănic-Moldova and stored in reusable plastic drinking water bottles. The experimental data show that for the first storage period, respectively 1 month for the samples kept at ambient temperature and 3 months for the samples stored at 4 °C, there were no changes in the analyzed parameters. Significant variations in pH and conductivity were observed after 6 months for 7 out of 9 samples stored at 4 °C and after 3 months for 6 out of 9 samples stored at 20 °C. Also, is noted that the samples stored at 4 °C (in the dark) for 12 months preserved their characteristics better than those stored at ambient temperature for 9 months.

This work was devoted to the first multi-parametric unitary comparative analysis of a selection of sintered piezoceramic materials synthesised by solid-state reactions, aiming to delineate the most promising biocompatible piezoelectric material, to be further implemented into macro-porous ceramic scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing technologies. The piezoceramics under scrutiny were: KNbO3, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, BaTiO3, Zr-doped BaTiO3, and the (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3 solid solution (BCTZ). The XRD analysis revealed the high crystallinity of all sintered ceramics, while the best densification was achieved for the BaTiO3-based materials via conventional sintering. Conjunctively, BCTZ yielded the best combination of functional properties—piezoelectric response (in terms of longitudinal piezoelectric constant and planar electromechanical coupling factor) and mechanical and in vitro osteoblast cell compatibility. The selected piezoceramic was further used as a base material for the robocasting fabrication of 3D macro-porous scaffolds (porosity of ~50%), which yielded a promising compressive strength of ~20 MPa (higher than that of trabecular bone), excellent cell colonization capability, and noteworthy cytocompatibility in osteoblast cell cultures, analogous to the biological control. Thereby, good prospects for the possible development of a new generation of synthetic bone graft substitutes endowed with the piezoelectric effect as a stimulus for the enhancement of osteogenic capacity were settled.

In this work, a set of eight technical lignin samples from various botanical origins and production processes were characterized for their chemical composition, higher heating value, size distribution, dust explosion sensitivity and severity, thermal hazard characteristics and biodegradability, in further support of their sustainable use. More specifically, safety-focused parameters have been assessed in terms of consistency with relating physico-chemical properties determined for the whole set of technical lignins. The results emphasized the heterogeneity and variability of technical lignins and the subsequent need for a comprehensive characterization of new lignin feedstocks arising from novel biorefineries. Indeed, significant differences were revealed between the samples in terms of hazards sensitivity. This first comparative physico-chemical safety profiling of technical lignins could be useful for the hazard analysis and the safe design of the facilities associated with large scale valorisation of biomass residues such as lignins, targeting "zero waste" sustainable conversion of bioresources., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

In this paper, the physico-chemical characterization of clay from Panruti have been studied for possible utilization in various industrial application. The clay had a specific gravity of 2.6, linear shrinkage of 4.16%, bulk density of 2.34 g/cm³, porosity of 20.22%. A cold crushing strength of 17.51 MN/m² was obtained with modulus of rupture of 2.8 MN/m 2. The thermal shock resistance not exceed 30 cycles and the refractoriness was 1666°C. The sample was analyzed for its chemical compositions, and it was revealed that it contained 31.70 %.of alumina (Al2O3), 51.58 % of silica (SiO2) and iron impurities (Fe2O3) of 2.17 %. The evaluation of the industrial potential of the studied clays based on their physical and chemical characteristics revealed that they are suitable for refractory application. Suitable processing would be compulsory if they are to meet the requirements for other industrial application such as ceramics, rubber, paper, paint, cosmetics and fertilizer industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium (Ca) is one among the major essential nutrients for plant growth and development. It activates enzymes, nitrate uptake, plant biomass ratio, the rate of photosynthesis and increase metabolisms. In the present study, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles were prepared using three marine molluscan shells. The elemental composition of three molluscan shells (Lima lima, Lottioidea and Oliva reticularis) was analyzed using XRF. The physico-chemical characterization of raw shell powder (CaCO3) and CaO nanoparticles was carried out using TGA–DSC, XRD, FT-IR, HR-SEM and TEM. TGA–DSC, a major weight loss peak, has been identified for all the three shells at a temperature range of 650–850 °C indicated the formation of CaCO3 into CaO. The average size of the CaO nanoparticles of Lima lima, Lottioidea and Oliva reticularis were determined to be 29, 32 and 25 nm, respectively. The effects on the plant growth as a nutrient source revealed that the CaO synthesized at nanoscale from all the marine molluscan shells (Lima lima, Lottioidea and Oliva reticularis) at a concentration of 250 ppm have given higher radicle growth (9.52, 7.92 and 8.12 cm), germination (100, 100 and 100%), shoot length (12.48, 12.12 and 12.40 cm), root length (13.02, 12.80 and 12.24 cm) and vigor index (2550, 2492 and 2464) then CaCO3 and normal control. Among the marine molluscan shells, the CaCO3 and CaO synthesized from Lima lima have effected high level of radicle growth and seed quality parameters then Lottioidea and Oliva reticularis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste minimization strategy was applied in the current work for synthesis of the catalysts from industrial solid waste, namely desulfurization slag. The starting slag material comprising CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and TiO2 was processed by various treating agents systematically varying the synthesis parameters. A novel efficient technique – ultrasound irradiation, was applied as an additional synthesis step for intensification of the slag dissolution and crystallization of the new phases. Physico-chemical properties of the starting materials and synthesized catalysts were evaluated by several analytical techniques. Treatment of the industrial slag possessing initially poor crystal morphology and a low surface area (6 m2/g) resulted in formation of highly-crystalline catalysts with well-developed structural properties. Surface area was increased up to 49 m2/g. High basicity of the neat slag as well as materials synthesized on its basis makes possible application of these materials in the reactions requiring basic active sites. Catalytic performance of the synthesized catalysts was elucidated in the synthesis of carbonate esters by carboxymethylation of cinnamyl alcohol with dimethyl carbonate carried out at 150 °C in a batch mode. Ultrasonication of the slag had a positive effect on the catalytic activity. Synthesized catalysts while exhibiting similar selectivity to the desired product (ca. 84%), demonstrated a trend of activity increase for materials prepared using ultrasonication pretreatment. The choice of the treating agent also played an important role in the catalytic performance. The highest selectivity to the desired cinnamyl methyl carbonate (88%) together with the highest activity (TOF35 = 3.89*10−7 (mol/g*s)) was achieved over the material synthesized using 0.6 M NaOH solution as the treating agent with the ultrasound pre-treatment at 80 W for 4 h.