Search

The aim of this study was to develop a material capable of rapidly absorbing bodily fluids and forming a resilient, adhesive, viscoelastic hydrogel in situ to prevent post-surgical adhesions. This material was formulated using O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMCS), oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA), and a crosslinking pigment derived from genipin and glutamic acid (G/GluP). Both crosslinked (O-CMCS/OHA-G/GluP) and non-crosslinked hydrogels (O-CMCS/OHA) were evaluated using a HAAKE™ MARS™ rheometer for their potential as post-surgical barriers. A rheological analysis, including dynamic oscillatory measurements, revealed that the crosslinked hydrogels exhibited significantly higher elastic moduli (G′), indicating superior gel formation and mechanical stability compared to non-crosslinked hydrogels. The G/GluP crosslinker enhanced gel stability by increasing the separation between G′ and G″ and achieving a lower loss tangent (tan δ < 1.0), indicating robustness under dynamic physiological conditions. The rapid hydration and gelation properties of the hydrogels underscore their effectiveness as physical barriers. Furthermore, the O-CMCS/OHA-G/GluP hydrogel demonstrated rapid self-healing and efficient application via spraying or spreading, with tissue adherence and viscoelasticity to facilitate movement between tissues and organs, effectively preventing adhesions. Additionally, the hydrogel proved to be both cost effective and scalable, highlighting its potential for clinical applications aimed at preventing post-surgical adhesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colletotrichum spp. is a phytopathogen causing anthracnose in a variety of tropical fruits. Strategies used to control postharvest diseases in tropical fruits typically rely on the use of synthetic fungicides, which have stimulated the emergence of resistant pathogens. Safer alternative strategies to control anthracnose in tropical fruits have been described in the literature. This review presents and discusses the main innovative interventions concerning the application of sustainable alternative strategies in the postharvest control of pathogenic Colletotrichum species in tropical fruits, with a particular emphasis on the studies published in the last 5 years. The available studies have shown the use of various methods, including physical barriers, natural antimicrobials, and biological control with antagonistic microorganisms, to reduce anthracnose lesion severity and incidence in tropical fruits. The available literature showed high inhibitory activity in vitro, reduced anthracnose incidence and lesion diameter, and total disease inhibition in tropical fruits. Most studies focused on the inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on avocado, papaya, and mango, as well as of Colletotrichum musae on banana; however, the inhibition of other Colletotrichum species was also demonstrated. The application of emerging sustainable alternative methods, including natural antimicrobial substances, also stimulated the induction of defense systems in tropical fruits, including enzymatic activity, such as polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase. The retrieved data helped to understand the current state of the research field and reveal new perspectives on developing efficient and sustainable intervention strategies to control pathogenic Colletotrichum species and anthracnose development in tropical fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Physically disabled persons continue to be discriminated, excluded and neglected based on design of structures and their location. This hampers equitable access to services and disproportionately affect them during a pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate physical access barriers to COVID-19 vaccines among persons with physical disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic, (March 2020 to March 2022) in Ugenya Sub-county, Siaya County in Western Kenya. Methods The study design was cross-sectional. 108 physically disabled participants were selected using systematic sampling technique. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Results Vaccination location (χ2 = 95.480, p = 0.001), access to the vaccination room (χ2 = 84.098, p = 0.001) and mobility impaired (χ2 = 16.168, p = 0.001) had statistically significant associations with uptake of COVID-19 vaccine. Income levels, belief in existence of COVID-19, information from mass media and being married increased the odds of becoming vaccinated (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI 0.7–3.4), (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI 0.8-4.0) (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.5–4.2) and (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.3–3.9) respectively. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that transport cost and age (p = 0.001) had statistically significant associations with COVID-19 vaccine access and uptake. Those who had difficulty in movement and speaking found uptake of COVID-19 vaccine hard (p = 0.001). Conclusion Marital status, information from reliable sources, belief in existence of COVID-19 were associated with access to and uptake of COVID-19 vaccine. Additionally, nonpayment of transport cost increased the odds of becoming vaccinated. Therefore, mobile health teams should be put in place to reach the physically disabled who are hard-to-leave home. Additionally, reimbursement of amount spent on transportation can be adopted to boost access to healthcare services by the physically disabled persons.

Access to transport is key to people’s movement in cities, their social participation, and personal development. People with mobility disabilities (PMDs) face additional barriers when using public transport. The objective of this study is to identify the dilemmas that PMDs face in their daily mobility practices and their coping strategies, in particular the ways in which these dilemmas and strategies are influenced by both personal and environmental characteristics. We conducted ethnographic research, utilizing narrative interviews, life stories, focus groups, and participant observations. Our aim was to analyse multiple experiences of mobility in situations of disability in Quebec City, Canada. This study engages the following research question: how do PMDs navigate their social environment, considering the impact of personal, social, and physical landscape factors on their mobility strategies? Depending on the accessibility of fixed-route public buses and the availability of public paratransit services, what are the dilemmas that PMDs face and how do they shape their mobility strategies? Using the three-dimensional model of narrative analysis, we present a narrative ethnography of participants’ dilemmas and strategies about their experiences on public transport. Five dilemmas are examined. Through this methodology, we propose to extend the study of “constellations of mobility” by including the notion of strategies as an experiential outcome between personal and physical landscape factors, practices, and meanings of mobility. This offers new research perspectives both in disability and mobility studies and in the understanding of urban accessibility experiences in situations of disability.

Background: Physically disabled persons continue to be discriminated, excluded and neglected based on design of structures and their location. This hampers equitable access to services and disproportionately affect them during a pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate physical access barriers to COVID-19 vaccines among persons with physical disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic, (March 2020 to March 2022) in Ugenya Sub-county, Siaya County in Western Kenya. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional. 108 physically disabled participants were selected using systematic sampling technique. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Results: Vaccination location (χ2 = 95.480, p = 0.001), access to the vaccination room (χ2 = 84.098, p = 0.001) and mobility impaired (χ2= 16.168, p = 0.001) had statistically significant associations with uptake of COVID-19 vaccine. Income levels, belief in existence of COVID-19, information from mass media and being married increased the odds of becoming vaccinated (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI 0.7–3.4), (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI 0.8-4.0) (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.5–4.2) and (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.3–3.9) respectively. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that transport cost and age (p = 0.001) had statistically significant associations with COVID-19 vaccine access and uptake. Those who had difficulty in movement and speaking found uptake of COVID-19 vaccine hard (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Marital status, information from reliable sources, belief in existence of COVID-19 were associated with access to and uptake of COVID-19 vaccine. Additionally, nonpayment of transport cost increased the odds of becoming vaccinated. Therefore, mobile health teams should be put in place to reach the physically disabled who are hard-to-leave home. Additionally, reimbursement of amount spent on transportation can be adopted to boost access to healthcare services by the physically disabled persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe rodent commensal species are abundant on Argentinian poultry farms, causing economic losses and disease transmission. Preventing rodent colonization through the construction of poultry sheds with specific barriers against the entry of rodents is an alternative to the application of rodenticides. This work aimed to assess the effect of physical barriers to prevent rodent presence in experimental poultry sheds. New experimental sheds with and without physical barriers were constructed on two poultry farms. The footprint index (FI) was used as an estimator of rodent abundance. Rodent footprints were never observed inside the Experimental-barrier sheds but they were observed outside. In Experimental-without barrier sheds, rodent footprints were recorded inside and outside. In both farms there were significant differences according to the treatment in FI inside sheds, while no significant differences were found between treatments in the mean FI outside sheds. Our results suggest that physical barriers successfully prevented the colonization of rodents inside the Experimental-barrier during the studied period of 21 months. The installation of physical barriers during poultry shed construction is recommended to prevent rodent colonization and minimize the use of anticoagulant rodenticides for rodent control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to transport is key to people's movement in cities, their social participation, and personal development. People with mobility disabilities (PMDs) face additional barriers when using public transport. The objective of this study is to identify the dilemmas that PMDs face in their daily mobility practices and their coping strategies, in particular the ways in which these dilemmas and strategies are influenced by both personal and environmental characteristics. We conducted ethnographic research, utilizing narrative interviews, life stories, focus groups, and participant observations. Our aim was to analyse multiple experiences of mobility in situations of disability in Quebec City, Canada. This study engages the following research question: how do PMDs navigate their social environment, considering the impact of personal, social, and physical landscape factors on their mobility strategies? Depending on the accessibility of fixed-route public buses and the availability of public paratransit services, what are the dilemmas that PMDs face and how do they shape their mobility strategies? Using the three-dimensional model of narrative analysis, we present a narrative ethnography of participants' dilemmas and strategies about their experiences on public transport. Five dilemmas are examined. Through this methodology, we propose to extend the study of "constellations of mobility" by including the notion of strategies as an experiential outcome between personal and physical landscape factors, practices, and meanings of mobility. This offers new research perspectives both in disability and mobility studies and in the understanding of urban accessibility experiences in situations of disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh groundwater in arid and highly populated regions is limited. In coastal aquifers, the deterioration of fresh groundwater is accelerated by saltwater intrusion, primarily occurring through lateral encroachment and vertical movements in the proximity of discharging wells. Coastal regions have high salinity due to saline intrusion, where many abstraction wells are turned off by this high salinity, which leads to increased freshwater supply costs. This study investigates the performance of new approach using the shoreline subsurface dams (SSDs) for mitigating the saline water wedge in coastal aquifers, where the dams are installed at the shoreline (distance from shoreline = 0). Specifically, the current study's novelty is testing the effectiveness of SSDs by different relative heights ranging from 0.05 to 0.50 in the test case (Henry problem) and from 0.09 to 0.53 relative to the aquifer thickness in the field scale aquifer (Biscayne aquifer, Florida, USA). The results showed an exponential increase in salt repulsion for increasing SSDs height, reaching a maximum of + 0.70%, + 1.80%, + 3.25%, + 5.80%, + 10.45%, and + 18.40% for the dam height to aquifer thickness ratios of 0.09, 0.18, 0.26, 0.35, 0.44 and 0.53, respectively, in the field scale case. The SSDs increase the freshwater storage at the coastal zones where the low salinity occurs and reduces the freshwater supply cost. Despite the positive impact of height on repulsion, important factors such as economics, construction aspects, geographical suitability, and environmental impacts must be considered for real applications. This is crucial to develop feasible solutions applicable globally under the growing pressure of sea level rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Fresh groundwater in arid and highly populated regions is limited. In coastal aquifers, the deterioration of fresh groundwater is accelerated by saltwater intrusion, primarily occurring through lateral encroachment and vertical movements in the proximity of discharging wells. Coastal regions have high salinity due to saline intrusion, where many abstraction wells are turned off by this high salinity, which leads to increased freshwater supply costs. This study investigates the performance of new approach using the shoreline subsurface dams (SSDs) for mitigating the saline water wedge in coastal aquifers, where the dams are installed at the shoreline (distance from shoreline = 0). Specifically, the current study's novelty is testing the effectiveness of SSDs by different relative heights ranging from 0.05 to 0.50 in the test case (Henry problem) and from 0.09 to 0.53 relative to the aquifer thickness in the field scale aquifer (Biscayne aquifer, Florida, USA). The results showed an exponential increase in salt repulsion for increasing SSDs height, reaching a maximum of + 0.70%, + 1.80%, + 3.25%, + 5.80%, + 10.45%, and + 18.40% for the dam height to aquifer thickness ratios of 0.09, 0.18, 0.26, 0.35, 0.44 and 0.53, respectively, in the field scale case. The SSDs increase the freshwater storage at the coastal zones where the low salinity occurs and reduces the freshwater supply cost. Despite the positive impact of height on repulsion, important factors such as economics, construction aspects, geographical suitability, and environmental impacts must be considered for real applications. This is crucial to develop feasible solutions applicable globally under the growing pressure of sea level rise.

Abstract Plants have evolved a complex and elaborate signaling network to respond appropriately to the pathogen invasion by regulating expression of defensive genes through certain transcription factors. The APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) family members have been determined as key regulators in growth, development, and stress responses in plants. Moreover, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated the critical roles of AP2/ERFs in plant disease resistance. In this review, we describe recent advances for the function of AP2/ERFs in defense responses against microbial pathogens. We summarize that AP2/ERFs are involved in plant disease resistance by acting downstream of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, and regulating expression of genes associated with hormonal signaling pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and formation of physical barriers in an MAPK-dependent or -independent manner. The present review provides a multidimensional perspective on the functions of AP2/ERFs in plant disease resistance, which will facilitate the understanding and future investigation on the roles of AP2/ERFs in plant immunity.

The aim of this study was to develop a material capable of rapidly absorbing bodily fluids and forming a resilient, adhesive, viscoelastic hydrogel in situ to prevent post-surgical adhesions. This material was formulated using O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMCS), oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA), and a crosslinking pigment derived from genipin and glutamic acid (G/GluP). Both crosslinked (O-CMCS/OHA-G/GluP) and non-crosslinked hydrogels (O-CMCS/OHA) were evaluated using a HAAKE™ MARS™ rheometer for their potential as post-surgical barriers. A rheological analysis, including dynamic oscillatory measurements, revealed that the crosslinked hydrogels exhibited significantly higher elastic moduli (G′), indicating superior gel formation and mechanical stability compared to non-crosslinked hydrogels. The G/GluP crosslinker enhanced gel stability by increasing the separation between G′ and G″ and achieving a lower loss tangent (tan δ < 1.0), indicating robustness under dynamic physiological conditions. The rapid hydration and gelation properties of the hydrogels underscore their effectiveness as physical barriers. Furthermore, the O-CMCS/OHA-G/GluP hydrogel demonstrated rapid self-healing and efficient application via spraying or spreading, with tissue adherence and viscoelasticity to facilitate movement between tissues and organs, effectively preventing adhesions. Additionally, the hydrogel proved to be both cost effective and scalable, highlighting its potential for clinical applications aimed at preventing post-surgical adhesions.

Plants have evolved a complex and elaborate signaling network to respond appropriately to the pathogen invasion by regulating expression of defensive genes through certain transcription factors. The APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) family members have been determined as key regulators in growth, development, and stress responses in plants. Moreover, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated the critical roles of AP2/ERFs in plant disease resistance. In this review, we describe recent advances for the function of AP2/ERFs in defense responses against microbial pathogens. We summarize that AP2/ERFs are involved in plant disease resistance by acting downstream of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, and regulating expression of genes associated with hormonal signaling pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and formation of physical barriers in an MAPK-dependent or -independent manner. The present review provides a multidimensional perspective on the functions of AP2/ERFs in plant disease resistance, which will facilitate the understanding and future investigation on the roles of AP2/ERFs in plant immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the new alien destructive pests of maize and other 350 economic crops. The majority of farmers are still depended upon chemical insecticides to suppress the pest, but S. frugiperda has succeeded to develop resistance against most of the chemical families. Improving an effective environmentally-friendly approach is highly recommended. Therefore, the egg parasitoids are the best weapon for managing the FAW in the early egg stage due to the feeding behavior of their larvae. In this regard, the impact of FAW egg mass layers and scale thicknesses, as physical barriers, on the parasitic performance of the egg-parasitoid species, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), in non-choice and choice tests was assessed. Besides, the efficacy of FAW-produced adult wasps on the next generation based on the rates of parasitism, adults' emergence, and female progeny was determined. Results Obtained results exhibited that T. bactrae was able to parasitize all exposed FAW egg masses but with different rates related to the layers’ number and scales' thicknesses in both tests. One-layer (83.18, 78.24%) and two-layer egg masses (65.99, 76.42%) had significantly the highest parasitism rate, while three layers (42.15, 46.05%) was the least one, in both tests, respectively. All parasitoids emerged after 10–12 days with high rates (~ 88–98%) from all the tested egg masses, and the majority offspring were female-biased in both tests. Furthermore, parasitic performance in F1 progeny was similar with that recorded in parental generation in terms of parasitism rate, high parasitoid emergency (~ 87–95%), and strongly female-biased (~ 68–76%) in all the exposed egg masses. Conclusions The egg parasitoid, T. bactrae, could be an efficient and recommended bio-control agent against FAW as its greatest ability to overcome the layers’ number and scales’ thickness.

Background: Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the new alien destructive pests of maize and other 350 economic crops. The majority of farmers are still depended upon chemical insecticides to suppress the pest, but S. frugiperda has succeeded to develop resistance against most of the chemical families. Improving an effective environmentally-friendly approach is highly recommended. Therefore, the egg parasitoids are the best weapon for managing the FAW in the early egg stage due to the feeding behavior of their larvae. In this regard, the impact of FAW egg mass layers and scale thicknesses, as physical barriers, on the parasitic performance of the egg-parasitoid species, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), in non-choice and choice tests was assessed. Besides, the efficacy of FAW-produced adult wasps on the next generation based on the rates of parasitism, adults' emergence, and female progeny was determined. Results: Obtained results exhibited that T. bactrae was able to parasitize all exposed FAW egg masses but with different rates related to the layers' number and scales' thicknesses in both tests. One-layer (83.18, 78.24%) and two-layer egg masses (65.99, 76.42%) had significantly the highest parasitism rate, while three layers (42.15, 46.05%) was the least one, in both tests, respectively. All parasitoids emerged after 10–12 days with high rates (~ 88–98%) from all the tested egg masses, and the majority offspring were female-biased in both tests. Furthermore, parasitic performance in F1 progeny was similar with that recorded in parental generation in terms of parasitism rate, high parasitoid emergency (~ 87–95%), and strongly female-biased (~ 68–76%) in all the exposed egg masses. Conclusions: The egg parasitoid, T. bactrae, could be an efficient and recommended bio-control agent against FAW as its greatest ability to overcome the layers' number and scales' thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Accessibility of services by the elderly is an important issue in countries with rapidly aging populations such as Sri Lanka. Objective: To determine perceptions of an elderly population on physical barriers encountered in accessing healthcare at a tertiary care hospital, Sri Lanka. Method: Information was accessed from persons above 65 years visiting a tertiary care hospital, Sri Lanka by an interviewer administered questionnaire. Results: Three hundred and forty-one persons (56% males; mean age 67y) were interviewed. Eighty six percent had visited the hospital before with over 50% being accompanied. Fifty seven percent self-reported age-related physical disability with a majority (51%) having mobility impairment. Only 28% with disability had an assistive device while 41% relied solely on help of another for the hospital visit. Even though only 19% of patients said they could not reach their destination without help 41% said they could not reach upper floors without assistance while more than half said they would have preferred a wheel chair. A majority said wheel chair assistance was not available and that maneuverability of devices was inadequate. Considering directions, 33% had not noticed the information desk, 26% said it was not manned when they needed directions and 25% thought signage was poor with 18% saying that the appropriate rooms were poorly identifiable. Fifty percent said seating was inadequate while 24% thought access to wash rooms inadequate and not disable friendly (45%). Conclusions: In conclusion obtaining guidance within the hospital was difficult due to poorly noticeable, inadequately manned information desk. The poor signage visibility and legibility further complicated the movements of these patients. The waiting areas had inadequate seating facilities with no designated disable friendly areas. Hospital infrastructure was not disable friendly with difficulties in reaching upper floors unaided and inability to maneuver assistive devices. The access to washrooms was perceived as inadequate.

Featured Application: Authors are encouraged to provide a concise description of the specific application or a potential application of the work. This section is not mandatory. Insect-proof screens are a physical method of crop protection against pests whose use is widespread. The hole size must be optimized since too small holes give rise to poorly porous textiles that cause a significant reduction in the permeability of the textiles to air. A common design strategy is to use a rectangular-hole geometry with the aim of limiting the hole width to prevent insect entry and increasing the hole length to increase the hole surface. However, the validity of this approach has not been tested, and indications suggest that it may not be offering the expected results. The results obtained discredit this widely accepted design criterion since they show that, while the hole width is maintained, protective screens lose efficacy as the hole length increases at least in the range of values considered. It is not possible to find an explanation for these results by considering the hole geometry from a two-dimensional point of view. However, when considering the spatial arrangement of the threads, it is understood that the passage surface for the insects is larger than that considered in the orthogonal projection images and that as the hole length increases, the efficacy of the textiles decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to investigate the influence of hydrocolloid matrices, including sodium alginate (SA) and guar gum (GG), on the digestive properties of native corn starch (NCS). The native starch is encapsulated with SA (1% w/v), SA (0.75% w/v) + GG (0.25% w/v), SA (0.50% w/v) + GG (0.50% w/v), SA (0.25% w/v) + GG (0.75% w/v), and GG (1% w/v) through a laboratory‐scale spray drying process. The results reveal novel comparative and cooperative effects of encapsulant materials on starch hydrolysis. SA is found to be a superior encapsulant in terms of enhancing the slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents and improving the thermal stability of NCS, which is attributed to its rough matrix structure. This effect is attributed to the rough matrix structure of SA, which may offer greater resistance to water and enzyme penetration. The combination of 0.75% w/v SA + 0.25% w/v GG is found to be the most effective in reducing digestibility and enhancing thermal stability (p < 0.05), likely due to synergistic interactions between the two hydrocolloids. These findings provide valuable information on the effects of hydrocolloid matrices on the digestive properties of NCS and lay the foundation for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pd/Al 2 O 3 catalysts supported on Al 2 O 3 of different particle sizes were synthesized and applied in methane combustion. These catalysts were systematically characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), high-angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), H 2 -temperature-programmed reduction (H 2 -TPR), O 2 -temperature-programmed oxidation (O 2 -TPO), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). The characterization results indicated that nano-sized Al 2 O 3 enabled the uniform dispersion of palladium nanoparticles, thus contributing to the excellent catalytic performance of these nano-sized Pd/Al 2 O 3 catalysts. Among them, Pd/Al 2 O 3 -nano-10 (Pd/Al 2 O 3 supported by alumina with an average particle size of 10 nm) showed superior catalytic activity and stability for methane oxidation under harsh practical conditions. It maintained excellent catalytic performance for methane oxidation for 50 hr and remained stable even after harsh hydrothermal aging in 10 vol.% steam at 800°C for 16 hr. Characterization results revealed that the strong metal-support interactions and physical barriers provided by Al 2 O 3 -nano-10 suppressed the coalescence ripening of palladium species, and thus contributed to the superior sintering resistance of the Pd/Al 2 O 3 -nano-10 catalyst. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart cities hold great promise for revolutionising urban living, but their potential to improve the lives of people with disabilities remains underexplored. This paper investigates the challenges faced by individuals with disabilities in everyday urban environments and explores how smart technology can mitigate these challenges. By leveraging data-driven insights, connectivity, and innovative solutions, smart cities can create more inclusive environments that enhance accessibility, mobility, and overall quality of life for people with disabilities. This paper discusses the various issues encountered by individuals with disabilities in towns and cities and proposes strategies for utilising smart technology to address these challenges effectively.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has demonstrated remarkable outcomes in individuals with hematological malignancies, but its success has been hindered by barriers intrinsic to the tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly for solid tumors, where it has yet to make its mark. In this article, we provide an updated review and future perspectives on features of the TME that represent barriers to CART cell therapy efficacy, including competition for metabolic fuels, physical barriers to infiltration, and immunosuppressive factors. We then discuss novel and promising strategies to overcome these obstacles that are in preclinical development or under clinical investigation.

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide with potent antioxidant activity, which is involved in numerous basic biological processes and has been used for interventions in various degenerative diseases. However, oral delivery of GSH remains challenging, similarly to that of other protein and peptide drugs, because the physicochemical barriers in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract lead to low oral bioavailability. Although several approaches have been explored to improve delivery, such as co-administration with penetration enhancers and enzymatic inhibitors, or encapsulation into nanoparticles, microemulsions and liposomes, appropriate formulations with clinical therapeutic effects remain to be developed. This review discusses approaches explored to developing an oral GSH delivery system that could provide protection against proteolytic degradation in the GI tract and enhance molecular absorption across the epithelial membrane. This system may be beneficial for the design and development of an oral formulation of GSH in the future.

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is an intensively cultured and economically important herbivorous fish species in China, but its culture is often impacted by Aeromonas pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii. In this study, healthy grass carp were separately infected with A. hydrophila or A. veronii for 12, 24, 48 or 72 h. The results showed that the mRNA expression levels of intestinal inflammatory factors (tnf-α , il-1β and il-8), complement factors (c3 and c4), antimicrobial peptides (hepcidin , nk-lysin and β-defensin-1), immunoglobulins (igm and igt), and immune pathway-related signaling molecules (tlr1 , tlr2 , tlr4 , myd88 , irak4 , irak1 , traf6 , nf-κb p65 and ap-1) were differentially upregulated in response to A. hydrophila and A. veronii challenge. Additionally, the expression levels of the intestinal pro-apoptotic genes tnfr1 , tnfr2 , tradd , caspase-8 , caspase-3 and bax were significantly increased, whereas the expression of the inhibitory factor bcl-2 was significantly downregulated, indicating that Aeromonas infection significantly induced apoptosis in the intestine of grass carp. Moreover, the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins (occludin , zo-1 , claudin b and claudin c) was significantly decreased after infection with Aeromonas. Histopathological analysis indicated the Aeromonas challenge caused severe damage to the intestinal villi with adhesions and detachment of intestinal villi accompanied by severe inflammatory cell infiltration at 12 h and 72 h. The 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that Aeromonas infection significantly altered the structure of the intestinal microflora of the grass carp at the phylum (Proteobacteria , Fusobacteria , Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes) and genus (Proteus , Cetobacterium , Bacteroides , and Aeromonas) levels. Take together, the findings of this study revealed that Aeromonas infection induces an intestinal immune response, triggers cell apoptosis, destroys physical barriers and alters microflora structure in the intestine of juvenile grass carp; the results will help to reveal the pathogenesis of intestinal bacterial diseases in grass carp. • A. hydrophila and A. veronii infection caused inflammatory response in the intestine of grass carp. • A. hydrophila and A. veronii infection upregulated expression of immune-related genes in the intestine of grass carp. • A. hydrophila and A. veronii infection induced cell apoptosis in the intestine of grass carp. • A. hydrophila and A. veronii infection destroyed intestinal mucosal barrier of grass carp. • A. hydrophila and A. veronii infection altered intestinal microflora structure of grass carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root responses to environmental stresses show a high level of cell type and developmental stage specificity. Interactions with beneficial and pathogenic organisms – including microbes and parasites – elicit a set of transcriptional responses unique to each root cell type, often dependent on their differentiation state. Localized changes to the cell wall and to the integrity of root cell types can serve as a physical barrier for a range of pests. Conversely, certain microorganisms weaken existing barriers within root cell types. Interactions with microorganisms vary between roots of different developmental origins and cellular architectures. Here we provide an overview of the molecular, architectural, and structural properties of root cell types crucial to both maintaining beneficial interactions and protecting from pathogens. Individual root cell types perceive and respond to biotic factors in unique and distinct manners dependent on their developmental stage. Plants discriminate soil-borne pathogens from commensal microorganisms via spatially restricted immune responses and cell-type-specific transcriptome reprogramming. The integrity of root endodermal diffusion barriers influences root interactions with soil-borne microbes and vice versa. Root cortex cellular architecture impacts root interactions with fungi. The endodermis is a likely barrier for a broad range of pathogens across kingdoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tight junctions (TJs) are highly specialized membrane structural domains that hold cells together and form a continuous intercellular barrier in epithelial cells. TJs regulate paracellular permeability and participate in various cellular signaling pathways. As physical barriers, TJs can block viral entry into host cells; however, viruses use a variety of strategies to circumvent this barrier to facilitate their infection. This paper summarizes how viruses evade various barriers during infection by regulating the expression of TJs to facilitate their own entry into the organism causing infection, which will help to develop drugs targeting TJs to contain virus-related disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D nanomaterials, with extraordinary physical and chemical characteristics, have long been regarded as promising nanofillers in organic coatings for marine corrosion protection. The past decade has witnessed the high-speed progress of 2D nanomaterial-reinforced organic composite coatings, and plenty of breakthroughs have been achieved as yet. This review covers an in-depth and all-around outline of the up-to-date advances in 2D nanomaterial-modified organic coatings employed for the marine corrosion protection realm. Starting from a brief introduction to 2D nanomaterials, the preparation strategies and properties are illustrated. Subsequently, diverse protection models based on composite coatings for marine corrosion protection are also introduced, including physical barrier, self-healing, as well as cathodic protection, respectively. Furthermore, computational simulations and critical factors on the corrosion protection properties of composite coatings are clarified in detail. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects for marine corrosion protection based on 2D nanomaterials reinforced organic coatings are highlighted., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Physical barriers, like solar fences, elephant-proof trenches, stone, or rubble walls, are installed as conflict mitigation interventions in India’s major Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) ranges. However, installations lacking a priori scientific assessment of site specificity for reducing elephant incursion in the human settlements often fail in the intended goals of the resource-intensive management interventions. Since humans are central to conflict issues, research focusing on social aspects is essential for devising solutions. Despite the use of barriers in the Golaghat district in Assam, human–elephant conflict (HEC) cases are increasing, which offers an opportunity to evaluate their efficacy. Optimized hotspot analysis of the historic HEC records from 2010 to 2019 was done to check the spatial extent of the conflict and its dispersion in the district. We also assessed the efficiency of a 4.2-km long solar fence and a 2-km long elephant-proof trench through generalized linear modeling. We evaluated the encounter rates of elephant signs and other site covariates at the barrier and non-barrier sites. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to assess the perception of local people on the barriers and overall HEC in their areas based on their willingness to pay (WTP) for maintenance of the barriers. The highest cases occurred between 2016 and 2017, making up 25% of the total conflict cases. It was noticed that the extent of these hotspots was concentrated, and there was no dispersion of the conflict to other areas. Furthermore, a significant difference in the encounter rates of elephant signs between barriers and no barrier sites was observed. Solar fenced areas showed relatively lower encounter rates than areas with the trench, suggesting better efficiency of solar fencing than trench in the landscape. In addition, only five out of seven explanatory variables, viz., the persistence of HEC cases, amount of ex-gratia compensation, time taken in getting compensation, change in elephant behavior (incursion), and crop-raiding frequency significantly explained people’s perception of the barrier and non-barrier sites. According to local people, physical barriers are essential in managing HEC; hence, installing and maintaining solar fences in the high conflict hotspots is crucial for this landscape.

Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu is a species originating from China that, during the 20th century, has spread rapidly throughout many countries, affecting mainly different species of the genus Castanea spp. In fact, it is considered to be the most important pest of chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Miller), causing significant production losses. The adoption of complementary measures to chemical and biological controls would contribute to the control of the pest. In this sense, the use of textile physical barriers could prevent the rapid spread of this species among the production centers. Therefore, the objective of this study is to define the characteristics of a textile that protects young plants that have been produced in nurseries. For this purpose, some commercial textiles have been selected based on the morphometric characterization of the species and these textiles have been accurately measured in order to compare their dimensions with those of the insects. Finally, tests have been carried out in order to measure the efficacy of the textiles under laboratory conditions, controlling the air velocity and the temperature. The results reveal that, in general, theoretical efficacy may not be a good predictor of practical results. A fully effective screen has been found against this species and its design characteristics can be used as a starting point for new, more optimized designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Conducted internal explosion tests on physical barriers within nuclear facilities. • Used different explosive weights to measure pressure and structural effects. • Observed higher pressures at the ceiling compared to the walls. • Found decreasing time intervals between pressure peaks with increased explosive weight. • AUTODYN simulations matched experimental results with a 14.5% discrepancy. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of internal explosives on the physical barriers (reinforced concrete and fireproof doors) of nuclear facilities by conducting explosives demonstration tests and comparing the results with computer code results. In this study, we conducted internal explosion tests on physical barriers (reinforced concrete and fireproof doors) within a nuclear facility, with the weights of the explosives set at 20 g, 100 g and 150 g (TNT criteria), to measure the pressure changes corresponding to each weight. These tests aimed to analyzed the pressure distribution and displacement effects on the structure. An array of sensors, including LVDTs, and incident and reflect pressure gauges were used to record the blast tests and capture dynamic pressure and displacement responses at critical structural points. The experimental results indicated significant variations in pressure distributions according to the placement and quantity of the explosives. A notable finding in test B-2 revealed that despite the explosives being detonated at the same location as in other tests, the resulting pressures were usually higher at the ceiling rather than at the walls, contrary to the outcomes observed in other experiments. This pattern demonstrates the complexity of internal blast dynamics and suggests interference from reflected waves. In addition, the experiments indicated that as the weight of the explosives increased, the time intervals between successive pressure peaks decreased, suggesting a faster propagation of pressure waves with heavier explosives. To complement the experimental data, computational simulations using AUTODYN were conducted. These closely reflected the experimental results, with a maximum displacement discrepancy of 14.5 %. This research will contribute to the field by providing empirical data and validated models that can be used to enhance the design standards for blast protection for concrete walls and doors in major national facilities, particularly nuclear facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has been an extraordinary event for the EU Member States and a period wherein EU legislation and the efficiency of EUinstitutions have been put to the test. The crisis triggered by the decisions made by governments in Europe (which were motivated by their wishes to protect the health and lives of their peoples and to satisfy the rapid demand for drugs, personal protective equipment, and medical devices) disrupted market forces. Although most of these measures were based on both domestic and EU legislation, they seriously hindered the smooth functioning of the EU Single Market, including the free movement of goods. This paper aims to find out whether EU legislation succeeded in coping with the challenges triggered by COVID-19 in the field of international trade and whether measures taken by the European Commission with a view to complying with the rules of the EU Single Market adequately took care of the needs stemming from the COVID-19 outbreak and whether it properly tackled protectionist instruments adopted by the Member States. We have focused on international trade and the free movement of goods within the EU as they both constitute the cornerstone of EU economic integration. We found that although EU legislation was not tailored specifi cally for the times of a COVID-19 pandemic, in the area of international trade (including intra-EU trade), as well as in the field of placing goods on the market, it provided extraordinary solutions. Apparently, the explanations and guidelines provided by the Commission have limited the scope of individual protectionist and interventionist actions of the Member States.

Insect-proof screens are a physical method of crop protection against pests whose use is widespread. The hole size must be optimized since too small holes give rise to poorly porous textiles that cause a significant reduction in the permeability of the textiles to air. A common design strategy is to use a rectangular-hole geometry with the aim of limiting the hole width to prevent insect entry and increasing the hole length to increase the hole surface. However, the validity of this approach has not been tested, and indications suggest that it may not be offering the expected results. The results obtained discredit this widely accepted design criterion since they show that, while the hole width is maintained, protective screens lose efficacy as the hole length increases at least in the range of values considered. It is not possible to find an explanation for these results by considering the hole geometry from a two-dimensional point of view. However, when considering the spatial arrangement of the threads, it is understood that the passage surface for the insects is larger than that considered in the orthogonal projection images and that as the hole length increases, the efficacy of the textiles decreases.

Efficient scanning of tissue that T cells encounter during their migratory life is pivotal to protective adaptive immunity. In fact, T cells can detect even a single antigenic peptide/MHC complex (pMHC) among thousands of structurally similar yet non-stimulatory endogenous pMHCs on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or target cells. Of note, the glycocalyx of target cells, being composed of proteoglycans and bulky proteins, is bound to affect and even modulate antigen recognition by posing as a physical barrier. T cell-resident microvilli are actin-rich membrane protrusions that puncture through such barriers and thereby actively place the considerably smaller T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) in close enough proximity to APC-presented pMHCs so that productive interactions may occur efficiently yet under force. We here review our current understanding of how the plasticity of T-cell microvilli and physicochemical properties of the glycocalyx may affect early events in T-cell activation. We assess insights gained from studies on T-cell plasma membrane ultrastructure and provide an update on current efforts to integrate biophysical aspects such as the amplitude and directionality of TCR-imposed mechanical forces and the distribution and lateral mobility of plasma membrane-resident signaling molecules into a more comprehensive view on sensitized T-cell antigen recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Over the last few years, cancer immunotherapy experienced tremendous developments and it is nowadays considered a promising strategy against many types of cancer. However, the exclusion of lymphocytes from the tumor nest is a common phenomenon that limits the efficiency of immunotherapy in solid tumors. Despite several mechanisms proposed during the years to explain the immune excluded phenotype, at present, there is no integrated understanding about the role played by different models of immune exclusion in human cancers. Hypoxia is a hallmark of most solid tumors and, being a multifaceted and complex condition, shapes in a unique way the tumor microenvironment, affecting gene transcription and chromatin remodeling. In this review, we speculate about an upstream role for hypoxia as a common biological determinant of immune exclusion in solid tumors. We also discuss the current state of ex vivo and in vivo imaging of hypoxic determinants in relation to T cell distribution that could mechanisms of immune exclusion and discover functional-morphological tumor features that could support clinical monitoring.

Efficient scanning of tissue that T cells encounter during their migratory life is pivotal to protective adaptive immunity. In fact, T cells can detect even a single antigenic peptide/MHC complex (pMHC) among thousands of structurally similar yet non-stimulatory endogenous pMHCs on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or target cells. Of note, the glycocalyx of target cells, being composed of proteoglycans and bulky proteins, is bound to affect and even modulate antigen recognition by posing as a physical barrier. T cell-resident microvilli are actin-rich membrane protrusions that puncture through such barriers and thereby actively place the considerably smaller T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) in close enough proximity to APC-presented pMHCs so that productive interactions may occur efficiently yet under force. We here review our current understanding of how the plasticity of T-cell microvilli and physicochemical properties of the glycocalyx may affect early events in T-cell activation. We assess insights gained from studies on T-cell plasma membrane ultrastructure and provide an update on current efforts to integrate biophysical aspects such as the amplitude and directionality of TCR-imposed mechanical forces and the distribution and lateral mobility of plasma membrane-resident signaling molecules into a more comprehensive view on sensitized T-cell antigen recognition.

Cassava bacterial blight (CBB), caused by the gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm), previously known as Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, is the main bacterial disease compromising cassava production. With the aim to generate durable and broad-spectrum resistance to CBB is possible to exploit the natural mechanism present in non-host plants. Arabidopsis is an extensively studied model plant, which is a non-host of Xpm. The aim of this study was to determinate if the Arabidopsis nonhost resistance is a consequence of physical barriers or if it depends on genetic determinants. In this work we evaluated the ability of Arabidopsis plants to respond after Xpm inoculation. None of the eight Arabidopsis ecotypes showed a hypersensitive response after inoculation with eight different Xpm strains. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was not present, impairment in Xpm proliferation was found. These results suggest that Arabidopsis is not activating an immunity response against Xpm and the resistance might be a consequence of physical barriers present in Arabidopsis that Xpm is not able to overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tight junctions (TJs) are highly specialized membrane structural domains that hold cells together and form a continuous intercellular barrier in epithelial cells. TJs regulate paracellular permeability and participate in various cellular signaling pathways. As physical barriers, TJs can block viral entry into host cells; however, viruses use a variety of strategies to circumvent this barrier to facilitate their infection. This paper summarizes how viruses evade various barriers during infection by regulating the expression of TJs to facilitate their own entry into the organism causing infection, which will help to develop drugs targeting TJs to contain virus-related disease.

Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu is a species originating from China that, during the 20th century, has spread rapidly throughout many countries, affecting mainly different species of the genus Castanea spp. In fact, it is considered to be the most important pest of chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Miller), causing significant production losses. The adoption of complementary measures to chemical and biological controls would contribute to the control of the pest. In this sense, the use of textile physical barriers could prevent the rapid spread of this species among the production centers. Therefore, the objective of this study is to define the characteristics of a textile that protects young plants that have been produced in nurseries. For this purpose, some commercial textiles have been selected based on the morphometric characterization of the species and these textiles have been accurately measured in order to compare their dimensions with those of the insects. Finally, tests have been carried out in order to measure the efficacy of the textiles under laboratory conditions, controlling the air velocity and the temperature. The results reveal that, in general, theoretical efficacy may not be a good predictor of practical results. A fully effective screen has been found against this species and its design characteristics can be used as a starting point for new, more optimized designs.

This study explores the experiences of poor households who have been 'left behind' in their access to safe drinking water in Ghana. Using a cross-sectional survey of seven communities in the Offinso-North District, we identify physical and economic barriers that make it difficult for households to collect sufficient water for use. Efforts to leave no one behind in water access and use should target these barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has severely impacted the meat processing industry in the United States. We sought to detail demographics and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections among workers in Nebraska meat processing facilities and determine the effects of initiating universal mask policies and installing physical barriers at 13 meat processing facilities. During April 1-July 31, 2020, COVID-19 was diagnosed in 5,002 Nebraska meat processing workers (attack rate 19%). After initiating both universal masking and physical barrier interventions, 8/13 facilities showed a statistically significant reduction in COVID-19 incidence in <10 days. Characteristics and incidence of confirmed cases aligned with many nationwide trends becoming apparent during this pandemic: specifically, high attack rates among meat processing industry workers, disproportionately high risk of adverse outcomes among ethnic and racial minority groups and men, and effectiveness of using multiple prevention and control interventions to reduce disease transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few years, cancer immunotherapy experienced tremendous developments and it is nowadays considered a promising strategy against many types of cancer. However, the exclusion of lymphocytes from the tumor nest is a common phenomenon that limits the efficiency of immunotherapy in solid tumors. Despite several mechanisms proposed during the years to explain the immune excluded phenotype, at present, there is no integrated understanding about the role played by different models of immune exclusion in human cancers. Hypoxia is a hallmark of most solid tumors and, being a multifaceted and complex condition, shapes in a unique way the tumor microenvironment, affecting gene transcription and chromatin remodeling. In this review, we speculate about an upstream role for hypoxia as a common biological determinant of immune exclusion in solid tumors. We also discuss the current state of ex vivo and in vivo imaging of hypoxic determinants in relation to T cell distribution that could mechanisms of immune exclusion and discover functional-morphological tumor features that could support clinical monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has been an extraordinary event for the EU Member States and a period wherein EU legislation and the effi ciency of EU institutions have been put to the test. The crisis triggered by the decisions made by governments in Europe (which were motivated by their wishes to protect the health and lives of their peoples and to satisfy the rapid demand for drugs, personal protective equipment, and medical devices) disrupted market forces. Although most of these measures were based on both domestic and EU legislation, they seriously hindered the smooth functioning of the EU Single Market, including the free movement of goods. This paper aims to fi nd out whether EU legislation succeeded in coping with the challenges triggered by COVID-19 in the fi eld of international trade and whether measures taken by the European Commission with a view to complying with the rules of the EU Single Market adequately took care of the needs stemming from the COVID-19 outbreak and whether it properly tackled protectionist instruments adopted by the Member States. We have focused on international trade and the free movement of goods within the EU as they both constitute the cornerstone of EU economic integration. We found that although EU legislation was not tailored specifi cally for the times of a COVID-19 pandemic, in the area of international trade (including intra-EU trade), as well as in the fi eld of placing goods on the market, it provided extraordinary solutions. Apparently, the explanations and guidelines provided by the Commission have limited the scope of individual protectionist and interventionist actions of the Member States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global economic impact of termites is estimated to be approximately USD 40 billion annually, and subterranean termites are responsible for about 80% of the total impact. Twenty-eight species of termites have been described as invasive, and these termites are spreading, partially due to global trade, making effective control methods essential. Termite control is complex, as is the biology and behavior of this social insect group. In the U.S., termite prevention and control (with claims of structural protection) is regulated by more than one industry (pest control and building construction), and at the federal and state levels. Termite prevention has historically relied on building construction practices that do not create conducive conditions for termite infestations, but as soil termiticides developed, heavy reliance on pesticides became the standard for termite control. The concern for human and environmental health has driven the development of termite control alternatives and regulation for products claiming structural protection. Product development has also provided unprecedented opportunities to study the biology and behavior of cryptobiotic termites. Technological advances have allowed for the re-examination of questions about termite behavior. Advances in communications via social media provide unrestricted access to information, creating a conundrum for consumers and science educators alike.

Plant-based foods gain more importance since they play a key role in sustainable, low-meat and healthy diets. In developing countries, these food products, especially legumes and cereals, are important staple foods. Nevertheless, the question arises on how efficient they are to deliver minerals and if it is useful to encourage their consumption to reduce the prevalence of mineral deficiencies? This review paper focuses on the discrepancy between the mineral content and the amount of minerals that can be released and absorbed from plant-based foods during human digestion which can be attributed to several inherent factors such as the presence of mineral antinutrients (phytic acid, polyphenols and dietary fiber) and physical barriers (surrounding macronutrients and cell wall). Further, this review paper summarizes the effects of different processing techniques (milling, soaking, dehulling, fermentation, germination and thermal processing) on mineral bioaccessibility and bioavailability of plant-based foods. The positive impact of these techniques mostly relies on the fact that antinutrients levels are reduced due to removal of fractions rich in antinutrients and/or due to their leaching into the processing liquid. Although processing can have a positive effect, it also can induce leaching out of minerals and a reduced mineral bioaccessibility and bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]